Absorptance, 153, 154 monochromatic, 154 Absorption coefficient, spectral, 155 Absorptivity, monochromatic, 155 Acceleration, absolute, 31, 36 centripetal, 32, 344 Coriolis, 32, 344 dragging, 32 relative, 32 tangential, 32 thrust, 463 Activity, 135 sphere, 360 Adiabatic wall, 157 Admittance function, 205 ‘Aerodynamic, -coefficient, 318-324 —drag, 319, 323, 324, 332, 408, 433, 470, -effects on satellite orbit, 407, 408, 432, 433, 470 force, 75, 318-321, 407, 408, 433 ~heating, 334 —moment, 76-78, 318-321 -pressure force, 75 pressure moment, 76 ~stability, 325-331 -stifiness, 328, 330 Aiming point, 456 Airfoil, double-wedge, 322 Albedo, 408 Aldrin, Edwin, 2 Ammonium perchlorate (AP), 171, 174, 179 Angle, bank, 67, 83 downwash, 328 flight path, 14, 83, 250, 293-295, 364 kick, 257 nozzle, 223 of attack or of incidence, 250, 251, 255, 318, 321, 328, 329 pitch, 67, 83, 235, 238, 254 sideslip, 318 thrust, 464 yaw, 67, 83, 331 Angular momentum, 27, 35, 37, 45, 61, 62, 337, 338, 345, 363, 465 conservation of, 27, 61, 62 orbital, 338 proper, 338 Angular motion, mean, 372, 421, 426 Anomaly, -at epoch, mean, 378 eccentric, 371 hyperbolic, 373 mean, 372, 420-422 true, 49, 363 unperturbed true, 429, 430, 473 ANS, 401, 402, 433 AP, 171, 174, 179 ‘Apoapsis or apocenter, 49 distance, 51 Apollo project, 2 Argument, ~of latitude, 391, 429 ~of pericenter, 49, 378 Aries, First Point ob 11, 13 Armstrong, Neil, 2 Ascending node (A.N.), 287, 377 longitude of, 378 right ascension of, 287, 378, 429, 430 Ascent, direct (D.A.), 389, 390, 455 hohmann transfer (H.T.A.), 389, 390 trajectory, 247-250, 272-280,492 Index 389, 390, 401, 454, 455 Asteroid, 8, 9, 353 Astronomical, —Netherlands _ Satellite 401, 402, 433 -unit (A.U,), 8 Asymptote incoming, 456 outgoing, 453 Asymptotic deflection angle, 457, 458 Atmosphere, Earth, 21-24 Atmospheric, —density, 22, 23 ~pressure, 22, 23 ~temperature, 22, 23 Attraction, gravitational, 41-44 lunar or solar, 353, 354, 358, 408 parameter, 45, 363 Autumnal equinox, 11 Avogadro’s number, 124 Axis, major or semi-major, 51, 52, 378 minor or semi-minor, 51, 52 principle, 39 Azimuth flight path, 14, 83, 391, 392, 453- 455 (ANS), launch, 392, 453, 455 Bafile, 212, 227 Ballistic, -missile, 246, 255, 282 -missile, intercontinental (ICBM), 246, 255, 282, 283, 307 ~phase, 283, 286-305 Bank, ~angle, 67, 83 -rate, 83, 84 Barker’s equation, 373 Barycenter, 338 Beam length, equivalent, 156 Bipropellants, 209 Black-body, 154 Bleed-off system, 208 Boiling, film, 165, 166, 229 nucleate, 165, 166, 229 Boltzmann, L., 152 constant, 152 Boost phase, 283-286 Booster, 280 Boundary layer, 100-104, 156, 157, 230, 320, 324 laminar, 320, 324 turbulent, 320, 324 Brahe, Tycho, 41 Bray, approximation, modified, 145-148 freezing point, 145 Burner, L¥-, 205 strand, 174 T-, 205 Burning, erosive, 194, 196, 203, 204 mesa-, 176 neutral, 196 -perimeter, 185, 194 plateau-, 176 progressive, 196 regressive, 196 restricted, 180 surface, 177, 178, 194-197, 200 ~-time, 239, 243, 245, 272 Burning rate, 174-179, 203-205 augmentation, acceleration- induced, 205 change, pressure-induced, 204, 205 ~exponent or pressure exponent, 175, 182, 184, 205 Burnout, altitude, 248, 249, 275 range, 242-246 velocity, 248-250, 254, 255, 273- 277 Calendar, 1, 18, 19 Gregorian, 18 Julian, 18 Calendar year, 18 civil, 18 Gregorian, 18 Cape Canaveral, 392, 453 Capillary barrier, 212 Capture radius, 458 Carry-over effect, 323 Catastrophic yaw, 329-331 Cavitation, 212, 219-221 Celestial, equator, 11 -latitude, 12 -longitude, 11, 12 meridian, 11 =pole, 11 -sphere, 10, 11 Cellulose