8 Heat Transfer in Rocket Motors eat wansfer is important in astronauts. For instance, the temperature of satlites an spceraft has tobe kept within crt its fo ensure a 5ood operation. During the stmoaphere ight of rockets and space Yelle ‘Strodyeamichestig i important. To avoid damage tothe stucure or he payload one often hs to take speci precautions, sucha the instalment of heat sbilis Another Sol of astronauts where beat teaslr try Smportat is rocket motor teehoology. The hightemperature comburoe products cold raise the teaperatre ofthe engine suture in any cabs fo levels that creed the melting pat of the metals used, if no seca ‘recutons were ikea, Thi often snakes an active cooling sytem ipes lives The beat absorbed by the coolant canbe bed odie the tarbines or to heat the presarzation ga in the propels tas. Evidently, a good nowedge ofthe amount of heat tarser i the rocket motor is becesty for a sucessful design ofthe rocket moto. inthis shaper, we wl retritourecies tothe dlcasion ofthe most Inportine septs of Heat wanfer io the focket moor, and leave. out aerodynamic esting aod thermal contol ofstlies and spscceat 1 ‘beyond the scope of this book to give an extensive treatment on Het ‘afer, andthe vedere efered fo te exeting standard wor [1,2 3) 8. The energy equation 4 Sacion 3.7, we hive derived the ener equation, astming that there Was no heat amor. In his suction, we wil rive th energy equation for Solids, inloding eat tant tb ot paca to derive the ful every fqustion for bide. The conrbation of raeoer elects to the equation fot the conservation of energy for Duds of these order at het taser, I fone ines these viscous eflet inthe energy equation, they mist ao Be ‘counted fr Inthe momentum equation, whi ous tote Nope Saks ‘uatin. No geoeral sluts sze Known Yo ths eqeation; there On {act solutions known for some spec eases and thee ext many approx ‘mate sions. Hert taster problems in Bid wil be tented by meas of the theory of convective het transfer. The solutions to ths at typeof est transfer problems are parly based or approximate solutions ofthe cose ‘ation equations, and party on experimental resis. Therefor, we ll live the energy equation whieh principle slows for hen ane eles in sold, We wil oot acount for vacous or ele fore, Therefore, be equation wil ot hol i large intemal fre are created by thermal ees For most slide (sd many quis) the energy involved in the thermal ‘xpanio is very smal as competed tothe intel eneray ofthe substance ‘Therefore, internal energy and enthalpy ae approximately equa nd most, folds nd many ged) only have one specie heat capaci, e= ae, "To derive the eotay equation for ssl, we cua follow excl he sane retioning as in Secon 37. The reader sould keep in mind that the fosservation eqations in tat section, though decved to be applied to {ois lo held for sols. Thue, conser a materia volume, 7A closed ‘race § Sounds thi vlume There ls heat fa, through ato Yad thor ws nd inthe same way an Section 3.73, BL nestrnarel movase-f ene “The mins sgn a the rabthand side orcrs ete unit normal, me dected ‘outward In exactly the tame way atm Section 3.73 we can evaluate thi gunn w fad, Beavnevnieyelyoneltee (er) Scalar mutipicason of the momentum equation, Ha. (3.712), by ¥, end biasing he ror from Eq (B11) ysis Hensv-mens2n-vsl a0. 12) whore we e made of k= e= [7,04 As fr sole VV, fs general i ery Thal an represeat the veloly divergence due to thermal expansion, ot ue to the testes caused by externa fores, the tem 2-V can be neglected to ylld os» ial seul 1 13) Beene amene!