better farming series 14

farming with
animal power

f81D AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS

 I

n -s es h e been pubi ed in is s,
designed handboo a-year in
I I u I educ and ining c u
h be pu h ed a or ind idual

1. tne I ing pi2tnt; . the ot

2. he plant: the m; the buds; the !e es
3. he plant: the flower
4. he soil: how the soil is made up
5. he soii: how to conserve e soil
6. he soil: how imp ve e soil
7. p farming
8. al husband eding and care of ani als
9. al husband : animal diseases; how ani als
p duce

business su ey
1. e eding
12. heep and go b eding
13. eping chic ns
1 . Fa ing w ani a! r
15. e als
1 and bers
17.
18. anana
a ga ening
20. pland rice
21. et paddy or amp rice
22.
23. o e
2 . he oil palm
25. The bber tree
26. The odern farm busine
 1

. Published arrangement with

lnstitut africain pour le developpement economique
B 8008, Abidjan, d'Ivoire

Rome 1977
 4

First printing 1

ISBN 92-5-100157-X

© French edition, lnstitut africain pour

le developpement economique et social ( I NADES) 1971

© English edition, FAQ 1977

Th manual is a tra lation and adaptati H cu re
attelee/' published the Agri~Service que the lnsti
africain pour le developpement economique social
(IN DES), and forms rt of a series booklets.
Grateful acknowledgement is made to the publishers
making available this text, which it is hoped wil I find
widespread use the intermediate level of agricultural
education and training in English-speaking countries.

The original texts were prepared for an African environment

and this is naturally reflected in the English version.
However, it is expected that .many of the manuals of the
series - a list of which wiH be found on the inside front
cover - will also be of value for training in ma other
parts of the world. Adaptations can be made to the text
where necessary owing to different climatic and ecological
conditions.

Applications for permission to issue this manual in other

languages are welcomed. Such applications should be
addressed to: Director, Publications Division, Food and
Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, ia delle
Terme di Caracalla, 00100 Rome, Italy.

The author of this English version is Mr. A.J. Henderson,

former Chief of the F Editorial Branch.
 3

• 9
Size and shape of fields------------------------------------------ 9
Marking the boundaries of a field -------------------------- 10
Grubbing out the trees in the field ----------------------- 12
Get permission to farm for a long time----------------- 12
Choose the right crops and rotation ---------------------- 13

14
14
Choosing oxen for farm work -------------------------------- 14
1n Ing oxen _________ . _____________________________________________ _ 17

Harnessing oxen with a yoke ---------------------------- 18

How to train oxen --------------------------------------------
How many hours a day can oxen work?------------
How to feed working oxen ------------------------------------
Looking after. working oxen ---------------------------------- 29
31
38
39

use 41

Choice of tools ------------------------------------------------------ 41

The plough ________________________________________________________ _
The harrow _______________________________________________________ _
The Ma nga cu It ivator ---------------------------------------- 43
The seed dri 11 -----------------------------------------------------
The ca rt ____________________________________ --------.. ______ -------- 45
Other tools --------·---·-·········---------··--·------------------- 46

1
 Is

51
51
mgs m

•
•
• 57

2
 I

In tradit nal farming

ali the in the fields
is done hand,
with very few tools,
man-power alone,

Everything is carried on the. head.

Each trip you carry
on iy a sma 11 amount of goods -
a basket of cocoa beans,
of groundnuts,
of rice,
a can of oil,
a load of wood,

for tilling, sowing, hoeing and tran

u can make use of the strength

With animal power

the farmer gets less tired.
He lives better.

The farmer can pay

for the animals and tools.
e has more money
than when he does everything by hand.

3
 E
with trad ional farming,
the farmer makes 8 CF francs a r.
With animal power,
He can make 30 000 francs.
Each year he repays part of the cost of the oxen,
the plough, and the cultivator, that is, 12 francs.
So he has left: 30 000 less 12 000 = 18 francs.
Thus he makes 1 000 francs more
than with traditional farming.

