16 The Two-Body Problem In Seton 1.3 we found tat the motion ofa satelite about the Earth was _overned piariy bythe ntraton between Earth and stale, Even for Stetite ata lta of some ten thousand of Kloten the elt ofthe {rviational traction of Sun, Moos and planets onthe satelite’ obit ae ‘ery small If, at fist approximation, we sompltlynegest hee fle, ‘te eal with s two-body problem. “This tmo-boly approximation ao hold forthe motion of the planet aboot ‘he Sun. nts case the gravitational perturbations y other planet are vee les important, beau ofthe age ditanesinvoled andthe teltvely sal ‘use of the planet ae compat to the mas ofthe Sun, Unite the many-body problem, the two-body protlem can be sled yay, and beau ts soluton comes very ea to phys rely tis ‘olution coastiues the Basie algebra of celestial mechanic Mt ofthe ‘efned theories of eee motion take the two-body madel ss pat a Gepanre 16.1 Equations of motion Consider the motion of body Prelate to non-otting reference frame ith ts origin at body Py (a, 15-5). We sume thatthe bodies can be “egarded ss point masts and thatthe ony force ating on body Ps de © their mutual graational atrsction, Then, the tution of body Py cording to Bq. (153, dvr by fre Fat (640) where = Glm tm), (as12) 0d rs the positon vector of body P, The masses ofthe bodies P, and P Se denoted by my and my respectively, whe G i the universal rovile ‘ion constant. Comparag Eq (161-1) and Eq. (.6-2) which dese ‘he motion of «point mass in an Seri gravitons eld (te one-bd ‘roblon), ee may once hat both equation of motion oly ifr inte Aetinon of yc In Secon 8.6, x was defined asthe produc of @ and te ‘nas ofthe body in which praveational ld the point mass moves; heey ‘defined asthe prodct of G andthe sm of the masex of theo bet The Two.8ey Pt 96 Censeauenly, we cn src appy the slits die for the one-ay Problem. However, we have to be very cet with he phykal interpre ton ot ihe ress. For tnstnce,appiying Ea. (3.68) forthe ty ‘roblom the term —lr doesnot represent the poco ener of ody A Front mus, or oes the conan dente fhe tal energy of Boy "ia many cases, bowever, sch the motion of ples about the Sun or the motion of stlitessbout the Earth, we Seal nth protien where sms Thon, we can fey apposite by be Om 613) ‘Tis approximation equialentt the statement tht the reference frame ‘wih ody Py song a eral one an thatthe actaal motion cn be “rpromated by «one-body probes, When yi defined somrding fo Eq GS1-3), we ell the grantation parameter or the athacton pirat of body PL. For the Earth it taker the valve y= 398501. hale 162 General characteristics of motion ‘rom Sesion 36 me know that the mition of dy P about body P takes hein single plane through Pte arial plane, ad that the tsjetory fnthis plane come section with bey Peat focus. In ation to ele ths, which the ples and the Earth sates move, parabolic and Iypebalic excrete lo phil realities. In aetronnay, we Observe Tint Some comets move i thee trajectories shoot te Sum. In space, he ypebolc ois ae essential 1osnterplantary misons (Chapter 19) Tn the following dsesson onthe motion of by we wil ra hone ‘arts which were leady dactsed in Soeton 36 For convenience, Bow ‘er, some of the most lportat relation derived in tat section wil be ‘pete ‘he tjecory of body Fi given by 0624) sete tn ey pi be sma tint rant ‘ins te aga npn i We tmolaen duce ot please Tigo ese Fhe ley in a cone, 0.63) ges vou) 2 Aesoing to, (3.636) and a. (36-35), the ical ad escape slaty xzee Pa ‘tance and vloty in some Keplerien orbit ata diane rare piven by ve a) “The ratio between veloity, Vand lel circular velocity, Vs shown in Fig. 16 1b a «function ofthe distance rauo 1 for some vues of «| "The radial veloc, V, canbe found hy cifecotisting Eq (16:21) with respect to tine and subsequently subattating Fy, (38) a ‘The cecumfeentia) velosity, Vj folloe dietly from the angular 1H, ‘The fight path anal i sven by ein sind 92) (reco). 