¥-qn0 ‘The velocity V represent the velocity ofthe partes with respect tothe eordinate sytem chosen In genera one wl choose coordinate stem fined tothe tld, aking V extemely stall oF tro, hoe ne may mae oer dense ex) denstva-0 or 1 the case of buring solid propellant it can be advantageons t fi the cordate sytem to the During rrtace If thir has w constant velo ith rexpect to Ged pola f the soli the sd basa velocity =r with expect to the burning surface, and Eq. (8.13) becomes Hten-temnen 4-0 ars182 ace ropulion Spit Dynami 82. Hest transfer p In principe, beat transfer i possible by two basicly diferent proces radiation sb conduction. A third proces i comet, whi loves Iadiasve or conductive heal waster accompnied by the aneport ofthe ood or eated mater. In the following socoas we wil brily dice {hse three forms of eat tentr. 8.21 Conductive hast transfer ‘The mechani of conducive het transfer is one ofthe moet compte problems in modern physic. It i diferent for diferent tates of ag ‘egaton and it may even bo rent fortwo dierent substances i the Sipe state of sgqrepation. However a fll understanding ofthe mecha Isnot neces) to steve meaningfl practi ests Tn 1872, Fourie (4) ‘aod is Taw ebout heat conduction, which wally expresednowndsys aoe. @20) ‘The thermal conductivity, Ai dependent om the temperatre,T, aad i phys! propery ofthe materi For not oo lege temperature tera Sod the-beat opacity, may be aumed cotant and B.-L) cat be 22) there «Wg, the thermal difusoty ofthe mate Ia the same way, Eg (1-5) and Bg (62-1) yield 629) In 1879, Stetn determined trom experiments, thatthe smount of tet radiate by « body af temperatre T, wat proportioal to 7 Ia 1886 ‘olzmann [5] prov this by thecmodyaamieconiserations, Plack (6) n 1901 showed tat the energy Mux, emited i the wavelength by 2 boy of temperature T, ideally eels Ty Lee inthis equation, ks Bolzmana'seanston he Planck's constant andi the velocity of ight in vacuum. Ter reapecive values are gien in Tle "TU: Integration of Ee, (8.24) fom A= 0 to Ave yi anor’, ‘ich known at fons equals 625) Stfax-Bolzmann equation. The Ssan-Balomant 626) ‘The wavelength Jy. at which an idea! minor of constant temperature T faites mot of i enerey per nit wavelength x fund by diereninting Ep (2-4) with respec 1 J, aad puting the reat equal fo 2a, Aaya = 64 2.897810" mi. 20 ‘Then i own a Wiens law nsertion of Eg (82-7 nto Ba, (82-4) (edna = 6:7? =1.2865%10°° 7 Wi The Eg. (82-4) cod (8.26) are pote in Tig, 8. Tis body radiates ezoraig to the Steer-Hottamann lay, Eq, (82-3), ‘ald an del rior. Item te energy, this taunted oc by acer (829) The emitance isthe rs of the scul radiant energy Bux 0 the energy fax ‘fom anes! radiator the same temperatr, ‘aciant energy on mater can ether be hore raxonited or reflected ‘The aboptane ois define athe rao of absorbed otal radian neg, ‘he reflectance, p 208 Panamitance, x we defined correspondingly. Ths, 628) (62-10) | fe r oi } {F521 Te monochvomatc intenity, vais te wavelength, A for “cody adaion184 Resa Propsn Spelt Damir a1, i fall adit energy & absorbed, the ody i ale a Blac ody. Biaclchodies ean eorely be approximated by 2 sal hole io cloned 1olbw surface for which +=0, as only an extremely small portion of the dion energy fling into the hole wil be rellced back tough [1,2 tnd nearly al eaetgy is absorbed by the wall of the volume. I! ose Considers monochromatic radiation of wavelength A one san define the Imonachromuat eatance abd monochromatic absorp oy sslogpae {0 the emittance and abeomptance and show thst a ey {1,2} For mot Imaterals on ane, depend stonply on. Under some special retiiom, ‘oe ean sow tht aio a=, Kies aw [1]. In general he sborpanc ‘epeodent onthe spectra ofthe incident dation, and ad ¢ andi ‘omiderably. Fora Sack-body, by efiton, a= e™=1-So, a Mack-body Seo an ideal raintor an vie vor, “Let us now considera calting surface of whic the emisive props arent retonal dependent The amount of radiated energy, however, el how a enectonal dependency aml be shown below. Consider a sie ement 85 radiating in all iecions. AI radian will ass through embphere, ith wat cad, cntered sound 8S, Fig 82 The