12 The Multi-Stage Rocket ving the powered ght of x single-stage rocket, pat of fs mash ‘become ‘superioas As th propellant tasks are detgaed fo eons fe oss propellant ras, they wil be “oo lage pat of the propellant | oneued. So an ext, in fact useless mae bas fo be accreted by he rocket engin. Consequety, this superBoous mies tiarbe energy. wbch | ‘otherwise could be uiized fr te pylon, So should be adventageaus this useless mass could be dicarded coninvoady dung the fig How, ‘ve, this not feasble. We exnnot continuously tow sway part of ‘ropelant tab. Therefore a mull-stge rocket Contains weve prepa tanks, whieh are discarded when they re empty. Avi not pole ‘iscard only 2 tank, In general t comic propulsion wai te, uals ‘opethe with motor and propels fed system, throws-o8. This com, let i called ge Te this way we donot have the ul advantage ef the dscarding ofthe “seer mace amore fcke! sages an propa ted systems wil be necesry. Therefore, more stages wil ony be Sra ‘ageows for relatively lrg fockes where the propaion system mam small ss compared to the mass of the tanks. Inston to exe rock ff sngncs and suxiary equipment, sell provions for separation of i "ations stages, ‘An additonal advantage of the staging isthe possibly of trust | ropramning, a6 well athe possbiy of adapting the eogioes of he febsequen stages to the alitde whee they ae red ts redectg se ‘le to nonidea!expision, 124 Nomenclature of the multistage rocket ‘We ditinguish between rocket soger tnd sub-rockets. stage (i elle sp aos era) is complete propulsion wit (oto, propelet fee! fyitem, tans, propellant) together wit contol equipment, hich isd ‘aided completly wher all propelint of that stage consumed (nh A sub-rocket isa complete rocket veil, consting of one or or sn fees wih te py sd egos sae ea am ‘ten Figue 12.1 shows a three-stage rocket. In the cso we have thee st = sand three subsrockets. The fst su-rocket the complete rocket ese ‘The second sub-ocke isthe Bt ab ode mins the ft stage, The td \sabrocket, ally, i the second sub-rocket mines the second sabe i consequenly extra mat wil be require, 4 ae Zine lone pon ~ | 1 sn Fie. 121 Nomenclsure fora threestage rstet “eguialentl, the paylond plus the third stoge. In gree, for a Nestape ket, swb-rocket L= complete rocket, sub-zocket (i+ 1)=sub-rocket i-stage fy 1. ..N—I “that care bar to be taken sng formulae and resus from ferent fe er rocket vehi contn»propakon wi a payload At swe sag the poplin eo te at oe, we dee Fpapoad.of the fit subrockat 10 be the second subocket Then the "ylnd of the secnod subrockt f the third sub-rocet, whe in our -Eximpl the psylad of the thie swb-rodiet & the actual payload. Tp ‘Nise rocket, avon sub-rcket faub-oska (141), © payload sb-rocket N'=actalpapond “We wl subdivide the total mas ofthe rocket vb inte sme way 25 [io Chapter 11 for single-stage rocket, Le. payload mass, Ma useful prope! “Mena, Ms las Te a age en + cen fa Ssural man Me aed trope, M Tes ae st {Toes time strata nd propels mss, respectively of ab-ocket It 85 denote the ntl mat of sabrocket | wih My, we have MMMM cay ‘her Met pylon so beh Son view of te oe ig a Not, aan tare dens hese rset parame tin Scion 1.2.2 fr he264 Rockton & Sout Oya ‘ingestage rocket. For wub-rocket {we have opel ess, Mj and inal mass of the rocket M, ana mas rato canagp 3b ae ern ao cay MMM, propel rao catsy fF MOMMA Ms sad by in a (12213), we smc ficeey 2880 FB ghtpook car As we steady mentioned ip the discus of rocket parameters of single-stage rockets, the above dened parameters awe the os mot cow ‘monly used, there ar, however, other puametrs nese, Mau ste aloud ratio and propellant rato ae elated to subrocket only. The | Structural ficiency elated both to subvrckets and to nage it ike fr single-stage rockets, here too we have