SPE Mumbai Abstract (AutoRecovered)

TITLE:
A Study on Effects of Nanoparticles of Silica and Introduction of Coconut Coir in VES gel during
Hydraulic Fracturing
OBJECTIVES/SCOPE:
Use of Viscoelastic Surfactant (VES) based gels in fracturing fluids is a relatively new phenomenon,
which uses surfactants in combination with inorganic salts or other surfactants to create ordered
structures, resulting in increased viscosity and elasticity. By addition of alkali and nanoparticles of
silica the viscosity in increased which was our primary objective i.e., preventing premature
screenout. The introduction of nanoparticles of coconut coir in place of silica makes this process cost
effective for 34% C/S ALS+SLS system.
METHODS PROCEDURES, PROCESS:

In present study, a rheological study has been reported on the mixed VES-based gels prepared from
two anionic mixed surfactants i.e. ammonium dodecyl sulfate (ALS) and sodium dodecyl sulfate
(SDS) as a function of surfactant type, surfactant concentration, temperature, alkali concentration,
and addition of nanoparticles which has been compared with single surfactant SDS studies and with
mixture of anionic and zwitterionic SDS+CAPB by reference to previous studies. The further study
was done by introducing nanoparticles of coconut coir in the mixed VES-based gel and all the results
were compared.
RESULTS, OBSERVATIONS, CONCLUSIONS:

In this study, the VES gel was synthesized with anionic surfactants, i.e., ALS SLS. The rheology of the
prepared gels shows shear thinning behavior with a prominent viscoelastic nature. Elasticity is
predominant, which helps the proppant carrying capacity. Addition of NaOH improves the viscosity of
the gel to a certain extent because of an increase in the micelle population in the basic medium. It could
also be concluded from the results that a mixture of ALS and SLS provides a better gel system with
higher viscosity compared to the individual surfactants.
The VES gel also shows good miscibility in all proportions with water, thus nullifying the probability of
formation of damage without the aid of any breaker. This prepared gel is thermally stable up to 70 ºC and
can be effectively used to fracture low temperature reservoirs like CBM.
NOVELTY/ADDITIVE INFORMATION:
This technology can also be implemented in complex geological system as it is relatively less expensive
and better for the environment. A theoretical model allows us to take stock of how we can optimize and
increase the use of EM waves and RF to efficiently deploy it onsite.
The coconut coir nanoparticle has been used in the industry but only for the lost circulation method. The
use of nanoparticles of coconut coir in hydraulic fracturing with the help of VES gel to prevent premature
screenout is something that is not heard before. The technology is increasing day by day but if we replace
waste material with same application. Hence it reduces the cost of complete process.
KEYWORDS:
Hydraulic Fracturing ; Coconut Coir ; Viscoelastic Surfactant ; Nanoparticles ; Coal Bed Methane
TITLE:
Synthesis of Nanoparticles from Coconut Coir : Determination of Particle size and its Profiling
OBJECTIVES/SCOPE:
A large number of researches about indication of decrease in impact energy of the created composites which is
ascribed to characteristic brittleness of the agro fillers at micro level. The possibilities of the agro squander as
strengthening fillers can be upgraded by further processing into nanometric level since particles inside the
nanoscale have some encouraging properties, which are uncommon with materials at micro level. Hence these
can be further used in hydraulic fracturing

A theoretical model has been provided for Heavy Oil Recovery through RF waves which compete with
the existing methods of EOR by thermal heating. A set of governing equations has been provided with a
experimental model that proves the method more efficient than others. As a result, the interaction of an
oscillating polar molecule with its neighbours takes place and it generates frictional heat, which raises the
temperature of the medium.
The sundried coconut coir powders retained in the pan below 37

μm sized sieve were milled for 70 hours to obtain nanoparticles.
These were analyzed using TEM, SEM with attached EDS and
Gwyddion software. The size determination from TEM image
revealed spherical particles with an average size of 18.23 nm for
nanoparticles obtained at 70 hour milling. The EDS
spectrographs revealed an increase in the carbon counts with
increased milling hours. These nanoparticles were mixed with
fracturing fluid and were tested in simulated well conditions.

In general, the EM heating process relies on preferential absorption of EM energy as the means of
increasing temperature of dielectric materials. The ability of an EM wave to conduct energy to a medium
is determined by the molecular composition of the medium. If the medium holds mobile molecules with
molecular dipole moments, then torque is exerted on the polar molecules by the passing Electromagnetic
waves and the alignment of dipole moments with the oscillating electric fields of the electromagnetic
waves take place. As a result, the temperature of the medium is raised due to heat generated by friction as
continuous encounters between oscillating polar molecules happen.
Microwaves are very much effective to produce heat by getting sufficiently absorbed by the materials.
Since crude oil is not a good absorber of microwaves, microwave receptors like activated carbon, nano-
metal oxides, and polar solvents should be used to make the microwave process faster. Hence, further
research is needed to implement the enhanced metal-nanoparticle incorporating electromagnetic heating
(EMNIEH) at the field scale. In this case, the main question is how to inject nanoparticles into reservoir
through the wellbore hole during EM heating.
Production of nanoparticles through mechanical milling using

mixture of ceramic balls of different sizes has been established
especially when the particles of the sourced/initial coconut coir
powders falls below 37 μm.
The SEM micrograph/Gyweddion particles size determination

showed average particles of 170.5 ±3 and 104.9 ±4.1 nm for
nanoparticles obtained at 16 and 70 hours respectively.
The significance of this work is to devise further means of adding