radiative flow, reeled inthe plat P(g 8) on te hemisphere rom the element AS dg eeT* AS eos 9, where ithe deena minance The otal ation psing through the ‘temisphere i a-as[™ eof ss0T* 008 9 sin 9 d= wesoT* AS, 8s constant fra surface which shows no dieional dependence is nie properties. As q™ e075, # follows that node (2a ‘Te emitane «often denote a the hemipherzal eminence. Ansooo™ to the above ressoning a= Fe 82 Nomoncltur for emitance 823 Radiating gases While lguide and solids ually hve & wnifors radiation spectrum, gies sften emit in arvow waveband, which are character forte gases under fensiertion. At high pressures, thee band tnd to broaden ’A fara radiative heat taser i coneroed, the hot combustion 30 "uc inthe oekt motor ean often be rogrded st a radiating ace bocy of temperature T, By the wal, an amount of eat per ait set, ayes sorbed, while «wos emited. So, the ttn heat Hux foo he shane wall equals 2 1 those cass that the combustion produce hardly contin solid pats, sch a soot or metal oxen, the auton of Black body eediation fron ‘be combustion rode may not be covet, and Ba (82-12) wll preiet val temperatures wb ae Yoo bigh Emission and absorption in gse vole the iteration of gus molecules, [Let ur therefore consider enarow beam of monochromatic radiation int ‘olunefled with gat. We assome tat the amoust of ean abo. ‘on proportional to the numberof moleles within the best. For tn ‘el gat the number of molecules per unit volume is proportional © che presore, p.The eargy fax dq, absotbed in lye of fu of thickness At, proportional tothe total fax g, da.~ hoa, leading to (eG Ge 213) where (qu) snd for the fox at zero dtance, and (q), for the fax at 2 Stance The constant, li he speed absorption cori! ofthe 8 ed pis alle the optical density. In many ese the guantty — RL 9 sal ta, using the definition of absorpance, Ba (8213) can be approx inated by eye ecm pl e219 ‘Tre monochromatic emitanc (aborptnce) of yer of gs of wit ng is fale the monochromatie emily, abiorpey, Aeinkn 21s) Nov aasin consider» csed volume Ged with raditing gt Fom a ayer Of tor wi tsk 18 vce eloneot 08 wil Teva aunt156 aca Propuion & Spat Dyan ‘ve energy fom ll he ga he volume, an be expressed at =o kpLS= oT ELS, where Za stands for an ‘euialen Beem lng (On the other hand, the monochrome aston received by the wal fiom a volume elemest dV ofthe git Pq 4,40 aller, where df the solid angle under which the wall sen by the volume ‘lemeat. Ths, a (2a, Equaing the Eg. (62-16) and (82-17) yea expression forthe equiv: leat bens log, Lay uF Tn those cates that the combustion products cannot be regarded as 2 ‘diag bac-body, the best Bax to the chamber walt canbe caused | ‘nth Eg (82-16) whee Ly, follows tom Eq. (6.218). I the retesanse (=I) ofthe camber walle is ken into axoun, the problem berms, ore complet. According to Zebland [7 the elective monocromate Bs eaance, «ellos fom Hore «, Ln fhe monochromatic emitance of sn infinitely thc ae Of gus, wile the abeoptance, a, ofthe grey wall may be asumed 1 Independent ofthe wavelength 5 ha i, ¥eT 2m | 1 e294 824 Convective heat transfor ‘of convertion. This phenomenon takes pce in fide In Secon 8, Tentoned aretdy that the complete slain ofthe Bid dye eat 4 too, induding heat taster and vscosy, fe not possible, Prendl Ba ‘Shown that approximate solutions canbe found for specie regions i i) Tui, the boundary layer: Thos are thin elon between th weal at male flow, in whith temperature and velo der cowsdeably fom tin fw vues. Solon ofthe bovndery layer equation ie of 2 {pci character and falls beyond the scope ofthis book. We rest 4 urcves to ie rls, which partly ste Lom theoretical conse tos and partly fom experiments, 4 “The importance of the Boundary layer is usuated by «stationary Bow slog fit plate throogh which there tno heat eater (adlabaie al) In sence of scosiy, the