ee 19 Interplanetary Missions For interplanetary mission, a spasert i lanched from the Earth and ‘accelerated 1a velouy larger tha the local esape veloc. The spacecraft, wil then reeede from the Earth aloag «hyperbolic uajecory. While is {istance from the Earth ncessen, the solar pravatonl stacton, gad Ielioentie orbit The uajectory is chosea such thatthe spacecat wil ‘esfom a specied isin. I the spacecraft ast pss a target planet a2 Felately spall distance, me speak of «by miaions the spacsera Should be deelorated by‘ rocket engioc to enter a oi about Sa planet, ‘we cal tan orbiter ison. For 8 Tonder ison, the fal nelocty he spacecraft relative tothe plane's surface has toe reduced toa ery sl "luc by muss of sumospherc braking andor sockat engine desertion ‘in comparison wth Earth satelite misons or una ight, iaterpanetary inion fice higher energy requirements and mich loner Bight times ‘Thane ight tines ny ange om some montis many years Aredcton In fight time can oaly be achieved by advanced propason systems [1] fering» suficlently high thrs, snd exbaart velocities high sx possible Wiathow seeding inthe development of such propusson stems, the pose for iterplnetry fight wl be rather inie, in parteula for ‘manned misioos wl be lear tat forthe actual desl computation ofan intranet fay njectory, the motion of the spacecraft must be comodo 2 ‘many-body problem. Apart from the pavtstionl stractions ofthe Eth, {he Sun andthe target planet, the stracons of the Moon and many planes to have to be taken ito sestat In ado, solar rani pesture m9 Substanally tect the trajectory. Even if one only fakes into acount the fretatonal stractons of the Earth the San and the target planet, the alysis of faterplaneay trajectories is uit complex. For one has 1 Setemine the spaces’ injection conditons suck that the tine of areal St the target plaet andthe spacecraft postion snd veloity relative 0 the Planet closely meet their speciied values. The search for the required Interplanetary teajetory can aly be made in an teratve way. The ft ep fn ths proce to suue tt the interplanetary rjeciry is part of 2 Neioente oni section between the centers ofthe Earth and the tart plnet Afters range of pose trajectories is determine, the computa Tons are extended suming that the interplanetary trajectory can be Aided ito theo Keplerian trajectories, Within the sper of inflence ot Inlay Wons £97 the arth (Seton 15.2), the taectory i conser to be m gecentrc Iyperola; witha the sphere of influence ofthe target planet a planetosn ‘ue hypebola. The imtemedat part ofthe trajectory i approximated by & Iiosnee conc section, Thi s known 35 the pte conte mathod. At the results om ths metho are abained, the patched cons approximation ‘an be replaced by a numerical iteration analy, which continuously takes scout of he nfuenser ofthe Sen, the Moon ad the plants onthe ‘pacts tector. | “"tivoushou this chapter, we will make @ numberof slnpiviag assump ine by which an elementary oasis of interplanetary tejectois becomes tease 19.1 Basle concepts Conc sections We will ssume thatthe interplanetary taectony can be | szposinate ty »wacncon of ithe cone In Sion 193. we V+ VE-2vVicoe ns, Fi, 184 Constant AV contour inte o- pane for wo-dine foie t Mare i pacing orbit aude: TBS kn vihere Vs and Vy ate the spacecraft heliocentric veloc at leaving he Es cand on ara im he rata ob expec. The respective hebocetrc ight path ane are denoted by 9 ad Fort oct veloity V, re obtain rom Bq. (16.22) 4), v2 ‘whee she slur gravitation parameter and i the seminar axis of The interplanetary trajectory. Recalling thatthe planets were assumed (0 oven lr obits and wing Ba, (19.27), (19.211) ea be writen 9242) Fi 18.2 Geomtr of two-dimensional irtrplantary trajectories{42 oat Prapon & Spm Oya Tn exe the same way, we find vemfeta-e} eae ‘To express on ad oF, the aisles me and, start fom (16.2-7), By the use of standard trigonometry, we