15 The Many-Body Problem ‘The classical problem in ola mechanics i the determination ofthe ‘motion of m bods under their motual gravitational sracions There bodies are opposed to possess «spherical symmetry 50 that they can be ‘eparded as point mases Section 33) It sumed tat no othe fee et ‘upon these bodies, This peoblem hat aspired many twas nad aemaicins since Newion, but sil no aealytalolton forthe ene! "body pote is knows. Ii even ery wali tht a analy sation si ever be found Only the ewo-body problem bas a clsed-orm analytical solution. For the thve-badypobiem with aroirary masses, only two kind of erat pare Solutions have Been obsined the sulght-lineeaubrivm sotton tnd th ‘uiltera-tianguae equim solution. Inthe ete of two eal sooes, 1 have the oseles-triangula solution. Suadinen [i] developed fort three-body problem a solution inthe form of seres expansion, Thee Series, however, converge so slowly thatthe method sof le pratal sae because ofthis mathematically ear diction between the everbody 4ymaics andthe motion of bodies in systems with m2, we wualy soak ‘of a many-body problem i n> 2 Jn csi asronom, typical examples of a-body problems ate the ‘motion of the planets about the Sun and the motion of sas Im slat, luster. Fr the motion o interplanetary spacecraft ant less cxeat of arth seis, we also deat ‘with'« many-body problem, snus thee ‘otons ae als governed by many gravatonl el 18.1 The general N-body problem (Coosder an instil reference frame X¥Z ad a stem of bodies, ea with constant mass (Fig. 15). The positon of «hd P= owl, it mss relive to the inertial ame i determined by is ads vote AR, Acconding to Newton's law (Sectoas 32 and 33), the equation ot ‘motion ofthe body F elative tothe inert frame bk Tn OLB ry mw asa) a where G is the uncenal gravitational constant andthe notation 3 stands i ig. 18. The pocion of» bod inthe nei etree tama XYZ for summation over al jexlaing j= The vestry defined by 5.12) is etre etd fom by Ft body, "Yorn scl dann of ie mot of ach boy, we have 1 toga aumeialy the eqaon f eon. Yor tens Boaiag ore thor few hunied bode, the tegration of thee euaon wy inpracial To ye genera voto ste spy we av oe) i natsta choles El Only some teeing ever ets of ‘Soamie bhavor tte bode cn be cba taps. Those owes he ea of moon 1811 Integrals of motion la Sesion 4s mis of sem pares were Res ‘Sirti may he ou of ec ‘pid dso a pat Sls ean eal oe Sng on te yen ser conterstin 8.4) ad By 43) an Be 05.19 Bao, as.-4) ere Ry i the postion vector ofthe center of mass ofthe system and the angular nomentam ofthe eat system with respect tothe orn O othe ier frame. Asi customary in clea mechani, we wil we the j |58 ace Popo & sagt Dyan symbol H instead of B ated in Section 2441 to denote 2 ants ‘omentum. ntgeaon of Ege. (151-3) and (15 1-8 yk he asa) Raman, (526) Hee, saa) where a, band e are arbitrary constant vectors. “The Bes. (15.15) and (18.14) state that he center of mts of he sae, ‘ten refereed to asthe Barco a rest or moves with aor veloc ative tothe inert frame, Accor to the dicason in Section 3.1 08 inertia frames, we may conclode tht 9 nonroatng teterens frame With It orgin atthe center of mast of the sytem a intl reference ie 100, If we cose, fr example, our salar system ae 3 n-boy seen mith 0 external ores acting upon i, 4. (151-1) describes the motion of the Sto, the planets and oter celestial Bodie enti fo a Ineri rame mith its org atthe center of mass ofthe solar system. Due to the ery lage Solar ass compared wo al oter mae inthe salts system (Seton 2.21 the bareemer es very close the enter ofthe Sum, Depending on the ‘ostions ofthe planets relative tothe Sua, the diane Between the cater ‘St mass af the solar system ad the center the Sus abeays fs than one Inunreath ofthe distance between Earth and Sin "Equation (151-7) states tha he total angular somata ofthe sytem constant in aguitode and dieaion. As ne consider bods with fe Slimensions, the ttl sogait momentum ofthe system incest Preps ‘angular momentum of he bodies de t ther rotation Howes, we bive assumed that