welocty, V, the tenperatare, T, and the total Teoperstite, Tye afe constant, Fp. 834. Because of vcs, a the Wall, ‘Vn, while V'inreses wit increasing ditaee fom the Wal untl the ain steam velocty ie reich. The velocty and temperntre profiles "Yerome at shown in Fig, 3b. Note hat Ty, romaine constant. Ar now Nir0, beat wil be conducted towards tae mia fom, aciordiag 10 ‘inns #makimm somewhere inthe boundary Iyer, Fig. Be Newton, in 1701, proposed the folowing loop for the convective eat tan fx har, 622 Hee AT is «temperature diflerence and hy i the conerve heat ronfer ‘aries, which sSependenton fi properties. We will ow itoducs = © ef of dimemioniesr numbers by which fy can be determined. "The avalable beat ow parle! to the wall pVG(T,~ Ty), where Ty is the gas temperature atthe wall and, tbe main Bow gs temperate The heat flow, normal tothe wal, according to Newton's equation, is Ge“ h(Ty~T) sod the ai of tere tro heat Rows the Sanion number, x sate, We ‘A number expressing the slave importance of viscosity and conduct in id is the Prandtl number, P, which 2 uid property, 2a 2m15 Aueet Popuon& ont Dyas oe PTD. 229 rent, ay, for» hmioar boundary lye: aps Compute ha seep. YP e229 vere L i a ssnble coven releene length. Compsing the sane Tornoe of conerve td conducive Bot nae isthe Naach [andor tblent boundary ter ney rope 2239 or rosket motor, rus Hes between 0.86 and 0.93, 229] \eonding to Zebind (7, T, aves by For ows though pip, there exist experimeotal relationships ofthe form T-05T, +0287 +0221, @23y ‘St= Re) of Nu NulRe P®) by which ham be determine, for | With the determined value of J, Re, Pr and Nu follow, and h, can be instance, ed from the Naselt sub. "fal, the convective est tansler fx, g, normal to the wall fellows Sim a Regt Pe, 225 Fae bod inl — an ATT) (82-32) Imbere a iss coeficent, The Reynolis number, Regis based on he ie | Ta determise the values of 4 and Kore mixture of se, sacha the “Gnmcicr.For the divergent part of the ooze, beter corcatos te Te gonbuston prodets the flsuag expetiony ean be wed lo Chapter 7 ‘Biane by expronins oh fxm, sean soa for mie fps SBR Pe, o2260 Ing. & (6235) Nae B Re e220) fo Enda ec, Band bre constants, nd the Reyes une, Regis ted on Bef Ine same way te condatviy and eam very, low fom: vance om the thon y "fo derine Re, Ru of Se ovals of and p of the Bl kM, ease) to be knowa. These quantiles depen, among ethers om the temper fore, wich nt constant over the boundny ler Te castomy a talate thse quanies ats reterence temperate, he fbn tempest Ste yy be keno Svrage of he wl ecpertre, Teo as fice stean temperature, T, - ~ "Te temporture dependence of Gy lenin the hermodynami tabes cen (6229) mentioned in Chapter Minced (8) ges the temperature dependence al 8, Homeves, asl ough approximation, Such 85 Those wal specs Hat LOND pr Bt Bt Ses tind, it should pot exceed certain His, deternined for instance (rut VTTT, 8239 ftrengih ‘and sess conidrsions Av cnvecin Rest aner a eee tonsa ofan trae type, it conveneat fo ssune for, the maa «| oten yi gute, allomable wall emperatre as & is gues ‘nf Tete fs dace eationship between th thermal conductivity, viasty ‘A more refined determination of T includes the reconery temperate To) aod hee apacy of gan de to Buster she ah saeatonenprof te adabte walt we hve eS SORES porn This tempers lowes tua the man flow stagoation temperature. TB160 ace Propuion B Spats Danie hich yes forthe Pande numberof a single gs ae Iy-5 2.39 83. Heat transfer In the rocket motor Tn the ligud motor, the soule and chamber will ae exposed to hot bustin prodocs. Usually these was are provided with dacs throwph ‘ehich proplint ows to Keep materi tempertures within cepahe Timis. Tht method Lown a ative eating (Geton 10.5.1, I hes tot, the propellant usually insulates the thamber walls fom the ht ombustion products, (Secon 93), But te now I