obtain . cony__teoond Wir2ecor Fe Using Bg. (162-1, we ial ad Foam) Applying this relation for 7 and, and wing the quantities 4 and m, ne 4 Rae ER For the relation between the orbital velocities ofthe Earth andthe target linet we have Vent Wana Sobstuon ot. (192-12) rough (192-1) to Ep. (192-10, fl eee 9249 + asa.169 vo, eae yee 92:16) ‘To determine the optimum interplanetary tector, we substitu By (192-460 ito Eq (1925), which las, 8. [Bis ag ae mE, Vv, Vqye 3 Gy, 929 For a speci parking ot about the Earth, AY, is only «funtion of ¢ sand e We note tht fora gen vale of qe decreaer with decreas | | Intent Mons 488 satus of & So, fora gvea value of AY, reaches a minimum ie sts The boundary conditions (Fg 19.) ented or exert. 9218) Susting te toon condos Into a, (192-17), ca tye aM PV 0.6 So, ie wil Stowe tat for ¢< ay ae, So wil be ident tat tbe point indicated in Fi 19.1 repesets tbe minimum freien’ tajecory, Ths optimum trajectory i anise, for which (dete, <0 and for a> 00 ite ‘With Ba, (3.627) we can write this relation ss Fale, matte), stich are te express fr pers nd pointer tances end we lnc opium nena eerory beer, ental oh he Hah et and te tpt pines ro n= = GiSfaoe minum propel jeri te ele Hohmann aeons 4 In Table 192, sone prance of ihm jest fom he arth wt ne po Wem a go eae Nom Soothe tig te bocce eset The parameters Tye By, 8 I'D genni cme dacs Scion 162 Tbe 183 ‘hcly da ae summon ow he Hohmann turers, Fo compan, Xin fora dject belies exape mon are tbo ea, One of the ttn ch cane ve om et exe ar Ves he ie ba ee be ME" fy © bw Bin te ie es oe ee cr BE ese a ee = eG ee Nepune 500i 18055 08355 30559 L005 1132 Pio" Sten doiaes aoaoe 25208 1004 189“4 att Papuon & Sct Dymaice “oble 3 Velocity data for Hohmsan warsfor tractors, Departure fom 85h itr parting ri: al paring ort apne rasa a ee Mas, les propllnt required foram escape Hight fom thes than fora planet radios biter mision 182.2 Launch opportunities Generaty, an interplanetary tryecory (and its bypothetial extension) Interacts bth the Earth's ori andthe ott ofthe are planet tice This np tat with one heiocensc lips with seid values fe ad q and {Specie orientation, four diferent missions can be Nowa (Fig 19.3) ‘Another fou, wich would be possible if this lips could be traversed a the reverse direction, are practcly imposible becuse ofthe intlraby lange requiements in tach energy. ‘Thus, all interplanetary spacecat ‘move inthe same diction about the Sin a the planet. “According to Ea. (1621), the trae anomaly, of the spacecraft in it combs expesed by ») eva singe 192-7, tome coined Ss pts ok een (a=, costy=2 (2-1). os 9220) Up t now, we have not examined whiter, when the spuceraft coos te orbit of the target planet, the planet actualy there Tht condition, however, apeeies the launch date From Fig. 122, we note that for 8 specied interplanetary trajectory Le. specified values of me 4 0d 8 {he folowing condition mast be satis he te of Inne Hh O-nT, 92a Fa 188 The four types of nerplanetary waco where mi the otal angular motion ofthe tape plant and Tis he tine [ie tom the art othe taret planet. This ine of Mah can be found ftom the expressions derived in Section 1673 for Keplerian tajecoris. ‘Thun the seauied departure postion angle (angular leed) of the target Planet, can be determined. For the eval poston angle, of the Target pane, we Sd fat OmnT, 492-22) ere n isthe Earths orbits englar motion. For a Homann tjecory: 8,0 and 180, and we obtain bug =2 Ran bag NTs 9223) “The position anes $y, nd dy are given in Table 19.2. "fue angle isan inporant parameter in the design of interplanetary tetris If 180 the Sun wil tad inbetween Tarth and target [vet whe the spaneratt meets he target plant, which maybe undest- Thies When the spacecraft encounter the target poe, he teleommonicn- tion dotancey wich ure or less determines the eqhzedspaccrale ans ‘uso power fora specie telemetry data rate found fom Dea 21p, 08 I