Heat Mass Transfer (2008) 44:679–693

DOI 10.1007/s00231-007-0299-7

ORIGINAL

Double-diffusive natural convection in inclined porous cavities

with various aspect ratios and temperature-dependent heat source
or sink
Ali J. Chamkha Æ Ali Al-Mudhaf

Received: 20 November 2006 / Accepted: 5 June 2007 / Published online: 14 July 2007

Springer-Verlag 2007

Abstract Laminar double-diffusive natural convective C dimensionless species concentration = (c – c1)/

flow of a binary fluid mixture in inclined square and rect- (ch – c1) – 0.5
angular cavities filled with a uniform porous medium in the D species diffusivity
presence of temperature-difference dependent heat gener- Da Darcy number = j/W2
ation (source) or absorption (sink) is considered. Trans- g gravitational acceleration
verse gradients of heat and mass are applied on two H enclosure height
opposing walls of the cavity while the other two walls are Le Lewis number = ae/D
kept adiabatic and impermeable to mass transfer. The N buoyancy ratio = bc(ch – c1)/[ bT(Th – Tc) ]
problem is put in terms of the stream function-vorticity Nu average Nusselt number at heated vertical wall
formulation. A numerical solution based on the finite-dif- p fluid pressure
ference methodology is obtained for relatively high Lewis Pr Prandtl number ¼ v=ae
numbers. Representative results illustrating the effects of Q0 heat generation or absorption coefficient
the inclination angle of the cavity, buoyancy ratio, Darcy Ra thermal Rayleigh number = gbT(Th – Tc)W3/(aem)
number, heat generation or absorption coefficient and the Sh average Sherwood number at heated vertical wall
cavity aspect ratio on the contour maps of the streamline, t time
temperature, and concentration as well as the profiles of T temperature
velocity, temperature and concentration at mid-section of Th hot wall temperature (source)
the cavity are reported. In addition, numerical results for Tc cold wall temperature (sink)
the average Nusselt and Sherwood numbers are presented u horizontal velocity component
for various parametric conditions and discussed. U dimensionless horizontal velocity
component = uW/ae
v vertical velocity component
List of symbols V dimensionless vertical velocity component = vW/ae
A enclosure aspect ratio = H/W W enclosure width
c concentration of species x horizontal coordinate
ch high species concentration (source) X dimensionless horizontal coordinate = x/W
cl low species concentration (sink) y vertical coordinate
cp specific heat of the fluid Y dimensionless vertical coordinate = y/W
cs specific heat of porous medium material

A. J. Chamkha (&)
A. Al-Mudhaf
Manufacturing Engineering Department,
The Public Authority for Applied Education and Training,
P. O. Box 42325, Shuweikh 70654, Kuwait
e-mail: achamkha@yahoo.com
Greek Symbols
a inclination angle of the cavity
ae effective thermal diffusivity of the porous medium
bT thermal expansion coefficient
bc compositional expansion coefficient

