Hamilton 2003 2009 PDF

Hamilton
Olympiad
Past Papers and Solutions

2003-2009
The United Kingdom Mathematics Trust
Intermediate Mathematical Olympiad and Kangaroo

(IMOK)
Olympiad Hamilton Paper
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All candidates must be in School Year 10 (England and Wales), S3 (Scotland), or
School Year 11 (Northern Ireland).
READ THESE INSTRUCTIONS CAREFULLY BEFORE STARTING
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Section A
Write your answers in the boxes provided on the Cover Sheet. Do not hand in your working.
You should aim to spend no more than 20 minutes on this section.
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Section B
Answer each question on a separate sheet of A4 paper. Do not hand in rough working.
Try to finish whole questions even if you cannot do many: few candidates will do all five questions.
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calculations and answers as exact numbers such as 4π, 2 + 7. Just stating an answer, even a
correct one, will earn you very few marks; also, incomplete or poorly presented solutions will not
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(IMOK)
Thursday 18th March 2004

1. Time allowed: 2 hours.
2. The use of calculators, protractors and squared paper is forbidden.
Rulers and compasses may be used.
3. Solutions must be written neatly on A4 paper. Sheets must be STAPLED together in the top
left corner with the Cover Sheet on top.
4. Start each question on a fresh A4 sheet.
You may wish to work in rough first, then set out your final solution with clear explanations
and proofs.
5. Answers must be FULLY SIMPLIFIED, and EXACT using symbols like π, fractions, or
square roots if appropriate, but NOT decimal approximations.
6. Give full written solutions, including mathematical reasons as to why your method is correct.
Just stating an answer, even a correct one, will earn you very few marks; also, incomplete or
poorly presented solutions will not receive full marks.
7. These problems are meant to be challenging! The earlier questions tend to be easier; the last
two questions are the most demanding.
Do not hurry, but spend time working carefully on one question before attempting another.
Try to finish whole questions even if you cannot do many: you will have done well if you hand
in full solutions to two or more questions.

The United Kingdom Mathematics Trust is a Registered Charity.
Enquiries should be sent to: Maths Challenges Office,
School of Mathematics, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT.
(Tel. 0113 343 2339)
http://www.ukmt.org.uk
1. (a) A positive integer N is written using only the digits 2 and 3, with each appearing at least
once. If N is divisible by 2 and by 3, what is the smallest possible integer N ?
(b) A positive integer M is written using only the digits 8 and 9, with each appearing at least
once. If M is divisible by 8 and by 9, what is the smallest possible integer M ?
2. Triangle ABG has a right angle at B.

Points C and E lie on side AG and points D and F lie on side BG so that the six line segments
AB, BC, CD, DE, EF and FG are equal in length. Calculate the angle AGB.
3. An s × s square, where s is an odd integer, is divided into unit squares (1 × 1). All the unit
squares along the edges and the two diagonals of the s × s square are discarded. Find a fully
simplified expression, in terms of s, for the number of unit squares remaining.
4. The first two terms of a sequence are the numbers 1, 2. From then on, each term is obtained
by adding 1 to the previous term and then dividing by the term before that. Thus the third
term is obtained by adding 1 to the second term and then dividing by the first term.
(a) Write down the first five terms.
(b) Calculate the sixtieth term.
(c) What happens if other non-zero numbers are chosen for the first two terms, but the rule
for calculating the next term remains the same?
5. (a) What is the angle A between the hands of a clock at two

o'clock? 11 12 1
(b) What is the next time after this that the angle between the 10 2
A
hands is equal to A ? 9 3
8 4
7 5
6
6. The triangle ABC is right-angled at A, with AB = 6 cm and AC = 8 cm. Points X and Y are
situated on BC such that AB = AY and AX = XC. Two isosceles triangles ABY and AXC are
thus created. These triangles overlap, forming the region AXY . Calculate the area of this
region.

(IMOK)

and proofs.

