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12. Report
12.1 Report the following information:
12.1.1 The average Leeb hardness number for each test area 13. Precision and Bias
with the impact device indicated (for example, xxx HLD or xxx
HLD+15). 13.1 Precision:
12.1.2 When hardness values converted from the Leeb 13.1.1 Interlaboratory Test Program—An interlaboratory
number are reported, the instrument used shall be reported in test program was conducted in accordance with to develop
parentheses, for example, HB ( HLG). information regarding the precision of the Leeb hardness
300 300
-5 -9 -18 -26 ... ... -12 -18
350 350
-4 -9 -17 -24 ... ... -11 -17
400 400
-4 -9 -16 -22 ... ... -11 -16
450 450
-4 -8 -15 -21 -2 -5 -10 -15
500 500
-4 -8 -14 -20 ... ... -9 -14
550 550
-4 -8 -13 -18 ... ... -9 -13
600 600
-3 -7 -12 -17 ... ... -8 -12
650 650
-3 -7 -12 -16 ... ... -8 -11
700 700
-3 -6 -11 -15 ... ... -7 -10
750 750
-3 -6 -10 -14
800
-3 -5 -9 -13
850 TABLE 6 Compensation Values for Other Impact Directions:
-2 -5 -8 -12 Device G (Grey Cast Iron)
900 LG
APPENDIXES
(Nonmandatory Information)
X1. STANDARD SINGLE COIL REBOUND HARDNESS TESTERS ACCORDING TO THE LEEB PRINCIPLE
X1.1 General Description X1.1.3.1 The combination of the impact velocity and the
X1.1.1 There are eight established types of impact devices free flight length of the impact body; and
for rebound hardness testers according to the Leeb principle: X1.1.3.2 The shape of the induction voltage signal, which is
D, DC, E, D+15, DL, C , S, and G. The impact devices D and determined by the velocity versus time curve on the one hand
E have become industry standards for general purpose appli- and by the characteristics of the sensor coil and the permanent
cations since the first introduction of the D-device in 1975. The magnet on the other hand.
other types have been added with the time for applications with X1.1.4 For the standard single coil rebound hardness testing
special requirements. For more details, see X1.4. devices, a typical induction voltage curve is sketched in Fig.
X1.1.2 It is well known that the L -readings for a given X1.2 where the shape of this curve is unique for all impact
specimen differ significantly, depending on the impact device devices of this type. The impact and rebound velocities are
type used. The main reasons for this are: assumed to be proportional to the extreme values A and B of
X1.1.2.1 Different impact energies; the signal curve, which is a good approximation, if the device
X1.1.2.2 Different sizes and materials of the indenter; and is constructed so, that the extremes are near the signal step
X1.1.2.3 Different stiffnesses of the impact bodies. caused by the impact. If they are too near, however, the
reproducibility of the measurement suffers, because the signal
X1.1.3 One important advantage of the Leeb testing method is often disturbed short after the impact. The width of the signal
is, that it can be used for any direction. The results are, curve has some influence on the result, because it determines,
however, not completely independent on the impact angle. how good the proportionality between minimum value B and
Each of the standard probes has its own characteristic direction rebound velocity is.
dependency, which is determined by:
X1.1.5 Another parameter of paramount importance deter-
mining the actual L value for a material of a given hardness is
the impact energy, which follows from the impact velocity, the
mass of the impact body, and its stiffness (which determines
how much energy the impact body absorbs). In order to
reproduce the standard direction dependency, it is necessary to
specify velocity and mass separately and to have a specific free
flight length. This means that the impact energy in general is
the most important parameter for significance of L-values for
all rebound hardness testers working in units of the eight
different standard impact devices listed in 6.1 and given in
Table X1.1. Furthermore, the L value depends on the geometry
of the indenter and its material properties, predominantly
hardness and elasticity.
X1.1.6 Finally, the effect of deceleration by eddy currents
may affect the result. So the tube material must be specified,
too, as well as special precautions have to bee taken to reduce
eddy currents.