exposed to the bet fombustion product Ar scive cooling ® not pombe, one Bas to sce Special materia, sah graphite, ceramic or relator metal forthe ht ars. Moreover, radiation cooing and beat sinks, coming of + ples of ‘aerial with» high heat capac, are often wed (pase eolng. ‘Concerning heat taster inthe rocket motr, me Wil distinguish betsen the folowing reson: eat tanster tom tha combustion reduc tothe wal (he gssde heat wane), heat Wausfer athe wall, best anaes fo ‘he wall tothe coolant (igad of coolant-sie beat ans) andthe sade heat taster of ot wal nto space, smully alld dation cling. A= ‘act analy a-the spatial and Ume-dependent datrbaion of temperate fd host Mukes is very comple. As moat rocket engins ere about sx Symmetic itis ustomar for 2 ist nas a consier the vocket moter = ‘nautiag of many annulir elements for mich the asin! heat taster © Degllble. This ay be dooe because the change in vada hen fx does Oot ‘ary stongly in the ei deeion. The ditbuton of temperature ad heat foxes thos cbaied sa frst approximation ofthe real dtbution. 83.1 Gos-side hest transfor Inthe combustion chamber and nozle, bo eosrecon and radon contribute to heat transfer. Ite emis, ofthe combustion products ot well kiowa, the radiative hut traner can be estimated with B (62-12) The convective het waster is found by the metho outlined it ‘Section 8.24 Forth chamber and nome trout rei, the convective est easter & predicted fast well ifthe constant in Bq. (82.95) © te” 120003 tnd the local diameter i taken asthe charac length TD throat region extends to about one thoat diameter downstream oft ‘vou end th rere ols fora thoat with eds of curvature equal for lnrger than the tout ameter. In sharp trot the beat anaer Mil BE iher From aboot one throat diameter wartream of te throat he est teanier canbe cleat with Eg (8.225) with a= 0.025 to 0.028, ad the horace length the distance fom he thom. By combining the Eqs. (8.2.21 0 (82-25, one finds for the convective be waster cetieat naar) a ae aan “hr sont proportion mp, Fg hos how he er ‘et ued sey See see ad hence i mes pre Ml ipsa se mss feat Spc She Me Eni, enue hgh bea ce ‘hens ©2225 caps coin ete Re1avventtehgrr Ds, asm for genoa mot fe mas fo, cnt fy 8 re {Sy Sea hss of he tempest. The same, rae tom ‘Sonos Hcy, ape ener et canteen Sen thee Dee aon tas bis fed peste i ena ta wh how he mein at aw oer See Pre ane sepia nti ha en we fot eenine Sth Bae ns 225) OU (a neon at) “om ((l) oe ines be iiss berated tte fa eats ws) “To show the intueee of the chamber peesure on the beat Bux in the ‘combustion chamber, Table 81 summaries the cele of heat transfer ‘Stkustions made for two diferent camber pes. somtartion tr ‘esate of 3000 Kwa esd, Sins 3 ow pressures, te dssociation ‘Se proaounced the compotion eighty deve forthe two cates. In oh ete, age wall temperntae of 830 K, and a chamber diameter of 5m, were asumed. The ratative best Mux, gy was calelted on the pee eee 84 The heat x nro tars has sei intend over the years162 ace Popuin Sto Opies aa Tar Raa Motors 162 th a wall hikes, 8 (Fig. 85). A he Iethand side of he wall here i the Dow of bot combustion prodsts, which sods © heat Sux gy ino he tall At the right-hand side there is the Bow of coolant, extracting a heat {hx trom the wal The pase wall emperatare tT, and the coolat= fide wall emperature is Te The radius of the ng is 2 For seedy sae Conditions i follows immediately that van o29 eet ods eti, (2-2 oa ny ste ees RGitkanol i) 3 354 eee ae is Seat, Eka hago | titel sont, with he soins Eeetie, sea Se Peper per teen ete] See . oon ‘afc (WIE aw mm ‘comectve bat an (Wm) apa ‘atx! ]. withthe boundary conitons (7,)= Toy Tr) = Ty tis lends 10 —— eee ee i oan ee ie ee) : Eee Se wes tod ee, The abuarplance, a of the walle depends om the nraes onions sed wheter or not there are deposits of sot or oxides. Thee fore, 4 values