(Tel. 0113 343 2339)
1. Find the number of different ways that 75 can be expressed as the sum of two or
more consecutive positive integers. (Writing the same numbers in a different order
does not constitute a ‘different way’.)
2. The region shown shaded in the diagram is bounded by

three touching circles of radius 1 and the tangent to two of
the circles.
Calculate the perimeter of the shaded region.
3. The shape shown in the diagram (not to scale) a + 1 cm

has a perimeter of length 72 cm and an area
equal to 147 cm2.
a cm
Calculate the value of a.
a cm
a cm
a Ŧ 3 cm
4. An ‘unfortunate’ number is a positive integer which is equal to 13 times the sum of

its digits. Find all ‘unfortunate’ numbers.
5. The rectangle PQRS represents a sheet of A4 paper, S X R

which means that PQ : PS = 2 : 1.
The rectangle is folded, as shown, so that Q comes to a Y
point X on SR and the fold line PY passes through the
corner P. Taking the length of PS to be 1 unit, find the
lengths of the three sides of the triangle RXY . P Q
6. Four friends, Anna, Bob, Claire and Duncan, all have different heights and the sum
of their heights is 6m 72 cm. Anna is 8 cm taller than Claire, and Bob is 4 cm
shorter than Duncan. The sum of the heights of the tallest and shortest of the friends
is 2 cm more than the sum of the heights of the other two. Find the height of each
person.

(IMOK)

and proofs.

(Tel. 0113 343 2339)
1. Find the smallest positive integer which consists only of 0s and 1s when written in
base 10, and which is divisible by 12.
2. In triangle ABC, ∠ABC is a right angle. A

Q
Points P and Q lie on AC; BP is P
perpendicular to AC; BQ bisects ∠ABP.
Prove that CB = CQ.
B C
3. James, Alison and Vivek go into a shop to buy some sweets. James spends £1 on
four Fudge Bars, a Sparkle and a Chomper. Alison spends 70p on three Chompers,
two Fudge Bars and a Sparkle. Vivek spends 50p on two Sparkles and a Fudge Bar.
What is the cost of a Sparkle?
4. A circle is inscribed in a square and a rectangle is

placed inside the square but outside the circle. Two
sides of the rectangle lie along sides of the square and
one vertex lies on the circle, as shown. The rectangle is
twice as high as it is wide.
What is the ratio of the area of the square to the area of
the rectangle?
5. The Principal of Abertawe Academy plans to employ more teachers. If she employs
10 new teachers, then the number of pupils per teacher will be reduced by 5.
However, if she employs 20 new teachers, then the number of pupils per teacher
will be reduced by 8.
How many pupils are there at Abertawe Academy?
6. Three chords are drawn in a circle to create seven

regions, as shown. The numbers from 1 to 7 are to be
placed, one in each region, so that, for each chord, the
total of the numbers in the circle on one side of the x
chord is equal to the total of the numbers on the other
side.
How many possible values are there for the number x in
the central region?

(IMOK)

and proofs.

(Tel. 0113 343 2339)
1. Numbers are placed in the blocks shown alongside
according to the following two rules.
(a) For two adjacent blocks in the bottom row, the
number in the block to the right is twice the number
in the block to the left.
(b) The number in a block above the bottom row is the
sum of the numbers in the two adjacent blocks
immediately below it.
What is the smallest positive integer that can be placed
in the bottom left-hand block so that the sum of all ten
numbers is a cube?
2. Prove that there is exactly one sequence of five consecutive positive integers in
which the sum of the squares of the first three integers is equal to the sum of the
squares of the other two integers.
3. The diagram shows four circles of radius 1 placed inside

a square so that they are tangential to the sides of the
square at the midpoints of the sides, and to each other.
Calculate the shaded area.
4. Inzamam runs twice as fast as he walks. On Monday, when going to school, he

walked for twice the time for which he ran. On Tuesday, doing the same journey, he
ran for twice the time that he walked and was six minutes quicker than on Monday.
On Wednesday, he walked all the way to school. How long did it take him?
5. The diagram shows a rectangle ABCD P

inscribed inside a triangle PQR. The side,
AB, of the rectangle is one third of the
perpendicular height of the triangle from P B C
to QR.
What is the ratio of the area of the
R A D Q
rectangle to the area of the triangle?
6. The numbers 1 to 10 are to be placed in the unshaded

boxes, so that the two rows of four boxes and the two
columns of three boxes all have the same total T .
(a) Find a solution when T = 20.
(b) Find the minimum possible value of T .