the fllevng elation: between the various rocket parameter fF Setsuuion of Bg (121-10) nto Bq, (121-9) leads to om" Be ahi tsb ehdy oti pan Flay, we dele 9 ttl souctwaleficieny pin EM (2112) So eN TMD Mh oa (12:-49) Phere Me i the ttl sroctra mass ofthe roket As the sem of tt 1 cual nd ote propellant mas eguis te ial mast mses the Mg ata (12:1-49) BE pajoud mas, we may suo we, urng Bq (121-5), Theta palo at i dened the ei he aul pylnd pM, ean) andthe wal inal aot the rocket abe Mt, ontog og, (12.30) oe cas Gi Sense MEM ‘The iaverse of this taal payload ratio called the growth factor and denoted by wing Bg, (121-10), we fd @ | aa aa Mm Sentiments cans) ‘Wataion of Bq. (121-1) ito Bj (12.143) and sing Bg 12.145) es ‘The wont fuori an nication ofthe nrese ofthe oa inl mast result ofan inctetse of payload mass. Thete i «simple relation becwrce {betta payload ratio end the payload ratio of te subvockew Using Ba (02.12) we can write oo Le(l- ap telat Heyl Aa = cas) Miya MaMa Mu a2 Ma MM oa So, i wew of Eqs. (12.5) and (12.138), the total payload ratio can be hae Aadacoe de ca.) Furthermore, we define the total popellon rato the ratio of tot! welt! coring top, (142-10), th velocity increment of sab-rockt Ff daring lor operation in ree space i pen By 224)258 odet opaien& Spuogt Dymamer inet 6 i he eectve exhaust locity of stage & A Ve the burnt ‘eosy‘of sub-rockat (1), the buraoe elo ot absceket ti Wav thM% 229) 1 tential velocity ofthe rockets zo, the burnout velocity of sab-ockt 1, acording to Ege (122°1) and (122.2) ie * fae Savin § etn ay “Tis velocity i elle the deal ela ofthe Nestape racket By so (02.1540), me may ao wte oma Yi Setatec-an 24 Just a for the single-stage rocket, this Meal velocity is enmporat smeasre forthe pslormanes ofthe mulirstnge rocket A tecoad morta Peformance paruneter isthe ttl payload rao Fr given del veloc, ‘nevillendeavortohavespayoadratignlargesspossie Thsmeany ie Inve a maximut payload mass for «given nial mse, Thi of cou uialent to mseimzing thei From Eq, (122-4) we sce that the ies! yloaly dependent on he effective exhaust vlotes (Ge. the propels) abd the sectoral ec fies ofthe stages, ac well as onthe payload ratio itbtion, La genera ke free t choose thi puplond ratio ditto ech that manives Desformanees are obtained. The sractrl effelencs and the ois ‘propellants, however, ae stonly dependent on operatioual specs tnd 0¢ the state ofthe art of construction techniques We may assue tat in a, From Eq. (122-23) fee found that Figure 122 gives the maximum payload ratio asa faction ofthe ie! velocity rato Tor a twostage rocket. We te that for very taal ide ‘velocity ratiog, the total patload ratio la practically lndependent of te ural effciencis, ‘The gene solution fr the optial paylosd rato distbaton spies sail moe if a6 only the elective exhautbelocites, but sso the see ‘ficinces of all stage, ae egal. In that case te tae ot, 2223) It thea foliows fom Eq, (122-13), tht all partial payload eatin ae |, equivalent ‘dental for maxinu sal veloc Hn Vem -elt~ 21 ae (2220) daawten wag Fa. 122 The total payoad rao fora two-stage oct270 eck Propuoa Spit yas In ig, 12:3 the total payload ratio given asa funtion of the ia veloc ratio forthe eae of info stoping, Fora rocket with eal ag, the total propel ro, scot to By. (211M), " seretitasate aaa, 22s] os by ig 2.140) ad 12210, fant 2N~Au, azas| eee ‘not depend on the number of stages. So, ifthe total propellant mass is fixed, | Toten ages cams Feelin Boro rioethetst ht ery ee SS Seis Snes eee Tae ile YS caine a one sca ny i See fe at of fixed initial gross mass, the number of stages increases, the propellant mi | Lear amiat Daeeeear ges prema a iar genannten oS eto po eked Semin ipa tek Citas ainceatraseas or eet {or infinite staging. Therefore, there will be a