123
680
e porosity of the porous medium
/ dimensionless heat generation or absorption
coefficient = Q0 W2/(q cpae)
j permeability of the porous medium
l dynamic viscosity
m kinematic viscosity = l/q
h dimensionless temperature = (T – Tc)/(Th –Tc) – 0.5
q Density
qs Porous medium material density
r specific heats ratio = [e q cp + (1 – e)qs cs ]/(q cp)
s dimensionless time = aet/W2
W vorticity
w dimensionless stream function = W/ae
W stream function
f dimensionless vorticity = W W2/ae
2 Laplacian operator
1 Introduction
Double-diffusive convection is referred to buoyancy-driven
flows induced by combined temperature and concentration
gradients. The cases of cooperating thermal and concen-
tration buoyancy forces where both forces act in the same
direction and opposing thermal and concentration buoy-
ancy forces where both forces act in opposite directions
have been considered in the literature. Double diffusion
occurs in a wide range of scientific fields such as ocean-
ography, astrophysics, geology, biology and chemical
processes (see, for instance, Beghein et al. [3]. Ostrach [17]
and Viskanta et al. [24] have reported complete reviews on
the subject. Lee and Hyun [11] and Hyun and Lee [9] have
reported numerical solutions for double-diffusive convec-
tion in a rectangular enclosure with aiding and opposing
temperature and concentration gradients. Their solutions
were compared favorably with reported experimental re-
sults. Mamou et al. [13] have reported an analytical and
numerical study of double-diffusive convection in a verti-
cal enclosure.
Recently, interest in studying double-diffusive convec-
tive flows induced by the combined action of both tem-
perature and concentration gradients in porous media has
surged in view of its importance in many engineering
problems such as migration of moisture contained in fi-
brous insulation, grain storage, the transport of contami-
nants in saturated soil, the underground disposal of nuclear
wastes and drying processes [14]. Trevisan and Bejan [22]
have studied heat and mass transfer by natural convection
in a vertical slot filled with a porous medium. Chen and
Chen [5] have considered double-diffusive fingering con-
vection in a porous medium. Lin [12] has studied unsteady
123
Heat Mass Transfer (2008) 44:679–693
natural convection heat and mass transfer in a saturated
porous medium. Mamou et al. [15] have analyzed double-
diffusion convection in an inclined slot filled with a porous
medium. Recently, Basak et al. [2] have studied the effects
of various thermal boundary conditions for the problem of
natural convection in a square cavity filled with a porous
medium.
In a variety of engineering applications, enclosures are
inclined to the direction of gravity. Hence, the buoyancy
forces have components relative to the directions of the
walls of the enclosure. This modifies strongly the flow
structure and the heat transfer characteristics within the
enclosure. The effect of inclination on natural convection
in an enclosure has been discussed by several investigators
[see for instance, 19, 25]. As mentioned by Rasoul and
Prinos [20], the first studies on inclined enclosures were
devoted to the stability problem of such a flow by Hart [8].
Ozoe et al. [18] predicted experimentally that the Nusselt
number achieved first a minimum and then a maximum
with increasing enclosure inclination angle, but their work
was limited to Rayliegh numbers of up to 104. Hamady
et al. [7] measured local and mean Nusselt numbers at
various inclination angles and Rayleigh numbers from
104 to 106. They found a strong dependence of the heat
transfer rate on the enclosure inclination angle and
Rayleigh number. Ravi et al. [21] studied the structure of
steady, laminar, natural convection in a square enclosure
for high Ra numbers (up to 108) and an angle of incli-
nation 90. They examined the recirculating pocket
appearing near the corners downstream of the vertical
walls and they found that it was caused by the thermal
effects. They also studied the effect of the Prandtl number
on the flow structure and they concluded that, for water
(Pr = 7.0), the recirculation region in the corner does not
appear even for high Rayleigh numbers. Rasoul and Prinos
[20] studied the effect of the inclination angle on steady
natural convection in a square enclosure for Rayleigh
numbers ranging from 103 to 106 and Prandtl numbers
from 0.02 to 4,000. They have found that the Nusselt
number depended strongly on the inclination angle and
Rayleigh and Prandtl numbers.
Natural convection heat transfer induced by internal
heat generation has recently received considerable atten-
tion because of numerous applications in geophysics and
energy-related engineering problems. Such applications
include heat removal from nuclear fuel debris, under-
ground disposal of radioactive waste materials, storage of
foodstuff, and exothermic chemical reactions in packed-
bed reactor [see, for instance, Kakac et al. 10]. Acharya
and Goldstein [1] studied numerically two-dimensional
natural convection of air in an externally heated vertical or
inclined square box containing uniformly distributed
internal energy sources. Churbanov et al. [6] studied
Heat Mass Transfer (2008) 44:679–693 681

numerically unsteady natural convection of a heat gener- ch is the source where the mixture diffuses to the opposing
ating fluid in a vertical rectangular enclosure with iso- wall (sink). Figure 1 shows the schematic of the problem
thermal or adiabatic rigid walls. Other related works under consideration. The fluid is assumed to be incom-
dealing with temperature-dependent heat generation ef- pressible, Newtonian, and viscous. The porous medium is
fects can be found in the papers by Vajravelu and Nayfeh assumed to be uniform and in local thermal and composi-
[23] and Chamkha [4]. tional equilibrium with the fluid. The Darcy–Brinkman
The objective of this work is to consider laminar, dou- model is used to characterize the inclusion of the porous
ble-diffusive natural convection flow inside an inclined medium. The effects due to viscous dissipation and porous
cavity filled with a uniform porous medium with cooper- medium inertia are assumed to be negligible.
ating temperature and concentration gradients in the pres- The governing equations for this problem are based on
ence of temperature-difference dependent heat generation the balance laws of mass, linear momentum, thermal en-
or absorption effects. The study is mainly carried out for ergy, and concentration. Taking into account the assump-
Prandtl and Lewis numbers (Pr = 7.6 and Le = 10) corre- tions mentioned above, and applying the Boussinesq
sponding to salt water solution. approximation for the body force terms in the momentum
equations, the governing equations can be written in
dimensionless vorticity-stream function form as
2 Mathematical model
oV oU
f¼  ¼ r2 w ð1Þ
Consider unsteady, laminar, two-dimensional double-dif- oX oY
fusive convective flow inside an inclined porous cavity or

1 of 1 of of
enclosure of various aspect ratios in the presence of þ 2 U þV
e os e oX oY
internal heat generation or absorption effects. The tem-

peratures Th and Tc and concentrations ch and c1 are uni- Pr 2 oh oC
¼ r f þ RaPr þN cosðaÞ
formly imposed on two opposing walls such that Th > Tc e oX oX


and ch > c1 while the two walls are assumed to be adiabatic oh oC Pr
 RaPr þN sinðaÞ  f ð2Þ
and impermeable to mass transfer. The left wall at Th and oY oY Da

oh oh oh
r þU þV ¼ r2 h þ /ðh þ 0:5Þ ð3Þ
os oX oY

W oC oC oC
e þU þV ¼ r2 C=Le ð4Þ
os oX oY
In writing Eqs. (1)–(4) the following dimensionless
variables and definitions are employed.