Fora Hohmann trae, the value of D i ko fisted in Table 192 ‘oppose that ata certain epoch tthe depertare positon angle ofthe target plant, Owing to the ferent obtal angular velocities of Earth nd target ple the valve of oy will change With ine. After certain Period the symadic period, Ty the departure positon angle wil be dy ‘Gee 36- At that ime the elaive postions of Earth, San and target planet ‘ibe exact the sme ae at Arn comnequese, I fol that at & a Target planet can be teach by a specie Interplanetary trajectory, the Placa be reached hy a trajectory of ental shape at t= G2 4Tins 9229‘4 eset Popon 8 Stat Oya where Kis any integer. Acodlng to Fig. 19.2, we can write = mle 4) HOG) na ME BE I~ |= 360". Using the relations where T, and Tae the orbital periods ofthe Earth and the target planet, fespesvely, we find . 4 Ba sz For the planets beyond Jp 1,» Tyan Tyg yet which means hat ‘contin poe ay in jn. a SF foe forall pele enn Tae 19.2. We nove at Moy con teach ea by& Homann tar Yr Mas he oe Be, pone every fo ya Hohnann ane ponble “Wotow ete Eq (9217, oro peaied puting oft we can solve is equation anaycaly inthe form e=e(,°8), and we can dram lines of constant AVY, i an e-q diagram, Figue 1.1 shows sch carves for yy mons M.A he paractersby f d Dad Ta pend on and q, we can ls deeraioe analy fe voles ofthese Dafumeters at specie values of q and AV,/V,. As tn exaraple Fig. 19 hows iso-eneray contours in ¢dagram where‘he fight timer Te poted ‘ersus the departure postion ange, Tor = Byby mason to Mars The Parameter gy ean be interpreted ae Inch tine wii 8 synod pera connotea Fig. 194 Tre fight time virus the depaure potion angle sinraonl costar Av Valet to Mars. ir peng ot Fi, 188 The minimum 3¥, requiem ver [cnecuimonloal jeter o Mors. ‘Aco indicated in this gure isthe line for which the wanfer angle 48 = Boo 80" Trajectones for whieh 40-180" are called Type I aectrie, ‘The dased part of the cures in Fi 194, for which 4@> 180% represents {Type 2 tanser rjc [5], Bom such diagrams, we ca deternine t ‘simam entay requirement he Inunch aks place ata specie value of pe ning energy requirement for a (hypothetical two-dimenson Ma tyby misioa potted ia Fig. 19.5. U the spaceraft mass and the Inunch vehicle wed te hnowny the masinom AVG which can be provided forby the isuneh yi eBod. This valve determines the petiod daring, ‘Mich the Jnnch vblle can jet that spacecraft into a tajecory to the Tago plane state this in Fig. 195 a line drawn representing he Veit for e Titan I E)Centuraunch vehicle (Fig. 174) and 3000 ke ‘patent 19.2. Fest interplonetary trajectories ts spacecraft acieleratd frm the intial packing obit to 8 velocity Tego thay tht rogue for Hohmann taste, the Hight tine may be Felat comierably, All tajectores wich tart angntly to the Earths tiblclis on theline @~1 te in Fig 191. All tajectones which interest the Tas ovis ut ate tangent fo the target pane’ orbit Ui onthe ne GenGee). Fr ll oor fst interplanetary trajectories, we have 9,70, $1. So, we noe from Fg, 191 tat there exist hyperbole tajectores legs tothe Ears omit which require less propellant than cersin ‘Spc uajectore angi to the trp plane's orbit A detailed bass cry roc of twordamensonal nesplanetzytaecories presented by Eseke (6) "he charac pe of tno-imensonal fast interplanetary trajectories,48 cet Mopuon& Seth Oyeamics sve wil cus thts taco for which »,=0, For these tector, we hve ened. 09229 Substinting Bg, (192-26) ito Ba. (192-12), we obtain a saan So, q may be considered asa yards fr departure velocity. The ajetory pataeters Vag Vay Vo en be obtained 53 fetion of tom Bae (9215), 173-14, (19.216), (18.220) by sbetiting Eg (192-26 for We then bain ve fed, esa — 092.29) ar 2att iim) (9230 92-30) 192-33) ‘The time of Sigh for an elpic, parabolic or hyperbole tector ean be computed from the ine ogetons derived in Secon 16.3. "AS an example, Fg 19.6 shows the dependense fey, Vs Ty so D on the ntl