values to coconut coir and implementing it in hydraulic
fracturing. The work was aimed at synthesis of nanoparticles of
coconut coir that will be used as one of fillers for a fabrication of
polymer based hybrid nanocomposites
The produced nanoparticles would serve as alternative

reinforcement to synthetic fillers such as carbon nanotubes in
polymer and metal matrices for composite productions.
The use of mixture of different diameter ceramic balls is effective

in the synthesis of high purity nanoparticles (0.7 % impurity due
to Ca presence) especially when the size of the initial CS powder
is below 37 μm.
Electromagnetic Heating is very much a substitute to aqueous thermal EOR methods for heavy oil
recovery from shale reservoirs or high clay content or deep reservoirs. This technology can also be
implemented in complex geological system as it is relatively less expensive and better for the
environment. A theoretical model allows us to take stock of how we can optimize and increase the use of
EM waves and RF to efficiently deploy it onsite.
The potential of using coconut nanoparticles as reinforcements for the fabrication of polymer
matrix hybrid nanocomposites for engineering application is under study. Results from the study
will be presented in the future publication.
In contrast with literatures, many works have done on the production of coconut shell
microparticles through mechanical milling. However, synthesis of coconut shell nanoparticles
through top down approach (mechanical milling) is rare or not being found.
In this current work, an uncarbonised coconut shell nanoparticle has been synthesized. The significance
of this work is to devise further means of adding values to CSs.
KEYWORDS:
Unconventional resources, Heavy oil, Carbon emissions, RF heating, Enhanced Oil Recovery
Coconut shell
Nanoparticles
Microscope
Mechanical
milling
Agglomeration
TITLE:
Challenges for Implementation of Digital Oilfields and Management in Offshore Environment
OBJECTIVES/SCOPE:
The oil and gas industry are looking for new ways of doing business in order to unlock value for
shareholders especially with current oil price challenges and uncertainties. The key is
optimizing productivity and efficiency using the digital oilfield (DOF) solutions. DOF solutions include
real-time production optimization and extend to improvements in team integration and asset risk
reduction. The goal is to feature difficulties of digital oil field execution and give proper alleviations.

New and disruptive technology has created significant opportunities in managing the recent downturn in
the oil and gas industry. Investing in digital oilfield solutions, do not only manage current oil price
downturn but assist in optimizing our operations for tomorrow. The fundamental principle and objectives
of digital oilfield remains the same that is optimisation of an asset in the short term and to extend the life
cycle value of an asset in the long term.
Digital oilfield is a continuous improvement process and with adequate management of the challenges,
the implementation benefits will upscale overtime. However, DOF is a concept aimed at integration of
technology, defined business process, people and organization change for value creation. It is instructive
to note that the realized benefits are only possible when all the components of the digital oilfield are in
sync through clarity of thought and actions. The results from this study shows that inherent challenges in
digital oilfield implementation could be better managed to achieve proper solution embedment and
sustainability of the value addition. This result is a reference tool for similar implementation elsewhere.
The challenges have been value erosion overtime due to lack of effort or commitment
to ensure solid embedment of the process and sustainability of the solutions. The said outcome involves
evaluation of the business impact of the DOF implementation in addressing challenges of digital oilfield
implementation. A novel sustainability framework is proposed that is developed and built to ensure the
digital field solution addresses the asset-specific business need with the right sustainability model. The
result from this paper could be applied in similar project elsewhere.
In practice, there is no absolute definition for digital oilfield. It could also be described as a system of
collaboration leveraging on improved data set and knowledge management using enhanced analytic tools,
real time systems with aid of effective business processes to create solutions for present and emerging
challenges. These solutions provide an operating field the capabilities to optimize production in the short
term and maximize lifecycle value in the long term.
KEYWORDS:
Digital Oilfield, Asset Optimizer, Big Data, Advanced Analytics, Sustainability, Offshore
TITLE:
Application of Big Data Analysis in designing a model for HSE in Petroleum Operation
OBJECTIVES/SCOPE:
Big data Analytics is a revolutionary idea and technology that has been brought about by the development
of network and information technology. The effective application of big data technology can promote the
innovation of safety and environmental protection management. Currently, analyzing the origin of
accident and tracing the responsibility of accident commonly happened after the accident due to the lack
of analytical theories, methods and models. This paper presents a HSE big data analysis framework which
is capable of analyzing historical data of HSE management to promote the practicality and scientificity of
HSE management.