x y ae t XW 2 W
X¼ ; Y ¼ ; s¼ 2; f¼ ; w¼ ;
W W W ae ae
Tc H ð T  Tc Þ ðc  c1 Þ
cl h¼  0:5; C ¼  0:5;
ðTh  Tc Þ ðch  c 1 Þ
e d ia
u sM j b ðch  c1 Þ ae
Poro Pr ¼ m=ae ; Da ¼ 2 ; N ¼ c ; Le ¼ ;
Th W bT ðTh  Tc Þ D
ch gbT ðTh  Tc ÞW 3 Q0 W 2 oW
Ra ¼ ; /¼ ; u¼ ;
ae m qcp ae oy

2 
oW o W o2 W eqcp þ ð1  eÞqs cs
g v¼ ; X¼ þ ; r¼
ox ox2 oy2 qcp
ð5Þ
y
α where all the parameters appearing in the above equations
x are given in the list of symbols.
The initial and boundary conditions in dimensionless
Fig. 1 Schematic diagram of inclined porous cavity form are given by

123
682 Heat Mass Transfer (2008) 44:679–693

s¼0: nodal points with a time step of 10– 5and horizontal and
ð6aÞ vertical step sizes (DX = 1/60 and DY = 1/60), (DX = 1/60
U ¼ V ¼ w ¼ 0; h ¼ 0:5; C ¼ 0:5
and DY = 1/40), (DX = 1/60 and DY = 1/40) and (DX = 1/
Y¼0: 60 and DY = 1/40) for A = 1, 2, 3, 4, respectively. The

2  convergence criterion required that the difference between
ow oh oC the current and previous iterations for all of the dependent
U ¼ V ¼ w ¼ 0; f¼ ; ¼ 0; ¼0
oY 2 oY oY variables be 10– 4. In most of the results to be reported
ð6bÞ below, the cavity aspect ratio A was taken to be equal to 2.
Only a representative set of results illustrating the effect of
Y ¼ H=W ¼ A : the aspect ratio (A = 1, 2, 3, 4) is presented.

2 
ow oh oC
U ¼ V ¼ w ¼ 0; f¼ ; ¼ 0; ¼0
oY 2 oY oY
ð6cÞ 4 Results and discussion

X¼0: In this section, numerical results for the streamline, tem-

2  perature, and concentration contours as well as selected
ow
U ¼ V ¼ w ¼ 0; f¼ ; h ¼ 0:5; C ¼ 0:5 velocity, temperature and concentration profiles at mid-
oX 2 section of the cavity for various values of the cavity
ð6dÞ inclination angle a, the buoyancy ratio N, the Darcy
number Da, dimensionless heat generation or absorption
X¼1: coefficient / and the cavity aspect ratio A will be reported.

2 
ow In addition, representative results for the average Nusselt
U ¼ V ¼ w ¼ 0; f¼ ; h ¼ 0:5; C ¼ 0:5
oX 2 and Sherwood numbers Nu and Sh for various conditions
ð6eÞ will be presented in tabulated form and discussed. In all of
these results, Ra and e were fixed at the values of 105and
The average Nusselt and Sherwood numbers at the heated 0.6, respectively.
wall of the enclosure are given by Figure 2a presents steady-state contours for the
streamline, temperature and concentration for various val-
ZA
 ues of the cavity inclination angle a (0, 30, 45, 60 and
1 oh
Nu ¼  dY ð7Þ 90) and A = 2, Da = 10–5, Le = 10, N = 10, Pr = 7.6 and
A oX
0 / = 0. For a = 0 (non-inclined vertical cavity) a single
stretched recirculating cell or vortex in the whole enclosure
ZA
 exists. Tilting the cavity by 30 increases the strength of
1 oC
Sh ¼  dY ð8Þ clockwise flow movement. However, further tilting of the
A oX
0 cavity decreases the flow movement. An interesting
behavior is observed when a = 90. For this case, four
where A = H/W is the aspect ratio of the cavity. separated recirculating cells are predicted within the cavity.
For the parametric values employed to obtain this figure,
the isotherms are almost parallel to non-insulated walls of
3 Numerical algorithm the cavity indicating a conduction-dominated regime.
Slight changes in these contours are observed as a is in-
The numerical algorithm used to solve Eqs. (1)–(4) subject creased from 0 to 60. However, for a = 90 the isotherms
to Eq. (6) is based on the finite-difference methodology. show a wiggly behavior related to the formation of the
Central difference quotients were used to approximate the four-cell structure mentioned before. As for the iso-con-
second derivatives in both the X- and Y-directions. The centration contours, they are more non-uniform than the
governing equations are then transformed into tri-diagonal isotherms. They are crowded away from the core region of
algebraic equations which were solved in the X- and the cavity and are some what parallel to the insulated walls
Y-directions for the concentration, temperature, vorticity in the core region. As the cavity is tilted, the contours in the
and the stream function. This method was found to be core region become more parallel to the insulated walls.
stable and gave results that are very close to the numerical For a = 90 the contours show significant non-uniform
results obtained by Nishimura et al. [16] using the finite- behavior in the boundary-layer regions close to the walls as
element method. The numerical computations were carried well as in the enclosure core region. This type of behavior
out for (61 · 61), (61 ·81), (61 · 121) and (61 · 161) grid is associated with the existence of multiple interacting