In ( ,
with traditional farming,
the farmer makes 17 francs.
With animal power
he can make 66 000 francs.
Each year he pays 29 000 francs for the donkey,
the cultivator, fertilizers and pesticides.
So he has left 66 000 less 29 000 = 000 francs.
Thus he makes 19 000 francs more
than with traditional farming.

save time,
because work is done much faster with animals;
get farming jobs done in good time;
• do some of his jobs better;
have bigger fields.
 IS much animals.

i{
to grow a hectare of groundnuts,
that is, an area equa I to a football field,
190 eight-hour days are needed each year
if work is done by hand.
But with animal power
only 1 eight-hour days are needed each year.

To grow a hectare of food crops

such as millet, maize or sorghum
requires 85 working days a year
if work is done by hand.
With animal power
only 57 working days a year are needed.

The time the farmer saves

by using animal power
should be used to work other fields.

But although the work is done more quickly,

the farmer has to spend some time
in looking after his oxen, his donkey,
in training them and feeding them.

5
 J

saw in an earl (Booklet No, 7)

that crop y ids are much better
if the ng 1s ne the right time,

Cotton sown the beginning of the rains

yields 656 kilogrammes per hectare;
but cotton sown one month after the first rains
yields only kilogrammes per hectare.

Sowing seed and applying fertilizer by hand

on ·a one-hectare field requires 30 working days,

With animal power,

sowing the seed and applying the fertilizer
requires 4 working days.

Animal power is useful

chiefly because with it you can
get certain jobs done well and quickly,

6
 j r

a k ii

Ti Hing is more regular a

· (see klet , 7, page 8).

Sowing in rows
(see klet No. 7, page 15)
is done at a good density
(see Booklet , 1 page 1
1

i ntercu !tivations are done more often

(see Booklet No. 7, page 21).

Harvesting is quicker,

animal power,
as the done more qu ickl
the farmer makes better use of his time
and can rm bigger fields.

( ),
a farmer works by hand
a field of 1 hectare.

With animal power

he ,can work a field of 2 to 4 hectares.

7
 ma a ice fields
and them out wei1 that is:
1

choose fertile land;

lay out big, rectangular fields;
clear all the fields and grub out all the

make a good choice of crops;

• make a good choice of oxen and donkeys;

• train the animals well:

teach them to work;

• feed the animals well:

a well-fed animal is strong,
so make a reserve of food for the dry season;

take good care of the animals;

make a good choice of tools,

and take care of them;

• work out correct

what animal power costs
and what it brings in.

8
 I I

Choose land where plants grow weH;

if you see tall herbage,
the land there is good.

If u can, choose fields near your house,

so as not to lose time getting there and back.
II the time spent getting to and fro
is time lost on the fields.

The fields should be

and especially they should be long.
If a field is very short,
you lose a lot of time turning the oxen
at the end of the field.
You get more tired turning the plough.

The fields should have a regular shape;

they should be rectangles.
That shape makes it easier to plough,
to sow in rows,
to hoe and cultivate.

If you must have several fields,

make them as close to each other as possible,
so as not to lose ti me
getting from one to the other
with the animals and tools.

9
 u

u wa a field 1 re.

This field should

either squa
or rectangular.
Th is means that
its corners must
right angles.
Square corner
(right angle)
Field 1 hectare
A

The corner
of this booklet
is a right angle.
Measure
4 metres a long side
and 3 metres along side OB.
Now the l~ngth of B
shou id be '5 metres. Right
B
3 metres angle

a
It is easy to calculate the area of such a field.
You can reckon better the density of sowing
(see Booklet No. 1, page 26).
You know how much fertilizer to apply.
You know whether the field yields a good
or a poor harvest.
• is easier till imals.
10.
 E F FIE

icu late the area a fie

with angles at the rners,
multiply the length the of the fie ,
: a field is 1 metres iong
and 1 metres wide;
its area is 1 1 = 10 uare metres (m 2 ),

= 10
: a field is 200 metres long
and 50 metres wide;
its area is 200 50 = 10 m2 •
It is also 1 hectare.
100 metres·

0
0
N

50 metres
fields 1 hectare
field which is 71 metres long
and 71 metres wide
has an area of 71 71 = 5 041 m 2 •

A field which is 100 metres long

and 50 metres wide
has an area of 100 50 = 5 000 m 2 •

These are both fields of half a hectare.