increment, AV for such by tractors to Mar and Supt Th parameter V, denotes the spacecraft plaetncentic oc st ‘he peicnter of the fyby trajectory. twas assumed thatthe fight start from 2 185-km circular Earth parking orbit and tat che prieater ofthe typertole encounter trajectory f sia dbtance of 2 Planet red, AR {mportant conclusion which an be dawn tom ths gue that relatively mal imrement in Vz, above the valve reuied for & Hobinsnn trans, ‘oul ina suong decrease in and, but nn important inrese in Vy. ‘Ths, for orbiter misiows, fast trajectories equ aheary propulsion syate=! to decelerate the spacer tae, thereby recing the pond capa ly. Te the limitations ofthe current space traneportatinn vehicle st Peele really fast actors, in particular to the ower planes. From Fi 175, we se that fora payload marin the order of 100 1000 kash Yehide caratrsie weloety of about 16 kms ean upper lini for most Thuneh vehies This tmis A,r about Ska. rom Table 19.3, we aot il “ 2 aif he | 5 yet 6 Some parameters of two-dimensional tics with y.~0 to Mare {26 Jpter vere nla psig or tae: 15k. Au Byby that even Hohmann transfer to Saturn segues a velocity increment of 73m, which i an ination ofthe lined exces avaiable for faster 193 Three-dimensions Interplanetary tralectories ‘Tough the escenticty and iciaton of all planstary orbits are rathec ‘all, their ets interplanetary misone, and in patio on the ‘nergy quirements, can be considerable [8]. The ana a the thee Atmesional inerplaciry ajetores Is much more elaborate than fr the ‘implied two-simensonal ee. We wil ony outne 2 base scheme for ‘ch analysis [6 7,9) and des some ess50 Mocet Peon 8 Spoght Dyamie 115s supposed that the base variables in the computation proces ate te time of departure fromthe Earth nd the fight tne, T."Ten, the ine of nnival tt the tarpt planet, fy, Eown. Att, the coordinates ote Earth relative toa pon-olating teocentvic eae reference fame te ‘nowt to. These may, for iste, be abtained fom handbooks [10] ‘be computed approxintelybyssng the Enth'ermean orbit elements The Iaiocnteectptecoordinats ofthe target pane tf can be fund in | me way ‘The htiocentrc trates trajectory ofthe spacecraft es, excluding mi coure plane changes, nthe plane though the Sun, the Earth a tne of Alepartie, andthe ret plane time of aval. The heboeotie att tna, 0 covered bythe spacecraft cn be found trom =m (2(2-)} 936 ‘The value of 0, uniquely determined ss for 0 0,< 180", > 0, an for a= 02360y, <0. The helncenti tre atonaly on ava it found from ea aese 093-9 ‘the ination ofthe trajectory with respect to the clipe found fom cose ta 0938) e ere ew the anit vector normal tothe orbital plane: | aoe! asa : eu 93.9 where r Ct ree aS position vectors of the Earth at rosin 40" Separate 28 he itt net oma The aoe 30 cn be ees _| The Ayperote exces vlc, V, and Vy aly, regen ‘mined uniquely by realizing that sin 4@ must have the same sign as (r, Te wera ~ aa ‘nz, where ez is the unit vector along the Z-axis; Le. pointing to Vax= Vi Vo Vn = Va Vo. (193-10) | Sei north fol: The or one Fath depres rk whe ¥ he Faris een wos at pare ad ¥ thts | staat on ar © oes om int tne wy on ai | ae naa | "Ralinincne Semon fe te aude Som cth paneny ot m gen fy Bratoc [i tom which 197 | ‘Now thatthe lengths of the rar and rand the chord are town, | hte, He ones 2 yby mon to Mars and. presen contre of | Lamberts equation, Sesion 13.2.5, cin be sive iteratively forthe speed | Snstant departure hypetooic excess velo, V2 function of launch eine ein elnracr a ct wccn ete aru me | ‘losin V, and Va then canbe compte from 0933) “The computation ofthe Hight path angles, 7, and, comes down to # eometrl problem. Using zlatom from soya goomety, we 2 ‘xpress thes ani interme ofthe known quaties t,t a (1) We now tmay proceed o compute the sematarrectm of he iaxpanetary tee pfeisn ose ce eer =< — = Res ee ere Ne 933) ‘missions to Mars, (a) Co-planar, elliptical planetary