123
Heat Mass Transfer (2008) 44:679–693 683

α=0 o α=30 o α=45 o α=60 o α=90 o

(a) 2 2 2 2 2

1.8 1.8 1.8 1.8 1.8

1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6

1.4 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.4

1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2

1 1 1 1 1

0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8

0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6

0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4

0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2

0 0 0 0 0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1

(b) 2 2 2 2 2

1.8 1.8 1.8 1.8 1.8

1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6

1.4 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.4

1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2

1 1 1 1 1

0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8

0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6

0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4

0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2

0 0 0 0 0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1

(c) 2 2 2 2 2

1.8 1.8 1.8 1.8 1.8

1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6

1.4 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.4

1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2

1 1 1 1 1

0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8

0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6

0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4

0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2

0 0 0 0 0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1

Fig. 2 a Effects of cavity inclination angle on (a) streamlines, (b) of cavity inclination angle on (a) streamlines, (b) isotherms and (c) iso-
isotherms and (c) iso-concentration contours, A = 2, Da = 10–5, concentration contours, A = 2, Da = 10–5, Le = 10, N = 10, Pr = 7.6,
Le = 10, N = 10, Pr = 7.6, Ra = 105, e = 0.6 and / = 0. b Effects Ra = 105, e = 0.6 and / = 0

vortices as discussed before. As mentioned before, the
streamlines in Figure 2a show little change from 0 to 60,
but between 60 and 90 the contours change from a single
circulation pattern to a quadruple circulation pattern.
Because of this behavior, the effects of the inclination
angle in the 60 and 90 range has been explored further
where the intermediate angles a = 75, 80, and 85 are
considered and the results are shown in Fig. 2b. It is seen
that while the single circulation pattern continues for
a = 75, a triple circulation pattern begins at a = 80 and is
consolidated for a = 85 ending with the quadruple circu-
lation pattern for a = 90.
Representative profiles for the X- and Y-components of
velocity U and V, and concentration C at the cavity

123
684 Heat Mass Transfer (2008) 44:679–693

α=60 o α=75 o α=80 o α=85 o α=90 o

(a) 2 2 2 2 2

1.8 1.8 1.8 1.8 1.8

1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6

1.4 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.4

1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2

1 1 1 1 1

0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8

0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6

0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4

0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2

0 0 0 0 0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1

(b) 2 2 2 2 2

1.8 1.8 1.8 1.8 1.8

1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6

1.4 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.4

1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2

1 1 1 1 1

0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8

0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6

0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4

0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2

0 0 0 0 0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1

(c) 2 2 2 2 2

1.8 1.8 1.8 1.8 1.8

1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6

1.4 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.4

1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2

1 1 1 1 1

0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8

0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6

0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4

0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2

0 0 0 0 0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1

Fig. 2 continued

mid-section for various values of cavity inclination angle a
and A = 2 are presented in Figs. 3, 4 and 5, respectively.
The changes in the temperature profiles as a increases are
insignificant and therefore, are not plotted. As mentioned
before, tilting the cavity by 30 increases the strength of the
recirculating cell within the cavity. However, further in-
crease in the inclination angle has the tendency to slow
down the flow movement. It can be seen from Figs. 3 and 4
that the X-component of velocity U near the hot wall de-
creases as a is increased from 0 to 85 while it increases
significantly for a = 90 (not shown here because it falls
outside the scale of the figure). On the other hand, the
Y-component of velocity V near the heated wall increases
initially as a is increased from 0 to 45 and then decreases
as a increases further becoming negative for a = 80 and
a = 85 before it increases (to almost zero values) again for
a = 90. It should be noted that the net flow behavior is
predicted based on the magnitude of the net velocity de-
fined by [U2 + V2]1/2. The concentration profiles show an
initial decrease in solute concentration C as the cavity is

123
Heat Mass Transfer (2008) 44:679–693 685

0.3 Table 1 Effects of a on the average Nusselt and Sherwood numbers

o o o o o
α=0 , 30 , 45 , 60 , 75 , 80 , 85
o o at the heated wall of the cavity for A = 2, Da = 10–5, Le = 10,
0.2 N = 10, Pr = 7.6, Ra = 105, e = 0.6 and / = 0
Parameter Nu Sh
0.1

a = 0 1.04196 3.17265
0.0
a = 30 1.05382 3.37160
U

-5
Da=10
Le=10
a = 45 1.05105 3.25365
-0.1
N=10 a = 60 1.04190 2.99411
Pr=7.6
-0.2 Ra=10
5 a = 75 1.02956 2.56418
ε=0.6 a = 80 1.03296 2.71882
A=2 φ=0.0
-0.3 a = 85 1.03196 2.69677
0.00 0.25 0.50 0.75 1.00
Y a = 90 1.01305 2.16169