the mass density dstubaion of ach body i sphescly ‘Symmetrical, and so thee wil Be 0 tiation, inthe outonal ley ‘2ch body due tothe gravitational interactions between the tas, Cone ‘ently, the oval angular momenuim of & sytem of fine odes oman foo. The plane through the center of ats ofthe system norma ‘Whas'afred orientation and i therefore called the Inaruhle plone (of “Lapac) canbe used as fundamen reference pla forthe notion of Ae bodies. For the solr system, this pune i icin a about 1°39 tthe gel andes teeeee he rt panes fhe gn pets Jer and Returning to Eq (151-1, we note dat by introducing a ssl function U, defined um op teu, ose ‘Te Mon ty Patan 30 ‘where U, i constant, £9. (15.11) canbe writen in the form 0519) sehr Vy denote the gradient with respect 10 the coordinates of body P Tom Secon 3.3 we Know tha U, then i the potential ofthe force fed vetoing the motion of body A, By convention, the value of his potenti Efuls ero at iain, which implies: U, =. From inspector of Eq {OS15) wil be clears the force represented by ths potent i Sot central, We aso note that Ur function of oth the soordnates of 2, ‘Tha the coordiats ofl otes bodies P, Even when Keping body P,Hxed {etnve tthe tame XYZ, the potential energy of body P, wil change due te the motion of the bodies By A force eld with such time penis nt consrvnive, and the sum of kinetic and potent e [rn vary with time, For the entire system of Dodles,howere Inga cam be found 2 wll be sown. Ser minnow 2% an ean oe a ie 6k may aR a me See Oy ass-19) EP Say Te Gt ET 2, assay ALM ey mmc) as.-12) By sastittng Eg (15.12) nto Eg, (15.-10), we obaa A fiym(-22) -s0 5 5-2] -o ‘As the velocity, Vy of P, teatine tothe XYZ-lrame is defined! by as143) * s1.14) a Bgution (15.13) canbe integrated to sYmvtioh Eas, as) where # is constant. The ist erm at the lt-hand side of Eq, (15.115) 8‘Ho Pocket opuon& Specht Dyan, the Kn ene, ty fhe stem. The second frm Ging the mine Sia), whch represen the iterml geval enexy of the system, ‘ae the poten, othe tom Thay we for exch eal body the fom of Knee at potent cory not conta da tt ‘ino exchange of nergy betes te Foie, te bal ea From Eg. (0S/18) we cocoe tet In spt of n bodes, to bovis approach each ter very cst veloc of ate one of es Bovies mst become very lrg--ActalSlionyshul, fo el pout ‘mescralwayr be staid wit nel re wees, “he Bap (15.5), 13-9, (1-7 ad (13-5), wh an be ween aston saa equon, cont th soled es nepal of moto he ‘boty pobem, Thess en nepal ae very el fo the pel ht othe dynam behavior of te of» Soi. In casa ete Imechuns hey can to be wel to check the muna scrrsy of ier posure For he motion of pce vee ts ete, tai of wo imporaace Det the ety soa mast 4 spec Compared othe mam of sleil bodes, nd becuse ln umes! compe tetons ne amas have ined umber signa gue, ge eto ia the velit’ tajectory compton willy be steal the ves ‘othe tlt angular momentum ad eft eer ofthe system Bros [3] aad Pons [4] proved tat he te neg ate the nl Indopendet get egal hate be ound i the Waly probe ‘Thecompit ssvton of then second-order diferent equrtons ex ing he ota othe ntti rqures6ninteponcotan Wat he te mera of oon i's pombe ede te ode of he ble 0 S10 aco 5} showed that's rer edotn by to pose ne ‘toetbaly protien; Eo, y elma the tie 08 Oy taklag oe fhe bier ves ah he independent one sad sconly by wletng parton tar reterece tame. The scond step known athe cman of ‘ods Suh a edscon ay ao be prtormed In ae he ney poten (The palit, Hower of econ fom Se {ow Orit ia gueionabl, hee Of The vey comple sala “expressions involved. ” * 16.1.2. The Vitial theorem ‘The tenth inter of motion states that the total energy, of the sptem it 0, and Ey. (152.2) reduce o #8 Bev. syu,n0 FEW yuyu, Ghat yeu, ty Uy s226) ee #2 cu,-0 ‘The thind of these equitons now is uncoupled from the st two, and case U0 we concide that by P pestorms an undamped harmon rotion inthe tection, independent of is motion in the -plne ‘According to our definition, the ston inthe # recon of body placed Ina itvaton poiat thus i suble “The remaining two linear diferent