faite optimum member ac “The derived rests are aso strongly dependent on the parameters we! ‘ad the asumptions made. I instead the strvtura elteny, Ssructre ratio, deed se ‘he mustage Roster 27 I efeciv exhaust velocity and stucture rato are the same forall sob- {ost can exaly be proved ft the dal perlormance i t 2 stimu ihe payload rator ae the ste forall b-ostes. Then, the le Tebsy Van -eNinihes, 2230) seen, 22.32) tnd the total pylon rato is dan (ee ay 2233) Fg 124 the mesimum tu payload rai is gen as function ofthe numberof rages fr various vals ofthe ea soe ratio, Here Nt ‘sdred a setinaoae variable, bt i acts en aly have dete valucs (atge) From dis fgure we se hat there i ite opium auber ot sages. This opium determined by “Hatoration ofthis equation leds to seem a c-somy sae «2239 ora en wae of B22) an cquon oN, he aso ot stich Won i 125.1 ftw om By. 12230 tat Cr gen Sie ote opin miter of ge nce ih neg Hu etcy etx From Fp 12S woe at he optimum eof wi Scenes act su ith tenga oy ehh en ht 3" a=, aan ot 36, ce Sedat me tt ingen oh mer ot {he eal wt ifr onder as wil Se shown Inthe he vefon | 2 ‘eines mas at, pylon 6 tno i BME M a Mat io : eam om ‘Consequectly, the ideal velocity of N-stage rocket is ee ee Ma~ 0 woase Fa, 124 The sot pean rate ond the optimal number of stages for 2 rocket [sleet subvoclate: 1 PONE | h ; t | . | oe | | 125 Tne phim vl of wer for a given value of the ides! velocity ratio the op bee of forage ime aumber o sage | Ince ih neni sae ra, Coops] ges 2 more eae. si i pinion poi, man [5] i hs optimization procedare for mul-stage ockets, ws sacar facr C, defined x8 came on, ORM 4. Mere ao extra parameter a, is introduood, As a, can vary, depending a0 ‘propellants wed, ete 4 better approximation of realty w tained.» 123. Vorteal ascot in a homogeneous gravitational field ‘Ate avo comer the ight t 4 mulstagerctet in feo spae, wt trl now tke into account gravitutionel elect The gravitational ld is he Songer aE aed eed | con 1.3, i ft goa approximation ofthe pvt Bel the rh long sleds sd anges over me ‘She teri of te Bach ‘We wil only consider the cae where the thr ofeach stage i constant ‘Astor single-stage rockets, t willbe convient to we the thrust to weit | to, debsed for sb-roket | at (234) “The burning-tne for sub-rockt i fllows fom a (l-a)lt~\) ffeatton) 2323 ‘ie matcnge Roket 773 fara dine Va 0 he velocy of soos ato, io titan a and altade by whe Vy nthe bum velosty oe tet alan alae hy atime ry We wil asm the ital ‘ioty ofthe rosket, Vo= Vo to be aso. 423.1 The burnout velocity ‘he ttl velocy increment due tothe motor operation of subocket iis AV.= Va Va=6 10. By (233) ‘i: the time betwcen burnout of sub-zocket | and igiton of sb-ocket {US the cout ime he veo a gion of sub-ocket (+1) Vou" Va~ Bite (234) ‘hom Bes (12.3) and (12:-4) we ota the burnout velo ofthe Nth | rocket, he tote bursout velocity . (235) rum Faved ‘We ee that the burnout velocity decreases neatly wit increasing coast Tie betmcen butmout apd ialton ofthe ext stage. Maximom burnout feocly Te obtined i every stage is igated dicey aftr burnout of the previous one. For the tne being we wl assume tht this the ese. The ernoot velo thea follows tro Bs. (123-5) and (123-3) vee F tatnhooa (36 ‘hag 1. 