(IMOK)

and proofs.

(Tel. 0113 343 2339)
1. How many four-digit multiples of 9 consist of four different odd digits?
2. A regular octagon with sides of length a is inscribed

in a square with sides of length 1, as shown.
Prove that a2 + 2a = 1.
3. Kelly cycles to a friend's house at an average speed of 12 km/hr. Her friend is out,
so Kelly immediately returns home by the same route. At what average speed
does she need to cycle home if her average speed over the whole journey is to be
15 km/hr?
4. A triangle is bounded by the lines whose equations are y = −x − 1, y = 2x − 1

and y = k, where k is a positive integer.
For what values of k is the area of the triangle less than 2008?
5. Two congruent rectangles have a

common vertex and overlap as shown in
the diagram.
What is the total shaded area?
8 2
4
6. Find all solutions to the simultaneous equations

x2 − y2 = −5
2x2 + xy − y2 = 5.

(IMOK)

and proofs.
5. Answers must be FULLY SIMPLIFIED, and EXACT. They may contain symbols such as π,
fractions, or square roots, if appropriate, but NOT decimal approximations.

(Tel. 0113 343 2339)
1. An aquarium contains 280 tropical fish of various kinds. If 60 more clownfish were
added to the aquarium, the proportion of clownfish would be doubled.
How many clownfish are in the aquarium?
2. Find the possible values of the digits p and q, given that the five-digit number
‘p543q’ is a multiple of 36.
3. In the diagram, ABCD is a rectangle with AB = 16 cm D F C

and BC = 12 cm. Points E and F lie on sides AB and
CD so that AECF is a rhombus.
What is the length of EF?
A E B
4. Four positive integers a, b, c and d are such that:

the sum of a and b is half the sum of c and d ;
the sum of a and c is twice the sum of b and d ;
the sum of a and d is one and a half times the sum of b and c.
What is the smallest possible value of a + b + c + d ?
5. The diagram shows a triangle PTU P S

inscribed in a square PQRS. Each of the
marked angles at P is equal to 30°.
Prove that the area of the triangle PTU
is one third of the area of the square U
PQRS.
Q T R
6. Two different cuboids are placed together, face-to-face, to form a large cuboid.
The surface area of the large cuboid is 34 of the total surface area of the original two
cuboids.
Prove that the lengths of the edges of the large cuboid may be labelled x, y and z,
where
2 1 1
= + .
z x y
62
Solutions to the Olympiad Hamilton Paper
Section A
Al Multiplying by 2003 is the same as multiplying by 2000 and adding on 3 times the
original number, hence 111 ... 111 x 2003 = 111. .. 111 x 2000 + 111. .. 111 x 3.
111. .. 111 x 2000 = 222 ... 222000 (with 2003 2s) and 111... 111 x 3 = 333 ... 333
(with 2003 3s). Hence 111... 111 x 2003 = 222555 ... 555333 (with 2000 5s).
Hence the sum of the digits is given by 2003 x 5 = 10015.
A2 The grey regions give an area equal to b. The

remaining region can be split into two equal
squares, which both have area a. Hence the
total area is 2a + b.
A3 Subtract the 2-digit number 'YX', by subtracting 'YO' from the second XO
term and 'X' from the first term. We get the sum shown alongside. OY
Hence Z = 1, and so Y = 9 and X = 8. +zz
zoo
x x
A4 Let the distance to the grazing land be x m. Then the total time taken is S+ 4 = 900
seconds. Hence x = 900 giving ~ = 100, so x = 2000.