This paper has done much research of HSE data analytics. Based on the features of HSE management in
petroleum Industry, it elaborate the open source projects and its applicable scenes in data analytics. Then,
it gives suggestions of choosing open source projects to establish data analytics platform under given
conditions. Last, by using data warehouse, data mining, machine learning and pattern identification
technology, a HSE big data analytics framework was presented in this paper. This framework includes the
level of data acquisition, data storage, data processing, data analysis, and data application.
level of data acquisition, data storage, data processing, data analysis, and data application. The efficient
use of this model can help to untangle doubts of HSE big data analytics, discover the regularity and
characteristics of accidents, and enhance supervision and warning of safety production.
The effective application of big data technology can promote the innovation of safety and environmental
protection management. It is necessary to make a study of big data analysis model for HSE management.
Becase the big data of HSE management has its own fetures, the existing analysis models are not directly
applicable to it. This paper presents an analysis framework by studying data characteristics of HSE
management and prevailing big data analytics platform techniques. It can help to discover the association,
relationship, valuable information and rules of microdata, and then assist administrator to make the right
decisions to improve the management.
Most of the research is about particular application of production safety, improving production efficiency,
but rarely aiming at HSE management. Most of the data is structured objective data collected by sensors
or numerical data, but rarely based on subjective management data. HSE management data has its own
features, such as non-numeric data, descriptive complex Sentences, and unstructured data. Thus, rules and
patterns can not be effectively extracted from management data.
KEYWORDS:
HSE Management, Big Data, Data features, Machine Learning, Data Analytics,
TITLE:
Application of Big Data Analysis in designing a model for HSE in Petroleum Operation
OBJECTIVES/SCOPE:
Big data Analytics is a revolutionary idea and technology that has been brought about by the development
of network and information technology. The effective application of big data technology can promote the
innovation of safety and environmental protection management. Currently, analyzing the origin of
accident and tracing the responsibility of accident commonly happened after the accident due to the lack
of analytical theories, methods and models. This paper presents a HSE big data analysis framework which
is capable of analyzing historical data of HSE management to promote the practicality and scientificity of
HSE management.

level of data acquisition, data storage, data processing, data analysis, and data application.
level of data acquisition, data storage, data processing, data analysis, and data application. The efficient
use of this model can help to untangle doubts of HSE big data analytics, discover the regularity and
characteristics of accidents, and enhance supervision and warning of safety production.
The effective application of big data technology can promote the innovation of safety and environmental
protection management. It is necessary to make a study of big data analysis model for HSE management.
Becase the big data of HSE management has its own fetures, the existing analysis models are not directly
applicable to it. This paper presents an analysis framework by studying data characteristics of HSE
management and prevailing big data analytics platform techniques. It can help to discover the association,
relationship, valuable information and rules of microdata, and then assist administrator to make the right
decisions to improve the management.
Most of the research is about particular application of production safety, improving production efficiency,
but rarely aiming at HSE management. Most of the data is structured objective data collected by sensors
or numerical data, but rarely based on subjective management data. HSE management data has its own
features, such as non-numeric data, descriptive complex Sentences, and unstructured data. Thus, rules and
patterns can not be effectively extracted from management data.
KEYWORDS:
HSE Management, Big Data, Data features, Machine Learning, Data Analytics
TITLE:
Enhancing Digital Oilfields by using Cloud Computing Technology
OBJECTIVES/SCOPE:
The digital oilfield is a major purchaser of data innovation. It requires the sourcing of solid information,
overseeing and putting away that information successfully and serving it to operational leaders. Cloud
computing has everlastingly changed the game in data innovation. It could bring critical improvements to
the digital oilfield providing that the industry feels comfortable that data resilience, protection and
security are kept up. This paper sees how to give this affirmation.

The enormous worries with cloud computing are information misfortune and a vulnerability where the
information is really dwelling. Combined with a increasing number of security dangers, these are keeping
down appropriation in digital oilfield executions. A few organizations have presented a “private cloud”,
which has empowered them to hold information inside their very own system limit. Be that as it may, this
has kept them from diminishing their framework expenses and they have needed to measure their figuring
force and capacity necessities to meet the most significant level of interest, which may just be required
sometimes. On the other hand, an open cloud empowers a “pay as needed” administration.
The cloud advantage isn't simply worried about the expense of data innovation. Brilliant applications can
be sent rapidly to help basic leadership, access to data is improved gigantically and frameworks of record
are a lot simpler to oversee. These procedures bolster the very establishments of digital oilfield:
operational proficiency in drilling and production, upgraded cooperation and remote choice help. So we
are not simply settling on a data innovation choice when considering cloud technology. In this paper we
show that the cloud can not exclusively be as private and secure as a ring-fenced framework be that as it
may, by and large it offers a lot more significant levels of assurance, versatility and nimbleness. Likewise
with numerous perspectives of the digital oilfield, the difficulties to progress live in individuals change
and the improvement of suitable work forms. We have a characteristic propensity to over-gauge the
protection and security of our possess foundations however except if they are effectively instead of
latently overseen, it is most impossible that the administration procedures will be better than those
utilized by Microsoft in their Azure Cloud, for instance.
The digital oilfield is an excursion towards cutting edge methods for working. The oil and gas business is
advancing persistently as we develop ever more challenging fields. Later on we can hope to have
progressively constrained assets accessible and potentially, as we are seeing as of now, lower returns. The
cloud computing technology is an significant advancement that we can't bear to ignore.
KEYWORDS:
Digital Oilfields, Cloud Computing, Information Technology, Remote Monitoring, Security
Title:
Prediction of Fracture Pressure based on Real Time Drilling Parameters using Artificial Neural Networks
OBJECTIVES/SCOPE:
In drilling, it is significant to predict the fracture pressure. It has a direct impact on the drilling
effectiveness and the operation price of the well such as wellbore planning, analyses of a stable
wellbore, casing strategy, drilling fluid designs, drilling processes and structure optimizing. It is
essential to predict fracture pressure accurately prior to drilling process to prevent various issues
for example fluid loss, kicks, fracture the formation, differential pipe sticking, heaving shale and
blowouts.