Nitrate, 170 Center, of mass, 36, 70, 73, 107, 318 ~of mass flow, 70, 73, 107 of pressure, 318 Chamber, combustion or thrust, 85, 86, 120, 121, 137, 138, 208, 227, 228 -conditions, 87-90, 100 pre-combustion, 86, 208 Characteristic length, 120, 121 Characteristic velocity, launch vehicle, 395, 397, 448 mission, 396, 397, 452 rocket motor, 118-120 Chasles’ theorem, 28 Chemical reaction, 100, 101, 124~ 130, 134, 136 Chugging, 227 Circular restricted three-body prob- lem, 342-354 Circulation, 331 Clausius, R., 342 theorem, 342 Coast-time or period, 273, 390, 454, 455 Combustion, 85, 100, 121, 136-138, 177-179, 196, 208, 227 instability, 100, 121, 196, 227 -model, 177-179 oscillatory, 100, 227 -or thrust chamber, 85, 86, 120, 121, 137, 138, 208, 227, 228 ~produets, 85, 86, 100, 101 staged-, 208 -temperature, 101, 128 -zone, 86, 100 Comet, 8, 9 Compound, 124 Compression wave, 102, 103 Condensation, 123, 135 Condensed phase, 134-136 Conduction, 152 Conductivity, thermal, 152 Conic section, 49-54 Conservation law, 27, 54~62, 102 Conservative field, 42, 43, 428 Constant properties flow, 139, 140 Consumption, propellant, 243, 245 specific, 115 Continuity, equation of, 55, 56, 91 Convection, 152, 156-160 Coolant, 163-166, 229, 230 Cooling, 100, 160, 165-168, 228- 232 ablative, 231 active, 160, 228-231 dump, 229-231 film, 229, 230 heat sink, 231 insulation, 228-231 jacket, 165, 229 passive, 160, 228, 231, 232 radiation, 160, 166-168, 231 regenerative, 229-231 transpiration, 229, 230 Coordinate system, inertial launch site, 284 launch site, 284 local horizontal, 14 non-rotating planetocentric, 456 Corona, 7 Counter glow (Gegenschein), 353 Cowell’s method, 409-413, 419 Crawford bomb,’174 Critical, inclination, 431 -NPSE, 220 ~pressure, 165, 230 ~pressure ratio, 92, 93 ~temperature, 230 Cross-flow theory, 322 Cruciform configuration, 318 Culmination, ~altitude, 248, 249, 253, 274-277, 332, 333 -point, 252, 253 -time, 248, 251, 276 D’Alembert characteristic, 376 Dalton’s law, 132494 Index Dark zone, 178 Date line, international, 17 Day, 15 civil, 17 mean solar, 17 sidereal, 16 solar, 16, 17 De Saint Venant’s equation, 93 De Vieille’s or St. Robert’s law, 175 Declination, 12 Density, atmospheric, 22, 23 mass flow, 203, 204 optical, 155 Descending node (D.N.), 377 Diffuser, 214, 215 Diffusivity, thermal, 152 Discharge coefficient, 226 Dispersion, trajectory, 234, 317, 334 Dissociation, 123, 129, 130 Disturbing, function, 414, 416, 422, 428, 429 -potential, 356, 409, 428 Diurnal motion, 11 Divergence theorem, 485 Downwash, 328 ~angle, 328 Drag, aerodynamic, 319, 323, 324, 332, 408, 433, 470 base, 323, 324 ~coefficient, 319, 322-324, 408 -coefficient, friction, 324 induced, 323, 324 interference, 323 ~parameter, 332 roughness, 323, 324 viscous, 323, 324 wave, 323 -to weight ratio, 305, 332 Earth, 7, 8, 19-24 ~asphericity or oblateness, 20, 21, 308-310, 407, 427 ~atmosphere, 21-24 ~climate, 22 equator, 9, 20, 21, 377, 427, 428 ~equator, ellipticity of the, 21, 428 (mean) equatorial plane, 9, 20, 377 ~(mean) equatorial radius, 20, 427 -pear-shape, 20, 410, 428 -polar radius, 20, 21 (mean) radius, 19 Eastern Test Range (E.T.R.), 392 Eccentricity, 49-51, 363, 378 Ecliptic, 11 axis of the, 11 obliquity of the, 11, 13 plane, 11, 13 pole, 11 Einstein, A., 387 theory of relativity, 27, 385, 387 Element, orbital, 377-379, 422 Ellipsoid, standard, 20, 21 Emissivity, monochromatic, 155 Emittance, 153, 154 Encke’s method, 409, 411-413 Energy chemical, 85 conservation of, 47, 58-61, 150, 151, 187, 188, 489 free, 133 internal, 58, 125, 489 