Chapter No.

Presentation of Data

There are four ways to present the data.

1. Classification
2. Tabulation
3. Graph
4. Diagram or Chart
Classification:
The process of arranging the data into different classes or groups is called classification.
Types of classification:
1. One way classification or simple classification
2. Two way classification or double classification
3. Multi way classification or complex classification
One way classification:
If the data is arranged into different classes or group according to one criterion, then it is called one way
classification.
Two way classification:
If the data is arranged into different classes or group according to two criterion, then it is called two way
classification.
Multi way classification:
If the data is arranged into different classes or group according to more than two criterion, then it is
called two way classification.
Tabulation:
The process of arranging the data in the form of data, then it is called tabulation.
Types of tabulation:
1. One way tabulation
2. Two way tabulation
3. Multi way tabulation
One way tabulation:
If the data is arranged in the form of table according to one criterion, then it is called one way tabulation.
Two way tabulation:
If the data is arranged in the form of table according to two criterion , then it is called one way tabulation.

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Multi way tabulation:
If the data is arranged in the form of table according to more than two criterion, then it is called one way
tabulation.
Main parts of the table:
The main parts of the tables are:
Title, box head, stub, row caption, column caption, body of data, prefatory note, foot note, source note.
Frequency:
The number of observation falling in class is called frequency of that class.
Frequency distribution:
A listing of classes and their frequencies is called frequency distribution.
Discrete frequency distribution:
The frequency distribution of discrete variable is called discrete frequency distribution.
For example: The distribution of no. of family member in 50 houses.
No. of family members 1 2 3 4 5
Frequency 2 4 12 14 8
Continuous frequency distribution:
The frequency distribution of continuous variable is called continuous frequency distribution.
For example: The distribution of the age of students.
Groups 1-5 6-10 11-15 15-20
Frequency 2 8 18 12
Cumulative frequency:
Cumulative frequency is the number of observations less than or equal to any value of the variable.
Relative frequency:
The relative frequency for a particular class is equal to the class frequency divided by the total number of
observation.
Percentage frequency:
The percentage frequency for a particular class is equal to the class frequency divided by the total
number of observation and multiplies by 100.
Ungroup data:
The data that is not arranged into different classes or groups is called ungroup data.
For example: 2, 4, 5, 3, 7, 8, 9 and 11.
Group data:
The data that is arranged into different classes or groups is called ungroup data.

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For example:
Groups 1-5 6-10 11-15
Frequency 2 8 18
Array:
The numerical raw data is arranged in ascending or descending order is called an array.
Example: Array the following data in ascending or descending order 6, 4, 13, 7, 10, 16, 19.
Solution:
Array in ascending order is 4, 6, 7, 10, 13, 16 and 19.
Array in descending order is 19, 16, 13, 10, 7, 6 and 4.
Class limit:
The smallest and largest values of any given class are class limits of that class. The smallest value of a
class is called lower class limit and largest value of a class is called upper class limit.
Class boundaries:
Class boundaries are obtained by decreasing the lower class limits and increasing the upper class limits
by the same amount so that there is no gap between consecutive classes.
Class midpoint/ class mark:
The mean of the lower and upper class limits or boundaries of any class is called class midpoint or class
mark.
Class interval/ class height/ class width:
The difference between two consecutive lower class limits or between lower and upper class boundaries
is called class interval or class height or class width or size of the class.
Types of graphs:
1. Histogram
2. Frequency polygon
3. Frequency curve
4. Cumulative frequency polygon or ogive
5. Historigram
Histogram:
Histogram is a graph of frequency distribution in which adjacent rectangular bars are constructed on the
class boundaries.
Frequency polygon:
Frequency polygon is the graph of the frequency distribution in which frequencies are plotted against
mid-point of each class. Then the points are joined by a line to get a frequency polygon.

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Frequency curve:
Frequency curve is the graph of the frequency distribution in which a curve is drawn to show the general
trend of the data.
Cumulative frequency polygon or Ogive:
Cumulative frequency polygon is the graph of the frequency distribution in which cumulative frequencies
are plotted against upper class boundaries of each class. It is also called ogive.
Historigram:
The graph of the time series is called Historigram.
Types of charts/Diagram:
1. Simple bar chart
2. Multiple bar chart
3. Sub-divided bars or component bar chart
4. Rectangle
5. Sub-divided rectangle
6. Pie chart
7. Pictogram
Simple bar chart:
A simple bar chart is used to represent data involving only one variable classified on qualitative basis. In
bar chart, the vertical or horizontal bars are constructed to represent the data.
Multiple bar chart:
Multiple bar chart is made when the data are in the form of different groups and each group contains two
or more than two parts.
Sub divided bars or component bar chart:
Sub divided bar chart is made when we are interested to compare the totals of some groups of data and
comparison within the group is also desired.
Pie chart:
Pie chart is a circular diagram in which the whole circle represents the total and the components of the
total is represented by the sectors of the circle.

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