Calculus I Chapter 5 Integration

CALCULUS I
Lecturer: Eng Fuaad Abdirizak Elmi

Department Of Civil Engineering
University Of Somalia
CHAPTER 5
INTEGRATION
 Introduction
In this chapter we will be looking at integrals.
• Integrals are the third and final major topic that will be
covered in this class.
• As with derivatives, this chapter will be devoted almost
exclusively to finding and computing integrals.
• There are really two types of integrals that we’ll be looking at
in this chapter: Indefinite Integrals and Definite Integrals.
• The first half of this chapter is devoted to indefinite integrals
and the last half is devoted to definite integrals.
 Outline
Here is a listing and brief description of the material in
this set of notes.
• Indefinite Integrals – In this section we will start off the
chapter with the definition and properties of indefinite
integrals. We will compute many indefinite integrals in this
section.
• Integration by Substitution – In this section we will start using
one of the more common and useful integration techniques –
The Substitution Rule. With the substitution rule we will be
able integrate a wider variety of functions.
 Outline
• The Definite Integrals – In this section we will formally define
the definite integral, give many of its properties and discuss a
couple of interpretations of the definite integral.
• The Fundamental Theorem of Calculus – In this section we
will also look at the first part of the Fundamental Theorem of
Calculus which shows the very close relationship between
derivatives and integrals.
• Area Problem – In this section we start off with the motivation
for definite integrals and give one of the interpretations of
definite integrals.
5.1 Indefinite Integrals
Introduction
 In this section we will develop some fundamental results about
antidifferentiation.
 In the past two chapters we’ve been given a function 𝑓(𝑥), and
asking what the derivative of this function was.
 Starting with this section we are now going to turn things
around.
 We now want to ask what function we differentiated to get the
function 𝑓(𝑥).
Introduction
Antiderivatives
 Definition
 A function 𝐹 is called an antiderivative of a function 𝑓 on a
given open interval if 𝑓 ′ 𝑥 = 𝑓(𝑥) for all 𝑥 in the interval.
1
 For example, the function 𝐹 𝑥 = 𝑥 3 is an antiderivative of
3
𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 2 on the interval (−∞, +∞) because for each 𝑥 in
this interval
Introduction
 Indefinite Integrals
 The process of finding antiderivatives is called integration or
antidifferentiation. Thus, if
𝑑
𝐹 𝑥 =𝑓 𝑥
𝑑𝑥
 Then integrating (or antidifferentiating) the function f(x)
produces an antiderivative of the form 𝐹 𝑥 + 𝑐.
 To emphasize this process,
𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝐹 𝑥 + 𝑐
Introduction
 Indefinite Integrals
 The expression 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 is called an indefinite integral.
 The “elongated s” that appears on the left side of the equation
is called an integral sign.
 The function 𝑓(𝑥) is called the integrand and the constant C is
called the constant of integration.
 The equation should be read as
The integral of 𝑓(𝑥) with respect to 𝑥 is equal to 𝐹 𝑥 plus a
constant.
Properties of Integration
 A constant factor can be moved through an integral sign; that
is
𝑘𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑘 𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
 An antiderivative of a sum/ difference
𝑓 𝑥 ± 𝑔(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = 𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 ± 𝑔 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Rules of Integration
 The first integral that we’ll look at is the integral of a power of
x.
𝑘𝑑𝑥 = 𝑘𝑥 + 𝑐
𝑥 𝑛+1
𝑥 𝑛 𝑑𝑥 =
𝑛+1
Examples
 Evaluate each of the following indefinite integrals.
i. 4𝑑𝑥
ii. 𝑥 4 𝑑𝑥
iii. 8𝑥 3 𝑑𝑥
iv. 3𝑥 + 2 𝑑𝑥
v. 4𝑥 3 + 8𝑥 2 − 9 𝑑𝑥
vi. 2𝑥 5 − 3𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 − 8 𝑑𝑥
Examples
vii. 𝑥 𝑥 3 + 4𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
viii. 𝑥 2 4𝑥 − 6 𝑑𝑥
ix. (2𝑥 + 1) 𝑥 − 2 𝑑𝑥
𝑥 4 +6𝑥 3
x. 𝑑𝑥
𝑥
𝑥 2 −𝑥−6
xi. 𝑑𝑥
𝑥+2
Examples
𝑡 2 −2𝑡 4
xii. 𝑑𝑡
𝑡4
4𝑥 10 −2𝑥 4 +15𝑥 2
xiii. 𝑑𝑥
𝑥3
xiv. (4𝑥 2 + 10)2 𝑑𝑥
Classwork
i. 𝑥 8 + 𝑥 −8 𝑑𝑥
ii. 3𝑥 6 − 2𝑥 2 + 7𝑥 + 1 𝑑𝑥
iii. 5𝑡 3 − 10𝑡 2 + 4 𝑑𝑡
iv. 3𝑥 4 8𝑥 2 + 6𝑥 + 10 𝑑𝑥
v. (7𝑥 2 + 3𝑥) 4𝑥 + 8 𝑑𝑥
𝑥 2 +1
vi. 𝑑𝑥
𝑥2
Classwork
3
vii. 4𝑥 3 + 10𝑥 − 𝑑𝑥
𝑥2
Rules of Integration
 Let’s now take a look at the trig functions.
i. sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = − cos 𝑥 + 𝑐
ii. cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = sin 𝑥 + 𝑐
iii. 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = tan 𝑥 + 𝑐
iv. 𝑐𝑠𝑐 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = − co𝑡 𝑥 + 𝑐
v. s𝑒𝑐 𝑥 tan 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = sec 𝑥 + 𝑐
vi. csc 𝑥 cot 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = − csc 𝑥 + 𝑐
Examples
i. cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
ii. sin 3𝑥 𝑑𝑥
iii. 2s𝑒𝑐 𝑤 tan 𝑤 𝑑𝑤
iv. 14 sin 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥
v. cos 5𝑥 + sin 3𝑥 𝑑𝑥
vi. 5cos 𝑥 − 10𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Examples
cos 𝑥
vii. 𝑑𝑥
𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥
Classwork
i. 4 cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
ii. cos 7𝑥 𝑑𝑥
iii. 𝑐𝑠𝑐 2 4𝑥 + sin 5𝑥 𝑑𝑥
5.2 Integration By Substitution
Introduction
 In this section we will study a technique, called substitution,
which can often be used to transform complicated integration
problems into simpler ones.
U-substitution
 The method of substitution can be motivated by examining the
chain rule from the viewpoint of antidifferentiation.
 For this purpose, suppose that 𝐹 is an antiderivative of 𝑓 and
that g is a differentiable function.
 The chain rule implies that the derivative of 𝐹 𝑔 𝑥 can be
expressed as
𝑑
𝑓 𝑔 𝑥 = 𝑓 ′ 𝑔 𝑥 𝑔′
𝑑𝑥
U-substitution
 which we can write in integral form as
𝑓 ′ 𝑔 𝑥 𝑔′ 𝑥 = 𝐹 𝑔 𝑥
 The process of evaluating an integral of form by converting it