kinetic, 47, 59, 339-342, 470 potential, 43, 47, 339-342, 470 total, 340, 342, 345, 458 Enthalpy, 59, 125, 128, 130, 140, 489 absolute, 128 free, 130 sensible, 128 Entropy, 130, 140 Ephemeris time (E.T.), 18 Equation Barker's, 373 de Saint Venant’s, 93 Euler’s, 58 Kepler’s, 372, 375 Kirchoff’s, 127 Lambert's, 298-305 Navier-Stokes, 150 Oberth’s, 238 -of continuity, 55, 56, 91 -of motion, Euler’s, 40 -of motion of rocket, 63-84, 234— 238, 246, 247 -of motion of rocket, dynamical, 69-79 ~of motion of rocket, kinematical, 79-81 -of rotational motion, 35, 37, 39, 237 ~of the center, 377 planetary, 419-425 reaction, 124 Sieder-Tate, 166 Stefan-Boltzmann, 153 Tsiolkovsky’s, 2, 3, 238, 239 Equator, celestial, 11 Earth’s, 9, 20, 21, 377, 427, 428 ellipticity of Earth’s, 21, 428 Equilibrium chemical, 124, 130-136, 144, 148 —constant, 133, 138 -flow, 139, 144, 145 Equinox autumnal, 11 vernal, 11, 13, 14 -line, 11 Erosion function, 204 Error, cross-range, 308, 311 cut-off, 311 down-range, 308, 311 impact, 311 Escape, -time, 471, 475 trajectory or flight, 354, 439, 453-455, 463-479 ~velocity, 53, 363, 369, 470-472 Euler, L., 378 ~angles, 66, 67, 378 ~equation, 58 ~equations of motion, 40 Eulerian description, 54 Excess velocity, hyperbolic, 369, 437-439, 451 Exhaust velocity, 3, 71, 87-90, 120, 140 effective, 120 Exit, —cone, extendable, 111 flexible, 110 -pressure, 90, 93-96 -surface, 87, 94-98, 107, 108 Exosphere, 23, 24 Expansion, -ratio, 94, 104, 140, 143 wave, 102, 103 Extinguishment, DP/DT, 205 f and g series, 383-385 Feed System, propellant, 100, 213- 226 Field strength, 42 Fineness, 321 Fizz zone, 178 Flame, diffusion, 179 monopropellant, 179 premixed, 178 —temperature, 137-141 -zone, 178 Flight, optimal (ballistic missile), 295-297 Flight path, angle, 14, 83, 250, 293-295, 364 azimuth, 14, 83, 391, 392, 453- 455 Flow, constant properties, 139, 140 equilibrium, 139, 144, 145 free molecular, 408 frozen, 139-143 -rate, volumetric, 218 sonic, 90, 92 subsonic, 92 supersonic, 90, 92, 194 two-phase, 100 Fluid injection, 109 Fluorine, 209, 211 Flyby mission, 436, 440, 446-448, 451 adiabatic, 128, Foam region, 178 Force, aerodynamic, 75, 318-321, 407, 408, 433 aerodynamic pressure, 75 apparent, 41, 69-71 -coefficient, normal, 319-323496 Index Coriolis, 32, 40, 41, 70, 71, 78 dragging, 32 external, 33, 41, 69, 74-76 frictional, 74, 75 gravitational, 19, 41, 74 internal, 33 Magnus, 331 normal, 319 perturbing, 407-409 pressure, 74, 75 relative, 40, 41, 71 tangential, 319 Fourier, J., 152 law, 152 Friction, 86, 219 Frozen flow, 139-143 Fuel, 85, 86 Fugacity, 134, 135 Galaxy, 6, 342 Galilean transformation, 26, 27 Galileo’s principle of relativity, 26 Gas —constant, 89 ~constant, universal, 89 -law, perfect or ideal, 60, 126, 188, 490 -generator, 86, 208 Gauss, C. F., 424 -theorem, 485 Gegenschein (counter glow), 353 Geocentric latitude, 10, 12, 20, 427 Geographic -latitude, 20 -longitude, 10, 12, 66, 82, 427 Geoid, geophysical, 20, 21 Geopotential, 19, 427 Geostationary orbit, 367, 408 ~satellite, 367, 397, 428 Geosynchronous satellite, 358, 367, Gibb’s free energy, 130 Glyceroltrinitrate, 170 Goddard, R. H., 2 Grain (propellant), 86, 180, 185- 203 Granular diffusion flame model (GDF), 178 Graphite, pyrolitic, 231 Gravitation, 27, 41-45, 75, 362, 387 Newton’s law of, 27, 41, 42, 387 parameter, 45, 75, 362 Gravitational, ~attraction, 41-44 -constant, universal, 42, 336 -field, 42-44, 385, 427, 428 -force, 19, 41, 74 -mass, 27 -moment, 76 Gravity, standard surface, 114, 237, 246 =loss or gravitational loss, 248, 250, 260, 273, 