TABLE X1.1 Specifications of Standard Single Coil Leeb Hardness Testing Devices
Property Symbol Unit D/DC S E D+15 DL C G
Impact velocityA vA m/s 2.05 ± 1% 2.05 ± 1 % 2.05 ± 1% 2.05 ± 1% 2.05 ± 1% 1.39 ± 2% 2.98 ± 1%
Impact body, mass M g 5.45 ± 0,05 5.45 ± 0.05 5.45 ± 0,05 7.80 ± 0,05 7.23 ± 0,05 3.00 ± 0,05 20.00 ± 0,05
material: St 18/8,
nonmagnetic
Free flight length H mm 8±1 8±1 8±1 8±1 8±1 8±1 15 ± 1
Tube material:
aluminium, nonmagnetic
Eddy current slit yes no no yes yes yes no
Indenter, radius R mm 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 2.5
material TCB Si3N4 PKDC TC TC TC TC
hardness h HV 1600 (typ) 1600 (typ) 5000 (typ) 1600 (typ) 1600 (typ) 1600 (typ) 1600 (typ)
Induction signal, peak t1 ms 0.55 ± 0,15 0.55 ± 0.15 0.55 ± 0,15 0.55 ± 0,15 0.55 ± 0,15 0.62 ± 0,20 0.55 ± 0,15
position
half width ∆t ms 2.5 ± 30% 2.5 ± 30 % 2.5 ± 30% 2.5 ± 30% 2.5 ± 30% 4.0 ± 30% 2.0 ± 30%
A
Impact direction: vertical down.
B
TC = tungsten carbide.
C
PCD = polycrystaline diamond.
ments in holes and grooves and on recessed surfaces (elongated X1.4.6 Reduced impact energy (approximately 1⁄4 of that for
impact body and coil position 15 mm elevated). impact device D) and therefore covers slightly wider hardness
Impact Device G range than device D. Applications on surface hardened
max. hardness dimensions components, coatings. Min. layer thickness of 0.3 mm. Appli-
up to 646 HB ø 30 × 254 mm cations on walled or impact sensitive components (small
X1.4.4 Increased impact energy (approximately 9 times of measuring indentation) too. Measurements on steel and cast
that for the standard impact device D). Application in the steel, cold work tool steel and cast aluminium alloys. Requires
Brinell-range on heavy coarse grained castings and forgings, better surface finish than impact device D.
on steel and cast steel, cast iron (lamellar and nodular graphite) Impact Device DL
and cast aluminium. Requires less surface finish than impact max. hardness dimensions
device D for accurate readings. up to 68 HRC ø 20 × 202 mm
X2. GENERAL DESCRIPTION AND TEST PROCEDURE FOR LEEB HARDNESS TEST ACCORDING TO THE MULTIPLE-
COIL INSTRUMENT
X2.1 Scope
X2.1.1 The patented rebound method by Krautkramer is a
further development of the original Leeb method (see Appen-
dix X1). The measurement readings determined by the latter
method are erroneous due to gravitational acceleration and are
not independent of direction. The results must therefore be
correspondingly corrected. This disadvantage is not apparent in
instruments which operate according to the Krautkramer re-
bound method.
X2.1.2 The direction-dependence of the measurement read-
ings result essentially from:
X2.1.2.1 A kinematic error caused by gravitational force
and friction (at the measurement location ta resp. ta'), if not
measured within the impact time t00 (refer to Fig. X2.1); and
FIG. X2.1 Schematic Voltage Signal Generated By the Impact
X2.1.2.2 A change in the effective, influencing energy Body Travelling Through the Krautkramer Coil System
depending on the position resp. direction being applied.
X2.1.3 The first effect is avoided by evaluation of a time X2.2 General Description of Instruments and Test Proce-
signal correlated with location information of the impact body. dure for Leeb Hardness Test According to the
It is of advantage to arrange the impact body (magnets) and the Krautkramer Instrument
coil so that the impact signal as well as the rebound signal uses X2.2.1 Compensation of Kinematic Error
at least two zero transitions (in this case 3) of the induced X2.2.1.1 The signal curve according to Fig. X2.1 is pro-
voltage as support points for the evaluation of the curve. The duced during the impact and rebound trip of the impact body,
complete curve is digitized for evaluation and mapped into the using the sophisticated coil arrangement outlined in Fig. X2.2.
instrument’s memory. The primary part of the curve (index prefixed with “0”) is
X2.1.4 The second effect is compensated by calibration of produced by the impact and the secondary part of the curve
the impacting device in the various application positions and at (indicated with the prefix “1”) by the return trip. The moments
various degrees of hardness. t01, t02, t03 correspond to t11, t12, t13, that is, at these times the
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