There have been several attempts to predict fracture pressure but all them either have
incorporated formation strengths or information from log but almost all of them have some
limitations such as not applicable to unloading formations or used in clean shale only. Only few
of the papers have used AI techniques. In this paper, a real time drilling parameter of a real field
has been taken into the account to build a ANN model to estimate the fracture pressure.
The study has shown an excellent precision of the ANN model with coefficient of determination
(R2) greater than 0.99. The results of ANN model were compared with other theoretical models
which widely used to determine the infield fracture pressure. ANN model has the ability to
predict fracture pressure with an excellent precision (R = 0.997, AAPE = 0.027% and R2 =0.990)
whereas Matthews & Kelly model predicts the fracture pressure with accuracy of (R = 0.939,
AAPE = 7.499% and R2 = 0.882) which is lower than the accuracy of artificial neural network
model. Formation properties are also major parameters that need to be considered to predict
fracture pressure. However, the effects of formation properties were included indirectly by
incorporating the fracture pressure with the other real time drilling surface parameters such as
ROP and torque.
Artificial neural network (ANN) model outperformed the fracture models by a high margin and
by its simple prediction of fracture pressure where it can predict the fracture pressure from only
the real time surface drilling parameters, which are easily available.
KEYWORDS:
Fracture Pressure, Artificial Neural Networks, Drilling Parameters, Artificial Intelligence
Title:
Artificial Neural Network Approach for Prediction of Lost Circulation in Induced Fracture
Formations prior to Drilling
OBJECTIVES/SCOPE:
One of the most complex problem to be forecasted using traditional approaches is the lost
circulation problem. The reservoir geometry and borehole conditions are getting complicated day
by day, new advanced methods such as ANNs are used to mitigate the complex problems one of
which is described in this paper. The aim is to predict mud losses in an induced fractures
formation which can assist in developing a mitigation plan prior to drilling in losses zone. So,
proactive approaches can be implanted by adjusting drilling parameters.

Lost circulation data were extracted from over 1500 wells drilled worldwide. A determination of
the optimum number of hidden layers and the number of neurons in each hidden layer is required
to have the best estimation, this is done using the mean square of error (MSE). A supervised
ANNs was created for induced fractures formations. A decision was made to have one hidden
layer in the network with ten neurons in the hidden layer. Since there are many training
algorithms to choose from, it was necessary to choose the best algorithm for this specific data
set. Ten different training algorithms were tested, the Levenberg-Marquardt (LM) algorithm was
chosen since it gave the lowest MSE and it had the highest R-squared.
The final results showed that the supervised ANN has the ability to predict
lost circulation with an overall R-squared of 0.925 for induced fractures formations.
The network developed in this study can be used to estimate the expected amount of the mud
losses prior to drilling any induced fractures formations. Alternatively, given a target loss
volume, the network can be used in reverse, to set key drilling parameters to limit mud losses
while drilling. This ANN can be used globally for any induced fractures formations that are
suffering from the lost circulation problem to estimate mud losses. The ANN built in this paper
can be adapted to commercial software that predicts lost circulation for any induced fractures
formations globally.
This study overcame the shortcoming in the previous studies about the estimation of mud losses
prior to drilling. This is the first study that provides a generalized model to estimate lost
circulation prior to drilling that can be used worldwide.
KEYWORDS:
Lost Circulation, Artificial Neural Networks, Drilling Parameters, Artificial Intelligence
Title:
Artificial Neural Network Approach for Determination of Closure Pressure in Hydraulic
Fracturing Treatment Design
OBJECTIVES/SCOPE:
One of the critical parameters for better design and successful execution of fracturing treatment
is understanding the stress environment. In this Paper, a machine learning methodology i.e. ANN
has been applied in order to minimize the subjectivity in predicting the value of closure pressure.
The data used for this work is from 5 wells from real field. The data is obtained from the mini-
frac test conducted on these wells. The data consists of high frequency readings of bottom-hole
pressure during the mini-frac test vs. time. Since the pressure data is a direct response from the
reservoir, therefore this data is deemed suitable in order to determine the geo-mechanical
properties such as closure pressure.
In this study, the analytical approach has been compared with the machine learning approach.
The closure pressure was determined using square root of time plot and then using the ANN. The
results obtained from the analytical approach have been used in order to train the neural network.
The ANN has been successfully implemented for the closure pressure determination with more
objective approach. Although the training and test set accuracy is on a lower side., the
improvements can be done with addition of new data to it.
Due to availability of large volume of data and with better computing powers, machine learning
can be a powerful tool to a petroleum engineer. This is not to say that machine learning needs to
replace the existing techniques but if used properly, it can add a lot more value to the already
existing set of tools and techniques to determine closure pressure.
Various analytical methods that are used widely to determine closure pressure are prone to
subjectivity due to the experience and knowledge of the individual analyzing the data, which
calls for a need to more objectively analyze such data in order to better predict the closure
pressure.
KEYWORDS:
Machine learning, Closure Pressure, Artificial Neural Network, Hydraulic Fracturing
Title:
Real Time Updating Artificial Neural Network Models for Prediction of Rate of Penetration
prior to Drilling
OBJECTIVES/SCOPE:
Drilling costs are affected mainly due to the following contributing factors: non-productive time,
idle time, and invisible time. Thus, a large non-productive time leads to longer drilling cycles,
and eventually, a low ROP. In this paper, ROP is effectively predicted using artificial neural
networks not at the surface, but at the bit.

In this study, depth data and the corresponding parameters are provided, which are the weight on
bit, torque, and RPM at both surface and downhole. The goal is to predict the value of ROP,
ahead of depth, by using these parameters. The research is to evaluate the importance of
downhole data for ROP prediction because downhole facilities are expensive. If the prediction of
ROP from surface data is accurate enough, downhole data would not be needed.