9
20 20
AS The largest three-digit number which still contains an 8 and is divisible by 8 is 984
and the smallest is 128. Hence the difference is 984 - 128 = 856.
Section B
Bl (a) As the number of yellow tiles is three times the number of blue tiles then three-
quarters of the tiles are yellow.
The total number of tiles on the floor is xy and the number of yellow tiles is
(x - 2) (y - 2). So (x - 2) (y - 2) = ixy i.e. 4(xy - 2y- 2x + 4) = 3xy i.e.
xy - 8y - 8x + 16 = 0 i.e. xy - 8y - 8x + 64 = 48 i.e. (x - 8)(y - 8) = 48.
(b) Because of the symmetry of the above equation, we need consider only values of
x and y for which x ..;;; y. The possible values of x - 8 are 1, 2, 3, 4 and 6
corresponding to values of (x, y) of (9, 56), (10, 32), (11, 24), (12, 20) and (14,
16).
Thus the possible values for the area of the floor, in square feet, are 504, 320,
264, 240 and 224.
63
B2 Let E be the point on AB produced such that triangle E

ADE is equilateral. Hence BE = 2 cm and CE = 1 cm.
Let F be the midpoint of CD.
Triangle EBF has EB = EF = 2 cm and LEEF = 60°
so it is equilateral.
Now BC is the median from B to EF in this equilateral
triangle, so LBCE = 90°.
A 3cm D
Applying the Theorem of Pythagoras in triangle BCE: BC2 + 12 = 2 2 so the length
of BC is v3
cm.
[Alternatively: Mark the point G on AD such that AG = 1 cm. Then triangles AGB
and GCD are equilateral and it can be shown that LCBG = 90°.]
B3 (a) Let tn denote the nth term of the sequence. Then t 1 = 3; t 2 = 1 - k= ~;

t3 = 1 - ~ = -i; t4 = 1 - (-t) = 3.
Thus the sequence repeats itself every three terms and t 5 = t 2 = ~; t 6 = t 3 = -!.
1 x - 1 x -1
(b) When t1 = x: t2 = 1 - - = - - ; t3 = 1 - - - = - - ;
x x x-1 x-1
x - 1
t 4 = 1 - - - = x. Thus every such sequence repeats itself every three
-1
x-1 -1
terms and t 5 = - - ; t6 = - - .
x x-1
x - 1 -1
(c) The product of the first three terms = x x - - x -1. Similarly,
x x - 1
the product of the next three terms is -1 and so on.
Thus the product of the first 100 terms is ( -1 )33 x x = - x.
B4 Let there be x dogs and y cats in the town. The number of dogs who think they are
cats= ffi. The number of cats who think they are cats=~·
Therefore: ~ + ~ = x ; Y, i.e. x + 9y = 2x + 2y i.e. x = 7y.
So kof the cats and dogs in the town are cats and the required percentage is 12'h%.
BS Let the fold line be PQ, as shown in the diagram. As B A .---6---::::"" B