192.8 -o0r <7" asa “This relation i depicted in Fp. 162 for various vals of linination of # fom Eq. (162-8) and Ba. (162-6) lsd to a. 162 The oh pth anole a function ofthe tn anomaly Tha he hap in wm of Ve ad Vee with ats Bt center es 0 the Vans a distance # fom the origin Ta Fig. 163, this ‘axdogrph is shown fran lip, «parabolic anda hyperbolic jer AAs always Vj=0, 30 that ony the upper pat of the hodoraph for he typertoie motion has phys! significance’ In these hodogaphs, we can metrically indicate the uantes&, e and y The limiting vale of @ in fhe byperboir motion, for which ro, i ndted ty thee while he locaton of percenter,apocenter anda coating pot of the tector and the minor aus are denoted by p, 2 and b, respectively, Au extnive iscsi on the general bodograph teary of orbital mechanics and many appiason is pven by Altman (I). “The veloc, V,cen aa be revaved info a. component ¥ perpendicular to ‘he majo anit and component, normal the radi Yecor, According Fl. 163 Veloty hodographe fr aipti parole end hyperbole mation368 ocut open & Soh Opies to Fig 16.4, we may write vv, “Faso aa Veo Wetiea soo)” nd at ee Fp 164 Velocity component in» Kopin ott Substitution of Eqs (162-5) and (162-6) iat these relations yes we yal vet vat So, both components ¥, and ¥, are conant in magnitude during te rion. The conponeat Vis ao comtant in rection The existence of ‘hese two constant elt components is wsual refered tos Whites theorem (2). 162.1. The circular orbit in Fig 16.5, the cteulr selec i he gravitons fel of some planets and the Moon is plotted versus the distance from the traction center. THe ‘stance war non mensional hy dividing bythe (mesa) rau, R, the cxestal body cosdered. We note that Earth stele info iret bit have a veloty of about 7.9 kai. A sttite ins lw crear ot Shout Mars or our Moon bas 8 mich lower veloc. For the iat plat Jupiter, the crea veloity at low altar ix more than 40 kms, "The dere period ofa sale ina crur ort, the cada pei according 10 Eq (36-38), ven by In Fig 16.0, this petod is shown as 2 funtion of the non-timensoa! oti distance for wrious planes andthe Moon. In contrast with he i: ome planets an the aon ical velocities, we pote that for the Earth, Mas, Vens an the Mooa, ‘he tcl periods stow altades do not fer very mach This result fesy to explain, Suppose that body Fis 8 rains Ry and @ mean mas ‘deity For mem, we have b= Gin =$5G sR Subtition ofthis elation into Eq, (162-8) yields for 7 fit TVR ‘As the mean densities of the Moon, Mercury, Vens, Earth, Mars ané Put oot cifer very mosh (Teles T.2 and Tt pera of lowaitade ‘Sear orbs sboat these planets are roughly equal The plants Jupiter, Satan, Urans abd Neptune have ¢ lower meas density, cea ia 8 ‘eater ciralar perio “A spel cate satelite ina crcl orbit shove the Eats equator wih 2 period of erally one ideeal day” Ifthe orl tin of this Satie" inthe same dgection as the Ent’ roton, the stl wil, ep s fied poston above the equator and wil not move relative 10 the ans surtace, We cll hs gcotatonarysaelie.Such'autelite sould no be confused witha geasynchronou satelite, where the only equement for he obit thatthe orbital perio is one eral dy. Thi or need not be ccalar nr need i le io the equatorial pase. From Eq. (162-8), We fad forthe ass ofthe geostationary orbit: r=42164km=6.62 Earth ‘i. Nowday, thie typeof ob reqeey wed for elecommansation ‘Sets, because with Fuch stelle an nisteruptd communication Hak280 Rctet Papuan Spot Dymaner an be established between ground station. For carn other types of ‘plications saat hr ori ir tratve fo, sce fom that alae lntge part ofthe Ett ean be monitored continuo. 162.2 The iptic orbit From Bas. (162.2), (162-5) to (162-7), a mamber of interesting cone: sons, concerning the variation of Ylol with position i an elie obi, fn be drama. Here we will mention only the sos niportant one: 1. The velocity takes 8 minimum valve a the apoosater fine ‘)=vu-o, 16.29 whee Vi, denotes the sil wey at ape, The vec a {posts aye een te a recy Fe 1610 Te menu vl ote at pene HS) uate, 3 06210 Where V,, denotes the ciclar veloc st pericnter “The velocity at pericenter is always Inger than the Toca dul veloty Fg. 16.0) 3 The ral velocity is an extremum atthe crossing pont of the ori snd the lau rectum van steve 6219) where V_. denotes the sizer velaty at that point ofthe otic “At te eosing plats ofthe orbit andthe minor ai, height pal ange tales