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    CH 13 Ballistic Trajs

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    cubanninja

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    13 Ballistic Missile Trajectories Dalvie mises are sued for tansportaton of pasoa from one point o9| the Ear the leueh sto another point on te susace of the Earthy the Impact point or target Long-range balisie mises became practical aby in Wosld War I withthe Germann V2 and ave developed api is Soceeding years. is charter of these bale miss tht daving relatively short period they are acersted to a high velocity, Then a re-enty rei, ‘ntainig the warhead, released and hi vehicle then simply coor ao Dalle or fea! wajecry to the Saal impact poin. The older Pe ICBMs (Minvteman.2, Tian2),earylng only one re-entry vehi eee this vei ater st own ofthe lst ge, Modern vehicesQntems: Si olars, Possdon), enn vo-ealod mille dependently targeabe re-entry tehicer (MIRV), hate 2 post-boost cond sven. This sem, ‘hich i fact ies kow-thrst maneuverable rocket sae, allows fo te Ueuratesucesve deployment ofthe reentry vebldes agaist thei pre fcleted separate target. Alter seleae of a te-ety vehicle no contol cat ‘pe cress anymore and fe wll be dear that the postion of the ipa ‘ois i pracy uniguely determined by poston nd veloaty at release “Tha, the burden of establishing a proper balls trajectory resulting in impact at the denied point reste withthe psdance and enote of he ‘eluvely short powered Bight pase A reset evelopment the aan ‘maneuverable reentry sekle (AMARV) ao beng designed a x payoud forthe advanced MX tile and the Trident submarine launched balls Isle (SLBMD. This e-entry vehi, having st owa ful guance system. Wl beable fo maneuver during the ternal phase of te Right to std Interception by anth-balstic mise weapons a well Yo eliminate some ro factor such s booster separation eon, wind shears eb atmospheric Shaving tht contrat t ret mises. To thi chaper we wil dec he fight of conventions basic msi catyngoaly one re-entry vei, fom Inanch unt spac, with emphasis ‘on the alise portion of the fight Vehicles equipped with MIRV's ‘singuhthomelves rom conventional vies by short low thst aided oot pis after lst sage shut-down ad the trajectory sale wl Be roughly iene. Figte 131 shows a spl ballistic mise trajectory. It cn be divided fnto tree phase: Fp 121 alle miele walacory 1. The boos phate in which he vehi aboot by one or more rosket sages trou the atosphere al inal shutdown oF ea-of, Concerning [oan wich weil ot dts, the Dost pase ca be subdivided into spe iop phase tnd clved- lap or guidance pase. The open oop that epouramed ond cons of er! ong which he FRcer aed such tht thes ecto plane cones withthe deed Pane of motion, followed by a pchener a gravity tr, The subsequent idee pine chnactened by te oman of Seetng commands fom the vehicles acta Tocton and velosty apd the oordates of te dated impact point I a sbutdows the tmosphere dap canot be felted wi expect othe gravatonal fore, subsequent stmorpere len pase follows the boos pase. rhe balla phase covering the majo part of he range anda the end cinch the wei enter he emote 3th fe-cauy pas th subuoquen page downrards hough the mosphere unt past atthe sues ofthe Earth 13.1. The boost phase [As the total fight of an ICBM is of selaively sort duration, sot 30 SBinutey, the motion ofthe Earth but the Sun can te neleted and [ocenvic nortottng teleense stem vil constiote 2 quasiinertl {fame for deserbing the moon. The main reference sistem ve wl Throughout tis chapter wil be the geocentric equator mean-o- Lunch tle ference sie ith the Xan pong toward te mea eral unos of date (Section 23.6), With rexpoct to this fame, the position of the launch site at lunch time determined by the rie, ry the Aecinaia, 8, apd the abt ascension a (ig. 132). 