1

Reading Part A

Reading: Part A - Text Booklet

Instructions

TIME LIMIT: 15 MINUTES

• Complete the following summary using the information in the four texts, A1 - A4, provided on pages 2 and 3 of
the Text Booklet.

• You do not need to read the text from beginning to end to complete the task. You should scan the texts to find
the information you need.

• Gaps may require 1, 2 or 3 words. You will not receive any marks if you write more than 3 words.

• You should write your answer next to the appropriate number in the right-hand column.

• Please use correct spelling in your responses. Do not use abbreviations unless they appear in the text.

Bird brains: Texts

Text A1
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 2
Reading Part A

Text A2

The Link between brain size & cognitive ability

In humans, there is no correlation between brain size and intelligence. In birds,
however, it would appear that there is some link between brain size and cognitive
abilities. The most remarkable examples of avian cognition are seen in birds of the
Corvidae family, which includes jays, ravens, rooks, and crows. Corvids live in large,
complex hierarchical societies, consisting of permanent flocks containing up to several
thousand individuals. Species of birds belonging to this family also have the largest
brains in relation to body size all other types of birds.

Text A3

Oxidative stress impairs brain development

Impaired brain development is linked to oxidative stress because of the high lipid content of
brains. Large-brained individuals must be capable of continuously supplying the brain with high
levels of oxygen for neuronal ion pumping, synthesis of neurotransmitters and protection from
toxic compounds. This makes brain maintenance a highly oxidizing process that requires large
amounts of antioxidants, in particular glutathione. Therefore, any environment with low
antioxidant levels and/or high rates of use of antioxidants will provide a challenge to normal brain
development. One such extreme environment is Chernobyl because high levels of background
radiation increase oxidative stress, cause high rates of use of antioxidants, and hence reduce
levels of circulating and stored antioxidants.

In addition, stressed birds often adapt by changing the size of some of their organs to survive
difficult environment conditions. The brain is the last organ to be sacrificed this way, meaning the
radiation could be having worse impacts on other organs of the birds.

!
!

Text A4

Chernobyl
• The Chernobyl accident in 1986 was the result of a flawed reactor design that was operated
with inadequately trained personnel.
• The resulting steam explosion and fires released at least 5% of the radioactive reactor core
into the atmosphere and downwind.
• Two Chernobyl plant workers died on the night of the accident, and a further 28 people died
within a few weeks as a result of acute radiation poisoning.
• UNSCEAR says that apart from increased thyroid cancers, "there is no evidence of a major
public health impact attributable to radiation exposure 20 years after the accident."
• Resettlement of areas from which people were relocated is ongoing.

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 3
Reading Part A

( Reading: Part A - Answer Booklet

Instructions

TIME LIMIT: 15 MINUTES

• Complete the following summary using the information in the four texts, A1 - A4, provided on pages 2 and 3 of
the Text Booklet.

• You do not need to read the text from beginning to end to complete the task. You should scan the texts to find
the information you need.

• Gaps may require 1, 2 or 3 words. You will not receive any marks if you write more than 3 words.

• You should write your answer next to the appropriate number in the right-hand column.

• Please use correct spelling in your responses. Do not use abbreviations unless they appear in the text.

Summary Answers
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 4
Reading Part A

Summary Answers
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 5
Reading Part A

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 6
Reading Part A

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This resource was developed by OET Online and is subject to copyright !
Website: http://oetonline.com.au Email: steve@oetonline.com.au
 7
Reading Part A

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This resource was developed by OET Online and is subject to copyright !
Website: http://oetonline.com.au Email: steve@oetonline.com.au