folds onto D, PQ is the perpendicular bisector of BD. Let
A fold onto point R i.e. RP is the reflection of AP in PQ.
When the paper is laid flat on the table, the area it covers is R
that of pentagon C QPRD.
Let the length of AP be x cm. Then RP is x cm and DP is
Q
(8 - x) cm.
Applying the Theorem of Pythagoras to triangle PRD:
2
(8 - x) = 62 + x 2 i.e. 64 - 16x + x2 = 36 + x2 i.e. 16x = 28 i.e. x = -.
4
Since PQ passes through the centre of the rectangle, the area of trapezium CQPD =
~ 2 . 1 7 21 2
~ ( areaABCD; = 24 cm . The area of tnangle PRD = x x 6 = cm . So
117 2
2 4 4
the area of CQPRD = - cm .
4
32
Solutions to the Olympiad Hamilton Paper
1. How many four-digit multiples of 9 consist of four different odd digits?
First solution
There are five odd digits: 1, 3, 5, 7 and 9.
The sum of the four smallest odd digits is 16 and the sum of the four largest is 24.
Hence the digit sum of any four-digit number with different odd digits lies between 16
and 24, inclusive.
However, the sum of the digits of a multiple of 9 is also a multiple of 9, and the only
multiple of 9 between 16 and 24 is 18. Hence the sum of the four digits is 18.
Now 1 + 3 + 5 + 9 = 18, so that the four digits can be 1, 3, 5 and 9. If 7 is one of the
four digits then the sum of the other three is 11, which is impossible. So 7 cannot be one
of the digits and therefore the four digits can only be 1, 3, 5 and 9.
The number of arrangements of these four digits is 4 × 3 × 2 × 1 = 24. Hence there
are 24 four-digit multiples of 9 that consist of four different odd digits.
Second solution
The sum of all five odd digits is 1 + 3 + 5 + 7 + 9 = 25.
Subtracting 1, 3, 5, 7 and 9 in turn we get 24, 22, 20, 18 and 16, only one of which is a
multiple of 9, namely 18 = 25 − 7. Since the sum of the digits of a multiple of 9 is also
a multiple of 9, it follows that the four digits can only be 1, 3, 5 and 9.
The number of arrangements of these four digits is 4 × 3 × 2 × 1 = 24. Hence there
are 24 four-digit multiples of 9 that consist of four different odd digits.
2. A regular octagon with sides of length a is inscribed in a
square with sides of length 1, as shown.
Prove that a2 + 2a = 1.
First solution
Consider each of the four unshaded triangles. The angle at the vertex of a square is 90°
so each triangle is right-angled.
The marked angles in the left-hand diagram are both external angles of a regular
octagon, so each is equal to 18 × 360° = 45°. Hence each triangle is isosceles (since
sides opposite equal angles are equal).
x
x
a
1
Let the two equal sides of one of these triangles have length x, as shown in the right-
hand diagram.
33
2 2 2
From Pythagoras' theorem x + x = a
so that 2x2 = a2
a
and hence x = .
2
Now the side of the square has length 1, therefore
a + 2x = 1,
that is, a + a 2 = 1,
or a 2 = 1 − a.
Squaring this equation we get
2a2 = 1 − 2a + a2
and therefore a2 + 2a = 1.
Second solution
We derive an equation for a using
unshaded area + area of octagon = area of the square. (1)
Consider each of the four unshaded triangles. The angle at the vertex of a square is 90°
so each triangle is right-angled.
The marked angles in the left-hand diagram are both external angles of a regular
octagon, so each is equal to 18 × 360° = 45°. Hence each triangle is isosceles (since
sides opposite equal angles are equal).
Therefore each of the four unshaded triangles is isosceles and right-angled, with
hypotenuse of length a, so the four triangles can be reassembled to form a square of side
a (see below). Hence the unshaded area is equal to a2.
C B
a D A
V U
a
W X
E H
F G
1
Similarly, the four shaded triangles in the right-hand figure together have an area of a2.
The octagon comprises these four shaded triangles together with two rectangles, ADEH
and BCFG, which overlap in the square U VWX. Therefore the area of the octagon is
a2 + area ADEH + area BCFG − area U VWX.
But the two rectangles each have area a × 1 and the area of square U VWX is a × a, so
that the octagon has area
a2 + a + a − a2 = 2a.
Finally, the large square has area 1, so equation (1) gives
a2 + 2a = 1.
34
3. Kelly cycles to a friend's house at an average speed of 12 km/hr. Her friend is out, so
Kelly immediately returns home by the same route. At what average speed does she
need to cycle home if her average speed over the whole journey is to be 15 km/hr?
First solution
Let the distance cycled to the house be d km; let the time taken on the journey to the
friend's house be t 1 hours and let the time taken on the way back be t 2 hours.
From the given information about average speeds,
d
12 =
t1
2d
and 15 = .
t1 + t2
These equations may be rearranged to give
12t 1 = d (1)
and 15t 1 + 15t 2 = 2d . (2)
Substituting from equation (1) into equation (2), we get
15t 1 + 15t 2 = 24t 1
so that t 1 = 53 t 2.
Then equation (1) gives 12 × 53 t 2 = d,
d
and hence 20 = .
t2
Thus Kelly's average speed cycling home is 20 km/h.
Second solution
Let the distance cycled to the house be d km; let the average speed for the journey home
be v km/h. Then from the information given
d
the time for the outward journey = hours,
12
d
the time for the homeward journey = hours,
v
2d
and the time for the whole journey = hours.
15
Therefore we have
d d 2d
+ = ,
12 v 15
which may be rearranged to give
1 2 1
= −
v 15 12
8 − 5
=
60
1
= .
20
Hence v = 20 and Kelly's average speed cycling home is 20 km/h.
35
4. A triangle is bounded by the lines whose equations are y = −x − 1, y = 2x − 1 and
y = k , where k is a positive integer.
For what values of k is the area of the triangle less than 2008?
Solution
The lines with equations y = −x − 1 and y = 2x − 1 intersect when
−x − 1 = 2x − 1,
from which x = 0,
so that the lines meet at (0, −1).
The line y = k intersects the line y = −x − 1 when
k = −x − 1,
from which x = −k − 1,
and the line y = k intersects the line y = 2x − 1 when
k = 2x − 1
k + 1
from which x = .
2
Thus the three intersection points are (0, −1), (−k − 1, k) and ( k +2 1 , k ) .
y
(−k − 1, k ) ( k +2 1 , k )
(0, −1)
Now the enclosed triangle has height k + 1 and ‘base’ equal to