into form in the expression below with the substitution is
called the method of u-substitution.
𝑓 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = 𝐹 𝑢 + 𝐶
Examples
i. 2𝑥 𝑥 2 + 1 50
𝑑𝑥
ii. 5𝑥 𝑥 2 + 3 4 𝑑𝑥
iii. 𝑥 2 𝑥 3 + 3𝑥 − 2 5 𝑑𝑥
iv. sin(𝑥 + 9) 𝑑𝑥
v. 𝑥 3 sin (𝑥 4 ) 𝑑𝑥
vi. 4𝑥 2 2𝑥 3 − 8 𝑑𝑥
Examples
1
vii. 1 5 𝑑𝑥
3
𝑥−8
viii. sin7 𝑥 cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

Classwork
i. 𝑥 𝑥 2 + 1 3 𝑑𝑥
ii. 5𝑥 𝑥 2 + 9 8 𝑑𝑥
iii. cos(6𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
iv. 𝑥 2 𝑥 − 1 𝑑𝑥
v. 18𝑥 2 6𝑥 3 + 5 𝑑𝑥
vi. cos 3 𝑥 sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
5.3 Definite Integrals
Introduction
• In this section we will introduce the concept of a “definite
integral,” which will link the concept of area to other
important concepts such as length, volume, density,
probability, and work.
• We will formally define the definite integral and give many of
the properties of definite integrals. Let’s start off with the
definition of a definite integral
Introduction
Definition
 Given a function 𝑓(𝑥) that is continuous on the interval 𝑎, 𝑏 ,
we divide the interval into n subintervals of equal width, ∆𝑥,
and from each interval choose a point, 𝑥𝑖 . Then the definite
integral of 𝑓(𝑥) from a to b is
𝑏 𝑛
𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = lim 𝑓 𝑥𝑖 ∆𝑥
𝑎 𝑛→∞
𝑖=1
Introduction
Definition
𝑏
 The expression 𝑎
𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 is called a definite integral.
 The number “a” at the bottom of the integral sign is called the
lower limit of the integral and the number “b” at the top of the
integral sign is called the upper limit of the integral.
 Collectively, we’ll often call a and b the interval of integration.
𝑏
𝑎
𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥= 𝑓 𝑏 − 𝑓(𝑎)
Properties of Integration
𝒃
 𝒂
𝒇 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 = 𝟎. If the upper and lower limits are the same
then there is no work to do, the integral is zero.
𝒃 𝒃
 𝒂
𝒌𝒇 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 = 𝒌 𝒂 𝒇 𝒙 𝒅𝒙. Where k is any number. So, as
with limits, derivatives, and indefinite integrals we can factor
out a constant.
𝒃 𝒃 𝒃
 𝒂
𝒇 𝒙 ± 𝒈 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 = 𝒂
𝒇 𝒙 ± 𝒂
𝒇 𝒙 . We can break up
definite integrals across a sum or difference.
Examples
 Evaluate each of the following definite integrals.
0 2
i. 2
(𝑥 +1)𝑑𝑥
2 3 2 )𝑑𝑥
ii. 1
(𝑥 +𝑥
4 2 +3)𝑑𝑥
iii. 0
(2𝑥
3 2 )𝑑𝑥
iv. 0
(9 − 𝑥
1 2
v. −3
(6𝑥 −5𝑥 + 2)𝑑𝑥
Examples
3 4 +3𝑥 2 + 4𝑥)𝑑𝑥
vi. 2
(5𝑥
3 3
vii. 0
(𝑥 −4𝑥 + 1)𝑑𝑥
𝜋
viii. 2
0
cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Classwork
0 3
i. 1
𝑥 𝑑𝑥
2 2 )𝑑𝑥
ii. 0
(2𝑥 − 2𝑥
2 2 )𝑑𝑥
iii. −1
4𝑥(1 − 𝑥
4 8
iv. ( )𝑑𝑥
−3 𝑥 3
𝜋
v. 3
0
𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
5.4 An Overview Of The Area Problem
Introduction
 In this introductory section we will consider the problem of
calculating areas of plane regions with curvilinear boundaries.
 As noted in the first section of this section, there are two kinds
of integrals and It is now time to take a look at the Area
Problem.
 Our main goal in this section is to use the rectangle method to
give a precise mathematical definition of the “area under a
curve.”
Area Problem
 Formulas for the areas of polygons, such as squares,
rectangles, triangles, and trapezoids, were well known in many
early civilizations.
 However, the problem of finding formulas for regions with
curved boundaries (a circle being the simplest example)
caused difficulties for early mathematicians.
Area Problem
 The first real progress in dealing with the general area problem