1f Ay and @ are own geographic lougtude and grocent Tnitude of the Inne site td isthe ade of te Inch site, then we have spprot- no Rohy os.) Fig, 122 The launch site coordinate sytem where R isthe Ioel radius ofthe Standard lips, dese in Seton 25:1 and, accotdag to Section 23.4, ayn Has tay a=, (3.129, ‘note Ho, the Greenvch hour angle ofthe vera equinox st O* UT of The day of launch and uy i the sogaarvlocy of the Earth The value of cin be found in Reference (1) For a description of the oost pase we introduce an inert! launches ordinate system 2 shown in Fig 13.2. The ign of thie sytem eainies wrth the lsund aie atthe sme of lunch. The pose. Zaus points in ‘outward radial direction while the XY planes defied asthe plane normal to the local radi vector. The X-ais pointing along the dowarange beading, the making ao angle (he launch asi or heading) wih the local noth dirstion. The Yass, Sally, complete the right-handed 0 thogonl fame. This lauach site ceference sytem is obtained from the [evtunttceguitorl system by an Euler rotation about respectively the Z the X- andthe Z-axis the Esler angles being 90°F ay SO"™ Band 80" sh Let U bea rector mth compooeats Uy, Uy and Uy with respect tthe eoceatic equatorial rae, and components Ux, Uy and Uz with espe {othe launch site frame then the rotion between bth Sts components W gven by (Gp Un U2) here Ay i the Euler rotation mats =SuSh-Ca$BC Ca8h~S4$5CH CHC An |, ast «3.129 (gy Ure Uae (3139 SaOh~CaSBSH, ~CaCh-SaS5SH CASH coc, Sach 8 and Siy= sina Cay e08 ay et. ‘Ar tage and altude covered during the boost phase are saall 3s zz ‘ale Mate Tec 285 compared to the radius ofthe Earth, the Earth may be considered fat ‘Gonuy this phase, Negerting for a moment the rotation ofthe Earth, the ‘poten wl be two-dimensional andthe tajecory wl Inthe XZ-plane the lunch ste cordate sytem. Ta Chapters II and 1 methods ae SGocaed to determine two-dimensional powered fight wajecories in a omogencows rvitaboeal fed so we can ave these theo to deterine the boon phase. “Owing (oe rotation of the Earth the launch ste has oa cstward velociy vt cov wth respect to inertia space. Tis cstward veloc ean te revved into an intl own-range velocity and lial cos-onge lay along the Xi and Yeasos especialy Vsl@)= we sn Vali) == 68 8 60 asta) (31-46) “The intial dowa-range rate does not alec the to-dimensinaiy ofthe Imotion and theffore can esly be incorporated into the two-dimensional Theorie of powered fight trajectories by adjusting the ital conditions ‘Owing to te iii cror-range rate Vi, tho Ulecory canot be pana Syme for launches neither de ett or ue west. The an elect of his ina rom-range rate fa shange ofthe efecve Ging nina, Terelor, injection asinuty, longtde and lttude wl difer fom the catesponding ‘antes as determined withthe assumption tat te Earth ot rotating. 2 simple analytic method to inlad the inal xoss-rane velocity inthe Shaye ofthe powered phase is given by Kohibse (2). Once the two- ‘mensional powered fight teaectory determined his method enables vs to dewemine the nocesary corecions in the shut-down conitions 10 ‘count forthe intl cros-range velocity. Thus, with tis method iti sible fo determine the shutdown or Inject rate at tne t gvea By (YZ) and (Var Vee Ve) with respect fo the launch ste releence ‘prem Tie ljecton stat with respect tothe geocentis equatorial system ‘Bry be found by applying Bg (131-3): (ie Vas Ved Vics Va Walhe as-se) 0% %620 roe 08 om sin la 8) +O Yo ZA ‘as.1-56) [Asi customary to express the injection conditions in radi, right ‘useosion, decimation, speed, azimuth aod ipktpah angle, we wil dere ‘xpress for these quantities. Clezy the tection rads piven by eR, 3.1.60) 288 RacatPopuion Spsctah Dymaiae hile destination apd ight aseason follow trom sin = Zs ar 3 00%, (318) cosay=XUoon 5 wenn vitgemay, PEAS. 03.1.4) the injection velocity VnNVRS VES Vie 347) “To determine srimth and ght path ange we introduce the vectors ey, 20d fin the dection