121-40) and (123-2, we obtain he buoout veo Mock fcc mnt oy t-te aE tad pind ato te vos octets wooo $ fine ett ape =e=ad msn na § efinarect-ane sy) (23) ‘sr single rockets etx he svt ses aprons a atgny neuro ty approche hel eo caer e torte thts Hetero re ea ek or te ops ‘iiss oth tt pp to,se ht for eve te hebrew, Agi ti coin Spimnionpeiem, whch san ee ved by nog Lagan suis. Re dtine we ngmeuted scion Fs ray= ware nding} td he necesary conditions for maximum bareout velocy with total294 oct Papion 8 Speight Dreice yload ratio sven, ae ‘Bie ede tN guar equations nthe psd rats. Sua ‘these equations yields each A, a8 fonction of dl mk : tnd the Lapeoge mulipher » The euler dtetaned Side-ondion, By. (227). Fora woeat wih ga, aee and Wey fos tt ts Huot vty f manned Wap pyle che ‘are equal, i. 4 Aahw att Tie oon iy Vern enfin (ais e(1— ayo AeA catty t= Ip Be te mining one Of Nd As we see, Va oe ot trate mosey wih Nf foe '% Thos, in this case there is a finite optimum number ol sages, 78 eo ik ee a hye rl ql : | a 126 The bumout veloc ai for a stage rocket with Kena tat sending verily i's homagensousgraviaeral fala 123.2. Tho culmination altitude 1 this section, we will discuss @ method to determine the cxmintoe |} ge rocket, aceading erty a» homogeneou pv fal ld wd fo cua, nT * omogemeo Doring thrsing of Rage Le for } of impulsive shot. Tn that ese, and fort, =O telat eb dge (23.26) or rocket with identical stages, and 20 oonsttime, Bq. (123-25) eer) ‘The dimensionless clmianion akitude hale’ oF equivalently his Tora twostge rocket with ental stages nd Zero costine is given In Bg 127 a fonction of thnalto-eigh aio 20d masse ‘nally, we wil compare the performances of twossage rocket with iat sages withthe pestocmaaces of single-stage rocket having the fame nal as, ayload sate apd ttl propellant mas as the two-stage fesket If Ay i the foal payload ratio ‘of both the twovstage and the Apltage rocket, then, for tworstage rocket with ieatcal sages MM ae (2329 (2328) ‘Let be the mst rato ofeach ofthe sub-ockes ofthe twosstags rocket, 023.29)| | i un tes Nn aon ns rocket vere the mas ato ofthe 128 Tae ao Hes ‘same mass distribution vodka of 0 two-stage ‘rao a fonction of A® and dup This rai depicted in Fig 1298. OF ores this rato becomes unity A®'= 1A Then M0, which not 8 ‘ea possi, and there ino gan in sing two-stage rocket. Bae (123-27) and (113-7), we fod forthe fa of culmination [dential stapes secending venicelly in a homogengous gravitational tf o “— From Eqs. (123-28) and (123.29) follows Mowvic sade fr the same trust oelht ao Sh - (23301 4e_ay i +2—21N—(—UA) WA casas = FE APH Ia NP TAP ET Moofy-t ‘Thr depict in ig 1299s fonction ofA ad Afr 5. re-(-) (223.31) f Prom Fg. 129 we see that the performance gain by using a two-stage ‘anual of single rage rocket iaresses with decreasiog mass rato and ettsng paylod sat. This understandable ae for 3 sal mass ro ‘Toe mas ratio ofthe single-stage rook i given by ‘nd asl payload rato a large part ofthe inl mass duo tothe AM ate, (23.8 T= My=B 3 : cctv aa 20 seta atta sneae | =e - ‘mass ratio of the single-stage rocket, A', and the mass rat a 5 a mete arak | S| i outed : ola i Tew won PASS sti apt ng 20 tO rte on ged | bal WL | 4, Riper trots | mS inate oa tae nt ni Ve tua : “Se ae oon osm 9 Teas ofa valor ad clminaon aides ot aa ialestago rocat having Wares ase ltibuon220 host Popuinn & Speen Dyno, ‘tevture and consequent the wcless mas ofthe single-stage rocket wi by ‘he mat.staneRotat 261 ‘he analy of pull staging about analogous as for tandem staging ‘elavly large thus absorbing a eatively large amount of energy. We inf gpd wil 01 be peseted here. Methods of optimal parallel staging re fe that the performance improvement i ager gravitation taken ing Sceount, Tit is de to he tact that i thet cas the ssese assaf epresets a certain amouat of poteatal energy in ston to is Lines energy. The real perfomance improvement wile less than eaelated hae ‘ing tothe fact thats two-stage rocket withthe same pac ma and ‘otal propellant mass as 2 singleatage rocket wil have larger weal it suas This ue to the fact ha instend of oe, two complet props coed by Write [6,7] and Barre (8) Tal, we have 10 remark that we dicssed optimum staging soc tat ae oke-al mast onze. In pratie oe is perhaps moe interested in ‘Shinuaton of cont thas in minimisation a