11
In

•
You cannot use animal power on fie_lds with tree mps.
u must grub out the tree stumps
so as not to break r tools
(see Booklet o. 6, page 21).
This requires a lot of work,
but once it is done, it is done for good.
It does not have to be done again every year.

Each year grub out the trees

on a part of the field.
At the end of two or three )/'ears
the whole field is cleared,

In savanna country you need 120 working days

to clear a hectare and grub out the tree stumps.
Do, this during the dry season
when there is not too much other work.

• G perm1ss1on a long me

Before grubbing out the trees,

ask the land authorities for permission
to farm the field for a very long time,
so as to get the benefit of your work.

12
•
u use animal
ind
m ur
(see B )'

r example:
Grow a I (see Bo let No, 5, page
and cereals such as rice or maize or rghum
as (see Booklet No. page 14).

Grow more cash crops

such as cotton or groundnuts.
ith the extra money earned,
pay off the cost of the oxen and the tools.

After the cash crops,

raise food crops for your family.

The food crops wili benefit

from the remains of the fertilizers
used on the cash crops.
The harvest wiH be better.
u wi I! get enough food for your family
from a smaller field.

Using animal power

means you have to use a good crop rotation.

13
 I

•
The bigger an
the stronger it is.
that is
nnot do u
Some n are ii
for clearing the land and deep p mg .

•
anima m breathe easily
and not ugh.
The bones and muscles must be weli developed.
The legs, especial must be strong.
hocks (joints) must be well formed,
the hoofs must be solid and smooth.

An animal that walks with difficulty

is not good
Look at how an animal walks
and you will see
whether it will make a good working

14
 19)

• d

If an ox is
easi ,

for then it wi !I be r
B in that case be
that it the
ir less and lazy
it is not for training,
it wil! not much work .

•
If one bigger n the
the cannot fit well,
Then the the
and they n welL
If one is stronger than the other,
strength of the stronger
is not fully used,

•
They will be able to work together
r several years.

15
 0 '
icult m,

not take animals that are ng,

They are not ng en u

they have not finished growing,

Their bones are not rd enough,
animal that when it is too ng
does n grow,

2 3
you can begin to train
If you begin ear
the oxen get into good habits,
But before the age
let them do on light

oxen are strong enough to work hard.

u can then keep them for several years,
Oxen can wo up to the age of 10 years,

16
i

ve
are well

a ne
and hoid the p

are needed:
one in front lead;
one at the side, to make the n go fo
one behind, hold the plough,

it takes time train oxen well,

but this time is not wasted,
Afterward only one man wii I be needed
drive the and Id the plough,

Never leave them too ng

harnessing them,
If u do not harness your oxen for 6 months,
they wiU lose their good habits,
In the d season
when there is no ploughing or cultivating to do,
harness your oxen for transport,
Then they wili n0t lose their good habits,

17
Ring
ing chain

oxen

18
 Ho.ok for fixing chain

chains
between 1 a 2 F f n .

Horn oth between and n

.Head yoke:.
ing rope

The head ke
is most used for oxen other than zebus.
is ke gradua Hy develops the neck m
do not th work
that is too nng.

1
 rness one animal.

SI

,
-- -- -- ·-- -

· Hooks for '

fixing two
chains

It can also be used as a collar,

in the same way as for donkeys (see page 37),

with collar
The yoke shou Id be rather short.
The oxen should be quite close to each
But there should be 25 centimetres
between the two oxen
so that the chain that puils the tool
does not bother them.
So the yoke shou Id be 1. 10 to 1 .30 metres long,
If the animals have large horns,
make the yoke a little longer.

For certain work,

iike ridging or cultivating between rows of crops,
longer yokes are sometimes used,
so that there are two rows of crops
between the two an i ma Is.
So you must have two yokes,
a and a long

Longer yoke Chain pulling

cultivator

Crop
rows

Two oxen harnessed with a long yoke cultivating

21
 E

• m
B
u mu
being
Putting

If a man is unki his

if h
id n
and become vicious,
If a man his
become quieter.
man a animals
must friends .