of injection veloty and rads respectively enn Watt Wut Veee Vo (3.1.89) core Verte (3.186) Imhere ex ey_ and ¢¢ afe the nit vectors slong the X,Y and Za Tlspocily. Then the High path angle determined by slo ymeqrei Mh <0" (3.13) “The unit vector ying nthe horizontal plane at nection and pointing along the downrange beading i esi ico (3.119 nd the injection azimuth i found rom tot SEBS OM ES ge ys, ass sl =e“ wher eq and en are wit vector ying in the horizontal plane at ijeton, Pointing oe vet and due east Txpecvely. Prom Ege (3-1-3) i an ‘aay be deed that "sin e050 sin cy +05 Gn as.) 126) We now have determined completely the shut-down conditions, which ate the injection condone forthe alse phase which we wil discus next ee sin ey FS «a 122 The balilste phase ‘To determine the bilstic or foetal trajectory, we wil assume that the [Enh is opbercel and basa central nvesesquare force fel, Elect ofthe Eepherey ofthe Esth wil be dtcssed m Sechon 13442. We fartht frum thet the nly fore acting dering the basic phase sth grave tional forge of the Earth, neglcigatuacions of San and Moon ad ‘ati te Teor 207 As the motion atsumed to take pce ina centtaliverse-quare force fey the trajectory wil be Keplevan trajectory, e. it wil ei single ave determined by decison, right ascension and szmath a injection {oi ie willbe b soni seson. Base proprts of Kepeianwajectois ate ‘Sscased in Section 3.46, while Chaps 16 dcusses their properties in mone etal. We wil se some results of Chapter 16 here. 132.1. The otlentation ofthe trajectory plans ‘According to Section 16.5, the orientation ofthe trajectory plae sua ‘sind by to anges Fig. 133), the ight acesion of the ascending node, [hand the inclination inthis section, we wl dexive expressions for and ia funtion of ey & and 4c At he tat ctor long welosy and radi vector at injeetion, ty, fed ey take an angle (90 y), the walt vector inthe direction of the ‘guns momentum i ayo eazy Resolving e, in outward radial diet and la two horizontal directions, ‘oe due orth and one die est, we may write 4 =n 16,4908 96 e208 5 ae 322) here eg and eg ae given in Ege. (121-12), A tap and «form an Cthogonal rin rattan of Eq (132-2) into Ba. (132-1) yields 6¢=150 $4008 Ve 0323) Sabusittion of Eqs (131-12) ato Bq, (1323) leads to r= (004m 0,-sin si 08 exo 2, + “in gia sin ey sin os ex 03.24) [A the ination i defined the angle between ty and ee (Setion 165), we Boa Cottey “ee sing cos; Oi 180% (325) Fa 322 The orton of he tajctary pore 288 Rocket Popuion& Speight Dyamier ‘The wnt vector fom the center ofthe Earth to the ascending node ey ex both inthe ori plne and inthe equator plane and therefore i oxmal {0 ey a eg. Ae the angle Between ty and ey ix we Rave aE 29 Sea tH (1324 into (192-0 ye cohcnntsngiedig, sdnacinnsngsne, an ‘ss te ag even yA ad sin = egy “ey 9 cain cose (132-80) ‘These equations, together with Bq. (13.25), wniquly determine the righ reenson of the ascending ode. Somewhat simpler expression for ft ct te obtained by mmiying Eq (132-3) by Cow oy ad sino, respectively sd adding the result, and by mutpying Eq, (13.2) by sin and cos & respectively and sbtacing the rel. The leads to the following expres ens (epA) co Win sin) ~ sin in a 032.59) 3.298) 1322 story geometry We have seen that the orientation ofthe teajectory plane, specie by the Iles and fs determined bythe componctts ay and the nein ae In this ection, we wl dss type and shape of the taectory ands ‘teuation in the trajectory plane, a shown in Fig. 134 Ie wl fre ut that ype and shape ae completely determined by the quan, V a while the orientation of the trajectory inthe plane wil be dependent ona omponents of the state ver, excepto From Section 3.5, we know tat the pour representation af + Keplerian vesjectory sven by = 32410 lie Mite Tce 208 a 194 inane tajctry geometry ere p and ¢ are smiatus rectum and eczetiity ofthe conic, respec Thay, "Those‘puramcters completly determine type and shape of he retry. They ae tlted to total energy and angular momenta per vai (fina aad therefore tote injection sate by Bg. (34-23) and (6-24 Thug the injection elocity parameter, k defined as AME ace & (3240) ire Vr the local tular veo, me am write the equtions fr p and <1 08 (32428) +1 = VE(E= Bho WHT. (132-120) Here, Hand @ are angslar momentum and tt enerey {Soson 3.6)-The injection tive anomaly, found by seg (52:10, lading te .