©2011 Society of Economic Geologists, Inc.

Economic Geology, v. 106, pp. 1257–1277

Geochemistry of Tertiary Igneous Rocks of Northern Luzon, Philippines:

Evidence for a Back-Arc Setting for Alkalic Porphyry Copper-Gold Deposits and
a Case for Slab Roll-Back?
PETE HOLLINGS,1,† ROHAN WOLFE,2 DAVID R. COOKE,3 AND PATRICK J. WATERS4
1 Geology Department, Lakehead University, 955 Oliver Road, Thunder Bay, Ontario P7B 5E1, Canada
2 Ivanhoe Australia, Level 9, 479 St Kilda Road, Melbourne, Victoria 3004, Australia
3 CODES, ARC Centre for Excellence in Ore Deposits, Private Bag 126, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia
4 Anglo American Exploration (Philippines) Inc., 11th Floor, Pearlbank Center Building, 146 Valero Street, Salcedo Village,
Makati City, Metro Manila, Philippines

Abstract
Oligocene to early Miocene volcanic rocks are preserved in the Central Cordillera range and Cagayan Val-
ley of northern Luzon, Philippines. Basaltic and andesitic rocks of the Pugo Formation in the Baguio district
of the Central Cordillera were intruded by the ~27 to 20 Ma calc-alkaline Central Cordillera Diorite Complex.
In the southern Cagayan Valley the subalkaline to alkaline late Oligocene Mamparang Formation overlies the
Cretaceous Caraballo Formation and has been intruded by the Didipio Igneous Complex, the Cordon Syenite
Complex, and the Palali batholith. The Didipio complex comprises an early suite of diorites, which were
intruded by the strongly mineralized stocks of the Dinkidi Cu-Au porphyry deposit. Whole-rock geochemical
data for intrusive and extrusive rocks of the Baguio district range from low K calc-alkaline to shoshonitic basalts
to dacites with rare earth element (REE) and high field strength element (HFSE) characteristics of suprasub-
duction zone magmas and are all interpreted to have been sourced from the same parent melt. Samples from
Didipio display higher alkali contents but similar trace element characteristics. New age dates for the Didipio
area range from 25.7 to 24.8 Ma.
The potassic magmas of the Cagayan Valley are interpreted to have formed in a back-arc coeval to the main-
arc sequence that is preserved in the Baguio Miocene rocks. This contradicts earlier models, which invoke an
early Miocene arc reversal in the northern Luzon archipelago with the switch from early westward subduction
to later eastward subduction attributed to a variety of causes. The lack of a single compelling trigger for arc
reversal combined with the coeval emplacement of arc magmas in the west and back-arc magmas in the east
in northern Luzon is best interpreted as the result of eastward subduction since the late Oligocene. The pres-
ence of ~20 Ma adakitic magmas in the Baguio district may indicate that flattening of the downgoing slab
resulted in a hiatus in magmatism and termination of back-arc rifting.

Introduction
THE GEOLOGY of the Central Cordillera range of northern
Luzon, Philippines, and in particular the Baguio and
Mankayan districts, has been studied intensely over the past
20 years, in part because of the presence of considerable
Pliocene-Pleistocene Cu-Au mineralization (Balce et al.,
1980; Malaterre, 1989; Cooke and Bloom, 1990; Mitchell and
Leach, 1991; Arribas et al., 1995; Cooke et al., 1996, 2011;
Hedenquist et al., 1998; Jego et al., 2005; Payot et al., 2007;
Chang et al., 2011; Deyell and Hedenquist, 2011; Hollings et
al., 2011; Waters et al., 2011). The Central Cordillera defines
the principal magmatic arc of the current subduction system
in northern Luzon, but no consensus has been reached re-
garding the timing and changes in subduction polarity and the
relationship of the various magmatic rocks to these subduc-
tion systems. In contrast the stratigraphy of the adjacent Ca-
gayan Valley basin is well developed, largely due to the work
undertaken during oil and gas exploration (Durkee and Ped-
erson, 1961; Christian, 1964; Caagusan, 1978, 1981) but rela-
tively little has been published on the porphyry-related Cu-
Au mineralization that occurs in the back-arc region (e.g.,
Wolfe et al., 1999; Wolfe and Cooke, 2011). Oligocene to
† Corresponding author: e-mail, peter.hollings@lakeheadu.ca
early Miocene igneous rocks are preserved in both the Baguio
district and the Cagayan Valley basin in northern Luzon but
porphyry-related Cu-Au mineralization is currently only
known to be associated with rocks of that age in the Cagayan
Valley.
This study compares rocks from the early Tertiary Baguio
and Cagayan districts of northern Luzon. The close temporal
relationships between the rocks of these districts provide an
excellent opportunity to investigate the nature of subduction
beneath the early Tertiary margins of northern Luzon and re-
late this to porphyry mineralization.
The data presented in this study will evaluate models for
the Tertiary tectonic evolution of northern Luzon, particu-
larly the direction of Miocene subduction and the relation-
ship to porphyry-style mineralization. Changes in subduction
direction in modern-arc systems are typically associated with
the collision of oceanic plateaus or ridges with the trench that
choke the subduction zone (Cloos, 1993). Cooke et al. (2005)
and Hollings et al. (2005) demonstrated a strong temporal re-
lationship between tectonic perturbations (e.g., ridge subduc-
tion) and porphyry and epithermal mineralization globally,
consequently understanding the changes in the nature of sub-
duction beneath the Philippines may have significant implica-
tions for porphyry genesis.

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1258 HOLLINGS ET AL.

Regional Geology northern Luzon and is filled by post-early Oligocene sedi-

The Philippine archipelago is a north-trending mobile belt
that is currently flanked on either side by convergent zones
(Fig. 1; Gervasio, 1971; Rangin, 1991). The mobile belt is
thought to have initiated in the Cretaceous (de Boer et al.,
1980; Rangin, 1991) and comprises a collage of terranes that in-
cludes two or more early to middle Tertiary arcs, old continen-
tal fragments sourced from the Eurasian plate, and ophiolite
slabs that have been tectonically juxtaposed by strike-slip dis-
placement (Hamilton, 1979; Cardwell et al., 1980). Oblique
movement within this mobile belt is taken up by the Philippine
fault (Fitch, 1972), a left-lateral strike-slip fault that cuts the
Philippine mobile belt lengthwise for over 1,500 km from Min-
danao in the south to northern Luzon, where it forms a com-
plex array of anastomosing faults (Fig. 1a; Ringenbach, 1992).
The northern Luzon terrane can be subdivided into four
main physiographic domains (Fig. 1b). The north-south−
trending Cagayan Valley basin is located in the center of
ments. To the east, south, and west of the Cagayan Valley
basin are the northern Sierra Madre Mountains, the Cara-
ballo Mountains, and the Central Cordillera, respectively. All
three ranges consist of Eocene volcanics intruded by dioritic
Oligocene to Miocene batholiths, with the Central Cordillera
overprinted by a second late Miocene to Quaternary period of
magmatism (Fig. 2; Waters et al., 2011; Hollings et al., 2011).
In the Baguio district, purported Cretaceous ophiolitic
basement is overlain by the ~1,100- to 1,600-m-thick Eocene
Pugo Formation, a sequence of basaltic and andesitic volcanic
rocks with minor interbeds of sandstones, argillites, cherts,
and pyroclastic rocks (Fig. 1; Table 1; Schafer, 1954; Pena,
1998). This unit has been assigned to the late Eocene-early
Miocene from the fossil assemblages contained within indi-
vidual sedimentary horizons (Balce et al., 1980). The Pugo
Formation has been intruded by the calc-alkaline Central
Cordillera Diorite Complex, also known as the Agno batholith

120° 125° 121° 122°

Taiwan
A PHILIPPINE B
SEA

ge
PLATE

Ran
20° Fig. 1b 18°
Trench

llera

in
Cagayan Valley Bas
ordi
Luzon

re
Central C
Abra River Fault

Mad
Man

East

Philippine
ila T

Fault

Northern Sierra
15° South
renc

China
Sea
h

Ph
EURAS

ilip
p
in e

1
Cordon
Tre
nch

6
IAN

5
Baguio 7 2
am
M

10° pa
PLA

4 rang 3
Sulu Mt.
Sea Ph Caraballo
ilip 16°
T

pin Mountains
e
E

Fa
ult
Didipio Intrusive
Complex
Borneo
50 km Figure 3

Terrain type
Philippine Sea Quaternary Alkaline Calc-alkaline
Plate affinity volcanic rocks intrusive rocks intrusive rocks
Possible Eurasian Post-Mid Miocene Alkaline Calc-alkaline
Plate affinity cover volcanic rocks volcanic rocks
Eurasian Plate Palali Metamorphic
affinity Formation Ophiolite
complex

FIG. 1. Tectonic setting of the Philippines (A) and physiographic domains of the northern Luzon terrane (B). Numbers:
1 = Cordon Syenite Complex, 2 = Palali batholith, 3 = Coastal batholith, 4 = Dupax batholith, 5 = Bokod intrusions, 6 =
northern Sierra Madre batholith, 7 = Agno batholith (after Lewis and Hayes, 1983; Knittel, 1987; Rangin, 1991; Florendo,
1994).