The accuracy achieved depends on the available data in terms of quality which can be overcome
with data processing techniques. By effectively predicting ROP, estimation of the whole drilling
process time and cost, identification of specific reasons that slow down the drilling process are
possible, and proper measures to avoid these issues can be implemented. The target of any ROP
optimization strategy should be to have the highest ROP mechanically possible, considering
human health, safety, and environment, and factoring in conditions of the well and drilling state.
To address the complexity of the formation gauged by surface data, there may be some
discrepancies which can be overcome by prior downhole data. In conclusion, if the primary aim
is to reduce drilling costs and non-productive time, use of telemetry systems and downhole
sensors can be avoided.
By predicting ahead, the problem of time lagged data arriving from the bottom of the well
can be alleviated and also possibly solve the discrepancies in surface and bottomhole data
communicated by downhole tools and sensors. Predicting ahead can also validate the need for
downhole sensors and telemetry technology from an
economic standpoint.
KEYWORDS:
Rate of Penetration, Artificial Neural Networks, Drilling Parameters, Artificial Intelligence
Title:
Improving Flow Assurance Simulations by the combined application Artificial Neural Networks
and mechanistic models
OBJECTIVES/SCOPE:
The most difficult challenge is to model the frictions, volume fractions and flow regimes
accurately, when developing mathematical models for two- and three-phase flow in long
pipelines. This paper combines 3 different methods when confronting that problem: Dimensional
analysis, mechanistic models, and Neural Networks (NN).

The dimensional analysis is helpful in upscaling laboratory measurements to full-scale flowlines.
In case of 3-phase gas oil water flow, the number of dimensionless groups turn out to be 14. NNs
offer a way of correlating that many variables, and that allows the model to account for all
dimensionless groups for all types of flow. That overcomes the limitations inherent in the more
common practice of focusing on only a few parameters or dimensionless groups for each type of
flow regime. But introducing NNs creates a new challenge: We need data to train them.
The last problem is partly dealt with by building on well-established mechanistic models with
various factors inserted. It is those factors which are trained by the NNs, not the dependent
dimensionless groups themselves.

Using mechanistic models rather than a pure "black box" approach leads to much faster training
and more accurate results. That has made it possible to train the NNs based on a more moderate
and therefore realistic amount of data than would otherwise be required.
The presented dimensional analysis also provides an interesting way of testing commercial
software by checking whether results are dimensionally consistent. When doing steady-state
simulations with two or more different data sets, chosen so that they form the same independent
non-dimensional groups, the resulting dependent dimensionless groups should come out
identical. If they do not, it is reason to treat the results with suspicion. When applying the test to
FlowlinePro and OLGA, they both passed it nicely for the data-sets chosen here. The friction,
fraction and flow regime calculations are generally fast, since no iterations are necessary,
neither for steady-state nor transient simulations. The presented dimensional analysis can also be
used for testing whether various commercial simulators produce dimensionally consistent results.
The novel approach has been used to develop new software. The FlowRegimeEngine, as it is
called, is now incorporated in several steady-state and transient commercially available computer
codes. At the end,results from one of them, FlowlinePro, have been compared to results from the
well-established computer code OLGA. The results turned out to be very similar.
KEYWORDS:
Flow Assurance, Artificial Neural Networks, Dimensional Analysis
Title:
Determination of Water Saturation in Complex Reservoir Geometry by Dervied Correlation
Using Artificial Neural Network and Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference System
OBJECTIVES/SCOPE:
In this paper, we show how Machine Learning can be used to generate a correlation, to determine
water saturation in carbonate reservoirs, which is simple and practical to use in the sense that has
less uncertainty in the parameters that it employs compared to existing models.

In this work, various machine learning methods such as ANN and ANFIS are used to estimate
water saturation using traditional wireline log data as input and core dean-stark data as the
output. The data comprised of more than 1500 well points which were reduced to around 150
consistent to available core data. All the developed models are compared after a rigorous
sensitivity analysis based on various AI algorithms.

To arrive at the optimum solution using the developed neural network, more than 6000 realizations
were carried out. This extensive working yielded best results with a correlation coefficient of 0.944.
Moreover, the results indicate that root mean square error in the water saturation calculation for the
testing results is approximately 0.07 saturation units. Similar number of realizations were run to
arrive at the best model using ANFIS; the model showed to explain approximately 96% of the
variability in the data, with a correlation coefficient of 0.956 and the root mean square error in the
calculation is like ANN of approximately 0.07 saturation units. Firstly, using ANFIS has yielded
slightly better results than the ANN model. However, using the ANN model, an empirical correlation
is developed that can be utilized/generalized across various data without the hassle of having some
software to create a model for specific cases.
A new empirical model for estimating water saturation has been proposed which can be applied to
any case which have their input parameters within the developed model’s range, without needing
intricate software.
KEYWORDS:
Machine Learning, Water Saturation, Artificial Neural Network
Title:
Machine Learning Approach for Optimum Injection Rate Prediction in Acidizing Carbonate
Reservoir
OBJECTIVES/SCOPE:
In this paper, we examine the reliance on various parameters on the ideal injection rate for
Carbonate Acidizing. This examination consolidates a wide range of information focuses got
from a linear core flood and builds up a new, powerful, simple-to-use model utilizing Machine
Learning Algorithms.