-arcos[4(2-1)} ‘This equation yields wo dsinetwate for 8, According to Bg (162-5) the ada Yelociy given by it mas nin Eg 3.2.13) (32.14) and as at ijetion ¥j20, the tue anomaly at injection i given by Ea 3.233) with ere 100, Assuming reentry to tart ata alte hy oF 259 Recat Repo & Song Dyaior dius related by 1a Rothe (3245) ‘we find, by the same ressoning, for he tae anomaly at reentry ascos[2(2-1)} 18076, = 3607, 4132.16 “The bale angular range, then given by pees 3247) snd the belle near ronge measured along 2 eat ice trom the ‘ab-vehice post a injection to the sub-teile pint at e-nty fora son-rotating Earth i D=RE. (3248) [As with the help of Eg. (13.212), p and e can te exposed inthe in-plane injection tate, the true anomaly at injec and the woe anomaly st reentry and this angular abd great cle near ange are oa a fonction St Vos and Homes, sobettation of Egy (132-13) and (032-16) svth Be. (132-15 oto Eq (132-19), yields ater compbeated expres ‘los forthe angular range. A somevtat simpler expression ean be obsined fiom the equation ream QeD-2, treo tt PR gg 28RD p Ee 8 ean Se Soston ofthis equation for tan 3/2 and eabeequent sbstitation of te xpress for'p econ and enn y which may be obtained fom Eas (152-12) to (32-19, yds (3249) este no AERTSpFoaF GT a tan gm coon a kee aire) 8M here p stands for the ratio of injection radius and re-entry radi: fay ghote 3220) ‘The quateatic equation, Bg, (132-19), has two solutions. The slution ge In. (132-20) errenponds to trae anomaly, = 6+, Wing betwee 160" and 360 hich the lateral of the re-eary tue asomsy ae We now. In Fg. 135, the angular range sgven as a function of fr some ‘ales of Sn for 0.8 and 0. This Spare shows Tat ay aceats, } ae —— =o ra.108 Tsuna eo tcon any ann mene anes the inuene of gon the angular range decreases. For injetion Aight path Shes rer thon about 30% the angular range an almost near function The re-entry conditions, ie. velosity, Vand ight path ange, Yo which tne reqired to deteine the reset tajeor,fllow from the equations forthe conservation of energy and angular momentum WB, «22% =f E peos (132-228) =a) 22230 ile apogee ras snd apogee attude can be determined wih ETH. 032235, 32239 [sin general, the dference between injection and reentry slttode aol Ste etm» fod enon aie Tipe ndsecon csltons wont ening neste te ae tage gy ian tesa. Pot E3220 Se segs soe (3220) 282 Mocet Peuion & Soot Dyas “This rlton is depicted in Fig. 13.6. This gure shows that for <1 i Injection velocity ess than czar velocity, theresa opie! value a the Sah pe ee line maine ag, For = Bq (3220 tan 3 =cot Jaco Xe 9-295 03229 and the range decreases linearly with Hight path angle, having a maxim {or horizontal injection. Ax in thi cae the tajetry will be a cic horizontal injection doe ot esd to «wel tajstory for able mse For k>1, every range angle between 0 and 360" is possible. However, fr ‘anges larger thas 181” its of ourne more eonomi laa in the opposite 2, the Injection velocity exceeds or equals the loa! eae teloity andthe vee stil nt rots fo the sree ofthe Eat sayeore, ‘Ginza the injection eoeitons,k and the range can be determined with Eq. (32-20. fn peneral the angular Fane is known, at as approx ‘nately, apd the injection condons have to be determined. Solving Fs (132.24) for ee lends f0 reser a Fowt|stowl. ——aaa20 oe nator [safe 136 Tho angular range 36 uncon of injection ght sth angle and {njeston vachyparametar for egal