280, 333, 390, 478 ~turn, 255-261 Greenwich, ~mean solar time, 17 ~sidereal time, 16 Growth factor, 264 Guidance, 255, 282, 283, 310, 326 delta, 310 hybrid explicit, 310 Hamiltonian, perturbed, 423 Harmonic, sectorial, 308, 428 spherical, 427 tesseral, 308, 427, 428 zonal, 308, 427-429 Heading, down-range, 284 Heat, ~capacity, 489 -function, 489 -of formation, standard, 127-130 -of reaction, 125-128 —of transition, 129 -sink, 160, 163 -transfer, 86, 100, 101, 150-168, 225 -transfer coefficient, convective, 157, 161 Heating, aerodynamic, 334 Heliocentric, -latitude, 13, -longitude, 13 Herschel, F. W., 7 Hess’ law, 127 Hill, G. W., 348 bitezs surface of, 346-350 Hodograph, 254, 365 Hohmann, W., 2, 389 transfer ascent (H.T.A.), 389, 390 transfer trajectory, 396, 397, 440- 446 Horizontal plane, local, 14 Hour, 15 ~angle, 15, 65, 284, 354 -circle, 11 Hydrazine, 86, 209 Hydrogen, 90, 209, 230 fluoride, 85 ~peroxide, 85, 209 Ignition, auto-, 195 device, 180 Impact, —parameter, 456 -point, 4, 253, 254, 306-315, 457, 458 time of, 253 Impeller, 214, 215, 218 ~shroud, 214, 215 Impulse, specific, 114-116, 147, 211, 243, 245 -thrust, 77, 98, 99 total, 114, 115 Impulsive shot, 243, 244, 249, 254, 333, 396, 438, 439, 478 Inclination, 287, 378, 431 critical, 431 Incoming asymptote, 456 Inertia, moment of, 38, 39 product of, 38 ~tensor, 38, 73 Influence, sphere of, 358-360, 437, 456 Influence coefficient, 310-315 ballistic cross-range, 311, 314 ballistic down-range, 311, 312 Inhibitor, 180 Injection, ~error, 401-405 main tank (MTD), 213 ~of satellite, 390-395 ~parameter, in-plane, 391-395 Index 497 ~parameter, 393 parking orbit (P.O.1), 389 -state or condition, 285, 286, 292, 391-395 velocity parameter, 289, 293- 297, 393, 394 Injector, 224-226 Instability, combustion, 100, 121, 196, 225, 227 magnus, 329, 331 non-linear, 329-331 Interference, aerodynamic, 323 Interplanetary, spacecraft, 202, 336, 340, 358, 436-462 trajectory, 436-460, 468 Invariable plane of Laplace, 338 Ionization, 123 Ionosphere, 23 out-of-plane, 391, Jacobi, C. G. J., 340 ~integral, 344, 345, 353 Jet, “assisted take-off (JATO), 116 damping, 327, 328 -vanes, 109 Jetavator, 109 Julian Date (J.D), 19 modified (M.J.D.), 19 Jupiter, 7, 8 Kennedy, J. F., 2 Kepler, J., 41 “equation, 372, 375 -laws, 41, 46, 50, 53, 54, 368, 373 Keplerian orbit or trajectory, 4, 5, 47-54, 362-385 Kerosine, 230 Kinetic energy, 47, 59, 339-342, 470 Kirchhof’s, ~equation, 127 aw, 154 Klemmung, 182 Kourou, 392 Lagrange, J. L., 298, 413 ~bracket, 415-419, 422498 Index ~Jacobi identity, 341 libration point, 348-354 Lagrangian description, 54 Lambert’s equation or 298-305 Laplace, P. S. Marquis de, 360 invariable plane of, 338 Laplacian, 485 Latitude, celestial, 12 geocentric, 10, 12, 20, 427 geographic or geodetic, 20 heliocentric, 13 Latus rectum, 50, 363, 378 Launch, -azimuth, 392, 453, 455 ~opportunity, 444-447, 452 -site, 392, 453 -vehicle, 333, 390, 398-401, 448, 455 -vehicle characteristic 395, 397, 448 -vehicle performance, 396-401 window, 452 -window, daily, 392, 455 Law, conservation, 27, 54-62, 102 Dalton’s, 132 de Vieille’s or St. Robert's, 175 Fourier’s, 152 Hess’, 127 Kepler's, 41, 46, 50, 53, 54, 368, 373 theorem, velocity, Kirchhoff’s, 154 Newton’s, 25-32 Newton’s gravitation, 27, 41, 42, 387 -of _ thermodynamics, 125, 489, 490 -of thermodynamics, second, 130 perfect or ideal gas, 60, 126, 188, 490 Piobert’s, 194 Wien’s, 153 Libration point, Lagrange, 348-354 Lifetime, orbital, 395 Lift, 318, 319, 323, 324 Light year, 6 Linear momentum, 25, 27, 56-58 first, 58, conservation