orbits; (b} Mutual inclined, tion planetary ort eternce 7}, Vause tha curves ae “The heliocentric true anomaly at tne of departre from the Earth oon} W/o a L482 Rockat Popdion& Spctigh Dynamier ro ‘to Fig. 19.4, where the optimum transfer is a Hohmann transfer, 4 ea ci een 5 Me tae, | wager teeters ee cen ool Sr ite eceteemrseriarermrege mage PA 27 te oe ee poe ei Seapets aerganten ere Sree geamnarat es elena onto ar a eatin rege ata eee an Snes neeste eae Rerrascapor a Onsen Sane eee pia tee Sei eT E aia toes ap sad ocr eter santana eee cle eee enter clear Sere creer aie a aa eo Maen a a me cr er tt a cee eo Saas nore weg Fa 198 isin carat vlc requirments fr fights to Venus a Mave etorence (3), ii OO — 194. The launch of interplanetary spacocrat For specie lunch dite and interplanetary trajectory, the depatre Es oey, Var faowa rate tos hlowntereene rae {api in he wei tintin Sion 103 hat Vy score fers yest: posing through tbe center of the Eat By sppying the as ufonaton reso, we can Bnd ¥, with teapet to nowtting {csi uso fefrec ame Te Sterno the dean othe Sung oda ects he rato fhe Earth sper of infenes Bry tage at compet herd the Ean ors Gicnsan on ale (otpe ajecons we may tne the ouing asymp of cae inpebol to conide with te ugg a (11) The rege daca (oer far and pt anon, aoe of ls going teympte Seo00y inten the sls of the seit weir tobe Hows Thode to poventexceine dog eg manos pre inston, the lane veide aso jeay sud Me pcre he plane of he tape peta Ten, the pane in nich Weston within he spre of SSionce ot the Ere kes ac igey determined by the contr ot {be Earthy he hunch se tothe oulgangtymplte AD Amer (ad Epest) itrlaeay initio st tom Cope Coan For hit Inurl, nunch ana ssoge es 0 10S" mot date [1] Terinteplicary misono Ge fall dviotge of he Eartha ered ‘tad eos and of eng acing fin ‘osnding to, (66-2), we may waite cos 08 6h 008 By 8 Ya sot 9.4) cor a here ¥ denote the ight path svimath andthe inde efoto the Inch dons From Fig 199, where ths inequality is plotted fra launch frm Cape Cananeral (828°, we ate tat there exist 8 range of Launch ‘tna symmtiel aboot doe east, St which it not posse to launch ‘rithoutdogleg maneuver. Penis ales of he asymptote defination Te within the range 35" 10 35" ‘ora specie vale of # we may compute from Bas. (166-24) co (066-26) the dependence of and yon the diference in ight ascension tigay These results wre depicted im ip 19.10 for launch trom Cape Gave The shaded arear represent the range of preferable Tan ‘Simoths, During 4 gven launch dy, V, fora speed snterplanetary ‘mioo,almot independent ofthe Isai of he iunch ste and the time ot inunch Owing tothe rotation ofthe Bart, «however, varies nearly ‘rit aun time t= Hey theta 9.42)1454 Rect Papuan & Spit mcr ‘ i Fa 199 Permissible region of the docination of the ougolng esynpat fr ‘Uc. of the nunc dy, fy the poorapbic longitude o he tune te Is the angular elsty of the Earth and the tne frm mide on it Tauneh dy (UT). Therefore, the tine of lech determined sll by 3 ad ay. We note fom Fig 1910 tat, generily, for one specie Vo lad a assed launch atmuh, wo launch mes may be pol st dy. ‘Usual a pskingoebit cst ped i required to natch the laos vehi scat trajectory ud the typerble excpe tector, The Ins ‘hide atcent trajectory & chosen such at within the conta for ‘eh, maximum pays cn be pac ia the parking orbit. This net Tenectony determines tbe alutude Of the parking rb and the angl ig. 1930 Launch xusth ad ight eszenion ofthe launch sito vrei sit od a sarong sympa or Cae Case ape Canaveral ourohinge ere Ho, is the Greenwich bour angle ofthe vernal equinok at 0 bout | Intent Wome 55 roston where the spaccraft enters the parking oxi. To maximize the favlond which cen be injected into the escape trajectory, the al injection {Sou ake poe near perigee ofthe excape hyperbola. Fora fed Vou the Incaon in the puking obit this jection pote aly determined. Thu tbe spacecraft cout ne parking