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 GEOCHEMISTRY OF TERTIARY IGNEOUS ROCKS OF NORTHERN LUZON, PHILIPPINES 1259

Caraballo Mountains Caraballo Mountains Cagayan Valley Basin Central Cordillera

Ma (MMAJ 1977) (Billedo 1994) (Pena 1994)

Holocene
Quaternary Quaternary Quaternary
0.01 Alluvium Alluvium Alluvium
Quaternary
Pleistocene Alluvium

2 Ilagan F.
+ BMP
Late Pantabangan F. + MP
Baguio F.
Pliocene 3.5 Matuno F. + DC
Early
5 Cabagan F. Mirador F.
Late Aglipay F.
11 Santa Fe F. Klondyke F.
Miocene Middle Callao/Aglipay F.
Natbang F.
16
Palali F. Kennon F.
Early Palali F. Lubuagan F. + CCDC
24 Santa Fe F. DIC +
CSC Zigzag F.
Late
UMF _ PB
Columbus F. Ibulao F.
v Mamparang F. v v v Dibuluan River F.
Oligocene 27
+ DB
Early v Mamparang
v
F. v
38 NSMB ? ?
Late v v v v v

v
v Caraballo F.

v
v
37 Basement v
Eocene Middle Caraballo F. + CB
Formation 3 v
v v v

Caraballo ‘Group’
41 v Pugo F.
v v v
v

Early v v v
55 v
Late v v
Paleocene 60 Formation 2
Early v v
65
v
Ophiolite
v

Late
Cretaceous 97 Formation 1 'Dalupirip Schist'
Early Schist v
v
141

Jurassic Schist

FIG. 2. Simplified stratigraphic sections for the Caraballo Mountains, Cagayan Valley basin, and the Central Cordillera.
Abbreviations: BMP = Black Mountain Porphyry, CB = Coastal batholiths, CCDC = Central Cordilleran Diorite Complex,
CSC = Cordon Syenite Complex, DB = Dupax batholith, DC = Dike Complex, DIC = Didipio Igneous Complex, MP =
Mexico Porphyry, NSMB = northern Sierra Madre batholith, PB = Palali batholith, UMF = Upper Mamparang Formation
(modified after Metal Mining Agency of Japan, 1977; Billedo, 1994; Pena, 1998; Waters et al., 2011).

(Fig. 1b; Balce et al., 1980). The new 22.1 ± 0.2, 20.82 ± 0.32,
and 20.10 ± 0.13 Ma Ar-Ar ages on biotites and hornblendes
for the complex reported by Waters et al. (2011), the 26.8 ±
0.5 Ma U-Pb age reported by Encarnación et al. (1993), and
a K-Ar age of 21.22 ± 0.58 Ma for the Ambuklao granodiorite
(Polve et al., 2007) confirm a late Oligocene to early Miocene
age for the complex. The Pugo Formation is overlain uncon-
formably by the conglomerates, mudstones, limestones, an-
desitic lavas and tuffs of the Zig Zag Formation with an esti-
mated thickness of 1,700 to 1,800 m and a late Oligocene to

TABLE 1. Stratigraphy of the Baguio District

Formation Thickness (m) Age Description References

Baguio 200−400 3.57−3.66 Ma Tuff, tuff breccia, andesite flows, volcanic breccia, Malaterre (1989);
conglomerates, and minor sandstones Waters et al. (2011)
Mirador 300 Early to middle Miocene Limestone Balce et al. (1980); Pena (1998)
Klondyke 1800−3500 Middle to late Miocene Terrestrial to shallow marine polymict conglomerates Durkee and Pedersen (1961);
with interbedded finer grained sedimentary and Pena (1998);
volcaniclastic rocks Waters et al. (2011)
Kennon 190−240 Early to middle Miocene Shallow marine massive, gray, fossil-rich limestones, Pena (1970, 1998);
calcarenites, and calcirudites Waters et al. (2011)
Zig Zag 1700−1800 Late Oligocene to Conglomerates, mudstones, limestones, andesitic Pena (1970, 1998)
early-mid Miocene lavas, and tuffs
Pugo 1100−1600 Eocene Basaltic and andesitic volcanic rocks with minor Schafer (1954);
interbeds of sandstones, argillites, cherts, and Pena (1998)
pyroclastic rocks

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1260 HOLLINGS ET AL.

early-mid Miocene age based on faunal evidence (Table 1;
Pena, 1998). Pliocene-Pleistocene porphyry and epithermal
mineralization produced 35 million ounces (Moz) of Au and 3
million metric tons (Mt) of Cu in the Baguio district (Cooke
et al., 2011; Waters et al., 2011).
Within the Caraballo and Northern Sierra Madre ranges,
the oldest units preserved are schists and Cretaceous ophio-
lites that have been tectonically juxtaposed, forming the
basement to the Caraballo Mountains and northern Sierra
Madre (Figs. 2, 3; Table 2). Paleontologic and radiometric
age determinations indicate an Early Cretaceous age for the
ophiolite and a Late Cretaceous age for the overlying series
of basalts, limestones, and mudstones (Metal Mining Agency
of Japan, 1987). The 6,000-m-thick Caraballo Group overlies
the basement and consists of two main facies, a proximal
lava-dominated facies, with a primitive island-arc geochemi-
cal signature, and a distal pelagic volcaniclastic facies (Table
2; Billedo, 1994; Metal Mining Agency of Japan, 1977). The
Caraballo Formation is Cretaceous to late Eocene in age
based on a K/Ar age of 39 ± 2 Ma for basalt (Ringenbach,
1992) and has been tentatively correlated to the Eocene
Pugo Formation of the Baguio region (Fig. 2; Metal Mining
Agency of Japan, 1977). The Caraballo Formation has been
intruded by the Eocene southern Coastal batholith (49−43
Ma, Metal Mining Agency of Japan, 1977; Wolfe, 1981),
which is composed of tonalities with a primitive island-arc
composition (Sajona et al., pers. commun., 1999).
The Eocene units of the northern Sierra Madre and Cara-
ballo Mountains have been intruded by Oligocene tholeiitic
to calc-alkaline diorite batholiths (northern Coastal, Dupax
and northern Sierra Madre batholiths; Metal Mining Agency
of Japan, 1977, 1987; Wolfe, 1981; Sajona et al., pers. com-
mun., 1999). K/Ar age dating of diorites from the northern
Coastal batholith returned ages of 32 to 27 Ma (Metal Mining
Agency of Japan, 1977; Wolfe, 1981). K/Ar age dating of dior-
ites and tonalites from the Dupax batholith by Metal Mining
Agency of Japan (1977) returned ages of 33 to 23 Ma,
whereas Ringenbach (1992) obtained a K-Ar date of 28.5 ±
1.2 Ma for a gabbro. K/Ar dating of tonalites, quartz diorites,
and granodiorites from the northern Sierra Madre batholith
returned ages of 31.1 ± 1.5 to 22.3 ± 1.1 Ma (late-early
Oligocene to early-early Miocene; Metal Mining Agency of
Japan, 1987), whereas Billedo (1994) obtained a K/Ar date of
30.2 ± 0.7 Ma for a diorite considered to be part of the north-
ern Sierra Madre batholith.
Along the southern margin of the Cagayan Valley basin the
subalkaline to alkaline late Oligocene Mamparang Formation
unconformably overlies the Caraballo Formation (Fig. 3;
Metal Mining Agency of Japan, 1977; Hashimoto et al., 1980).
The Mamparang Formation crops out in the Mamparang