forfour diferent values oft ar abut, Ii scen tat fnvestve and radiative het Sarin the combustion chamber ae of te fae order of gait, tee. Then depends hemo #59. By 38 cn be tind Barges ong enor eadne eat fu ecene P=Taa P=, 9) wih ey oper nnig the ne ae ty amber with the index ¢ and at he throat mith the Tnearzton thatthe eto andthe temperatre decreases ner witha shown Ia Fig. 8a ‘lid mor, sometimes heat ak wwe. It abort the beat tht ows int he wal, hereby aking owe temperate, The maninun ee BET way as * Gna ‘ere, Tz, stands forthe gae-sde wall temperature. Thus, the radiative bet FFE ime Igloo foric de hat sien hae te dumber Oniteobethoogae tee p [REE i + ‘yey (5.2) te comecte heat fara ann ae hon To T i in the tvoat rejon the convective bet Mux ie the alo source of beat transfer 8.3.2. Heat transfer In the wall a 1g sent ht naicon ough ose wa Sma W710) forte values ote For steady sate condtons the mi heat condoction iin ‘We wil teelore consider the [tera hest conduction in ili ‘ladle ne164 cat Propo Spc yam allowable temperature, fo instance the meting temperate, should not be J ‘zceeded, snd the tne i kes to reach this maxima temperature, wih ‘rl oceur atthe garside of the mall io fact detrmiaey the maximum Posie operation tine of the motor. To determine thie time, we take Splndrial sing with a thekness 8 Again, we only consider radial best ‘eantr from the combustion producto the wall As inthe oat ats, hee heat sinks ae most ten usd, the radiative heat wanslr femal = Compare to the convective best tater, we wil ony account fort lat ‘ype of eat wander. Moccover, we sealet heat Boxer a he oie ofthe ing, Thus at rt 0 Forge wl tee Kad onsen, Thus_at rox the boundary condion ix Dearden) tut he bent oa pon canbe wen 2((2)-0 a0 cuaton canbe sled by standard methods, soch at seperation of variables (11. We wil ot go into the detail of thi satution, bat ony sate that the tempera fo the wall can be witen a9 4 fonction othe Almensoness quanlis ef, Ik and 1/2 Jn Fig B6 the dimensionless temperature JF atthe inner radio, the indi ing pled ver here gas. 833 Coolant-side heat transfer The ligld cota in contict withthe ot wall of the cooing jacket, abr ‘eat, thereby asin the blk coolant temperature, Ty Figure 8.7 sce cal shows the heat fr q from the wall lat the colant vers te tempertue diferece T,~T,For small aes of Ty Ty the het wansr 's entirely de to conven, This rated by the ine up to NE. the ‘olantpresure below the crcl pasar, at the point NB the wall femperatre beomes such high, tet vapor bubbles are Tormed a the bo! wall These bubbles move into the eooler lig, where condensation takes nce. This strongly incrstes the hat fis into he soln an sown BY {he curve NB-FB. The phesomenon is knowa a mcleat bog It te wll temperature, Tbe sil more, so many vapor bubbles ae forme, tat Stable, gaeoarbowndacy layer seated a the hot wll. Ths b hoown {lm boling. The convestive het tanta aow w govered by the temper ture dference acon the garenas boundary layer, which hat 2 mush wet ‘conductivity then the ligid. Thertore, the est Bx into the cool Catt SSS See eg a. 86 The amparatte history athe ner rast of enc Noted by convacton, fr some values of 1/8 ad AAT Tay Shetrbunttaahianent, fod keeper Sat td ta eae18 ate Papaon& Sacto Dyan, strongly reduced and the wall temperate wil ise to & moc higher value ‘fen so high that suucturl fare may result Neda bong is 8) ‘teatve way of soling The pint FB whee film Yong, which we want 6 _voi, stars lieu fo prediet and batt be determined experimental, ‘When the pressure is inceused, bt sll remains lower than the ci presive,auleate bling wil arta higher wal temperate (peat NB), ‘hile the maximum heat Bux that can Be stained (point FB) i apt to be Fomewbat I. For soperrialpreseures ine for pth Hau wll upon reaching the svn presare, taosform into gt witout evaporation, It the