an exteme valve (Pig. 163) stan [ (162-12, ¥ and the velocity equal in magnitude, bat atin direction, the oa crcl From the expression forthe period ia an lpi bit, Eg. (36-38), we obtain ster sulmituton of Bg 16.2), $-£5 (8) sven in Secon 3.63. We se that Kepler’ third avi orignal version nly has for mm (6249) iL ‘The Tweedy Problems 360 162.3. The parabolic orbit ‘At any point of a parabolic obit, the veloc is equal to the lca exeape ‘wloiy given by Bq (162-4) For parabole ots about the Eat, the Neloaty a ow aludes equa sboat 112 Km, For Jupiter on the other nnd, the espe veloty stow alte s more than 60 nl From (15277) we obtain afer sme tigoaometie manipulations, forthe Bight pu angle in a parabo orbit As by definition, ~90°e 7-290", we find forthe variation of with rarin 2 coe sn oe, motheunOson aca hen 1669 ‘the same, In all cases, the non-rotating geocentric equatorial frame is taken } ‘ Samad ie ae Tn ine 16.6.1. Rectangular coordinates from orbital elements mar -eue fsa, nym ensi ie Wigs git omens ae known te soon of Kener SArapa tg [Besse P always isi the Er-plae, te orbital plane, it coordinates are tem a certain time t, provides us withthe value of 2 at that tine. From 7 is (163-6) we then obtain the value of @ at that time. For convenience, we | °°" ‘eh now select a rghtanded Cartesian reference frame él with is orgs x=LE%Lm y= métmom F=mEtmn, (166.6) ‘inching withthe origin ofthe geocentric xyz-ume- The Grplane com ies 'with the orbital plane and the postive {tne poins towards te erg. In this amo, the cordinats of ay, sen by EFrome, yarsing, £20, (661) Whereis determined by Eq (162-1). The frame is obtained trom te | ‘ye-trame by three sucesiezoation, We fst rotate the nye frame se the zat over the angle. The fame then obisined i oated stout ‘ans by the angle The shen resulting fame i tote abowt is a ‘over the angle The elation tetween the cordiaes of bay relate ® | ‘he syetame and the &-rame i given by ene 064) whore the rotation mates, Ag A, and Aw ae sven by Diteeniation of Bas, (166-1 and Bap. (16.66) with rape to time leads Sorin a wnoSerens), ase wy ith sar expressions for SY ana ar and 732, we finaly By sabattaing Bos. (162-5) and (162-6) for Sant? - &, Et sina bfetcos Bt madarmdeten ses cos sin 1 0 0 anne fom " A [ae ont ‘h afa oxi a} HE asinasnfescord o oo1 0 -sint cos i, amin tml a The qs, (162-1), (166-1), (16455), (166-6) and (166-8) alow the ‘omputton ofthe rectangular cordate aad velocity components st Ben time i th arial elements ae known, af oo] (0663) oot Evaluation of the matrix multiplication picks Tom omy 4 1862 Orbital elements from rectangular coordinates, For the computation of orbital elements from the rectangular coordinates ‘5 velocity components at'a given tine, stale express tre gen min thie respective order For sngsy, ane deratves ae indeed22 ake Pron 8 Senet Opie by dot above the variable. The derivation ofthese expressions eft reader veeeastee ae fe Ne (Benin, o2arcn (Ea Ha tonne osieer, ose tm 3 sna, ase cana se rom Eas. (166-18) and (166-19), 0 canbe found snot ee, 156.20) conta =2sin Some 16.63 Orbital laments from spherical coordinetes ‘To compute orbial elements from spherical coordinates, the (ol ‘ebeme cn be applied. Fi the value a a computed from Eg, (166 456-22) ‘rom Bq. 16.613) and a, (166-23) the valve of B canbe obtained. The ales of 8 and 7 the follow trom Ege (166-15) apd (166-14). We Froved ith 166-23) Teun) Ostet 620 sin(a 0) = 228, (166-25) onte-nye S08 6620 soz (san “From Bg, (16.615), (166-27) and (16.6-28, finaly, e can be found 187 and g series 1h Section 164, we argued that if the pon and velocity of body ata fe are known, and we wat to compute its poston an veloc at some ‘ier time tn genera, we fist have 10 determine the oil element. Forever fo mail acs of is posible To aves his and to make 3 Geet computation, using the so-called f and g sees, Stppore tats time 4, the poson vector, and the velocity vector, Ya are kina A Tasloc sens expansion of th postion vector in the ‘ighbortood of gee ier 228) aur (2) ante... ar 067.2928 octet Popaion & Spun yam ‘nd, a the motion takes place ina Keplerian oxi, ere So 8, 067.248 ssp}. ai iron dine wn by intitn of. 20) with respect tne, Became, snd V, are constant vectors, the velocity Vat ime is given by Sa(t-v), sag usa St Mata Beeson, asrag 4 TREE ow aoe ta etc the por ern aA ae See ‘Asin 2 Keplerian obit the anglir moment, Hy isconstan, we have i Hor nvoorX¥. 