of, 56-58 Liner, 231 Loading fraction, volumetric, 197- 202 i Longitude, ] ~at epoch, mean, 379 celestial, 11, 12 geographic, 10, 12, 66, 82, 427 heliocentric, 13 -of ascending node, 378 —of pericenter, 379 Loss divergence, 98, 100, 106 gravity or gravitational, 248, 250, 260, 273, 280, 333, 390, 478 Lunar attraction, 353, 354, 358, 408 trajectory or flight, 353, 354 Mach number, 90, 92, 317 ' Magnetosphere, 23 | Maneuver : dog-leg, 391, 453 | midcourse, 450, 452, 456 phasing, 392 i Many-body problem, 336-360 t Mars, 7, 8 | Mass center of, 36, 70, 73, 107, 318 conservation of, 54-56, 185, 186 gravitational, 27 inertial, 27 payload, 240, 263, 398, 399 propellant, 240, 263, 477, 478 { -ratio, 3, 4, 239-241, 264, 332 i structural, 240, 242, 263 Mass flow, 70, 73, 87, 93-96, 101, 107, 113, 203, 204, 245 center of, 70, 73, 107 —density, 203, 204 factor, 120 ~parameter, 217 Material volume, 56 Mercury, 7, 8 perihelion advance of, 387 Meridian, 9 celestial, 11 Mesosphere, 23 Metals, refractory, 232 [aetna Meteor, 9 Meteorite, 9 Meteroid, 8, 9 Midcourse maneuver, 450, 452, 456 Milky Way, 6 Minute, 15 Missile, 255, 282, 283, 307, 323, 326, 333 Mission flyby, 436, 440, 446-448, 451 lander, 436 orbital or orbiter, 436, 440, 448 ~characteristic velocity, 396, 397, 452 Molar quantity, 123, 124, 489 Molecular weight, 89, 124, 139 Moment aerodynamic, 76-78, 318-321 aerodynamic pressure, 76 apparent, 41, 69, 72, 73 coefficient, pitching, 319-323 Coriolis, 40, 41, 72, 73, 78 external, 41, 69, 76, 77 frictional, 77 gravitational, 76 inertial, 74 jet damping, 78 Magnus, 331 pitching, 318, 327 pressure, 76 relative, 41, 73 rolling, 319 thrust misalignment, 77, 78 yawing, 319 Momentum, angular, 27, 35, 37, 45, 61, 62, 337, 338, 345, 363, 465 linear, 25, 27, 56-58 Monopropellant, 85, 209 Moon, 2, 8, 348, 353 Moons, 8 Motion, constants of, 45-47 direct, 378 diurnal, 11 integral of, 337-340, 345 retrograde, 378 rotational, 28, 35, 37, 39-41 translational, 28, 34-37, 40, 41 Index 499 Multiple flames model (MF), 179 N-body problem, 336-342, 355, 356 Navier-Stokes equation, 150 Neptune, 7, 8, 410 discovery of, 7, 410 Net positive suction energy (NPSE), 219 critical, 220 Neutral point, 325 Newton, 1, 157 laws, 25-32 law of gravitation, 27, 41, 42, 387 Nitrocellulose, 170 Nitroglycerine, 170 Node, ascending (A.N.), 287, 377 descending (D.N.), 377 Nodes, elimination of the, 340 line of, 377, 378 Nozzle, 85, 90-93, 98-111, 221 -angle, 223 ball and socket, 109, 110 bell-shaped, 91, 106 contour, 91, 98, 106 -deflection, 109 de Laval, 91, 106 —efficiency, 117 -entrance, 86 expansion-deflection, 106 flexible-seal, 110 fluid-bearing, 110 pintle, 110, 111 plug, 106 rotating, 110 translating inlet, 110 truncated plug, 106 Nusselt number, 158 Nutation, 13, 14 Oberth, H., 2 equation of, 238 Obliquity of the ecliptic, 11, 13 One-body problem, 45, 362 Orbit, circular, 8, 53, 366-368500 Index -determination, 385 elliptic, 368, 371, 372, 375-377, 380-383 geostationary, 367, 408 halo, 354 hyperbolic, 363, 369, 370, 373- 375 keplerian, 4, 5, 47-54, 362-385 osculating, 413-433 parabolic, 363, 369, 373 parking, 389, 392, 438, 439, 454, 455, 463 ~perturbation, 5, 407-433 perturbed, 308, 354, 357, 358, 386, 387, 407-433 planetary, 41, 438 ~prediction, 385, 410, 432 sun-synchronous, 433 Orbital, ~element, 377-379, 422 ~element, classical, 378, 379 ~element, osculating, 413-433 ~elements, variation of, 409, 410, 413-425 -lifetime, 395 -mission, 436, 440, 448 parameters, 379, 392-395 -plane, 8, 377 Outgoing, ~asymptote, 453 radial, 453 Over-expansion, 102-106 