Fig. 3 Effects of a on X-component of velocity at cavity mid-section Table 1 illustrates the influence of the cavity inclination
angle a for A = 2 on the average Nusselt number Nu and
5 the average Sherwood number Sh: As mentioned before,
4 o o o o o
the heated wall concentration gradient increases as the
α=30 , 45 , 0 , 60 , 75
3
cavity is tilted from a = 0 to a = 30 and the same occurs
for the temperature gradient. This has the direct effect of
2
increasing Nu and Sh: However, as a is increased beyond
1
α=90
o 30 (with the exception of a = 80), both the temperature
0
and concentration gradients decrease resulting in reduc-
V

-5
-1 o o
Da=10
α=80 , 85 Le=10 tions in the both the average Nusselt and Sherwood num-
-2 N=10
Pr=7.6
bers. These behaviors are clear from Table 1.
-3
Ra=10
5 Table 2 depicts the influence of the buoyancy ratio N on
-4 ε=0.6 the values of Nu and Sh for A = 2, Da = 10–5, Le = 10,
φ=0.0
-5 Pr = 7.6 and / = 0. It is predicted that increases in the
0.00 0.25 0.50 0.75 1.00
Y buoyancy ratio N produce higher values of Nu and Sh for
aiding flow situations (N > 0). However, for opposing flow
Fig. 4 Effects of a on Y-component of velocity at cavity mid-section situations (N < 0), it is predicted that Nu and Sh decrease
as N increases reaching a minimum for N = 0.
tilted by 30 (which implies an increase in the heated wall
concentration gradient) followed by slight increase as a is
Table 2 Effects of N on the average Nusselt and Sherwood numbers
increased from 30 to 85 (but remains lower than that
at the heated wall of the cavity for A = 2, Da = 10–5, Le = 10,
corresponding a = 0) and then followed by a significant Pr = 7.6, Ra = 105, a = 45, e = 0.6 and / = 0
increase for a = 90. All of these behaviors are clear from
Parameter Nu Sh
Figs. 3, 4 and 5.
N = –10 1.00149 1.66383
0.5
-5
N = –5.0 0.99624 1.25522
Da=10
0.4 o o o o
α=90 , 0 , 60 , 45 , 30 , 75 , 80 , 85
o o o o
Le=10 N = 0.0 0.99419 1.03639
0.3 N=10 N = 5.0 1.01411 2.20297
Pr=7.6
0.2 Ra=10
5 N = 10 1.05105 3.25365
ε=0.6
0.1
φ=0.0
0.0 Table 3 Effects of Da on the average Nusselt and Sherwood num-
C

-0.1 bers at the heated wall of the cavity for A = 2, Le = 10, N = 10,
Pr = 7.6, Ra = 105, a = 45, e = 0.6 and / = 0
-0.2

-0.3 Parameter Nu Sh
-0.4
Da = 10–4 1.83237 9.97639
-0.5
Da = 10–5 1.05105 3.25365
0.00 0.25 0.50 0.75 1.00
Y Da = 10–6 0.99437 1.05657
Da = 10–7 0.99376 0.99398
Fig. 5 Effects of a on concentration profiles at cavity mid-section

123
686 Heat Mass Transfer (2008) 44:679–693

The effects of increasing the Darcy number Da on the
average Nusselt number Nu and the average Sherwood
number Sh for a buoyancy ratio N = 10 are presented for
A = 2 in Table 3. It is observed that both of Nu and Sh
exhibit an increasing trend with increases in the values
of Da.
Figures 6a and b display the contours for the streamline,
temperature and concentration for different values of the
dimensionless heat generation or absorption coefficient /
for A = 2 and N = –10 (opposing flow conditions) and
N = 10 (aiding flow conditions), respectively. For / = 0
and N = –10, the streamlines are characterized by a single

φ=-10 φ=-5 φ=0 φ=5 φ=10

(a) 2 2 2 2 2

1.8 1.8 1.8 1.8 1.8

1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6

1.4 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.4

1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2

1 1 1 1 1

0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8

0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6

0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4

0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2

0 0 0 0 0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1

(b) 2 2 2 2 2

1.8 1.8 1.8 1.8 1.8

1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6

1.4 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.4

1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2

1 1 1 1 1

0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8

0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6

0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4

0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2

0 0 0 0 0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1

(c) 2 2 2 2 2

1.8 1.8 1.8 1.8 1.8

1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6

1.4 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.4

1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2

11 1 1 1 1

0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8

0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6

0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4

0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2

0 0 0 0 0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1

Fig. 6 a Effects of heat generation or absorption coefficient on (a) (a) streamlines, (b) isotherms and (c) iso-concentration contours,
streamlines, (b) isotherms and (c) iso-concentration contours, A = 2, A = 2, Da = 10–4, Le = 10, N = 10, Pr = 7.6, Ra = 105, a = 45 and
Da = 10–4, Le = 10, N = –10, Pr = 7.6, Ra = 105, a = 45 and e = 0.6
e = 0.6. b Effects of heat generation or absorption coefficient on