equations with constant eoeficens an eniy be solved. The general souton may be writen as MOU HU p+ UU U0. (05228) This quae equaton in 2 bat four complex roots Ay the dgenelues 0° horace ele ofthe two ferential equations, Equation (152-2) i ‘ao qondatic in 0 ad th as two soltons for 12 Both solutions of 1 52.27) |282 Rocet Pps paca Dymnias ‘ve two eigenvalues which are equal in magaitde bt oposite in sgn: In ‘eter the motion i sable ony al ace diferent a the eal pat of AL) es than orequl to zoo, Bec in our problem the eigenvaes have tworby-wo opposite sins the motion ean ony be stable lla Alferent apd imapoay. Then the two values of hae fea unequal aad sept ‘We fst conser the colinst Lagesnge points Ly ad Ly. Evaluating the partial derivatives of U at these pots and reining teat value its 1g (152-28), we obtain A 0- K++ 2K1-K)=0, where Lt eloo ‘The t9o 100 or 1? can only be negative if 1~ K>0. However, the second fone of the 4s, (15.2-20) ean ao be writen inthe frm 1A) By laspecton of Fig. 153, and remembering our dcession on the locaton ofthe pots, Ly and Ly it wil be clear that for these points he fombinstion of Xr abd ri auch tht foreach point: K “0. Come usa, the stag fine solution epresent sable equim posits. Next conser the equilibrium poins L, and Ly. Erasing the paral rates of U ate pit an ering th it Eg 18228, we Ateatinll—p)=0 ‘The two oot for A? ae diferent and negative it 1-27p(1-nI>0. ‘As by dfniton =, the condition for stability i wst-VBi=0038, So, for «<0.0385 the motion of» body placed in the ibration pins Le {Lie stale It sould be realzed, however, tht me oly have growed tt ‘his motion is infoitesinaly stable es te concaion was reached onthe basis ofa TinearzedTaslr series expansion, A move data anal 15] will hesetore require the inion of non-linest terms inthe series exp sion of the dervatives ofthe potential futon while ao the lace o the pererbing fore trom x fourth body could be taken int acount (15) the general case of the restricted three-body probe, te bods P, and P, describe lpi ore about the center of ts of the system Then To Many By rien 352 the distance between P, and Py aswel atthe angular velocity ofthe ine ‘uonecting Py and P,, vars. This implies thatthe potential fonction U ‘depends explicitly on time, 20 that no Jacobi integral exits for ths probe, In this lpia restricted the-body problem te motion of ody the pont Ly and L; can be ifitesimaly able to, depending on the values Of andthe escent of the elpie orbits (17, 18) “The Lagrange equilibrium postions in the thes-body problem are not of pore acadeaie intrest, bat are physical telles io our sole sytem. An lnpesive example of sable, and posions isthe prescace of more than a dozen lege asteroids, caled the Trojans oscilating about the Ly and 1, point with espect o Sun and leper. nthe Earth Moon sytem the La dL polns ao represen a stable eqilbvium, These point are probably ‘cupid by parties whieh manifest themseves as a very faint nebula only For longtime # was thovg that he fat glow a the night ky, known as the Gegenachein or counter glo, was prodeced hy slight resto Oa ‘ate, temporary espped inthe anetble) Le poston ofthe Se-Earth system. Recent research [10], however idats that this glow due to the fection of sulgh by interplanetary dost at much larger distances fom the Sen 15.24 Applications to spaceflight Jacob integral andthe surfaces of zero velocity are very sifu for a tera dcatson onthe usjectory of «spacecraft within the Esr-Moos Space, socalled lunar fight (20) For this, we neglect the soar gravia- "onal trstion and aatame the orbit of the Moon abot the Earth to he Sle. The trajectory ofthe spacecraft then becomes cular reticed three-body problem where Earth and Moon represent the massive bodes “The lunar ihe stare st the Earth's srtace on parking rit about the Earth The spaeea is acelerated by rocket engin! andi injected into ts ‘mans hoar ajay. The postion and selocity ofthe vile relative to the rotating sys-rame jt iter st-down ofthe rocket moor determine the Valve af the coastaatC coeesponding