•
before beginning ming,
tie the for a urs a tree.
The anima II get used to being tied,
and will be quieter.
Aiwa
sa
The left-hand ox m always on the left,
and right-hand must always be the
n
to walk in a Ii

u need a
It is better ind·,

e animals are used

ring the ke
and walking side side,
m or a
midd
the other end
fix a piece m
 Yoke

Training oxen

When the oxen are used to wearing the yoke,

and to walking while dragging something,
you must teach them to walk straight ahead,
to stop,
to turn to the left,
to turn to the right.

You can get oxen to obey at the words:

Hu , .. , , . Forward
Hoo . . , . . Stop
Dia , . , . , , Left
Ya . , . , . . Right

The driver's voice

should be the chief means of driving the oxen,

You have to do the same movements

over and over again,

The oxen learn to obey by this means.

To get them to obey better,
you can give each one a name,
and give them orders by calling their names,

You must teach the oxen

to walk steadily in a straight line,
 mnmg mmg,
use the oxen on ,
su as cultivation and light transport.

Gradually make them do

ten days,
harness the oxen to a plough (see page ),

The oxen must waik in a straight line,

and pull steadily,
To begin with,
do a light ploughing (see Booklet No. 7, page 8).

At the end of each furrow,

let the animals rest for 1 or 2 minutes,

In this way the oxen

gradually become used to all kinds of work,
and the farmer
also becomes used to handling the tools,

In some places there are imal training stations

where the farmer can learn how to train his oxen,

Remember that oxen should not do very tiring work

before they are 4 years old (see p·age 16i).

The animals must do some work such as transport

even outside the main farming season;
they must not lose the habit of work.

25
 E

a n
an

r less tiring wo ,
like light tra ,
can be worked a Iitt nger.

is best make the oxen

when the sun is n
1n morni
When it is hot,
the oxen get tired more quick , and less.

u must not work the oxen too iong.

They will get too tired
and wi II fa !I sick.
The farmer must know his oxen we!!,
so that he can judge
what work they can do and remain well.

26
 man 0 wen
weiL
Ii
nnot we!L

know that catt !e need

a lot ti me to feed,
that works
has less time to get its food
than animals that do n work,
So rich pastures near the village
must be kept for working oxen,
and
m
u must for the d season,
by making (see Booklet No. 8, page ),

that works 5 hours a day

must have, besides green fodder,
a
well-fed
works well and does not get thin.
The oxen stay well,
can be used for a longer time,
and then sold for a good price.
You spend money to feed the oxen well,
but you earn more by their work
and by selling them.

27
 are advised give work.ing
2 feed units for light ,
and 3 feed un for heavy work
(see Booklet . 8, page 13).

This feed supplement is provided by:

2.5 kilogrammes of rice bran mixed
with crushed maize, or
2.5 kilogrammes of rice bran mixed
with crushed sorghum, or
6 ki iogrammes of groundnu-c stems and leaves, or
5 kilogrammes of good brush hay.

must also give

a mineral su day.

For example,
calcium carbonate mixed with
dicalcium phosphate.

And do not forget a salt lick.

Even when the animals are not working,

you must give them enough to eat.

If you do not do this,

when you need them for working,
they will be too weak,
they will take too long doing the work;
sowing will be late,
and the harvest will not be so good.

Without good feeding,

animal power is useless.

28
 r

Working oxen
must be ab le to rest,
shelter them from the wind, sun and ram 1

bu i Id a shed for them.

Use wood, millet straw,
other local materials.
The shed should not cost much.

Next to the shed,

make a paddock,
In the paddock put feeding racks or troughs
for the feed supplement
you give the oxen (see page 27).

Manure
heap

@ '
.
-f~i. ~'
~ (

1m11row1111i\11ww1iiViltiviit,
29
 over

•
we!!;

and their strength.·

u can kill ticks w paraffin or mineral oiL
can also be out.

. . .
o out r any mJunes.
If an is injured, find out
Has it got a thorn in its fo.ot?
Has a piece of or iron torn itsskin?
To avoid hurting the ,
the yoke must be weil placed (see page 19);
make sure that the 1s in place.