123
Heat Mass Transfer (2008) 44:679–693 687

φ=-10 φ=-5 φ=0 φ=5 φ=10

(a) 2 2 2 2 2

1.8 1.8 1.8 1.8 1.8

1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6

1.4 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.4

1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2

1 1 1 1 1

0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8

0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6

0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4

0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2

0 0 0 0 0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1

(b) 2 2 2 2 2

1.8 1.8 1.8 1.8 1.8

1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6

1.4 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.4

1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2

1 1 1 1 1

0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8

0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6

0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4

0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2

0 0 0 0 0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1

(c) 2 2 2 2 2

1.8 1.8 1.8 1.8 1.8

1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6

1.4 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.4

1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2

1 1 1 1 1

0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8

0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6

0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4

0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2

0 0 0 0 0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1

Fig. 6 continued

recirculating vortex within the cavity stretched symmetri-
cally in the horizontal direction. For / = 5 (heat genera-
tion), the vortex tends to move towards the right wall with
flow separation begins to occur in the upper right corner of
the cavity while for / = –5 and / = –10 (heat absorption),
the vortex becomes less stretched with flow separation
initiates in the lower left corner of the cavity. As / is
increased to 10, significant changes in the streamline
contours occur in which the flow separation in the right
upper corner increases forming a secondary vortex in
addition to the primary vortex. However, for / = 0 and
N = 10, the streamlines show a primary clockwise vortex
in the middle of the cavity. As / increases the vortex
moves towards the right wall of the cavity. Unlike the case
of N = –10, no flow separation occurs for this case. An
inspection of the extreme value of the stream function
reveals that it decreases as / increases. This indicates that
the flow slows down as / increases. The contours for

123
688 Heat Mass Transfer (2008) 44:679–693

1.5 0.5
-4
φ=-10, -5, 0, 5, 10 Da=10
1.0 φ=-10, -5, 0, 5, 10 0.4 Le=10
φ=10, -10, -5, 0, 5 0.3
Pr=7.6
0.5 5
Ra=10
0.2 o
0.0 α=45
0.1 ε=0.6
-0.5
0.0
U

C
-1.0
-4 -0.1
Da=10
-1.5
Le=10 -0.2
N=-10
-2.0 Pr=7.6 φ=-10, -5, 0, 5, 10
5
N=10 -0.3 N=-10
Ra=10
N=10
-2.5 α=45o
-0.4
ε=0.6 A=2
-3.0 -0.5
0.00 0.25 0.50 0.75 1.00 0.00 0.25 0.50 0.75 1.00
Y Y

Fig. 7 Effects of / on X-component of velocity at cavity mid-section Fig. 10 Effects of / on concentration profiles at cavity mid-section

30
Table 4 Effects of / on the average Nusselt and Sherwood numbers
φ=-10, -5, 0, 5, 10 at the heated wall of the cavity for A=2, Da = 10–4, Le=10, N=–10,
20 N=-10
Pr=7.6, Ra = 105, a = 45 and e = 0.6
N=10
10 Parameter Nu Sh

0 / = –10 3.21922 4.69138

/ = –5.0 2.34662 4.68219
V

-10 φ=-10, -5, 0, 5, 10

Da=10
-4
/ = 0.0 1.08037 4.67627
Le=10
-20 / = 5.0 –1.53708 4.68770
Pr=7.6
Ra=10
5 / = 10 –17.89451 4.59584
-30 o
α=45
ε=0.6
-40
0.00 0.25 0.50 0.75 1.00 Figures 7, 8, 9 and 10 display the effects of the dimen-
Y
sionless heat generation or absorption coefficient / on the
Fig. 8 Effects of / on Y-component of velocity at cavity mid-section X- and Y-components of velocity, temperature and con-
centration at mid-section of the cavity for both opposing
(N = –10) and aiding (N = 10) flow situations and A = 2,
temperature and concentration show that increasing the respectively. The presence of a heat source (generation)
value of / has more significant effects on temperature than within the cavity causes the fluid temperature to increase
concentration and that the isotherms become non-uniform significantly and the concentration to decrease for N = 10
in the cavity similar to what is usually observed in non- and increase for N = –10 everywhere in the cavity except at
uniform wall heating. the walls which are fixed by the boundary conditions and
close to the walls for / = 10 and N = –10 as shown in
0.75
-4
Figs. 9 and 10. The increase in the temperature causes the
Da=10
Le=10
thermal buoyancy effect to increase while the decrease
0.50
φ=5 Pr=7.6 (increase) in the concentration for N = 10 (N = –10)
5
φ=-10, -5, 0 Ra=10
o
α=45
ε=0.6
0.25 Table 5 Effects of / on the average Nusselt and Sherwood numbers
at the heated wall of the cavity for A = 2, Da = 10–4, Le = 10, N = 10,
Pr = 7.6, Ra = 105, a = 45 and e = 0.6
θ