During this study, we tried different ML techniques; however, in this paper, the emphasis will be put
on the ones that gave good results, namely feed-forward neural network (FFNN), generate fuzzy
inference system (GENFIS2), and support vector machine (SVM). Each technique is evaluated using
the correlation coefficient (CC) and the absolute average percentage error (AAPE) or root mean
square error (RMSE) to determine the best among them. Furthermore, the ratio of training to
testing is always 70 to 30; experience has shown this to be the best ratio.
The model predicts the optimal injection rate with the help of three arguments, namely, rock
properties, HCl properties, and experimental conditions. The data used in this study are composed of
170 experimental data points. The results show that the newly developed model is capable of
predicting the pore-volume-to-breakthrough (PVBT) along with the optimal injection rate with 90%
accuracy. Furthermore, the model only requires the following parameters: type, length, diameter,
porosity, and permeability of the core; HCl strength; temperature; and pressure. Such model will
narrow the search for the optimal injection rate and will significantly reduce the number of laboratory
experiments needed to obtain the PVBT curve. Furthermore, the results from this model can be
upscaled to field scale.
This work lies in giving a basic, yet ground-breaking, a method that is simple to foresee the ideal
injection rate. This will help the petroleum engineers to proficiently plan an effective stimulation
job.
KEYWORDS:
Machine Learning, Matrix Acidization, Injection Rate, Support Vector Machine
Title:
Machine Learning Approach for Prediction of Flow Assurance Problem: Hydrate Formation
Temperature
OBJECTIVES/SCOPE:
Oil production in the offshore condition is difficult because of the outrageous states of low
temperature and high pressure experienced in the subsea environment. Gas hydrate deposition is
one of the many flow assurance challenges experienced in offshore petroleum production. This
paper looks at the adequacy of the Artificial Neural Network for anticipating hydrate formation
temperature to the viability of other hydrate temperature predicting correlation.

The Artificial Neural Network was prepared utilizing 459 hydrate formation test information
focuses from Katz diagram and Wilcox et al graph. Pressure (P) and specific gravity (Υ) were
picked as the contributions to the 4-layer network while temperature was the yield. The
information focuses were for gases of specific gravity ranging from 0.55 to 1.0. The trial
pressures considered were from 49 psia to 4000 psia.

The ANN was constructed utilizing an EXCEL add-in tool, NEUROXL. The Neural Network
precisely anticipated the test hydrate formation temperature with the regression coefficient more
noteworthy than 0.98 for the diverse specific gravities considered. Moreso, the error
investigation shows neural network performed better than many correlations since it had the least
Mean Absolute percentage error, MAPE (3.5) contrasted with different correlations.
Artificial Neural Network is a suitable device for hydrate forecast and the present model can be
enhanced by incorporating more experimental information in it.
KEYWORDS:
Machine Learning, Flow Assurance, Artificial Neural Network, Hydrate Formation
Title:
Hybrid Model for Reservoir Simulation in Multiphase Flow using Artificial Neural Netwoks.
OBJECTIVES/SCOPE:
This paper considers the improvement of a computationally quick model for simulation of
multiphase flow in porous media for a heterogeneous reservoir with the boundless number of
wells portrayed by a different kind of completion.
This quick tool has been gotten by methods for supplanting the differential equation governing
the flow in porous media by approximate governing equation which is parametrized by
convolutional neural systems. The coordination of the dynamic properties of the first and
reduced models is guaranteed by the conservation of spatial invariance property of the
conditions. The proposed approach is described by the insignificant number of restrictions and
inadequacies identified with the geographical hydrodynamical structure and size of the first
model. Likewise, there is no need for extra model training for reservoir excluded from a training
dataset.

The proposed strategy for reduced-order modeling for reservoir simulation permits performing
calculations fundamentally quicker than the traditional reservoir simulators at a similar
exactness. The model permits managing reservoirs of discretionary geometry and a different
number of wells with various completion frameworks. The performance of effective hybrid
modeling for history-matching issues has been shown as well.
This approach is not limited by the specific problem formulation and can be applied for abroad range
of problems in the oil and gas industry, including effective production optimization and fast decision
making.
KEYWORDS:
Artificial Neural Network, Reservoir Simulation, Optimization, Multiphase Flow
Title:
Prediction of Inflow Performance Relationship in Solution Gas Drive Reservoirs using Machine
Learning Techniques
OBJECTIVES/SCOPE:
An accurate prediction of well IPR is very important to determine the optimum production scheme,
design production equipment, and artificial lift systems. For these reasons, there is a need for a quick
and reliable method for predicting oil well IPR in solution gas drive reservoirs.
In this paper, back propagation network (BPN) and fuzzy logic (FL) techniques are used to predict
oil well IPR in solution gas drive reservoirs. The models were developed using 207 data points
collected from unpublished sources. Statistical analysis was performed to define the more reliable
and accurate techniques to predict the IPR
According to the results, the new fuzzy logic well IPR model outperformed the artificial neural
networks (ANN) model and the most common empirical correlations. The average absolute error,
least standard deviation and highest correlation coefficient were used to evaluate the models results.
The proposed fuzzy logic well inflow performance relationship model achieved an average absolute
error of 1.8 %, standard deviation of 2.9 % and the correlation coefficient of 0.997.
The developed technique will help the production and reservoir engineers to better manage the
production operation without the need for any additional equipment. It will also reduce the overall
operating cost and increase the revenue.
KEYWORDS:
Machine Learning, IPR, Artificial Neural Network, Vertical Oil Well, Solution Gas Drive
Title:
Deep Learning Model for Reservoir Simulation to Predict Multiphase Flow Dynamics
OBJECTIVES/SCOPE:
The objective of this work is to design novel multi-layer neural network architectures for
simulations of multi-phase flow taking into account the observed data (e.g., production data) and
physical modeling concepts. Our approaches use deep learning concepts combined with model
reduction methodologies to predict multi-phase flow dynamics. The use of reduced-order model
concepts is important for constructing robust deep learning architectures. The reduced-order
models provide fewer degrees of freedom and allow handling the cases relevant to reservoir
engineering that is limited to production and near-well data.