When you have found what hurts the

take away the cause of the mJ u
Do not make the work.
It is better to lose a few days' work
than to lose an

Clean the wound with hot water.

Add disinfectant to the water
to prevent the wound getting' infected,
for example, soap, or potassium permanganate or creso!.
Wash the wound often,
wound that is kept clean soon heals.

30
 don is not
it is usefu I for light
as ing, hoeing and mg.
don harnessed side side
can do ploughing in light i!s,

The donkey ve usefu I for transport.

It iks easiiy over rough tracks,

donkey costs much less than an

It is seldom rn
and it is easy to feed and look after.

like oxen, a working donkey must:

• be in good health;
• have strong feet;
• have hard hoofs.

donkey can be trained from the age 18 months.

31
 eat herbage.
donkey stomach has only one gut;
it has no rumen.
Donkeys are not ruminants.

donkey needs
and some during the night.
When a donkey is working,
give a feed supplement
such as 1 kilogramme of crushed millet or sorghum
mixed with rice bran.

A donkey likes clean to drink.

But do not let it drink
at once after working
when it is hot and sweating.
If a donkey is used to carry water,
let it drink while at the spring.

Do not leave a donkey at large,

but keep it iii a paddock (see Booklet No. 8, page 32),
or tie it with a long rope a post
so that it cannot damage the crops.

32
 a r
as did r
Bui a wail
on the side where the wind blows most often.
The shelter will protect the donkeys from wind and rain.

Put on the floor,

The donkeys will rest better,
and there wi ii be ror the fields,

donkey needs an area

3 metres long
by 1.75 metres wide,

For the donkey's feed supplement,

make a
from a hollowed tree trunk,
or from a barrel cut in half,
Fix the trough to the wa 11
so that the donkey cannot knock it over,

For the hay

make a
(a kind of ladder
made of bamboo),
Then the hay
will not get mixed
with the manure
and will always
be clean.

33
Li r don wili a n.

I oiL

•
nkeys are resista
except m
The animal husband
have medicame
r treating is illness,
and others
prevent the animals falling ilL

There are no donkeys in rest regions

because the sleeping sickness.
•

• a piece
called a
is the pads;
• leather or
can
sadd on animal

• Baskets are fixed on the pack-sadd ie,

u can easily make a pack-saddle yourself,

The pads are made with
old sacks stuffed with grass and sewn up,
The back-strap and the girths
can be made of leather or plaited rope,

The donkey must get used to carrying the pack-saddle,

first put it on without a load,
then gradually increase the load,

35
 Donkey with pack-saddle

donkey can carry

100 kilogrammes of goods
over long distances
and bad tracks.
A donkey can also pull a light cart.
Do not put a load of more than 300 kilogrammes
in the cart.
The pack-saddle is used
for carrying loads in places
where a cart cannot go.

When a donkey is to pull a cart or an implement,

give it a (see page 37)
or a breastQstrap (see page 313)
and fix a chain to each side of it.
donkey is not as strong as an ox.
But it can easily pull a harrow,
a hoe or a seed drill.
Two donkeys can plough in light soil.

36
 a

Rope

Cloth to
-Hook for
fixing
chain

It is difficult to make a good lar.

It must not hu the donkey.

Donkey with collar

37
In

Horse

The nger don

b more difficu in welL

• ese s are learn:

a male horse caiied a I
a female is called a
a ung horse is called a or

• horse needs the same care as a

• like e donkey, the horse eats g

n it is working,
give it a feed su lement every d
such as 2 to 4 kilogrammes of crushed miilet or um
mi with rice bran, for iight work
0

and 4 kilogrammes of millet for

 u are
a

u are
a

hiny p

u a
b ha

are more

In some
u ima caHed h
hinny is the mg
a stall and a she-d
 page

colla1·

Camels eat
even when it is d
They need 6 7 hours a day at pasture.
When they are working in the day
they go pasture at night.
But they need 3 or 4 hours rest during the day.
need 15 litres water a day.
But they can store up water,
and drink every 3 or 4 days
up to 80 litres of water.
In

•
•
•
r tools at once.
It is best to buy first
the Is that are m useful
and that enable
get your done in time.