0.00

Parameter Nu Sh
-0.25 N=-10 / = –10 3.66122 9.96836
N=10
/ = –5.0 2.89415 9.97077
-0.50
0.00 0.25 0.50 0.75 1.00
/ = 0.0 1.83237 9.97639
Y / = 5.0 –0.15537 9.97907
/ = 10 –7.74213 9.76538
Fig. 9 Effects of / on temperature profiles at cavity mid-section

123
Heat Mass Transfer (2008) 44:679–693 689

Le=1 Le=3 Le=5 Le=10 Le=100

(a) 2 2 2 2 2

1.8 1.8 1.8 1.8 1.8

1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6

1.4 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.4

1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2

1 1 1 1 1

0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8

0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6

0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4

0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2

0 0 0 0 0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1

(b) 2 2 2 2 2

1.8 1.8 1.8 1.8 1.8

1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6

1.4 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.4

1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2

1 1 1 1 1

0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8

0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6

0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4

0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2

0 0 0 0 0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1

(c) 2 2 2 2 2

1.8 1.8 1.8 1.8 1.8

1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6

1.4 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.4

1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2

1 1 1 1 1

0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8

0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6

0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4

0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2

0 0 0 0 0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1

Fig. 11 Effects of Lewis number on (a) streamlines, (b) isotherms and (c) iso-concentration contours, A = 2, Da = 10–4, N = 10, Pr = 10,
Ra = 105, a = 45, e = 0.6 and / = 0

produces lower (higher) compositional buoyancy effect. It
is observed that for both aiding and opposing flow situa-
tions, the net flow velocity in the cavity decreases as /
increases. The presence of a heat sink (absorption) within
the cavity produces the opposite effect of that of heat gen-
eration (Fig. 8).
Tables 4 and 5 display the influence of the heat gen-
eration or absorption coefficient on the values of Nu and
Sh for N = –10 and N = 10 and A = 2, respectively. It is
clearly observed that considerable decreases in the values
of Nu are obtained for both opposing and aiding flow
conditions as / increases. This means that the presence of
heat generation decreases the wall heat transfer rate while
heat absorption increases it. It is also observed that for
relatively high values of /, the values of Nu become
negative. This means that heated wall slope of the tem-
perature profile is positive and that the maximum tem-
perature is not at the wall but rather in the fluid region

123
690 Heat Mass Transfer (2008) 44:679–693

2.5 -4
0.5
-4
Da=10 Da=10
2.0 N=10 0.4 N=10
Pr=10 Le=1, 3, 5, 10, 100
1.5 Le=1, 3, 5, 10, 100 0.3
Pr=10
5 5
Ra=10 Ra=10
o
1.0 α=45 0.2
α=45
o

ε=0.6 ε=0.6
0.5 0.1
φ=0.0 φ=0.0
0.0 0.0
U

θ
-0.5 -0.1

-1.0 -0.2

-1.5 -0.3

-2.0 -0.4
A=2 A=2
-2.5 -0.5
0.00 0.25 0.50 0.75 1.00 0.00 0.25 0.50 0.75 1.00
Y Y

Fig. 12 Effects of Le on X-component of velocity at cavity Fig. 14 Effects of Le on temperature profiles at cavity mid-section
mid-section

45 0.5
-4
Da=10 A=2
0.4
N=10
30 Pr=10
Le=1, 3, 5, 10, 100 0.3 Le=1, 3, 5, 10, 100
5
Ra=10
0.2
15 α=45°
ε=0.6 0.1
φ=0.0
0 0.0
C
V

-4
Da=10
-0.1
N=10
-15 Pr=10
-0.2
5
Ra=10
-0.3 o
-30 α=45
-0.4 ε=0.6
A=2 φ=0.0
-45 -0.5
0.00 0.25 0.50 0.75 1.00 0.00 0.25 0.50 0.75 1.00
Y Y

Fig. 13 Effects of Le on Y-component of velocity at cavity Fig. 15 Effects of Le on concentration profiles at cavity mid-section
mid-section

and it becomes more stretched towards the walls. In

close to the heated wall as observed previously in Fig. 9.
addition, the contours for temperature and concentration
In addition, as / is increased from –10 to 0, the values of
show significant changes as Le increases. These changes
Sh decrease slightly while they increase slightly as / is
are more profound for the iso-concentration contours than
increased from 0 to 5 before they reduce again for /
for the temperature contours. The isotherms show a tran-
= 10. This reduction is due to the significant changes
sition from convective to quasi-conductive regime in which
observed in the iso-concentration contours for / = 10. It
they become more parallel to the heated wall as Le is
is clear that the effect of / on the wall temperature gra-
dient is much greater than that on the wall concentration
gradient. This is reflected by the large changes in Nu and
the small changes in Sh as / is altered. Furthermore, Table 6 Effects of Le on the average Nusselt and Sherwood numbers
Tables 4 and 5 show that the values of both Nu and Sh at the heated wall of the cavity for A = 2, Da = 10–4, N = 10,
Pr = 10, Ra = 105, a = 45, e = 0.6 and / = 0
are higher for aiding flow conditions than for opposing
flow conditions. Parameter Nu Sh
Figure 11 display the contours for the streamline, tem- Le = 1.0 3.07214 3.07215
perature and concentration for different values of the Lewis
Le = 3.0 2.56789 5.53964
number Le for N = 10 (aiding flow conditions) and A = 2.
Le = 5.0 2.24935 7.14007
It is observed that for all values of Le the streamlines are
Le = 10 1.83237 9.97639
characterized by a single recirculating cell within the
Le = 100 1.11389 28.00528
cavity. As Le increases, the strength of the cell decreases