Multi-phase flow dynamics can be thought as multi-layer networks. More precisely, the solution,
pressures and saturations, at the time instant n+1 depends on the solution at the time instant n and
input parameters, such as permeability, well rates, and so on. Thus, one can regard the solution
as a multi-layer network, where each layer is a nonlinear forward map. The number of time steps
is user-defined quantity, which will be treated as an unknown within our deep learning
algorithms. We will rely on rigorous model reduction concepts to define unknowns and
connections for each layer. Novel proper orthogonal basis functions will be constructed such that
the degrees of freedom have physical meanings (e.g., represent the solution values at selected
locations) and basis functions have limited support, which will allow localizing the forward
dynamics. This will allow writing the forward map for the solution values at selected locations
with pre-computed neighborhood structure that will be used in deep learning algorithms.

The numerical results will use deep learning architectures to predict the solution and reduced-
order model variables. Trained basis functions will allow interpolating the solution between the
observation points. We show how network architecture, which includes the neighborhood
connection, number of layers, and neurons, affect the approximation. Our results show that with
a fewer number of layers, the multi-phase flow dynamics can be approximated.
The proposed approach uses physical model concepts and deep learning methods to design a
novel forward map, which combines the available data and physical models. This will benefit to
develop a fast and data-based algorithm for reservoir simulations.
KEYWORDS:
Deep Learning, Reservoir Simulation, Multiphase flow
Title:
Estimation of Oil Flow Rate using Artificial Intelligence techniques in Artificially Lifted Wells
OBJECTIVES/SCOPE:
A model that can predict fluid rates, gives great advantage to the production engineers towards
optimizing the well performance in real time. Accordingly, this paper focusses on adapting
computational intelligence algorithms, to predict oil flow rate in artificial lift oil wells, which is
robust, simple and can be applied universally.
Ironically, production rate in individual wells is not monitored usually in real-time, and wherever
they are, flow transmitters are employed which carry their own inherent errors when multiphase flow
occurs. Therefore, as an industry practice, daily conditions and well tests data is utilized to determine
flow rates using developed correlations like Gilbert’s. Nevertheless, the effectiveness of such
correlations has been reduced due to lack of frequent production well tests and operational technical
and cost issues. This study utilizes multiple computational intelligence (CI) techniques, which have
not been utilized previously for this topic, namely; Artificial Neuro Fuzzy Inference Systems,
Support Vector Machines alongwith Artificial Neural Network
Separator production test data were acquired from a South Asian oil field operating on gas lift;
followed by data cleaning and data type reduction to prepare the data for input to computational
intelligence system. Consequently, only the readily available well head parameters were finalized to
be used as the inputs. The output/target data was the separator measured oil rate. All the techniques
are compared rigorously with each other and with currently used empirical models based on average
absolute error and coefficient of determination. The analysis of the outcome of this work shows that
the new model predicts oil flow rate with an accuracy of 98%, interestingly, example of such
accuracy is not found in the current literature.
The results of this study show that the ANN outperforms all the current empirical correlations. This
effort puts forth an industrial insight into the role of data-driven computational models for the
production reconnaissance scheme, not only to validate the well tests but also as an effective tool to
reduce qualms in production provisions.
KEYWORDS:
Artificial Intelligence, Artificial Neural Network, Artificial Lift, Support Vector Machine
Title:
Prediction of Oil flow rate using machine learning algorithms in artificially lifted gas wells
OBJECTIVES/SCOPE:
The industry relies on the use of correlations to allocate production to wells. Over time,
it has been realized that the generally used correlations are not effective enough due to multiple
technical and economic issues. The focus of this work is to utilize machine learning (ML)
algorithms to develop a correlation that can accurately predict oil rate in artificial gas lift wells
The reason for using these algorithms is to provide a solution that is simple, easy to use and
universally applicable. Various intelligent algorithms are employed, namely; Artificial Neuro
Fuzzy Inference Systems (ANFIS), and Support Vector Machines (SVM), along with the
development of Artificial Neural Network providing a usable equation to be applied on any field,
hence demystifying the black-box reputation of artificial intelligence. In addition, non-linear
regression is also performed to compare the results with ML methods.
All ML models were compared with the non-linear regression model and with previously derived
empirical models to gauge the effectiveness of the work. The newly developed model using
ANN shows that it can predict the flow-rate with 99% accuracy. This is an interesting outcome,
as such accuracy has not been reported in literature usually
The results of this study show that the correlation developed using ANN outperforms all the
current empirical correlations, moreover, it also performs multiple times better in comparison to
previously developed AI models. In addition, this work provides a functional equation that can
be used by anyone on their field data, thereby removing any ambiguities or confusion related to
the concept of artificial intelligence expertise and software.
KEYWORDS:
Machine Learning, Oil Flow Rate, Gas Wells, Artificial Neural Networks
Title:
Optimization of production forecasting capability of a time series data analysis using Single
spectrum analysis method
OBJECTIVES/SCOPE:
Quick production decline means that ESP operators need proactive methods to deploy equipment
for applicable flowrate ranges. The benefit for production forecasting and optimization is not
only maximized accumulated oil production, but also improved ESP run life. This paper
demonstrates the production forecasting capability of a time series data analysis method called
Singular Spectrum Analysis (SSA).