If have sandy soii

(see Booklet o. 17),
ploughing win n big dods.
So it is useless a rrow
(see Booklet No. 7, page 12),
big branch 11 do the job.

There are many makers of Is,

many different brands.
You must buy tools of a brand
that is well known in your cou
for it is easier get them mended.
Choose strong tools,
even if they cost a little more.
They will last longer.

41
 lly
plou
holding are

Mouldboard

Hitch

is u breaking clods.
between 2 and 5

Teeth

Iron harrow
 IS

It

J as a p

machine

• if you x h
it does i
• if fix two pl ghshares
it will up the c
only s
used a

/
/

The cultivator costs 15

43
 driH
IS

nu ,

each ze seed.

The seed dri !i is d

must fol low the advice
of the dealer o sells the drill,
or the extension service technician.

Oxen can pu II
a seed drill that sows several rows at once.

seed driH costs a I

between 9 and 15 CF francs.
Several farmers can get together
to buy a drill between them.

Wheel to press down the earth

, Teeth to cover the seeds

Seed tube places

seed in soil
Seed drill
 Cart

cart costs between 25 000 and 30 000 CF A francs.

It is very useful for carrying

manure, harvests, wood, water.

You can also transport

things for other farmers.

Some kinds have iron wheels,

others have ti res.,

Oxen can pull a cart

loaded with 1 000 kilogrammes of goods.

45
 E

lifting plough

•
It is used for cutting cereals,
for example, rice.

A good farmer
takes care of his tools;
knows how to mend them;
protects them from rain.

46
 I

r y,
rmer
on buying his animals and is,
on feeding I ng animals,
on mending the tools.

animals get old,

the tools wear out.
After five or six years
0

you have to buy new oxen

and new tools.

farmer must know

how much money he spends
on farming th animal power.
m h

The farmer al5o knows

how much money he makes from working by hand.
He knows
how much money he gets from working with animals.
 on:

Prices va country to country and from region to regi

The prices given here
do not apply to all of Africa.
They are on two examples.

Let us take two farmers,

Toumba and Gambara.
Toumba and Gambara each buy
a plough ................ . 8 000 francs
a pair of oxen ............ . 32 000 francs
They each spend ............. . 000 francs ( F )

Toumba buys a plough for 8 000 francs.

In 5 years the plough is worn out.
Toumba has· to buy another one.
He needs money.
But he never thought of putting aside any money.
So he cannot buy a new plough.
Toumba cannot1 :use his oxen any more.
He cannot farm with animal power.

Gambara also buys a plough for 8 000 francs.

At the end of 5 years the plough is worn out.
But Gambara has put some money aside every year.
So he can buy a new plough
and go on farming with animal power.

48
Putting money aside
replace
is called

• ap
The plough costs 8 ncs.
It lasts 5 years.
To get 8 francs in 5 years,
you must put aside each
8 = 1 francs.
5
These 1 600 francs are the amortization of the plough .

•
The oxen cost 32 000 francs.
After 6 years they are too old
and are sold for 20 000 francs.
In 6 years the oxen have lost in value
francs less francs = 12 francs.
In order to have enough money in 6 years' time
to buy new oxen
a farmer must put money aside every year
for the amortization of the oxen, that is:
12 000 _
francs = 2 000 francs.
6

For the amortization of the plough and the oxen

the farmer must put aside every year
1 600 francs plus 2 000 francs = 3 600. francs.

means putting aside every year

the money to replace your tools and oxen.
 am

Garn

B mba hasn't francs.

he asks a friend or a bank iend him m

is friend, or a bank that has francs,

could use the money
to buy a shop and do business.
francs would

!f the bank lends you 1 francs for one vear,

and asks you to pay back 105 francs at the end of the
k
%)
The extra 5 francs
are the price you must pay
for the loan 1 francs one year.