presure ear tothe eal presre Ge. peg <~3) sl nye changes fm deny, tnd ence la ow vents may take pce. This bes to be adalyed ‘nelly to ascertain that pressive drops Jo not become top lege. "To determine the ai het tanfr, we ean be made othe Sider-Ta (7 equates, why lows forthe large omperatere dierent, Ta Ty by the factor (na) seooon negro) ass ‘Al variables are evalunted atthe balk temperature, jaf the cole! xcept whi ie ealsted st the wall tperstare Ta {Perales ed ge, Tp 12] comets ™ Cees aan ons ne (E ees 2S Sldpnee 1 Tousen os bt coon enn oe TMD Hee Tamsin wednan tus eee oie B | the equaleat duct diameter, D=JEAlw and. A the cros-secton res of he dict 834 Radiation cooling For rockst motor, saltion cooling is especially important for extemely hot pats, suchas the orale extension sist, apd sometimes the combustion chamber, i 90 active cooling system & used. This olen the cae With Satelite and spacer socket engines, and with many oid motors. It he ‘motor radiates info empty space (he timospre during sont ht fan often be egarded as 'epty space insofar sedation concerned the beat fw dg adated bys sare element @S with tniperture To 20d mien «equals aq oeT sas. e319) oreer, su an lm’ J ho exes radian om ter bot pact at the mol none Congrton nich maker an soot claation cpl oe Se yo centr sures 4; an 8» dt pa fom ‘ath cies eA) ol eerste T, and Ty The epee ot orale orrad ns mn ages ort with be le Coectng 4, and 35, The ator da seated bythe Someta rom he Snot, eas ea 5.06, re aan 26,7145; nd io the sue way, the heat Bow dga ressved by element dS, from ‘Semen dS, equals 2s T2 88, SSS 2 os py 319 interchange of it energy Bow between, and 45, e196 ‘Tou, tee san otecrt-oyrg Siu TR apts ree ore seotariutaf | MMMM asm 2 ert nuef J BAM ann ated nl faci pn ce hp ot Lona me en noe orate SCUSSIAIAT adie ie ae spew sire eau bop sk ne ra ee unk at os ed Sepak amply Rod Ga) ost Fa. 88 elomantary radiating surtcoe a16 uct Propulsion & Spcatigh Dyer Using these transfor funcons, radiave heat tamer cations re strongly simplified In this chapter, me ha to limit retest a general icon of beat teanfer in rocket engines. Without going ato detail we menoned some ‘methods that canbe applid quictly To get an etimate of estes aad ‘emperstares, or methods that give some insight in he process ping om. ‘Arore deaied dicuson of heat ranier in the rocket motor given by Zielona (7) References A. Baler, B. RG. and Drake Je, RM. (1973), Analy of Heat end Mass Transfer, MeGrav-Fil, New Yor. 2 “Kreth,F (196), Principles of Heat Transfer, lat. Textbook Co. ith printing, Seranton, 3, Geta, B (1961), Heat Transfer, MeGraw-Hil, New York 4 Fourie, 3 (1878), The Analytical Theory of Heat, Cambridge Univer sity Pres, (Bags tration by A. Posmst), 5 Dotamano, L- (1884), Ableitng der Stefanschen Gesetzes, Ann d Phys, St. 2, 22, 294-294 (6 Planck, M. (1901, Ueber das Geser der Bnersieveritang im No. malspecoum, And. Physik, Ser 4, 90.3, 553-563, 17 Zieland, H. apd Paskiuoa, RC. (971), Heat Transfer bx Rocket Engines, AGARDogzaph 148, NATO, Neully-sur- Seine 8 Hiseheiier, 10» Bird, R.B. apd Cori, C1984), Moleaar ‘Theory of Gases and Liquids, Joba Wiley, New York, p. 533 9. Backen, A, (1913), Usber das Wareleitvermogen, die spenske ‘Wire und die imere Rebung der Gase, Pha: Zac, 1 328 332. 10 Barz, D. R. (1957), A sinple equation for rap station of socket tose convecive heat tater eben Jt Prpusion, 2, 40-31 11 Sehiyer, H. FR, (1977) The Deseminaon of Tempero Hiss In a Olina! Ring, Heated by Conceton, Roe L253, Delt Univers of Technology, Dpt of Asrorpace Engineering. Da 12 Taylor M.F- (1968), Comelaton of Local Heat Transfer Cofino! Single-Phase Turbulent Fow of Hydogen In Taber wth Tempertre ‘Rato's to 28, NASA TIN D-4332, Washington 13 Bernard, J.J. and Génot, J (197), Radiaion Cooling of Thr [Neves AGARDoprapt 188, NATO, Neuily-sur Seine