TABLE 2. Stratigraphy of the Cagayan Basin

Formation Thickness (m) Age Description References

Iiagan Formation 7000 Upper Pliocene- Alluvial sediments Corby (1951);

Pleistocene Billedo (1994)
Cabagan Formation Miocene to Pliocene Marine brackish sediments Billedo (1994)
Callao and Aglipay Middle Miocene Marine sediments Christian (1964);
Formations Caagusan (1977);
Metal Mining Agency
Lubuagan Formation Late Oligocene to
of Japan (1977)
middle Miocene
Ibulao Formation Late Oligocene

Palali Formation 300 17.6 ± 1.0 Ma High K calc-alkaline to shoshonitic hornblende- Metal Mining Agency
bearing dacites and andesites, minor basalt lava, of Japan (1977)
reworked pyroclastic deposits, and interbedded
mudstones and sandstones

Santa Fe, Aglipay, ~300 Oligocene to Shallow-water, massive to thickly bedded Corby (1951); Durkee and
Ibulao, Callo and Middle Miocene coralline limestones Pederson (1961); Christian
Columbus Formations (1964); Metal Mining
Agency of Japan (1977);
Caagusan (1977)

Upper Mamparang Late Oligocene to Coarse-grained potassic trachyte and phonolite Wolfe (2001); Knittel (1987);
Formation Early Miocene lavas, volcaniclastic breccias, and pyroclastic Albrecht and Knittel (1990)

Mamparang Formation 4000 Late Oligocene Andesite and minor basalt lavas with interbeded Metal Mining Agency
volcaniclastic breccias, siltstones, sandstones, of Japan (1977);
reworked pyroclastics, and rare limestone Hashimoto et al. (1980)

Caraballo Group 6000 39 ± 2 Ma Proximal lava-dominated facies, with a primitive Billedo (1994);
island-arc geochemical signature, and a distal Metal Mining Agency
pelagic volcaniclastic facies of Japan (1977)

Basement Cretaceous Schists and ophiolites (basalts, limestones, and Metal Mining Agency
mudstones) of Japan(1987)

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 GEOCHEMISTRY OF TERTIARY IGNEOUS ROCKS OF NORTHERN LUZON, PHILIPPINES 1261

Regional geology of the Caraballo, Divicalan

Thrust
Mamparang and Northern Sierra Madre
Mountains
N
0 10 20 30 Ilagan

Km

Cauayan

Banaue Cordon
Syenite
Complex
23-25 Santiago Northern
Cordon Sierra Madre Isabella
Batholith Ophiolite

Bagabag Cagayan
Valley Basin
Dinapique
Bayombong Palali
6 33 20 Batholith
17
4 26
23
21 23
Dalupirip
Schists Didipio
Dupax Kasibu Igneous Northern
29 Complex 32
Coastal
29 Batholith
Santa Fe 27
30 25 Dupax
Batholith 27

43

43
47
n
ea
Southern Coastal
Oc

Batholith
45 Baler
Pantabangan
ic

49
cif

45
Pa

Lubingan
Schists Baler
Ultramafics
Ph
ilip
pi

Gabaldon
ne

Cabanatuan
Fa
u lt

post-Early Miocene Mamparang & Upper Mamparang F. Cretaceous ultramafic rocks

sedimentary rocks Late Oligocene alkaline volcanic rocks emplaced in Late Oligocene
Palali Formation Dibuluan River Formation Pre-Eocene
late Early Miocene alkaline volcanic rocks Late Oligocene calc-alkaline volcanic rocks metamorphic rocks
Late Oligocene-Early Miocene Eocene to Oligocene 45
Tholeiitic to calc-alkaline diorite batholiths Age date (Wolfe, 1981)
carbonates
Late Oligocene alkaline intrusive rocks Caraballo & Dalpirip Formations
(Cordon, Palali & Didipio complexes) Eocene tholeiitic volcanic and sedimentary rocks

FIG. 3. Regional geology of the Didipio region (map compiled from Metal Mining Agency of Japan, 1977, 1987; Knittel,
1983; Ringenbach, 1992; Billedo, 1994).