123
Heat Mass Transfer (2008) 44:679–693 691

(a) A=1 A=2 A=3

4
A=4
2 3

1.8
3.5
2.5
1 1.6
3
0.9
1.4
2
0.8
2.5
1.2
0.7

0.6 1 1.5 2

0.5 0.8
1.5
0.4 1
0.6
0.3 1
0.4
0.2 0.5
0.5
0.2
0.1

0 0 0 0
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 0 0.5 1 0 0.5 1

2 3 4
(b)
1.8
3.5
2.5
1 1.6
3
0.9
1.4
2
0.8
2.5
1.2
0.7

0.6 1 1.5 2

0.5 0.8
1.5
0.4 1
0.6
0.3 1
0.4
0.2 0.5
0.5
0.2
0.1

0 0 0 0
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 0 0.5 1 0 0.5 1

2 3 4

(c)
1.8
3.5
2.5
1 1.6
3
0.9
1.4
2
0.8
2.5
1.2
0.7

0.6 1 1.5 2

0.5 0.8
1.5
0.4 1
0.6
0.3 1
0.4
0.2 0.5
0.5
0.2
0.1

0 0 0 0
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 0 0.5 1 0 0.5 1

–4
Fig. 16 Effects of aspect ratio on (a) streamlines, (b) isotherms and (c) iso-concentration contours, Da = 10 , Le = 10, N = 10, Pr = 7.6,
Ra = 105, a = 90, e = 0.6 and / = 0

increased from 1 to 100. On the other hand, as Le increases, Figures 12, 13, 14 and 15 present typical profiles for
the iso-concentration contours become more horizontally the X- and Y-components of velocity, temperature and
non-uniform in the cavity. concentration at mid-section of the cavity for various

123
692
values of the Lewis number Le and A = 2, respectively.
As mentioned before, the movement of the fluid in the
cavity becomes slower as Le increases. This is due to the
significant reductions in the concentration buoyancy ef-
fect. These behaviors are reflected by the decreases in the
flow (X- and Y-components of velocity) as well as the
solute concentration close to the heated wall of the cavity
shown in Figs. 12, 13 and 15. On the other hand, it is
observed that the temperature of the fluid near the heated
wall increases as Le increases and that the temperature
profiles change from a non-linear curve for Le = 1 to a
linear curve indicating conduction-dominated regime for
Le = 100.
Table 6 shows the changes in the values of Nu and Sh
that are brought about as a result of increasing Le from 1 to
100 and A = 2. Increasing the value of Le has the tendency
to increase the heated wall temperature slopes (or decrease
its negative wall slopes) and to decrease the heated wall
concentration slopes (or increase its negative wall slopes)
as can be seen clearly from Figs. 14 and 15. This has the
direct effect of decreasing the average Nusselt number and
increasing the average Sherwood number as shown in
Table 6 (Fig. 16).
5 Conclusions
The problem of double-diffusive convective flow of a
binary fluid mixture inside an inclined rectangular porous
enclosure with cooperating temperature and concentration
gradients and in the presence of heat generation or
absorption effects was studied numerically using the fi-
nite-difference method. Comparisons with previously
published work on modified cases of the problem were
performed and found to be in good agreement. Graphical
results for the streamline, temperature and concentration
contours and representative velocity, temperature and
concentration profiles at the cavity mid-section for various
parametric conditions were presented and discussed. It
was found that the heat and mass transfer and the flow
characteristics inside the enclosure depended strongly on
the the buoyancy ratio, cavity inclination angle and the
heat generation or absorption effects. In general,
increasing the cavity tilting angle produced reductions in
the average Nusselt and Sherwood numbers with the
exception of a critical angle for which they become
maximum. The critical inclination angle depended on the
values of the parameters involved in the problem.
Decreasing the Darcy number was found to reduce the
average Nusselt and Sherwood numbers and the fluid
circulation within the enclosure. In addition, it was con-
cluded that the average Nusselt and Sherwood numbers
decreased as a result of heat generation and increased as a
123
Heat Mass Transfer (2008) 44:679–693
result of heat absorption. Furthermore, the presence of
heat generation or absorption effects had greater influence
on the average Nusselt number than on the average
Sherwood number. Increasing the buoyancy ratio was
predicted to decrease both the average Nusselt and
Sherwood numbers for opposing flow situations reaching
a minimum at the thermal convection condition while
they increased for aiding flow situations.
Acknowledgement The authors acknowledge and appreciate the
financial support of this work by the Public Authority for Applied
Education & Training under Project No. TS-05-005.
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