67-9) ve Fay stating Ba, (167-4) and, (16-7) nto Ba (167-8), we obtain 067.9) ‘Thi relation canbe use to check the analytical expeesions, f more terme ye inde in the f and geri. The f and g seri are base to 4 number of proceducs fr orbit _ etermination and prediction, and are alo well for solving renders obo. A great advantage ofthe seis that they are uatersaetnt ‘ie same formula had for all conic wecsions. Herik [7] ives an extensive hcusion on the vse of these and other univers! expreons, He alsa ‘mentions that for praca purposes the tefulast ofthe tine sens od Tefore their mathematical coavergence, wen the higher and moe comp Std terms become appreciable. Asa rough eterion Herik recommends {owe the tine series ony if (A200, Bond [8] presents a ilerent ‘ayo determin the coefcents inthe f aod seit by wing recusve ‘When evaluated att all quantities excep in the Eqs, (167-2) ace dirty expresible in terms othe known inl aes and VT climate fwrte Eg (346-11) a wr 73) By subaitting Eq (167-3) into Ba, (167-28), we obtain She Mlaseavieat seh ssa Dieremiion ofthis equation with respect to ine yielés Foarstl(re ayes as720 4 (0s0-sveeaby, 108 Relativitic effects F from the general theory of reatity we Koow hat Newton's law of vison describes onl ina fst approximation a real gravitational ed. Fora body with sphercal symmeeie mast ditrutony the geome of ‘pac-tme ix ven by the so-called Sckwasachld mete, lo ese m= Se motion of body Fy relative toa nortan reference frame with oii =H body Pb then desebed by [3] hee Ea (9.64) wat used ocliminte V- Higher-onder derivatives of 88 be obtained in the same way, thogh the soa development beovae sore aod moe tio Sutton of the (167-2) ito Eg, (167-1 ges rote, 674 | win 168-1) oP yap Lest ive-seijants Shard Snan Leh-stoz-sa}ay 2, Lek Saveerejinrs.... 0679 58.2)206 Ratt Papuan & Spt Dame ; ta panes fe hrs ¢ [alc ew cng oe np ' eens eee entre al | tne note thatthe relavseiluence manifests isl! only inthe second den tanta bet Me aaa, 68-5) a ‘term at the right-hand side of Eq. (16.81), In celestial mechanics, always. © He PAI 1 ‘Sip of oss) ay te sues teary | Ze to el or et : ‘cent enter ince aa rage! | bit ey not eel ade remy. ee ] : Sa et ene ea | ve ittorente-wh cucan Saye atin ie me ot ctw / IS oe came ac ee ene : ‘skin ie fw te mem on gins | SSL GeE NO ce nT a | Sere Gee yee ne eee get iy eet far Ss | ag wat a Fpl +he?+2e 008 (ew) +e? 082 (9 w] ‘using the Newtonian attraction law, the peribetion motion of Mercury was ge Neda ncn ede raat ene (168-0 [Sher per contury and’ ao reasonable explanation could be found for this i ‘The complete solution ofthis diferentia equation is “iference The predictable relativistic eet nicely fils this gap. 4 uo Ei(teces ew} lan theory eam be applied to nearly all problems in celestial mechanic, 2 we ‘special for reatinely short duration spaces | +e abr tene-orWeeatleneh 468d) i] ‘The first term in the relativistic part has the eflect of slightly increasing u by Feteranasa ; 4 ost qui ds amoant wie ise Ab the eet of Se sie ASTER Raa ma eeceng met ee | aman, 5.9. 69, Ona rotreh aa As sens ant =A eset emt ening | + Aum 2 QM, Obi leah Anns AAS see ‘ Fear eee ogee agree 2 SEMPET Gs, Sheer Meats ey | anes a Parts and Rigid Boies, Cambie Univers Press, London P j Faleonle-o)eBrsn(e-o one | rite ete ia ae aoe ad amen Ge) SnD cel Seg SO | Se A ie foes ene | ae cecal rene / voter i ee ened net ee ee | Dyopringen eta 621.re onde te ecey +4 HRT SR. neni Cpu of be fit of / Sear ar sep grr etal mmm ong J Baan MG), Rens Crm fe it of ' wet ae act ec yet wake | * Tn a oun of ee i Sowa tact Meow owe | Sm i a20 Pocat Popion & Spit Dymo, 9 Easington, A. (1923), The Mathatical Theory of Relat, Cam: bridge Unversity Pres, London, 98 10 Einstein, A (1915), Erkiung der Perhetbewegung des Meek su der allgemeinen Relavidstheore, Sizungsber Deuacke Akad. Wiens (tat Phys. Tech), Bs, 831-859,