Oxidizer, 85, 86 Oxygen, liquid (LOX), 209 Ozone, 22, 23, 85 Patched conic method, 437 Payload, 240, 263, 397, 399 -mass, 240, 263, 398, 399 -ratio, 240-242, 264, 266 -ratio, total, 264, 268-271 Performance diagram, 398-401 Periapsis or pericenter, 49 ~distance, 51 Period, 53, 54, 366, 367, 430, 445 circular, 366, 367 nodal or draconic, 430 sidereal, 366 synodic, 445 Perturbations, general, 356, 409, 410, 425-430 long-periodic, 432 secular, 430 short-periodic, 430 special, 409, 410 theory, 356, 407-433 Photosphere, 7 Piobert’s law, 194 Pitch, ~angle, 67, 83, 235, 238, 254 damping in, 327, 328 ~program, 237, 238 -rate, 83, 84, 236, 330 Planck, M., 152 constant, 152 Planet, 7, 8 Planetary orbit, 41, 438 Planetary equations, 419-425 canonical form of, 422, 423 Gauss’ form of, 423, 424 Lagrange’s, 419-425 Pluto, 7, 8 : Pogo, 100, 213, 219 Poisson relations, 60, 88, 91-93 Pole, celestial, 11 ecliptic, 11 north, 9, 11 south, 9 Port area, 185 Potential, 42, 43, 339, 344, 353, 356, 409, 427, 428 disturbing ‘or perturbing, 356, 409, 428 energy, 43, 47, 339-342, 470 Prandtl, L., 156 -number, 157, 160 Precession, 13 Pre-combustion, 86 -chamber, 86, 208 Preparation zone, 178 Prepolymers, 174 Pressure, atmospheric, 22, 23 center of, 318 fines critical, 165, 230 dynamic, 317, 318 equilibrium, 180-185 exit, 90, 93-96 partial, 131 radiation, 5, 408, 409, 436 supercritical, 229 exponent or burning rate expo- nent, 175, 182, 184, 205 parameter, 217 -ratio, 88-94 -ratio, critical, 92, 93 thrust, 75, 77, 98, 99 Primeval Fireball, 6 Principle, ~axis, 39 ‘of equivalence, 27 Problem, many-body, 336-360 N-body, 336-342, 355, 356 one-body, 45, 362 three-body, 336, 340, 342-354 two-body, 336, 362-387 Product, 124 Propellant, 3, 85 colloidal, 170 composite, 86, 170-174, 178, 179 composite modified double-base (CMDB), 170, 174 cryogenic, 209, 390 double-base (DB), 86, 170, 171, 178 -feed system, 100, 213-226 homogeneous, 170, 171 hybrid, 85, 115 hypergolic, 209 liquid, 85, 115, 116, 209-211, 391 -mass,'240, 263, 477, 478 -mass, useful, 240 -ratio, 240, 242, 264 ratio, total, 264, 270 -tank, 86, 211-213 solid, 85, 115, 116, 179-179, 390 storable, 209 Pump, 86, 213-221 centrifugal, 214, 215 specific speed, 218, 219 Index 501 turbo-, 86, 213, 218, 219 Pumphead, 214 Radiation, 152-156 solar, 21, 408, 436 Radiator, ideal, 153 Range, 242-246, 253, 254, 290- 293, 305, 306, 309 ballistic angular, 290-293, 309 ballistic linear, 253, 254, 290 burnout, 242-246 -function, 243, 244 no-drag, 305 re-entry, 305 total angular, 306 Reactant, 124 Reaction, chemical, 100, 101, 124-130, 134, 136 endothermal, 126 equation, 124 exothermal, 126, 134 extent of, 125 heat of, 125-128 time, 136 Recombination, 100, 101, 123, 130 Recovery, factor, 159, 192 -temperature, 158 Re-entry, phase, 283, 305, 306 -point, 305 -state or condition, 291, 305 vehicle, 282, 305, 306, 310 Reference frame, 9-14, 25-31, 64- 69, 234, 235, 338 geocentric, 12 geocentric mean equinox of date, 14 heliocentric, 13 inertial, 25-27, 31, 64, 234, 338 non-inertial, 28-31 non-rotating geocentric equator- ial, 12, 64-67 non-rotating heliocentric ecliptic, 13 rotating geocentric, 12, 64-66 vehicle, 65-67, 235 i | | | i}502 Index vehicle-centred horizontal, 65, 66 Reference state, standard, 128 Reflectance, 153 Relativity, Einstein’s theory of, 27, 385, 387 Galileo’s principle of, 26 Rendezvous, 385 Residence time, 120-123, 139 Resonance, roll, 330, 331 spin-yaw, 331 Response function, 205 Reynolds, -number, 158, 317, 318 —transport theorem, 486-488 Right ascension, 12 Rigid, ~body, 37-40 ~rocket, 63, 64 