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1262 HOLLINGS ET AL.
Mountains, a northern extension of the Caraballo Mountains,
and comprises a ~4,000-m-thick sequence of andesite and
minor basalt lavas with interbedded volcaniclastic breccias,
siltstones, sandstones, reworked pyroclastics and rare lime-
stone (Metal Mining Agency of Japan, 1977). The Mam-
parang Formation is considered to be a stratigraphic equiva-
lent of the Zig-Zag Formation in the Baguio district (Fig. 2;
Metal Mining Agency of Japan, 1977).
Along the southwestern margin of the Cagayan Valley basin
the Mamparang Formation has been intruded by three late
Oligocene to early Miocene alkaline intrusive centers: the
Didipio Igneous Complex (Wolfe et al., 1999), the Cordon
Syenite Complex (Knittel, 1987), and the Palali batholith (Al-
brecht and Knittel, 1990). The Mamparang Formation is
overlain by the Upper Mamparang Formation (Wolfe, 2001),
a package of coarse-grained potassic trachyte and phonolite
lavas, volcaniclastic breccias, and pyroclastic rocks, which are
considered to be coeval with the alkaline intrusive centers
(Fig. 1b; Knittel, 1987; Albrecht and Knittel, 1990).
The Cordon Syenite Complex consists of syenites and mon-
zonites, with minor pseudoleucite-bearing syenite and cumu-
late pyroxenites that are preserved only as xenoliths within
other phases (Knittel, 1987; Knittel and Cundari, 1990). The
intrusive complex is hosted within the comagmatic analcite-
bearing trachytic pyroclastic rocks of the Upper Mamparang
Formation (Knittel, 1987) and hosts both Au-Ag-Pb-Zn low-
sulfidation epithermal veins (Marian gold mine; Baquiran,
1975; Alapan 1981; Knittel, 1982) and the Marian Cu por-
phyry, a small (8 Mt) deposit associated with a syenite stock
(Baquiran, 1975). Knittel (1983) obtained an Rb-Sr age of
25.1 ± 0.7 Ma on biotite and a K/Ar age of 23.1 ± 3.0 Ma for
amphibole from the Cordon Syenite Complex. These are in
agreement with the 23.3 ± 0.5 Ma K/Ar age for syenite por-
phyry reported by Billedo (1994). These ages are contempo-
raneous with the commencement of rifting along the Cagayan
Valley basin (Christian, 1964).
The Didipio Igneous Complex comprises an early dioritic
series of clinopyroxenites, clinopyroxene-gabbros, clinopyrox-
ene-diorites, and clinopyroxene-monzodiorites that have
been intruded by a weakly mineralized multiphase monzonite
pluton (the Surong Monzonite) and by a series of late-stage
strongly mineralized monzonite stocks at the Dinkidi Cu-Au
porphyry deposit. All of these units, and the surrounding vol-
canics, are cut by thin, pyrite-bearing andesite dikes (Wolfe
and Cooke, 2011).
The Palali batholith consists of syenites, nepheline-syen-
ites, and nepheline-monzosyenites hosted in the subalkaline
Mamparang Formation andesites (Albrecht and Knittel,
1990) and alkaline Upper Mamparang Formation trachyte
lavas and pyroclastic rocks (Table 2). The intrusive center
hosts the Runruno high-sulfidation epithermal Au deposit.
K/Ar age dating of the Palali batholith by Metal Mining
Agency of Japan (1977) returned ages from 25 to 17 Ma. It is
possible that the youngest age relates to argon loss due to
thermal resetting (Albrecht and Knittel, 1990). If so, then the
Palali batholith is coeval with both the Cordon Syenite Com-
plex and porphyry Cu-Au mineralization at Dinkidi (Fig. 2;
Knittel, 1983; Albrecht and Knittel, 1990; Wolfe et al., 1999).
All of the above formations are unconformably overlain by
Oligocene to middle Miocene shallow-water carbonates
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(Santa Fe, Aglipay, Ibulao, Callo, and Columbus Formations;
Corby, 1951; Durkee and Pederson, 1961; Christian, 1964;
Metal Mining Agency of Japan, 1977; Caagusan, 1978). The
carbonates consist mostly of massive to thickly bedded
coralline limestones with a typical stratigraphic thickness of
approximately 300 m and are intercalated with the youngest
volcanic units preserved in the region, the alkaline Palali For-
mation (Metal Mining Agency of Japan, 1977). The Palali
Formation consists of hornblende-bearing dacites and an-
desites, minor basalt lava, reworked pyroclastic deposits, and
interbedded mudstones and sandstones (Metal Mining
Agency of Japan, 1977). The extrusive units have a high K
calc-alkaline to shoshonitic geochemical signature (Metal
Mining Agency of Japan, 1977). The Palali Formation has a
stratigraphic thickness of at least 300 m (Metal Mining
Agency of Japan, 1977) and unconformably overlies the
Dupax batholith and the Caraballo, Mamparang, Santa Fe,
and Columbus Formations (Table 2). Metal Mining Agency of
Japan (1977) provided a single K/Ar age of 17.6 ± 1.0 Ma on
the Palali Formation. The youngest intrusion known in east-
ern-northern Luzon is a shoshonitic andesite dike that in-
truded the Isabela Ophiolite. This dike returned a whole-rock
K/Ar age of 20.45 ± 0.45 Ma and an amphibole Ar/Ar age of
21.9 ± 0.1 Ma (Billedo, 1994).
The Cagayan Valley basin began to subside in the late
Oligocene. It is now filled by a thick sequence of Miocene to
Plio-Pleistocene carbonates and clastic sediments that have a
total stratigraphic thickness of at least 7 km (Maddela,
Matuno, and Pantabangan Formations; Christian, 1964;
Metal Mining Agency of Japan, 1977; Caagusan, 1978). The
sediments were deposited on a basement of basaltic volcanics
(Christian, 1964), and they onlap the flanks of the northern
Sierra Madre and Central Cordillera Ranges. The sediments
progressed with time from marine (late Oligocene Ibulao
Formation, late Oligocene to middle Miocene Lubuagan For-
mation and the middle Miocene Callao and Aglipay Forma-
tions; Corby, 1951; Durkee and Pederson, 1961; Tamesis,
1976; Billedo, 1994), through marine-brackish (Miocene-
Pliocene Cabagan Formation; Billedo, 1994) to alluvial
(upper Pliocene-Pleistocene Iiagan Formation and Quater-
nary gravels; Corby, 1951; Billedo, 1994).
Methodology
Over 100 samples were collected from surface exposures
and drill core from the Didipio region. These were screened
for alteration and weathering by both hand sample and thin
section examination. Of these samples, only 52 were selected
for analysis. These samples were crushed in a hydraulic steel-
plate crusher and the chips sorted to remove any remaining
weathered or altered fragments. Between 30 and 80 g of sam-
ple (larger samples for coarse-grained units) was then split
and pulverized in a ceramic mill. Major and trace elements
were analyzed on a Phillips PW1480 XRF spectrometer at the
University of Tasmania, following the method of Norrish and
Hutton (1969), with standards and blanks run once every 6 to
10 samples to ensure analytical precision. A subset of 29 sam-
ples was analyzed for rare earth elements (REE), following
the ionic exchange-XRF analytical procedure of Robinson et
al. (1986). Twenty samples from the Baguio district were col-
lected in conjunction with Anglo American geologists, in
 GEOCHEMISTRY OF TERTIARY IGNEOUS ROCKS OF NORTHERN LUZON, PHILIPPINES
order to provide a representative suite in terms of both age
and geographical distribution. This suite was supplemented
with previously collected samples provided by Anglo Ameri-
can geologists and D. Cooke. The samples were analyzed at
four different laboratories over the duration of the project
with some samples analyzed in duplicate at more than one
laboratory (see Hollings et al., 2011, for detailed methodolo-
gies). For all laboratories Fe2O3 represents total Fe expressed
as Fe2O3. Representative analyses are provided in Tables 3
and 4, with the full data set available in digital Appendix 1.
Five samples were analyzed for radiogenic isotopes (Rb-Sr
and Sm-Nd) at Carleton University, Ontario (Table 5). Total
procedural blanks for Sr are <450 picograms. Isotope ratios
were normalized to 86Sr/88Sr = 0.11940 to correct for frac-
tionation. Two standards were run at Carleton, NIST
SRM987 (87Sr/86Sr = 0.710245 ± 16, n = 24, April 2005-Oct.
2006) and the Eimer and Amend (E&A) SrCO3 (87Sr/86Sr =
0.708024 ± 9, n = >20, April 2005-Oct. 2006). Total proce-
dural blanks for Nd were <150 picograms. Nd isotope ratios
were normalized to 146Nd/144Nd = 0.72190. Twenty runs of
the La Jolla standard average 143Nd/144Nd = 0.511848 ± 6
(Feb. 2005-Oct. 2006). Samples were run unspiked for both
Sr and Nd.
U-Pb age determinations on zircons were performed using
an Agilent 7500 cs quadrupole ICPMS with a 193-nm New
Wave Laser solid-state laser at the University of Tasmania in
Hobart, following the methods of Meffre et al. (2008). The
downhole fractionation, instrument drift, and mass bias cor-
rection factors for Pb/U ratios on zircons were calculated
using four analyses on the primary (Temora standard of Black
et al., 2003) and two analyses on the secondary standard zir-
cons (91500 standard of Wiendenbeck et al. 1995), analyzed
at the beginning of the session and every 12 unknown zircons
(roughly every hour), using the same spot size and conditions
as the unknowns. Additional secondary standards (Mud Tank
zircon; Black and Gulson, 1978) were analyzed after the sam-
ple. The correction factors for the 207Pb/206Pb ratio were cal-
culated using four large spot analyses (100 um 10 Hz) of
NIST612 analyzed at the beginning and end of the day and
corrected using the values recommended by Baker et al.
(2004).
Results
In order to assess the affects of hydrothermal alteration on
the samples from this study it is necessary to evaluate the ef-
fects of element mobility. In a plot of K2O versus SiO2 (Fig.
4) it can be seen that the Didipio Igneous Complex samples
plot as a relatively tight cluster, whereas the Baguio samples
show significantly more scatter, with a number of samples ap-
parently undergoing potassium loss. This is consistent with
the hydrothermal alteration assemblages associated with por-
phyry and epithermal mineralization that are widespread
throughout the Baguio district. In contrast TiO2, which is
generally considered to be less mobile than K2O during hy-
drothermal alteration, displays relatively tight trends when
plotted against SiO2 (Fig. 5).
In a total alkali versus silica diagram (TAS; Fig. 4a) samples
from the Baguio district are predominantly basaltic to an-
desitic in composition with a small number of samples, mainly
from the Virac Granodiorite, plotting within the trachybasalt
0361-0128/98/000/000-00 $6.00 1263
1263
to basaltic trachyandesite fields. In contrast the Didipio Ig-
neous Complex and Dinkidi stock samples are characterized
by elevated alkali contents and lie clearly within the trachy-
basalt to trachyte fields. Similarly in the K2O versus SiO2 plot
(Fig. 4) samples from the Didipio Igneous Complex and
Dinkidi stock samples lie within the shoshonite field, whereas
the Baguio samples scatter through the low to high K fields.
Given the demonstrated mobility of K2O illustrated above for
the Baguio district, these schemes may be unreliable. Craw-
ford et al. (2007) proposed that a plot of P2O5/Al2O3 versus
K2O/Al2O3 can be used to overcome these limitations. In this
diagram Baguio samples show a spread through low K to
shoshonitic, with the shoshonitic samples being from the
Virac Granodiorite, suggesting that alkalic rocks are present
in the area (Fig. 4c). In contrast the Didipio Igneous Com-
plex and Dinkidi stock samples show a pronounced enrich-
ment in P2O5 relative to Baguio rocks at similar MgO (Fig.
4d).
The Baguio samples range from basalt to dacite in compo-
sition, are low K calc-alkaline to shoshonitic and are charac-
terized by flat to light rare earth element (LREE)-enriched
primitive mantle-normalized patterns and uniformly negative
Nb anomalies (Table 3; La/Smn = 1.0–4.0; Nb/Nb* = 0.20–
0.27; Fig. 6). The six samples from the Zig Zag Formation
range from basalt to andesite in composition (Table 3) and are
characterized by flat to LREE-enriched primitive mantle-
normalized patterns and uniformly negative Nb anomalies
(La/Smn = 1.0–3.2; Nb/Nb* = 0.20–0.27; Fig. 6). There is a
strong positive relationship between SiO2 and LREE enrich-
ment with the basaltic sample of the Zig Zag Formation from
Liw Liw Creek having the flattest LREE pattern. The three
samples from the Lucbuban gabbro are moderately LREE
enriched with flat to weakly fractionated heavy rare earth el-
ement (HREE) (La/Smn = 1.4–2.0; Fig. 6). Similar to the Zig
Zag Formation, samples of the Virac granodiorite range from
basalt to dacite in composition (Table 3) with variable LREE
enrichment that shows a positive correlation with SiO2 con-
tents (La/Smn = 1.4–4.0; Fig. 6). In contrast the Itogon and
Antomok diorite intrusions are andesitic to dacitic in compo-
sition (Table 3) with similar primitive mantle-normalized pat-
terns (Fig. 6). Samples from the Pugo Formation are pre-
dominantly basaltic, with one andesite analyzed (Table 3).
They are all LREE enriched with negative HFSE anomalies
(Fig. 6).
The Didipio samples display a similar range of SiO2 con-
tents to the Baguio samples but are characterized by elevated
alkali contents. Most of the Didipio samples define a range of
La/Smn ratios from 0.8 to 2.3, slightly lower than the Baguio
samples. Samples from the Upper Mamparang Formation
have higher La/Smn values (2.2–3.5). All Didipio samples are
characterized by negative Nb anomalies (Nb/Nb* = 0.1–0.3;
Table 4; Fig. 6).
We present four new age dates for the Didipio area (Digi-
tal App. 2). A trachyte from the Upper Mamparang Forma-
tion yielded a U-Pb zircon age of 25.66 ± 0.22 Ma, which is
close to the 25.15 ± 0.20 Ma age for the Surong Monzonite in
the Didipio Igneous Complex (Fig. 7). The two ages for the
Dinkidi Complex are also close to the age of the Bufu Syen-
ite dated at 24.81 ± 0.28 Ma and the Tunja Monzonite at
24.79 ± 0.22 Ma (Fig. 7).
1264 HOLLINGS ET AL.