re-nty an ineson ra =? ‘etl Mite Vejen 253 For & known range angle aod « given value of ky which is practically fompletely determined by the miele congestion sed, the reguzed ‘mjecion fight path angle fe found from Eq” (13226). Ast injection Dey 00% tis equation yl for yc, at most two ditint cal roo forge depcoding onthe value ofS. For smal ranges, the dsriminet in Ea {132.26 wil be posive and two distinct fight path angles wl be found, the smaller oe yllding the lw ajc the ager one the high jer. Incsotsing the range wil decrete the dscuminnt wat it vanishes for tan2-—h (3227, 2 ak, In that case there i just one fight path ange forthe given range, o, io ‘er words, te range the maximum that ean be covered for the piven bale of k We will dcas there optimal trajectories in more deta in ‘Section 13.24. Sil erie inresing the range maker the dscminant repative and n fal slutins exist oF E> 1, Bg, (13.226) har two salons: one with 2 pls sign before the sgsare root felting & cory, and ove with minus sign yelling [eos y 21. Acsordiag to Eq (132-28 the Bat solaon must be used STH, wil, = IF the recon soletion must be taken, ‘As ofeenty condos, immediatly clear fom Fas. (132-2) that A ajecton and r-eaey aitude are eq, the re-entry velosty equals the Injection veloc, while the fight path ange at reentry the poste of the injection ight path ange 1823. A graphical technique We wi describe graphical technique to determine baltic tajectoris Tes techrique can Help to gets beter sight ato the problem, abd s we vil sein Section 13.24 the equations for optimal fights ean be devived sly ath tir method Tet P, and, in Fig. 13:7 be the ijecton point and reentry point respectively, and let the injection velocity be sven. Using Eq (132-233), {he semi-major ans of the soni throghP, and F canbe determined. AN Imporant property ofan clipe is thatthe sum ofthe distances fom any ‘nto thesis to the two fol owstant and equals 2a, AS one focus Ihe center a the Earth Fy the oer focus F (empty of vacant fas) must Neon cce with Ps center and radas 2471, but alo ona ele with P, ‘center an rave a7, We can dtinguish three posites conoering those tro eles 1. The two dele do not intersect, which means that tei adi, nd ‘onieguent the sst-major are and the injection veloc ae too sal fr The ven ange. Lnrssing the injection velty wil iced the semi-major Fig. 187 A orophiol determination ofthe intion veloc an ight path ae ais and the rad of the is, until he injection velocity i just are ‘naph for he given ange a at case! "2. The two cles touch on the chord RP which coresponds tothe ‘minima injection vlc trajectory, o be dase inthe ext 200, Further enlarging the injec velocity wil cause 3 The wo cls to interest each ober in two dine points Fs nd F This cave depicted in Fig, 13.7. Therefor, inthis cae we nd two possible postions for te emp focw and consequeny two pone tacos Foaneciag ® and P, Now that we have found the positon ofthe empy foal we can construct the required rection ofthe injection velocity. the fight path angle a inecon, and ao the Bight pth angle a een. Fo: {hs we use another important property ofthe elise, tht te agent © fn clipe ie normal to the tector of the angle formed by the iss oonecting the tangeney point with the two fos! of the lipre. TH, rtrucion of he orn tothe belo of he sngle BPE, tad FPF Yields the two possible diections ofthe injection veloc. "A for optimal fights the empy foe leon the chord Pi we conlade ‘hat for injection velctis gretter thas the minimum jection velo w© find teo possible injxtion ght path angles, one renter than the opti Aight pach ange, length high trajectory and one es than the pti Aight path angle, yeting the low tajecory. As follows from Fig. 13.7, ‘ght path anges equal hall the angles FPF, and FPS respectively. $2 the angle PUPfse equa tice the diference between the Mpht pa ag for the high teactory andthe optim Might path