Roche equipotential, 346 Rocket, dynamical equation of motion of, 69-79 equation of motion of, 63-84, 234-238, 246, 247 kinematical equation of motion of, 79-81 multi-stage, 240, 262-281, 389, 397-401 ~parameter, 239-242, 262-265 rigid, 63, 64 single-stage, 234-251, 277, 279 sounding, 246, 323, 333 stage, 262, 263, 391, 398 -step, 262 sub-, 262, 263 ~testing, 113, 114 two-stage, 276-280 Vernier, 212 Rocket motor or engine, characteristic velocity, 118-120 chemical, 3, 4, 85-121, 169-232, 478 electric, 3, 4, 462, 463, 477-479 hybrid, 3, 4, 85, 8 liquid, 3, 4, 85, 100, 106, 113, 208-232 nuclear, 3, 4, 85, 478 pressure-fed, 208, 213 pump-fed, 213 solid, 3, 4, 85, 86, 107, 113, 169- 205 Roll, -lock-in, 329-331 -rate, 330 -resonance, 330, 331 -slow-down, 329 ~speed-up, 330 Rolling, linear and non-linear, 329, 330 Rotation, 28-30 Rotational motion, equation of, 35, 37, 39, 237 Rotor, 221, 222 Roughness, surface, 104, 323, 324 San Marco, 392 Satellite, geostationary, 367, 397, 428 geosynchronous, 358, 367, 392 launching of, 389-405 Saturn, 7, 8 Schwarzschild metric, 385 Screaming, 227 Second, 15, 18 atomic, 18 ephemeris, 18 Semi-latus rectum, 50, 363, 378 Semi-major axis, 51, 52, 378 Semi-minor axis, 51, 52 Separation, flow, 104, 105, 320 stage, 262, 280, 281, 391 Shock, 86, 102-105 oblique, 103-105 Sidereal time, 15-17 Sieder-Tate equation, 166 Slender-body theory, 321-323 Sliver, 195, 200 Solar, attraction, 353, 354, 358, 408 -flare, 7, 354 ~system, 6-9 -time, 15-17 -time, apparent, 16, 17 -time, Greenwich mean, 17 -time, mean, 17 -wind, 7, 9 Solidification principle, 40, 41 Space Shuttle, 2, 318, 399 -main engine (SSME), 111, 220, 230 Space Tug, 399, 401 Spacecraft, interplanetary, 202, 336, 340, 358, 436-462 Specific, —impulse, 243, 245 impulse, volumetric, 115, 116 —quantity, 489 speed, pump, 218, 219 -thrust, 114, 242, 245, 246, 260 Speed, subsonic, 92, 321, 324 suction specific, 220 supersonic, 90, 92, 321-324 Sphere of influence, 358-360, 437, 456 Spin-yaw resonance, 331 Splash plate, 224 St. Robert’s or de Vieille’s law, 175 Stability, aerodynamic, 325-331 derivative, 320, 321 dynamic longitudinal, 325-329 margin, 325, 326 neutral, 325 static longitudinal, 325, 326 weathercock, 326 Stages, identical, 269, 270 rocket, 262, 263, 391, 398 separation of, 262, 280, 281, 391 Staging, parallel, 280, 281 tandem, 280 Standard time, 17 Stanton number, 157 Stator, 221 Steering program, 254, 468 Stefan, A. J., 152 —-Boltzmann constant, 153 —Boltzmann equation, 153 Step, rocket, 262 Stiffness, aerodynamic, 328, 330 structural, 329 114-116, 147, 211, Index 503 Stoichiometric, coefficient, 125 -mixture, 125 Stratosphere, 22, 23 Streamline, 86, 87 Structural, ~efficiency, 240-242, 264, 270 ~efficiency, total, 264, 270 -mass, 240, 242, 263 Structure, -factor, 272 -ratio, 270 Sub-rocket, 262, 263 Successive ‘approximations, method of, 386, 425-427 Summerfield criterion, 104 Sun, 6, 7, 16, 17 mean, 17 Sunspot, 7 Surface, gravity, standard, 114, 237, 246 of constant properties, 86, 87, 97, 101 -of Hill or of zero velocity, 346- 350 Swingby flight, 458-460 Tap-off system, 208 TD-1A satellite, 430-432 Temperature, adiabatic flame, 128, 137-141 atmospheric, 22, 23 auto-ignition, 176 combustion, 101, 128 critical, 230 exospheric, 23 film, 158 recovery, 158 -sensitivity coefficient, 182 Test, static, 77, 113, 114 windtuanel, 320 Teststand, 113 Theorem, Chasles’, 28 Clausius’, 342 Gauss’ or divergence, 485 Reynolds’ transport, 486-488 Virial, 340-342 a504 Index Whittaker’s, 36 ‘Thermochemistry, 123-148 ‘Thermodynamics, chemical, 123-136 