k + 1 k + 1
− (−k − 1) = + k + 1
2 2
= 3
2 (k + 1) ,
so the enclosed area is
1
2 × 3
2 (k + 1) × (k + 1) = 3
4 (k + 1)2 .
Therefore when the area is less than 2008,
3
4 (k + 1)2 < 2008,
8032
so that (k + 1)2 <
3
= 267713 .
Now 512 = 2601 and 522 = 2704 so that k + 1 < 52, that is, k < 51. Hence the
possible values of k are given by 1 ≤ k ≤ 50.
36
5. Two congruent rectangles have a common
vertex and overlap as shown in the diagram.
What is the total shaded area?
8 2
4
Solution
Let the unknown side of the rectangle have length y and let one diagonal of the unshaded
quadrilateral have length x, as shown below.
y
x 4
8 8 2
y−2
4
Applying Pythagoras' theorem to the two unshaded right-angled triangles we get

2
x2 = 8 + (y − 2)2
and x2 = y2 + 42.
Eliminate x2 from these equations to give
64 + (y − 2)2 = y2 + 16,
that is, 64 + y2 − 4y + 4 = y2 + 16,
which rearranges to 52 = 4y
and hence y = 13.
Now the shaded area is equal to twice the area of one rectangle minus twice the area of
the unshaded region, that is,
2 (8 × 13) − 2 ( 12 × 8 × 11 + 1
2 × 4 × 13) = 68.
Hence the total shaded area equals 68.
6. Find all solutions to the simultaneous equations
x2 − y2 = −5
2x2 + xy − y2 = 5.
First solution
We may rewrite the given equations by factorising the left-hand sides:
(x − y) (x + y) = −5 (1)
(2x − y) (x + y) = 5. (2)
Since −5 is non-zero, we may divide (2) by (1) to get
37
2x − y
= −1,
x − y
which rearranges to 2x − y = y − x
and hence x = 23 y.
Now substitute x = 23 y in x2 − y2 = −5 to obtain
4 2
9y − y2 = −5,
so that y2 = 9
and hence y = ±3.
Since x = 23 y we deduce that the equations have two solutions:
x = 2, y = 3 and x = −2, y = −3.
Second solution
The given equations are
x2 − y2 = −5 (3)
2x2 + xy − y2 = 5. (4)
Adding (3) and (4) we get
3x2 + xy − 2y2 = 0
which factorises to (3x − 2y) (x + y) = 0.
Hence x = 23 y or x = −y. But, from equation (3), we know x ≠ −y so we have
x = 23 y.
Substitute x = 23 y in (3) to obtain
4 2
9y − y2 = −5,
so that y2 = 9
and hence y = ±3.
Since x = 23 y we deduce that the equations have two solutions:
x = 2, y = 3 and x = −2, y = −3.

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