omit onl teaches the point whee the fal bun eeouted (Fig 19.1). We found tha, often, evo launch Ges fe pose each day, The requied parking orbit coast period. and the iocaton ofthe inal fajeton point relative to the Earth's sface dif for These wo cases, The Imindt Hine yielding the more favors launch ‘dione wil be elected. Fa, 1911 Ths matching of assent tjectry, costing phase and escape hroerbala From the viewpoint of lanch vehi sibility, racking an telemetry coverage, a dowel aint fight of the Taunch vehi i Very atuactive However, such an ace fight can ony be wed i atthe end ofthe powered Pce, the launch neice can lject the spacecraft near pergne of 2 yperiula saying the presided diction ofthe outglag asymptote (Generally, it found tht 2 combination of & northeast Ionch and an ‘outward radial delinaion of ee than “15° revalt feanble det sceat tenjetres (8 Tor a spesfed interplanetary tajectory, there willbe on€ moment for tic th lunch of spcesat requires 2 minimum amount of propellant Bat teeause of the complenty of both launch vehi and spacer, launch exactly at that optimum moment & most unlikely, and 49 adequate Sing window must be avaible rownd the optimum instant of ne: the ‘day taunch window. Generally, launch widow of aboot 1 hour ie ogied. As launch tine vce within ht Istnch window, both launch {Stnuthand parking orbit sometime most be seed continuously 195 Trajectory about the target planot For the trjestry ofthe spaceeraft near the target plant, gun the sphere nuenoe concept may be usd. Having specie a Tauch date anda Might(5 eet Popaon & Speight Oyamicn time from Earth to the target planet, the apace’ hypesbole exces ‘locity with tespest tthe target planet, Ways fined. The ste Yecor af {he spacecraft on entering ito the planet® sphere of infuence Ht now completely determined if the pat parameter, , especies. To defn is impact parameter, we fet intros 4a sing planetocete coo nite system RST (Fig 1912). The Save i pail the loconing ‘symplote ofthe approach hypebols: positive diecton a the dee tion of Va. The Tai parle 1 the eclipse planes its positive iting eden by ieaxel” hee end ey ar the unit vectors along the $- and Taxes, ays the “nit vector pointing tawards the ectpie north pole "The evs competes the right-handed orthogonal eoedinate frame, The vottor which species ‘he aiming point sa vector from the center ofthe plano to the pot st which the incoming asymptote pieces the RT-plane. Ural, the sig Point i defined by the two components Bey aad B eqs spoceen hginerag requirements and scene experiment considerations wih impose numerots constants onthe selection of the siming point, Once te ming point selected, iis the goa ofthe midcoure mansavers to lily oy ctor inthe trajectory soch hat the reuiremens on B ae ste, Fat ths, an accurate packing ef the spccaraf dung i nerlaetary fight © Inaispemnble “The ple ofthe planetocentric hyperbola i determined by B and. Vo ‘We now consider the motion af the spacer ia thi plane. This motion ihutrted in Fig. 19-3. The velosty V;indated in ths gure ie Projection ofthe tage panes hellocentse vloty veto on th ple It Fs important to reatze at V2]= IV Fig. 18.12 Encounter grometry and aiming pint coordinate eter Intent Mision 457 a, 1218 The inplano geometry of hyparbole encounter sectors As the angular momentum per unit mas, H, i sonst of motion, we me BV = nV, 95a) where the index 3 refers to the pesceter of the trajectory, With Ea, (062-17), we obiain from, (195-1) forthe minimum dirtance, 95.2) 0953) With Pq, 162-16) and the geometrical relations fr conic setions, we obtain fom Ba, (19.3) for the asymp deflection angle (95-4 0955) te adi gual o leas tha the plane's rad, R, the spaceraft vill ipact onthe plane's sree. According to Eq, (195-2) the Codon A‘9 este Popuion& Spaeth nani for inp is Ei ie Pion fr the ciepe velo atthe plnet surface, Vu Baie [TE period (956) The expression on the right-hand side of