first law of, 58, 125, 489, 490 second law of, 130 Thermosphere, 23 Thoma parameter, 220 Three-body problem, 336, 340, 342-354 circular restricted, 342-354 (elliptical) restricted, 342, 352, 353 Throat, 91, 100, 142-144, 162 Thrust, 75, 77, 87, 97-99, 116, 246 ~angle, 464 —coefficient, 116-118 -coefficient, characteristic, 117 effective, 246 -history, 86, 100, 180, 468 impulse, 77, 98, 99 -magnitude control (TMC), 110, 111, 203 -misalignment, 77, 107, 108, 114 -modulation, 110, 111, 226 pressure, 75, 77, 98, 99 ~program, 333, 468 specific, 114, 242, 245, 246, 260 —-to-mass ratio, 463, 465 —-to-weight ratio, 242, 249, 250, 272, 332 -vector control (TVC), 77, 108- 111, 114, 326 Time, 15-18 apparent solar, 16, 17 atomic (A.T.), 15, 18 burning-, 239, 243, 245, 272 emphemeris (E.T.), 18 greenwich mean solar, 17 greenwich sidereal, 16 mean solar, 17 -of flight, 298-306, 447, 448, 452, 475 ~of flight, no-drag, 305 ~of flight, re-entry, 305 -of pericenter passage, 372-375, 378 reaction, 136 residence, 120-123, 139 sidereal, 15-17 solar, 15-17 standard, 17 universal (U.T.), 17, 18 vertical rise, 257 zone, (Z.T.), 17 Topping cycle, 208 Total or stagnation conditions, 87, 88 Trajeetory, ascent, 247-250, 272-280, 389, 390, 401, 454, 455 ballistic or free-fall, 4, 282, 286- 305 ballistic missile, 282-315 class 1, 452 class 2, 452 dispersion, 234, 317, 334 escape, ‘354, 439, 453-455, 463- 479 interplanetary, 436-460, 468 Keplerian, 4, 5, 47-54, 362-385 3 low-thrust, 462-479 lunar, 353, 354 minimum energy or minimum propellant, 296, 390, 438-444, 452, 468 reference, 310, 411-413 transfer, 396, 397, 440-452, 468 type 1, 447, 452 type 2, 447, 452 zero-lift, 255 Transfer trajectory, 396, 397, 440- 452, 468 bi-elliptic, 397 ] Hohmann, 396, 397, 440-446 ‘Transmittance, 153 Trojans, 353 Troposphere, 22 Tsiolkovsky, K. E., 2 ~equation, 2, 3, 238, 239 Turbine, 86, 221-224 impulse, 221, 222 pressure compound impulse, 222, 224 reaction, 221 velocity compound impulse, 221, 224 Turbopump, 86, 213, 218, 219 Two-body problem, 336, 362-387 UDMH, 209 Ullage volume, 212 Under-expansion, 102, 106 Universal time (U.T.), 17, 18 Universe, 6 Uranus, 7, 8, 410 discovery of, 7 Van *t Hoff, J. H., 134 =reaction isobar, 134 Vandenberg Airforce (V.AFB.), 392 Vandenkerckhove function, 94 Vanes, impeller, 216-218 Vapor pull through, 212 Variation of constants, 413-425 Vehicle, launch, 333, 390, 398-401, 448, 455 re-entry, 282, 305, 306, 310 Velocity, absolute, 30 angular, 28, 73 areal, 46 burnout, 248-250, 254, 255, 273- 277 circular, 53, 363, 366 effective exhaust, 120 escape, 53, 363, 369, 470-472 exhaust, 3, 71, 87-90, 120, 140 hyperbolic excess, 369, 437-439, Base 451 ideal, 239, 241, 265-272 launch vehicle characteristic, 395, 397, 448 mission characteristic, 396, 397, 452 relative, 31 rocket motor characteristic, 118- 120 =parameter, injection, 289, 293- Index 505 297, 393, 394 —penalty, launch site and launch azimuth, 397 ratio, ideal, 268 Venus, 7, 8 Vernal equinox, 11, 13, 14 Verne, Jules, 1 Vernier rocket, 212 Vertical, —flight or ascent, 247-250, 272- 280 -rise time, 257 Vertregt, M., 266, 440 Virial theorem, 340-342 Viscous effects, 101, 150, 219, 322 Vis-viva integral, 52 Vortex, 329, 330 Wake, 104, 105 Wallops Island, 392 Weathercocking, 326 Web, -fraction, 196 —thickness, 196 Western Test Range (W.T.R.), 392 Whittaker’s theorem, 366 Wien’s law, 153 Wind, 334 Windtunnel test, 320 Yaw ~angle, 67, 83, 331 -rate, 83, 84 Year, 17-19 civil calendar, 18 Gregorian calendar, 18 Julian, 18 leap, 18 tropical, 17, 18 Zenith, 11 Zone time (Z.T.), 17