TABLE 3. Representative Geochemical Analyses from the Didipio District

Didipio Igneous Complex

G1 39/129 DD1 D1 D2 D3 MD1 MD2 MD3 M1 M2 M3 M4 M6 M9 M10 FMnZ

SiO2 41.92 40.83 48.94 51.76 50.54 50.33 51.92 50.54 49.93 58.15 57.00 56.74 55.77 59.33 54.97 56.45 61.58
TiO2 0.92 1.07 0.83 0.63 0.71 0.71 0.65 0.67 0.73 0.45 0.46 0.47 0.52 0.52 0.59 0.55 0.37
Al2O3 14.88 17.26 18.24 18.40 18.65 18.68 18.70 18.97 18.94 18.48 18.68 18.81 18.68 18.51 18.99 18.94 19.25
Fe2O31 14.77 14.13 10.25 8.63 8.94 8.93 8.31 8.69 8.98 5.50 5.91 5.97 6.83 4.81 6.66 6.16 4.12
MnO 0.23 0.22 0.19 0.16 0.19 0.20 0.19 0.22 0.21 0.13 0.16 0.16 0.18 0.07 0.18 0.16 0.07
MgO 9.27 7.75 4.91 4.14 4.17 4.26 3.87 3.70 3.91 2.11 2.29 2.29 2.71 2.32 2.37 2.22 1.40
CaO 16.28 16.50 10.61 9.92 9.41 9.58 9.56 9.98 10.50 5.71 6.70 6.82 7.11 4.13 7.40 6.95 2.98
K2O 0.52 0.51 2.34 2.43 3.21 3.54 2.58 2.84 2.60 4.17 3.56 3.53 3.09 5.41 3.74 3.43 4.39
Na2O 0.88 1.04 3.18 3.40 3.66 3.20 3.76 3.74 3.51 4.92 4.88 4.87 4.61 4.48 4.65 4.71 5.60
P2O5 0.32 0.69 0.50 0.53 0.52 0.56 0.46 0.63 0.67 0.37 0.35 0.35 0.49 0.42 0.46 0.42 0.23
Mg# 0.58 0.55 0.51 0.51 0.51 0.51 0.51 0.48 0.49 0.46 0.46 0.46 0.47 0.51 0.44 0.44 0.43
LOI 0.21 0.54 0.24 0.07 0.4 0.45 0.23 0.43 0.41 0.76 0.5 1.38 1.04 2.77 2.13 0.32 0.99
Sum 100.01 99.5 100.14 99.71 99.91 99.47 100.01 99.93 99.8 99.73 100.13 100.27 99.43 101.06 100.57 100.28 100.69

Cr 57 12 4 27 3 4 6 3 3 3 3 3 2 3 4 3 2
Co
Ni 29 16 9 15 5 6 7 5 5 3 3 4 4 3 3 3 1

Rb 10.52 9.05 42.70 42.73 63.76 64.39 49.41 49.91 44.28 70.94 61.81 56.48 68.82 69.30 61.71 58.89 79.99
Sr 912 1079 1082 1166 1164 1168 1007 1310 1388 879 1010 1078 911 823 1210 1136 873
Cs
Ba 183 88 464 433 531 553 503 403 407 488 474 427 829 695 528 506 1110

Sc 40
V
Ta
Nb 1.10 1.58 1.00 1.30 1.81 1.71 1.50 1.10 1.20 1.91 1.41 1.83 1.62 2.16 1.63 2.51 1.72
Zr 21.34 18.40 52.43 62.64 62.05 64.39 65.65 73.52 65.57 100.26 79.40 86.90 75.89 88.83 90.52 86.17 72.21
Hf 0.00 0.00 0.00
Th 0.10 0.10 2.00 2.11 1.51 2.31 0.10 0.10 2.52 1.81 1.62 2.12 1.65 1.63 0.10 1.72
U 0.10 2.61 1.50 0.10 1.51 0.10 2.51 1.51 2.22 1.71 2.43 1.52 1.54 2.45 1.81 1.51
Y 15.43 24.13 19.75 19.21 19.68 20.69 20.05 23.20 24.00 18.44 19.60 22.10 14.65 21.59 25.85 21.97 12.62

La 4.86 5.73 11.34 11.93 14.50 12.80 10.78 16.02 13.95 14.96 13.89 13.89 11.69 12.98 16.01 13.13 9.26
Ce 12.60 15.68 25.20 28.22 30.74 28.68 23.86 33.73 34.15 29.23 30.10 29.46 24.88 25.50 33.84 28.29 20.48
Pr 2.44 2.78 4.07 4.37 4.78 4.31 3.96 5.42 5.53 4.24 4.48 4.50 3.56 4.17 5.33 4.52 2.91
Nd 13.16 16.61 16.33 18.84 23.33 19.67 16.77 23.07 24.62 17.68 18.91 19.67 16.12 17.93 24.13 20.00 11.95
Sm 4.08 4.82 4.85 4.78 6.14 4.64 4.63 5.91 6.52 4.25 4.51 4.85 4.21 4.65 6.15 4.79 2.71
Eu 1.27 1.51 1.37 1.34 1.79 1.27 1.34 1.76 1.86 1.21 1.29 1.43 1.37 1.22 1.79 1.36 0.76
Gd 3.49 5.26 4.02 3.89 4.73 3.86 3.73 4.67 5.25 3.43 3.79 3.89 3.22 3.81 4.98 3.96 2.15
Tb 0.58 0.73 0.66 0.56 0.73 0.61 0.66 0.75 0.83 0.50 0.63 0.60 0.51 0.58 0.74 0.67 0.32
Dy 3.03 4.37 3.46 3.32 3.65 3.26 3.46 4.09 4.28 2.91 3.51 3.35 2.50 3.34 4.16 3.60 1.84
Ho 0.87
Er 1.43 2.31 2.28 1.75 1.87 1.49 2.39 2.68 2.63 1.83 2.47 2.32 1.47 2.21 2.56 2.40 1.21
Tm
Yb 1.10 2.18 1.85 1.68 1.76 1.58 2.02 2.21 2.12 1.86 2.20 2.16 1.44 2.12 2.42 2.24 1.29
Lu 0.28

Cu 134 145 93 168 131 65 160 170 168 106 208 166 820 135 162 115 258
Zn 79 94 71 77 63 63 77 75 73 37 48 61 23 97 71 64 28
Pb 2.10 3.22 6.72 16.41 8.23 10.65 10.72 11.55 10.14 10.28 7.94 7.50 8.59 15.32 13.18 10.03 8.79