angle. Likewise, th fnge FP, equals tice the diference of optimal ight path angle 20d Aight pth age orth low trajectory. the ine FoF is normal to th chotd Py the evo ales FPP, a0 FSP ae eQul 0 we cnet aie Me Tri 295 ‘tat the ow sod high ight path nae ie symmetry with espet tthe ‘piu ight pth ange ie bnve' dened here the determination of te fight pth anal fr ven injection and re-entry points and gen injection Yloety. Likewise, it one to determine th fessaypoit wh th graphical metod if inet pon injects velo ond ph pth nea ety ane 1324 Optimal fights ‘As wl be dear tom the forgoing scion, ods an be secn fom Fis. 135 and 18 here ooops Ijin Sight pa ane, uch ht the Angn rage mated for gen Vp and tet equally, the ition velocy minimized forgiven, and We wil derive the Srndton for hse op Sighs wg the groped cused in fhe foeging seston” The eomctry ofan opting gt depicted mF 4a We hive seen that for gen Tange the injection welooty i 8 Sinimom ite vo Ses, wth Fad Pe eater and 2ar and 2a [Sadi tows, The pln of ona, Fy wl eon the chord oiing FE td Pe So for opti ie aentHetn tnd (32-28) ere the length of the chord PP ven by Carb Drn on (32.29) Acwoading to Eq (132-23) the semi-major axis is a fonction af ky and Stisttation of Eq (132-236) and Bq. (132-29) into Eq. (13228) yl tm eaintion for the minimum injection veloty rao, K, the solution of hich ie 3s Simp Prins na2-30) erie t a. 128 Optinal tat srometry 236 Rot Pripuin& Spueiht Dyaic ‘This cation is depicted in Fig. 13.98. The corresponding opts ight path anges found wy resting tha the angle FP ouuas twice the fight path ‘angle. Using a property of plane tials a the tnange RRP. we fa a0 etme) (eae (32H) Satton oy (13229 fr no (13230 oe to ye ABA RR yy “his relation depicted in Fig. 1390. Tareore, fora given range, Eas. (132530) and (13232) can be ud 10 determine the Opti mje, ‘ondtons. Opal i the sent that for a given value of injection the injection velocity is misimized. This, of cours also mean that nergy ofthe tector le minimised. Therlor, ies tjetris are tl faledmiimaon energy injects Note, however, tha these tajectores ‘te ool nearly optimal in the sense that fora lve coket vehi th Pyond is maximized, because we assned the injrtion alte fae For the determination of « maximum paylosdtajecory fora parbelar rocket, ‘one hast know the character of the powered tuosony, in paral the relations beeneca itu, yelocky 2nd Bight path ange, Maximum payload trajectories aod minum ijecton velocity trajectories will mot ‘ier much in general For a giten injection velocity and radi, the maximum angular ange {ound by solving Eg. (132-30) Tor S. We then Sod the maxim range tht cam be reached for 3 given vale of pla, Ke2lt=a) 22 Al (e233) Subsittion ofthis vale of ito a, (13.232 lel the optimal nection ght path anges fanstion of any ok 2oki-ta) "2 R= aI=a) 1 fotows from Es. (132-33) and (132-34) that for @ give injection veloc, 03239 k 132 any, (3239 ‘Incase reentry and injection alitudes ate the same, the equation for he ‘minimum injection velcty at given range, and maximum range Tor Biter Fig. 188 The minirum injection vetocy parameter and he opin nection {gt ph angles a funcion of he angular ong Injection velocity andthe optimal ight pth al, simply 0 2sin 2 os 32369 ts2360 oy IR sae Jn this case, 4 simpler expression forthe opium injection fight path angle cane obtained die. Av the sdes PF, and PF, ia the ange Pare now equal and the angle PAF, equals 2y, we And (132-360) AS te reader may vey isl this cout coresponds with Bq (132 ‘6. We direct ee that for vty smal tangs, Le- 30, the optinu nection fight pat angle approaches 4°, the wel-nown ‘i Earth est By solving Eq (132-364) for by and rabttaion of the reat into Eg 052-125) wer fod another investing property of the optimal trajectory ‘vith gual injection and re-entry aides, i, 03237) 288 Recat Peputon & Seth Dyas 1325 Time of flight "To determine the tine