For a farmer who is lent francs,

interest at 5% a year works out as foil
000 francs 5 = 2 francs interest each year.
1

I is the money a farmer pay

each year for the use of money lent to him

50
 his pl
on Ill fl D !11 Ill D a a G Ill Q Cl Iii El Ill D Q Ill 3
2
Total 5

lace his animals and his plough,

ambara aside each r ... , . . . 5

•
ambara gives a feed supplement
to his working oxen -(see page ).
Each animal gets 2 kilogrammes sorghum
on days when it works.
Instead of giving the sorghum the animals
Gambara could have sold the sorghum
at, say, 12 francs a kilogramme.
Gambara shou id know
how much money he could have got for this
working day
the food for the him:
4 kilogrammes 12 francs = francs.
The oxen work 100 days a r,
Their food costs him:
francs 1 = 4 francs .

•
Work wears out tools.
They must be mended,
the ploughshare must be replaced.
Gambara spends 500 francs a year
mending tools.

51
• him:
amortization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
interest . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
animals' food. , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
upkeep of . , ................ .
Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10

•
Before he used animal power
Gambara earned:
for cotton francs kg .. 7 francs
for food crops francs kg .. 2 francs
for groundnuts 15 francs kg .. 3 francs
Total, , ...... , , , , , , .... ,,... 12 800 francs

With animal power,

Gambara earns more money
because he gets bigger yields:
for cotton 26 francs 800 kg .. 20 800 francs
for food crops 20 francs kg .. 8 francs
for groundnuts francs 600 kg .. 12 000 francs

By using animal power

Gambara has earned more, namely,
. 40 800 francs less 12 800 francs = 28 000 francs.
But Gambara has spent 10 800 francs
for the costs of animal power farming.
So the animal power has brought in,
has raised his income by
28 000 francs less 10 900 francs = 17 1 francs.

using animal power fl

must out
more mcome you can earn

52
For animal
you m
a , in
feed the

If the oxen work

less than 1 days,
they cost too much.
The amortization and the interest
to be paid per working day
are too costly.

For amortization and interest

on his oxen and tools,
Gambara must pay 5 600 francs.

If the oxen work 100 days,

amortization and interest cost him:
5 600 francs = 56 francs a day
100

If the oxen work days,

amortization and interest cost him:
55 oo francs = 112 francs a day
50

If a farmer has not got enough land

to keep his oxen working,
he can combine with other farmers,
so as to give the oxen more work.

53
 I I

ail
ii

can ca
can clear land

a
to buy a tractor,
tractor costs
between francs and 1 francs.

also need plenty money

to buy the tools.
plough to use th a
costs much more
than a plough for oxen.
It is bigger and more complicated,

You also need plenty money

to buy petrol (gasolene);
to buy lubricating oil;
to pay for repairs;
to pay insurance.

54
 m
there is no m
are

pay for al! thi

must farm a I iandu
say
must
that bring in a I

places
agricul raise

Farmers can
to have these
in their fields.

can hire them.

55
animal power enables rmers
to farm fields 3 times as big, .
and harvest 3 times as much on the same area.
The harvest is 9 times as big.

with animal power

fields twice as big were farmed,
and the farmers earned
twice as much.

with animal power

one man can farm more than 2 hectares
instead of 1 hectare.

Empire)

the production of cotton per family is:

1 kilogrammes without animal power,
473 kilogrammes with animal power.

56
FILL IN E R

With animal power you can make use of the . . . . . . . . . . . of animals.

You can farm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . fields.

You must . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . in the fields

in order not to break your tools.

Animals that can be used are . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

or . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . or . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Oxen are strong enough to work at the age of . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Oxen are harnessed with a . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
The left-hand ox must always remain on the . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
The right-hand ox must always remain on the . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Oxen can work . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . hours a day.
When oxen are working give them a . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . supplement.

It is best to choose . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
that are I ight, strong, simple and not too dear. A good farmer takes
care of his tools.
He . . . . . . . . . . . . them and . . . . . . . . . . . . . them from the rain.

With a . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . : . work is done more quickly,

but it costs a lot of . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ·. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

ANSWER THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS

At what age should oxen be harnessed?

How should tools be chosen?
What is a feed supplement?
Do you know an animal training station near where you live?
Where is it?
What sort of oxen should be chosen for work?
Two oxen bought in 1964 cost 30 000 francs. They are resold in 1970
for 18 000 francs. Calculate the annual amortization.
If you are going to use animal power, how should the fields be laid out?

57
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P-69
ISBN 92-5-100157-X