(La/Yb)cn 3.16 1.88 4.38 5.09 5.92 5.82 3.82 5.20 4.72 5.76 4.52 4.61 5.84 4.39 4.74 4.21 5.14
(La/Sm)cn 0.77 0.77 1.51 1.61 1.52 1.78 1.50 1.75 1.38 2.27 1.99 1.85 1.79 1.80 1.68 1.77 2.21
(Gd/Yb)cn 2.62 1.99 1.79 1.91 2.23 2.02 1.52 1.75 2.05 1.52 1.42 1.49 1.86 1.49 1.70 1.46 1.38
Zr/Y 1.38 0.76 2.65 3.26 3.15 3.11 3.28 3.17 2.73 5.44 4.05 3.93 5.18 4.11 3.50 3.92 5.72
Th/Ce 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.07 0.07 0.05 0.10 0.00 0.00 0.09 0.06 0.06 0.09 0.06 0.05 0.00 0.08
Nb/Nb* 0.22 0.28 0.07 0.10 0.10 0.11 0.12 0.05 0.08 0.09 0.08 0.10 0.11 0.12 0.08 0.15 0.15

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TABLE 3. (Cont.)

Dinkidi Stock Upper Mamparang Fm. Maparang Formation

25/254 53/569 3/66 K1 K4 TB56/302 F17/144 F17/216 F17/53

SiO2 58.64 56.87 64.59 63.73 69.37 68.13 63.25 63.94 63.91
TiO2 0.44 0.51 0.27 0.36 0.27 0.25 0.32 0.31 0.31
Al2O3 19.38 19.11 18.01 18.61 17.62 16.77 18.13 18.17 18.49
Fe2O31 5.04 5.52 3.03 3.00 1.89 1.67 4.64 4.60 4.61
MnO 0.09 0.13 0.04 0.11 0.02 0.05 0.07 0.04 0.06
MgO 2.22 2.59 0.72 0.81 0.26 0.57 1.60 1.57 1.65
CaO 4.52 6.36 2.77 3.12 0.09 1.11 4.33 3.61 3.32
K2O 3.56 3.56 4.07 5.37 5.73 6.95 2.40 2.68 2.47
Na2O 5.86 4.97 6.38 4.76 4.73 4.44 5.04 4.88 4.96
P2O5 0.26 0.38 0.12 0.12 0.02 0.06 0.20 0.19 0.22
Mg# 0.49 0.51 0.34 0.37 0.23 0.43 0.43 0.43 0.44
LOI 3.17 1.56 2.27 2.58 1.2 0.76 1.01 1.47 1.84
Sum 100.05 99.97 99.97 99.83 98.99 100.12 99.58 100.24 99.12

Cr 3 3 2 5 3 1 5 5 7
Co
Ni 1 2 1 1 1 4 3 4

Rb 67.85 73.75 56.07 97.52 115.20 103.89 32.13 39.38 36.27

Sr 1012 1012 795 553 189 368 883 864 938
Cs
Ba 1506 786 1249 556 280 379 574 665 613

Sc 9 12 3 3 8 6 7
V
Ta
Nb 1.34 1.32 1.84 3.70 4.66 5.13 2.18 1.89 2.10
Zr 42.14 75.27 90.66 191.65 241.73 234.68 93.65 96.72 89.97
Hf
Th 6.57 8.81
U 3.70 5.37
Y 10.33 13.92 7.16 24.12 20.95 18.44 12.12 11.98 11.31

La 11.15 13.52 8.12 15.05 17.79 13.94 11.64 11.50 10.44

Ce 21.41 27.63 17.97 33.24 40.37 26.02 19.84 21.04 19.54
Pr 2.94 3.76 2.35 4.62 5.01 3.38 2.56 2.72 2.53
Nd 13.06 16.28 9.78 20.33 21.01 13.04 10.55 11.13 10.02
Sm 2.61 3.40 1.81 4.39 4.23 2.54 2.14 2.24 2.09
Eu 0.96 1.05 0.51 1.06 0.82 0.55 0.66 0.67 0.65
Gd 2.07 2.73 1.30 3.61 3.37 2.54 1.84 1.84 1.72
Tb 0.30 0.38 0.19 0.55 0.55 0.35 0.27 0.31 0.28
Dy 1.73 2.25 1.12 3.54 3.17 2.18 1.76 1.87 1.65
Ho 0.36 0.50 0.23 0.00 0.00 0.49 0.39 0.40 0.34
Er 1.07 1.33 0.60 2.51 2.32 1.46 1.14 1.17 1.11
Tm
Yb 1.01 1.37 0.71 2.55 2.55 1.74 1.16 1.28 1.19
Lu 0.15 0.23 0.12 0.00 0.00 0.29 0.21 0.22 0.21

Cu 133 170 692 45 20 5 399 83 505

Zn 26 42 20 44 35 32 41 20 41
Pb 5.99 9.04 6.04 15.50 15.29 7.26 6.87 6.80 7.34

(La/Yb)cn 7.90 7.07 8.25 4.24 5.00 5.73 7.18 6.45 6.28
(La/Sm)cn 2.76 2.57 2.90 2.21 2.72 3.55 3.51 3.31 3.23
(Gd/Yb)cn 1.69 1.65 1.52 1.17 1.09 1.20 1.31 1.19 1.19
Zr/Y 4.08 5.41 12.66 7.94 11.54 12.73 7.73 8.08 7.95
Th/Ce 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.20 0.22 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Nb/Nb* 0.09 0.07 0.19 0.20 0.22 0.26 0.12 0.11 0.14

1 Fe O is total Fe expressed as Fe2O3

2 3

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1266 HOLLINGS ET AL.

TABLE 4. Representative Analyses for Samples from the Baguio District

Virac granodiorite Antamok Diorite

Sample
no. 353235A 96770 806225B 806225A 96765 T4-D 45-45 96703 T2A 353243 353245 353246B 353247B

SiO2 58.52 44.69 65.67 55.78 52.25 52.48 66.77 59.91 50.46 61.23 63.55 60.76 60.40
TiO2 0.72 1.16 0.41 0.82 0.87 0.89 0.60 0.61 1.43 0.56 0.48 0.58 0.56
Al2O3 17.74 19.98 17.88 17.99 21.59 19.53 15.46 17.52 13.80 17.24 16.80 17.19 17.96
Fe2O31 7.45 12.46 3.32 8.43 8.30 8.85 5.96 7.98 15.49 6.77 5.58 6.78 6.74
MnO 0.18 0.24 0.11 0.18 0.32 0.43 0.43 0.09 0.31 0.14 0.10 0.12 0.23
MgO 3.16 5.09 1.35 3.79 3.34 3.05 2.77 3.35 5.59 2.98 2.48 3.07 3.13
CaO 6.93 13.01 4.33 8.11 8.00 7.48 3.32 5.46 8.36 6.50 6.92 7.32 6.89
K2O 1.96 2.16 2.12 1.64 2.45 3.75 0.12 2.62 2.23 1.13 0.36 0.76 0.65
Na2O 3.10 1.12 4.66 2.95 2.45 3.25 4.38 2.28 1.71 3.26 3.57 3.26 3.25
P2O5 0.25 0.08 0.16 0.30 0.44 0.30 0.19 0.18 0.62 0.18 0.15 0.16 0.19
Mg# 0.48 0.47 0.47 0.50 0.47 0.43 0.51 0.48 0.44 0.49 0.49 0.50 0.51
LOI 2.50 4.03 2.00 1.44 4.59 4.45 4.53 2.78 2.48 1.80 0.50 0.90 1.20
Sum 100.06 100.38 99.96 99.95 100.29 99.82 99.30 99.95 100.28 99.94 99.95 100.00 99.92

Ti 4304 6995 2447 4927 5152 5271 3518 3515 8527 3358 2892 3448 3337
P 1074 364 712 1328 1875 1279 823 763 2691 800 658 705 839
Cr 3 12 5 3 12 13 8 5 21 5 7
Co 17 11 19 10 6 8 8
Ni 3 5 9 3 4 2 3