of Hight of te ballistic phaso we could use Eg. (i631, be: Kepler equation, Ths, however, woul fore ws to determine the eee anomalies at injection and e-etry. Foc our purpose thee is nore convenient expression for the time of ight slog scone are betwees fo. pot, known ae Lamberts equation ot Lambe theorem. This ‘ore, ovgnallydacoered by Lambert nd sobsequenuy proved analy tally by Lagrange, ster that the time to averse Kepeian at depends ‘nly apo the semimajor sue, the sum ofthe distances rom te nial od ‘nal point of te are to the Center of force, andthe length of the chord Joining inal snd final pine Lamberts eqtion also plys an important {ole isthe analy of iterplanctary ajectois which wil be diseased In {Ghaper 19. We wil drive Lamberts equations for elipie motion ony. Lambe equation Let P be te nil pot and Py be the fal pinto fe lip re and suppor that radu vector and eozentie anomaly of F, hd Py aver, and Ey ha 1 and E respectively. Then, scooting f0 as. pr fiecneenemibncn 2m icetaalogieho We now have o express f abd gina cand rt Meteor ete bet sit vector pointing towards peicenter ad eg the nit vector inthe plane motion 2 ahead of ep inthe deen of motion. Thee 20 Busi ie (32-419) the tue anomaly of P. According Wo Eg. (163-4) and (16.35), y= toot Ey ter aT sa Ee. (3241, ‘Asin expression may be obtained forthe poston vector of P row aleos Ex~ hep +aNT= Cia Boe (32419 ‘The enth ofthe chord joining P, and P, an be found trom Ontarians (32.42) Subeittion of Bas (13.2418) and (13.241) into Bq. (13.242) yes Onda" e cot M+ Es HEED, oe, ing Eg (132-38) and the appropiate tgonometi denies, = alco £0. (3.2465) According to Bq (163-3), we have ret ta= Ball eles +008 E}= “Deli ees E+E) ous Ey). (132-48) Subst of as (132-39) nto Bg. (132-44) and some tgnomety si Fonts trae Rall —eos +05 ph (3245) Solving Bas, (132-4) and (13.245) for cof and coe g ys (03.2468) 132-460) 32479) 324m) Aording to Eq, (132-38, the minimum semi-major axis of 2 conic 20 RecatPopuon& Spxtigh Dymaee au Ket 41 32-48) Farther define «parameter K at Kota nine asm) “hen te as (132-47) ca be wena set pate (a2 sit gn nS waa We now have deived Lambert’ equation for elipic motion, sea by Es (13.240) together with Eqs (132-48) and (13.249). However, ie evident tht (132-49) donot gt fang without m- big, From the neqltis i Ess. (13.239), we conclude that = <2 tnd —reig. Now let S be the point wheve the ine though Fy and > ‘rests the major ais (Fg, 13.10) As the postion vector of an arbitra) int om the ine through, and P, with respect to the center O of | pee en by reeeaertantll—Res 2S AS, 03250) the dance s between O and §, measered postive rom O inthe dren ‘of percenter can he determined fom the equation neste «3250 Substuion of Bq. (132-50) with Bap. (132-418) and (13.2416) into ste Mite Tjian 20% (13251), and solution ofthe renuing equation for 4 ad syllds 32-528) sin(E—E) _ cos MB~E) in E,=sin “cos HEE) We ten ind forthe distances F,S, FS and PS, measured postive 0 the abt in Fg 13.10 (32520) soe EB) econ ME, +E) Berner MB 3286 ps -rtae SAME B) +e cosHE,E) (ase Psns an a eM (32.839, or using Bas (13.239) and the appropriate tgonometic formule we nd om Ege (132-53) AS _sialfsioly PS ind, so” 32.5%) FS _cosifeosde aszsm PS tole, sin} Now sin} and cos ae lvayspotive while at we may take E between (and 360% sin Ey psitv to. We may distinguish four cases, Let A be fhe acen bounded by the arc Ps and the chord oning P, an Pe (0 ew nn ete FF 0 0 a bs 5.0, nd or kw ad sne>0, clo, (nas) (9 tee Ada bint sn 9 sn kw tnd nde nse) sindg>0, oxsif<0, FS.4 (0 take atea A intdesF,, but not Fy sin 3B, <0, S80 and 102 ecet Puen 8 Sch Dyes and consequently fiale<0, oxif>0. 03.2559 BS. (@) ihe ates A includes both foi sin BE, <0, BS we Bd sinke<0, ola 032.588) [Now define the parameters w and 6 a8 a=2uin ft; Osea, (32-50) pe 2arcinx =", o

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