Eq. (19-6) determines for eseh Yabe ot Voth ole caps a Ran When tn snoag ae {Ste comes sphere with radius Ry around The panes, he ese {26 minimum dite, and the defecion angle ane hee Nx Alay spied vale of Va, he marimum deocion eo ait be traced fo r=. The vibes ote, for som planet ae cia a ax This gue cel fvels that goa nerf panes of ner mus aid tht as ferests wih decrening Ve | | sphew of iunce dierent tm the Neon vty stent i sce. Ths yields the posbity to se 2 planets peace es increase (or decrease) the spucecrals tal helocene thea eats ery inteae can be spplied 10 incense the museca Ree ‘lost soch that he fight time toa more dat pene! ca be ene {2,bat he sicecalt ito selene taectory whlch was eescaiy beyond the coabiies of the launch weile, I gexnuions Sem intenonaly wet Shape interplanetary taco, we speak of ay ‘igh [19,20 AS the dimensions of the sphere of infuence can be nepected om interlunetry sale the change ofthe spacterate total hea eee Per unit mas ean be writen ASHUVE- VD Hv V-Ve-Wy, 95-9 Thre Ye the racers ttc veloc at leaving the sphere of novos, With Vs= W.Va, Vo= ¥+ V3, Ee, (195-7) ean be wen at, a= v-08-¥) asso scoring he vebety dng nF 191, St 2V.N sn ss) ‘ Ties rae aA a 18.14 Te aus of dosestapprosch and he arya dellcion for duper yy mics Substting Bg. (195-4) into Bq (1958), we obtain VV cos 8 19s10) We sot that he vale of A incest Vand nce pura planet, te vane OM depen teppendent sey pant WB ind BR 3 ees ats Te a scrawl expercore mati inne oF 0 ad B hes Sinmun value. Sing fortis minum vale ot B tom fa 8.5, Swe tty chan a ae, = 24M 9st) mS tee =| IN VETS PANS P-he hRSS pA mentee neta detecln sa 0 ana tina ta Tu near apo te - Flamer wry mre sar ey aan” nr rete setae460 acat Popuon 8 Spach ymin For some planets, this relation i ploted ia Fig. 19.155 verbs Vax For Aiphtsto Mercury, Venos xan attractive swnghy plat or sono the ‘outer planets, Mars i uastesctve bat Jupiter i capable of increasing ® ‘onsderaby. For the actual computation finterplanctary swingby tee tore, the arrival condos atthe swing planet have to be choten rich that fora given inch date the paceerat wl meet he (ial) target pane fer the speted ight tine Sometines, the coniguation of a number of panes ie such that i poste o apply = mulaple rwinghy technique where move seviatonl elds are wed to shape the spocenrat rjectory [21] The st pacer ‘which intentioaly used this Swingby tealgue were Marner 10 to Veni Sod Mereary, apd Pioneer 11 to Jopter and Satara Undoubtedly, this very ‘Stacie techlgue wil be applied to many more interplanetary miso References 1 Moecie, W. E (1972), Comparion of Adsanced Propulion Concept [or Deep Space Exploration NASA TN D068, Washington. 2 Wits EA (1966), Fnie-Thrat Escape fom and Capte Into Gear and Elite Gris, NASA TN 3606, Washington 43. Verto, M (1958), Inerplanetary orbs, Bre nelanet. Soc, 16, seas 4 Hohmann, W. (1925), Die Eneichhaie der Himmsskbper, Olden: tour, Belin, . 675. Alo” 1960), NASA TT Ftd, Washigton 5 Clue, V.C, Bolinan, W. Feit PH. and Roth, , Y, (1963), Dasign Parameters or'Ballisic Ineplanetary Trajectories, IPL. TR 6 Bhricke, KC A. (1962), Space igh Vol. 2: Dynamics, Van Nostrand, Princeton, p. 984-1070. 17 Break J. V. Gillespie, R.W. and Ross, 8. (1961, Researches in Interplanetary transis, ARS, 31, 201-208. 8 Grivir, J, Marchal, ©. aod Culp, RD. (1973), Elects of inctnation and eccenirty on optimal taectories between Earth nd Venus, ‘Asian. Acta, 1 279-27, 9 Battin, RH. (1939), The determination of round-p planetary recon rahsance tector, J. AsaSpace Selene, 26, 545-567 10. Aton, The Autonomic Ephemers, HS, London, now Volume ppeats every year 11 Lae, V- A” and Wikon, SW. (1967), A nerve of allstc Mar-misson roles, J. Spacecraft 4, 129-102. 12 Anon, Space Flight Handbook, Vol Il: Planeary Fight Handbook, NASA SP-35, Washington, many Parts published since 1963, 13 MeGoleck, 1". 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