Rb 42.15 37.09 50.01 32.63 84.99 72.53 158.32 52.46 35.68 23.83 9.05 15.74 9.72
Sr 491.27 500.91 552.96 498.08 466.76 536.20 22.89 369.48 382.36 459.68 433.07 403.63 482.49
Cs 1.13 0.59 1.43 0.81 0.80 0.91 0.30
Ba 552.81 200.03 407.89 422.61 259.11 668.50 361.75 486.43 608.45 355.40 162.81 312.82 302.63
Sc 4 4 22 4 2 2 3
V 234 62 261 163 138 189 168
Ta 0.41 0.34 0.34 0.10 0.20 0.20 0.10
Nb 7.49 2.40 5.71 7.00 4.51 4.71 5.19 7.51 18.66 2.85 2.41 2.83 2.94
Zr 149.54 44.07 106.33 32.67 214.15 102.05 101.27 121.27 753.74 44.40 80.20 79.52 82.29
Hf 4.10 2.76 1.01 1.63 2.21 2.72 2.33
Th 6.26 4.41 4.37 1.43 1.21 1.92 1.21
U 1.85 1.56 1.29 0.61 0.70 0.50 0.51
Y 23.28 19.17 13.61 17.84 30.71 29.20 22.42 19.13 39.89 16.80 14.57 17.46 18.83
La 25.44 5.21 15.85 25.84 12.58 10.57 14.51 19.23 45.06 9.47 7.74 9.08 9.41
Ce 49.74 11.80 31.76 47.69 31.13 26.78 27.74 41.38 97.30 21.49 18.09 19.27 20.75
Pr 5.41 1.74 3.72 5.36 4.20 3.73 3.55 4.97 12.47 2.77 2.39 2.40 2.58
Nd 21.85 8.80 14.70 21.13 18.59 17.69 14.84 19.14 51.31 11.71 10.95 10.70 11.74
Sm 4.31 2.58 2.76 4.23 4.49 4.48 3.15 3.83 9.88 2.75 2.61 2.52 2.94
Eu 1.23 1.03 0.82 1.24 1.42 1.46 1.02 1.14 1.63 0.91 0.85 0.85 0.92
Gd 4.09 2.95 2.45 3.90 4.15 4.67 3.35 3.50 8.47 2.69 2.61 2.66 3.06
Tb 0.69 0.50 0.37 0.56 0.73 0.75 0.54 0.54 1.21 0.48 0.43 0.51 0.57
Dy 3.57 3.30 2.36 3.43 4.68 4.89 3.43 3.17 7.06 2.60 2.49 3.12 3.09
Ho 0.76 0.68 0.48 0.68 1.01 1.01 0.78 0.69 1.37 0.55 0.48 0.63 0.62
Er 2.19 1.88 1.45 1.97 3.02 2.86 2.12 2.05 3.67 1.63 1.41 1.68 1.79
Tm 0.36 0.00 0.22 0.28 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.24 0.23 0.28 0.32
Yb 2.36 1.75 1.56 1.87 2.95 2.71 1.97 1.93 3.67 1.79 1.62 1.82 2.15
Lu 0.41 0.26 0.24 0.28 0.47 0.40 0.30 0.30 0.61 0.29 0.27 0.26 0.32
Cu 60 133 35 41 457 71 23 1602 204 150 17 87 46
Zn 69 108 72 91 124 824 191 40 152 49 20 26 189
Mo 2.18 0.45 0.60 0.14 0.15
Ag 96.41 49.90 6.03 28.25 31.38
Tl 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.04
Pb 3.60 22.82 8.98 6.09 33.85 659.92 48.51 6.07 6.05 1.34 0.71 0.83 0.52
Sn 0.57 0.81
Sb 0.10 0.24 0.33 2.31 76.44 0.17 0.07 0.05 0.02

(La/Yb)cn 7.73 2.14 7.28 9.92 3.05 2.79 5.29 7.13 8.80 3.79 3.43 3.59 3.15
(La/Sm)cn 3.81 1.30 3.72 3.95 1.81 1.52 2.97 3.25 2.95 2.23 1.91 2.33 2.07
(Gd/Yb)cn 1.43 1.39 1.30 1.73 1.16 1.42 1.41 1.50 1.91 1.24 1.34 1.21 1.18
Zr/Y 6.42 2.30 7.81 1.83 6.97 3.49 4.52 6.34 18.90 2.64 5.50 4.55 4.37
Th/Ce 0.13 0.00 0.14 0.09 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.07 0.07 0.10 0.06
Nb/Nb* 0.21 0.39 0.27 0.19 0.33 0.42 0.25 0.31 0.33 0.25 0.27 0.25 0.26

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 GEOCHEMISTRY OF TERTIARY IGNEOUS ROCKS OF NORTHERN LUZON, PHILIPPINES 1267

TABLE 4. (Cont.)

Itogon quartz diorite Lucbuban Gabbro Pugo Formation Zig Zag Formation

Sample
no. 353239A 353241A 353244A 353242 A77128 96833 354017 355196C 353231A 353233 353226 355197A 354512A 354514A 354517 354519A 355190A

SiO2 67.28 68.37 65.17 53.10 54.32 54.22 46.39 50.61 59.68 50.37 48.29 47.20 61.41 53.49 52.30 53.16 47.01
TiO2 0.37 0.36 0.37 0.66 0.76 0.77 1.30 0.85 0.52 0.86 0.96 1.09 0.50 0.80 0.99 0.77 1.03
Al2O3 17.27 17.09 17.65 16.75 16.10 16.29 19.50 17.35 18.83 18.68 18.57 17.66 18.86 18.41 19.01 18.52 14.81
Fe2O31 4.47 4.02 4.38 10.22 10.37 9.85 12.38 9.53 6.04 9.99 10.91 12.40 5.22 9.28 10.25 8.62 10.38
MnO 0.07 0.08 0.12 0.16 0.23 0.26 0.26 0.21 0.16 0.17 0.20 1.09 0.11 0.23 0.16 0.17 0.15
MgO 1.49 1.38 1.72 5.44 4.61 4.79 3.58 6.76 2.30 4.67 6.09 6.28 2.24 5.12 4.22 4.96 10.19
CaO 4.75 4.13 5.92 10.26 6.86 8.56 12.38 11.28 6.77 12.42 11.15 9.75 5.26 7.35 7.66 9.54 13.71
K2O 0.31 0.53 0.77 0.69 3.60 2.80 1.96 0.99 2.61 0.15 1.20 1.94 1.82 0.89 2.16 0.96 0.25
Na2O 3.82 3.88 3.75 2.56 3.01 2.36 2.07 2.14 2.89 2.50 2.49 2.40 4.38 4.26 3.02 3.10 2.38
P2O5 0.16 0.15 0.15 0.17 0.15 0.11 0.19 0.28 0.23 0.19 0.15 0.19 0.20 0.19 0.22 0.22 0.09
Mg# 0.42 0.43 0.46 0.54 0.49 0.52 0.39 0.61 0.46 0.51 0.55 0.53 0.49 0.55 0.48 0.56 0.68
LOI 1.10 1.70 0.60 0.80 4.06 4.88 10.70 5.93 6.80 6.80 3.40 9.30 1.30 3.20 6.00 3.30 4.10
Sum 99.98 99.94 99.76 99.96 100.19 100.13 100.04 99.96 99.95 100.00 100.01 99.91 99.90 99.94 100.02 99.92 100.00

Ti 2243 2135 2232 3928 4561 4601 7787 5098 3088 5146 5772 6544 2976 4769 5931 4588 6189
P 706 666 659 748 637 459 831 1206 983 843 632 818 884 812 975 948 410
Cr 6 5 7 39 14 24 8 146 10 71 64 68 11 32 20 57 328
Co 4 7 6 13 42 34 11 30 19 38 4 19 24 14 25
Ni 2 1 2 8 19 66 5 21 25 29 4 18 16 15 42