with the Wajectory othe spacer. “This vale of C can easly be ealeluted fom Eq. (152-10) In order to reach the Moon, ths: C-alve mst he less than Cy, beng the C-vle for Which the surface of sor0 velocity pases trough the Lypoint ithe Earth-Moon sytem. This value of C ths dcaes the misimum impute ee CONT em pF aa where: 7:1. A series expansion in tems of and neglecting terms of onder with espeett 1 gives on TR 1539) ‘rom Eqs. (15.3.7) and (153.9) we oblain forthe marimum vloe ofthe rat of disturbing aed main asotraton aml) tn hve np he mw te ne ne 0 hema of Et, The ite porn of te dau ors or cea ‘dpe of sane date" 8 Ses ener ee ey Ste 2 ance of {2200 how he at aes eet ‘tae sap ele Geen Teh) Te ree pt ‘5 En the deg boty were aed ch darn en 18 mo) conde om Tk 19 a poy ee Si teow of Moo sd Sun ta at ae ae eae Suing oes ot tan eo 0 me Table 183 Disturbing szcaleaon of =. geosynevonoue ‘tlie de othe etoston of 9 Died bay, (053.19 = TT a ER EE i Be me JE RE 1532 Sphere of influence ‘The motion of an intmplanetary spacecraft is governed by the attracting forces of plants and the Sun. Fora fist-ordr analyst, howeven we fen assume tht he trsecory ca be approximated by accountng only for the pineal of he Erte Sonn he st ae {Chapter 19, We then imagine the trajectory to be composed of three mene to hy es ech tale the uo ‘ned tobe stated by only one clei oy "We wi aow dacs 1 ction whi determines the dance rom the ath toon he t,he he ch beeen he ce {wortodytjectore hat to be made It's tmpotat to ele that Desc tte very intense solar aiaional Bel, those Sistances wil be all on Ste sae of interplanetary distances, ive cnr te tion th psa wih atm elate t8 soning release tame wii ong atthe Fans center. We ‘Sune thatthe oly during body & the Sen. The maxes of Sun and an are denoted by mao me respecvely. From Ege (153-7) and {0539} we hve for he maptudss of main acleraton, and de> Ing ecleraon, ef the spacecrat relative to this eerece tame, zt saan ca Om TTR, ‘ere ris the adie vector rom the Barth to the spacecrat, abd r she {adie vector rm te Earth the San. Again the mass ofthe pacecrat ‘elected relative to the mass ofthe Earth Tt we consider the motion ofthe spceeat with espect oa non-soaing teleence frame with te orpa atthe center of ass of the Sun, and assume thatthe Earth the ony dtrbing body, the equation of mation for the spoccralt Sen a%n.-om (4), here the spacecraft mas i neglected with respect othe mass of the Sun, Relative w this fame, the magnitudes of main aceleration, on, and Arubing acceleration, ay, ofthe spose ate secon ls) (8-8 A et xpnion of intr flor Bt ssa1 ocat Ppuion & Seach Oye ‘When the spacecraft ison srfce around the Earth, descibed by 44 am ve have equal right to approximate the interplanetary trajectory by « Aruba two-body ort about the Earth or by ¢ disturbed two-body ork shout the Sen, Sobstuting Eas. (153-11), (185:12) and (15.313) ato Ea (053-14), we obtain the equation ofthis rac: 1 are ‘This sure i rouionalysymmetic abot th Ear-Sua a. sh Ais ite tom sper! we rato of hele ed Sales vie ot Stout L15. For omenens we terre spprotnaie ths suace 6 ¢ Spore wih ads egelo he mai va off Ths she cle in ler of nunc the ey phe of he Earth Baus, we on ‘tcmine for ech punt sch pete of infec Ihe ed of Sober is denoted by Res an the datas between the planet she Sun Br we tend woul)" 1 wi be evden hat fora given plant the val of Ry stil vais with the stance of that planet fom the Sus. For example, tt Tad of the sphere ‘of inueoe ofthe Barth varies between O:91% 10" hm and 6.94% 10 For the other planets cozeaponding data wil be given in Chapter 19. “The concept of a sphere of tues wa nradaced by Lape [24] nit ‘odis on the motion of comets in the immediate neighborhood ofthe Planet Jupiter. Nowadays, eit widely tod for fasy studies Interplnctryspacetight asaas, as3.16) References 1 Sundin, KF. (1907, Rechrehes sur le probleme des trois cor ‘Aca Socitas Sei. Fenlca, 34; 1-83, 2 Lestr, Med) (1972), Grautatnal N-Bdy Problem, Reidel, Do 3 Bruns, H. 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