was made by the Greek mathematician Archimedes, who
obtained areas of regions bounded by circular arcs, parabolas,
spirals, and various other curves using an ingenious procedure
that was later called the method of exhaustion.
 The method, when applied to a circle, consists of inscribing a
succession of regular polygons in the circle and allowing the
number of sides to increase indefinitely (Figure 5.1.1).
Area Problem
 As the number of sides increases, the polygons tend to
“exhaust” the region inside the circle, and the areas of the
polygons become better and better approximations of the exact
area of the circle.
The Rectangle Method For Finding Areas
 One approach to the area problem is to use Archimedes’
method of exhaustion in the following way;
i. Divide the interval 𝑎, 𝑏 into n equal subintervals, and over
each subinterval construct a rectangle that extends from the
𝑥 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠 to any point on the curve y = 𝑓(𝑥) that is above the
subinterval.
ii. For each n, the total area of the rectangles can be viewed as
an approximation to the exact area under the curve over the
interval 𝑎, 𝑏 .
The Rectangle Method For Finding Areas
 Moreover, it is evident intuitively that as n increases these
approximations will get better and better and will approach the
exact area.
Definition
 (Area Under Curve) If the function 𝑓 is continuous on 𝑎, 𝑏
and if 𝑓(𝑥) ≥ 0 for all 𝑥 in 𝑎, 𝑏 , then the area A under the
curve y = 𝑓(𝑥) over the interval 𝑎, 𝑏 is defined by
𝑛
𝐴= 𝑓 𝑥𝑖 ∆𝑥
𝑖=1
 Where
 𝑓 𝑥𝑖 is the function or the y value.
 ∆𝑥 is the width of the rectangle.
Examples
i. Determine the area between the graph of 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 2 + 1 and
the interval 0,2 .
Examples
the interval 0,2 .
Examples
the interval 0,2 .
Examples
ii. Determine the area between the graph of 𝑓 𝑥 = 9 − 𝑥 2 and
the interval 0,3 .
Examples
iii. Estimate the area between 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 3 − 5𝑥 2 + 6𝑥 + 5 and
the x-axis on 0,4 using n = 5 subintervals.
Examples
iv. Estimate the area between 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 3 and the x-axis on 0,4
using n = 4 subintervals.
Classwork
i. Determine the area between the graph of 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 2 and the
interval 0,2
5.5 The Definite Integrals By Substitution
Introduction
 In this section we will discuss two methods for evaluating
definite integrals in which a substitution is required.
Introduction
 We now need to go back and revisit the substitution rule as it
applies to definite integrals. At some level there really isn’t a
lot to do in this section.
 Recall that the first step in doing a definite integral is to
compute the indefinite integral and that hasn’t changed. We
will still compute the indefinite integral first.
 We use the substitution rule to find the indefinite integral and
then do the evaluation.
Examples
2 2 + 1 3 𝑑𝑥
i. 0
4𝑥 𝑥
2 2 3 3
ii. 1
3𝑥 1 + 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
0 2 1 − 4𝑡 3 𝑑𝑡
iii. −2
2𝑡
𝜋
iv. 8
0
sin5 2𝑥 cos 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥

Calculus I Chapter 5 Integration

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Calculus I Chapter 5 Integration

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CALCULUS I

Lecturer: Eng Fuaad Abdirizak Elmi

 An antiderivative of a sum/ difference

 The process of evaluating an integral of form by converting it

viii. sin7 𝑥 cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

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