Applying SSA to customer-provided raw, daily production data results in production data
historical matching and future production forecasting. The strength of SSA stems from the ability
to make a decomposition of the original series into a summation of the principal independent and
interpretable components such as slowly varying trends, cycling components and random noise.
The trending component can be used for future production forecasting if it is the only principle
component among all decomposed components.

Research proves that SSA can be utilized to forecast daily production rates based on a raw
production dataset without any preprocessing or transformation of the original series. The
trending component revealed by SSA for production prediction matches the forecasting
capability of traditional reservoir production decline curve analysis (DCA), and is a considerable
time-saving method. Unlike DCA, SSA is a nonparametric, modeless time series analysis
method so no assumption for a certain model is needed to be setup before analysis.
Not only can SSA be used for production forecasting, but it can also be used for ESP operational
optimization. Secondary or tertiary decomposed components from SSA can shed light on
possible ESP operational issues or wellbore issues that could change the course of the typical
production decline behavior for a well. Several case studies are included in this paper to
demonstrate the capability of SSA in areas of ESP early faulty detection, evaluating the impact
of ESP operation parameters on the reservoir and detection of cycling pattern on production that
could lead to further investigation.
KEYWORDS:
Electric Submersible pump, Decline curve analysis, single spectrum analysis, oil production
Title:
Detection of Artificial Lift Pump failures by implementing attribute forward selection process and
machine learning model
OBJECTIVES/SCOPE:
Beam pump and ESP are common artificial lift techniques in pumping systems. They are widely used
as primary oil recovery methods, but system failures lead to production deferments and increases in
operating expenses. Employing decades of our field data, promising data science techniques are
discussed here to analyze the factors governing failures in both beam pump and ESP approaches.
These data are then applied with machine learning models to predict service life, failure mechanism
performance, and production deferments.
The data analytics process begins with data preparation. Field data were extracted, transformed and
loaded into a data warehouse for further processing. These data were categorized by failure
information, pump configuration, wellbore geometry, and production information. The significance
of each parameter causing pump failures was derived using a process called “Attribute Forward
Selection (AFS).” Then several machine learning algorithms were implemented and compared with
to determine the most appropriate model to predict pump service life. More suitable pump
configurations to improve pump service life were conceptually recommended based on the analysis.
Differences in parameter significance was identified by attribute forward selection, and is displayed
in a heat map. It was seen that the use of beam pumps in highly tortuous wells received the number
one ranking as the main cause of failures whereas sand production was revealed as the most
significant parameter relating to ESP failures. Correlations for these parameters were mapped by
machine learning algorithms, resulting in multivariate failure prediction models (i.e. involving more
than one parameter at a time) to predict the service life of beam pump and ESP systems. For both
artificial lift systems, the models with the best correlation found thus far are based on a neural
network, which resulted in the highest R-squared values when compared to other techniques. This
neural network model was validated with the actual information, and the outcomes using this model
are presented via a scatter plot in this paper.
Data science is an emerging technology that recently has provided breakthrough results for big data
analysis. This paper will demonstrate the application of such discipline to the area of artificial lift.
KEYWORDS:
ESP, Beam Pump, Data analytics, machine learning
Title:
A Machine learning approach for selection of optimum artificial lift method for achieving ultimate
recovery
OBJECTIVES/SCOPE:
The artificial lift selection process performed by human involves iterating of several design
parameters. Moreover, the human's curated selection required the decision making with
unbiased, repeatable and reliable. Capturing the lesson learned from the previous mistake into
the new design and lack of look back in the past performances are the limits of human. The
supervised machine learning method can apply to improve selection process.

This approach can minimize the life-cycle cost of artificial lift wells by using machine learning
which incorporate the past performances and lesson learnt from installations. The data is
prepared into a structured dataset. The most simple and accurate model is adopted for future
artificial lift selection and current wells’ performance assessment. Finally, the performance of
new wells is continuously added for further model's training. The artificial lift suggested by the
machine learning expects reducing life-cycle cost in the ongoing trial in the fields. In term of
assessing tool, the selection model reveals some discrepancy in the current installed artificial lift.

In addition, the endless learning capability of machine learning allows the new data feeds into
the existing dataset and further incorporates the model in order to response to the dynamic
change of the fields’ conditions. In conclusion, machine learning process is more comprehensive
comparing to the selection made by conventional process where only few tables used for the
artificial lift selection and overlook the value of data captured. Since the training dataset
comprises only good performance well, this reconstruction of lifting method will deliver the
proper A.L. Among 3 algorithms, Naive Bayes provides the shortest training time with moderate
accuracy and F1 score
This paper presents the artificial intelligence trend in oil and gas industry. It is a promising tool
which help solving human's complex problems. Ultimately, adding the durable competitive
advantage to the oil and gas industry
KEYWORDS:
Artificial lift, Machine Learning, ultimate oil recovery, artificial intelligence

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METHODS PROCEDURES, PROCESS:

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Artificial lift, Machine Learning, ultimate oil recovery, artificial intelligence

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