ake-of mast mathematical [pocoire whereby optimum stapag for misinom east nay be computed, ‘minimum mate saging aba spell casos derived by Gray (9 ‘We have lite ourelves to rectlinese motion fp vaca, but pitching ‘wi as well a x mechani for stage-separation, aro regu: or very {ad tag may have comiderabe elects onthe opium matt dation smal rockets thee extra masses ae 50 Inga copared 1 te oa man {at staging hry improves the pecormance, Forge rocket he ore ‘mass are smal a compared fo fhe (tl ase and pertrmanes prow. rents of 25% to 80% are posible . ms 124 Parallel staging Up 0 now, we ave meant by staging the stacking of one sage on tp of oot, Pull waging “ened a gg 5 vee ch hate Spperstage engines are ako used daring lower sage opeeaion. Tht 8 4 ‘sly accomplsed by arranging the sages alongside one anotic, hea ‘he ame parle! saging. To distinguish between the two methods af 2 staging, the fist one is often elledtondem staging The malo advantage perl staging i the reduction of gravitational loses As we ateedy (f3 ‘apaied in gravitational Gel tis svaye advantageous fo consume thy propellant as fast as posi. Thea, the anount of enetay thet aaared by the propellant os potantal energy aad cannot be reaperaed seymore, i reduce. By parle staging large propellant consumption sf 8 Tealzd A disadvantage tht the rockets Mklyt be bulk, sod for ght ‘rough the atmosphere che dag penalty maybe age Ths however, bal P ‘sino importance for large rockels where the dag loses are vary all # Gompared to gravitational loses (Chapter 18) A second dadvantage of 4 Paral taping isthe eduction Sn norte ficiency ofthe engines he it Stage If these engines are wed Wom the str, the expaesion rain # limited by the euospberc presse at low ates, Using tandem sien, the expansion ro ofthe engines of the subsequent stage canbe adapted Po to the elttad where they are feed : Often, both methods of staging ate applied in one vehicle. For. Ie | lounehehiies, parallel staging is realaed by placing booster around te P10 Fist stage. Tete boosters ae often idented ts stage ger, Examples the Deli with three ss, onl sod boores, the Titan Il with two of Ah AL four solid booster, the Space Shute with two solid boosters and. Ronsian Soyer eusch-ebice with four boosters wing Kerosne and LOX #8 9 ropellan "In genera the buring-tie ofthese boosters is hore than the bureng time ofthe fist stage. They are jetkoned afer burn Cobb [10] minimizes the gros eake-of ass withthe coostaint thatthe top energy, te Keeue and poteaal energy, imparted to the payoad is Hc In is paper, ptcing Is icloded by attming an average atte [tale for each suge: Drap, however, oot included. Adios [11), nally, ner bot drag and varying ate lat account, ‘Relerences Leiunans, G. (1962), Optimization Techni, Academic Pres, New York 31 ‘Vereept, M, (1955), Calelaton of sprockets, J. Brit. Ineplane, Sec, 1, 20-25, ‘Verkogt, M. (1956), A method for eaeulating the mass ratio’ of teprocet, J. Brit Tneplonee. Soe, 15, 95-57 Cooper, 8 (1963), Perlrasnce ot optimized muistge rockets, 1, “Araipace Sines, 9, 1330-1383, Coleman, JJ. (196%), Optimam stge-weghtdstbuton of maltstge rockets, ARS J, 31, 259-261. ‘White, 1. (i985) Method for Staging Parle! Boosters for Minimum Gross” Weigh, Space Technology. Lab. TM-S9-0000-00399, Los ‘ageles. Wile, 5. F. (1965), High Pefrmance Handbook fr Powered Fight Operations, Joka Wiley, New York, p. 5-80 andre, M, aumotic, A, Fracje de Veubeke, B, and. Vanden ercove, J (1960), Racket Propubson Elsevier, Arsterdam,p. 756 Gay, San Alexander, RV. (1988), Cost a weletoptaizaon for molstage roskets J. Spacer 2, 80-86. ‘Cob, ERs 0961), Optinuan atngingtecbaques to maximize payload lal Snray, ARS 1, ty 342-344, Adkins, CN. (570), Optinzaton of multistage rockets incleding “eng 1 Spee, 751-955,