Rb 5.46 11.19 12.07 14.01 85.98 64.13 65.73 23.96 77.58 1.82 22.15 59.65 33.23 15.70 54.89 19.34 4.07
Sr 485.14 484.24 480.89 421.78 419.81 328.51 482.84 499.22 353.23 539.59 453.73 319.99 555.53 619.74359.57 595.36 377.89
Cs 1.01 0.61 0.40 0.81 0.00 0.00 5.04 2.14 5.69 0.32 0.93 4.30 0.91 0.31 2.34 0.72 0.21
Ba 189.08 226.86 294.77 173.39 346.75 358.68 526.29 265.92 258.59 77.25 371.63 339.61 651.48 286.16377.65 259.57 53.18
Sc 4 3 2 3 18 32 4 20 6 22 2 6 9 7 10
V 79 74 89 319 466 293 131 304 449 386 117 280 265 237 357
Ta 0.20 0.10 0.10 0.00 0.19 0.21 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.30 0.00 0.00 0.10 0.00
Nb 2.93 2.44 2.41 1.11 3.02 1.79 1.68 3.72 3.33 1.72 1.24 1.65 3.95 1.96 2.23 1.96 1.15
Zr 77.45 72.23 60.77 64.92 50.76 55.03 48.37 78.45 111.16 64.16 50.52 56.68 108.92 60.33 70.96 64.01 35.35
Hf 2.33 2.24 2.01 2.12 1.68 2.02 3.33 1.82 1.76 1.76 3.14 2.38 2.13 2.07 1.36
Th 1.31 1.32 1.51 0.91 1.01 2.42 2.36 1.50 1.45 1.43 5.07 1.34 1.60 1.65 0.63
U 0.61 0.51 0.30 0.50 0.34 0.69 0.86 0.43 0.41 0.66 1.32 0.41 0.53 0.52 0.21
Y 11.73 8.65 12.07 19.35 24.39 24.39 22.96 17.79 22.10 22.42 20.19 20.29 16.41 19.53 24.79 20.27 17.10
La 9.30 7.22 7.55 6.55 8.91 6.86 6.72 12.27 12.77 8.05 6.73 6.40 15.91 7.54 9.04 7.76 4.38
Ce 19.11 15.87 16.10 15.63 16.41 14.57 16.68 26.34 28.33 18.56 16.36 15.66 33.54 17.98 22.34 19.13 11.47
Pr 2.36 1.99 1.98 2.22 2.37 2.27 2.22 3.40 3.46 2.47 2.19 2.16 3.68 2.32 2.85 2.44 1.66
Nd 9.81 8.04 8.85 11.19 11.17 10.36 12.99 14.47 15.77 11.59 10.04 11.69 17.02 11.67 14.68 12.41 9.38
Sm 2.12 1.73 2.01 2.82 2.90 3.07 3.47 3.35 3.54 3.11 2.90 3.31 3.24 3.20 3.62 3.21 2.71
Eu 0.78 0.63 0.71 0.95 0.94 0.93 1.09 1.09 1.05 1.09 1.07 1.00 0.88 1.03 1.14 1.07 0.95
Gd 2.00 1.51 1.87 3.28 3.53 3.22 3.90 3.36 3.34 3.39 3.34 3.66 2.77 3.11 3.77 3.23 2.89
Tb 0.32 0.25 0.33 0.54 0.60 0.62 0.66 0.52 0.60 0.65 0.60 0.62 0.42 0.55 0.70 0.52 0.46
Dy 1.85 1.40 1.79 3.27 3.78 4.01 3.93 3.27 3.55 3.82 3.44 3.56 2.62 3.26 4.28 3.35 3.14
Ho 0.39 0.33 0.38 0.67 0.82 0.84 0.83 0.66 0.73 0.80 0.73 0.75 0.57 0.66 0.91 0.67 0.66
Er 1.13 0.94 1.17 1.95 2.31 2.72 2.23 1.89 2.11 2.25 1.99 2.12 1.48 1.87 2.38 1.90 1.66
Tm 0.20 0.14 0.20 0.31 0.00 0.00 0.34 0.27 0.32 0.33 0.30 0.30 0.23 0.30 0.38 0.28 0.28
Yb 1.33 1.01 1.36 1.97 2.26 2.53 2.04 1.78 2.29 2.25 1.92 2.15 1.61 1.84 2.38 1.84 1.50
Lu 0.21 0.17 0.22 0.31 0.36 0.41 0.31 0.27 0.40 0.32 0.30 0.30 0.25 0.28 0.35 0.29 0.22
Cu 7 3 5 107 355 68 6 123 21 102 103 5 4 52 61 40 95
Zn 25 60 35 31 152 130 382 108 83 85 85 948 55 214 169 71 50
Mo 0.69 0.85 0.73 1.15 0.19 0.18 0.25 0.47 0.19 0.26 0.20 0.18 0.17 0.14
Ag 9.10 6.10 11.07 53.43 13.44 37.56 149.14 96.27 37.49 25.33 132.23225.53 110.65 80.29
Tl 0.03 0.10 0.09 0.02 0.11 0.05 0.02
Pb 1.25 0.84 0.98 1.58 7.61 8.20 8.33 27.00 4.43 4.45 5.59 14.21 1.36 22.62 4.31 9.79 2.52
Sn 0.64 1.10
Sb 0.22 0.04 0.04 0.17 3.68 0.13 0.36 0.08 0.16 0.14 0.13 0.06 0.10 0.09 0.06 0.05

(La/Yb)cn 5.00 5.14 3.98 2.39 2.83 1.94 2.36 4.95 4.01 2.56 2.52 2.13 7.08 2.94 2.72 3.02 2.09
(La/Sm)cn 2.83 2.70 2.42 1.50 1.98 1.44 1.25 2.37 2.33 1.67 1.50 1.25 3.17 1.52 1.62 1.56 1.04
(Gd/Yb)cn 1.24 1.24 1.14 1.38 1.29 1.05 1.58 1.57 1.21 1.24 1.44 1.41 1.42 1.40 1.31 1.45 1.59
Zr/Y 6.60 8.35 5.03 3.35 2.08 2.26 2.11 4.41 5.03 2.86 2.50 2.79 6.64 3.09 2.86 3.16 2.07
Th/Ce 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.06 0.00 0.00 0.06 0.09 0.08 0.08 0.09 0.09 0.15 0.07 0.07 0.09 0.05
Nb/Nb* 0.24 0.28 0.25 0.15 0.23 0.21 0.23 0.24 0.22 0.18 0.17 0.24 0.20 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.26

1 Fe O is total Fe expressed as Fe2O3

2 3

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1268 HOLLINGS ET AL.

TABLE 5. Radiogenic Isotope Data for Miocene Samples from the Baguio Region

Zig Zag Fm. Lucbuban gabbro Virac diorite Antamok diorite Itogon diorite Pugo Fm.
Sample no. 354514A 353242 353235A 353245 353239A 355196C

Age (Ma) 24 22.1 20.82 20.1 20.1 18.1

Sm (ppm) 3.1 2.8 4.2 2.6 2.1 3.1
Nd (ppm) 11.3 11.1 21.3 10.9 9.7 14.4
Rb (ppm) 15.2 13.9 41 9 5.4 22.5
Sr (ppm) 599.9 418.4 479 431 479.8 456
147Sm/144Nd 0.165203 0.151904 0.118742 0.143642 0.130371 0.129639
143Nd/144Nd pres 0.512922 0.512982 0.512887 0.512972 0.512984 0.512901
2σ error 0.000006 0.00001 0.000004 0.000005 0.000005 0.000009
εNdpres 5.54 6.71 4.86 6.52 6.75 5.13
143Nd/144Nd init 0.512896 0.512960 0.512871 0.512953 0.512967 0.512886
87Sr/86Sr pres 0.70364 0.70366 0.70388 0.70385 0.70365 0.70369
2σ error 0.000003 0.000005 0.000003 0.000003 0.000004 0.000002
87Rb/86Sr 0.07328 0.09609 0.24757 0.06040 0.03255 0.14271
εSr pres –12.18 –11.91 –8.83 –9.28 –12.12 –11.48
87Sr/86Sr init 0.70362 0.70363 0.70380 0.70383 0.70364 0.70365

16 12
A B
14 Phonolite
10
Tephri-
12 Foidite phonolite
Na2O + K2O (wt%)

8
Phonotephrite
10
K2O (wt%)

Trachyte

8 Trachyandesite 6
Tephrite/
basanite BTA Rhyolite
Shosh
6 Dacite
TB 4
Hi K CA
4
Med K CA
Picro- Basaltic 2
andesite
2 basalt Andesite
Low K
Basalt
0 0
35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80
SiO2 (wt%) SiO2 (wt%)
0.1 2.0
Baguio Miocene samples Didipio Mamparang Fm.
C D
1.8 Didipio Igneous Complex Didipio regional intrusive rocks
Dinkidi Stock Didipio regional extrusive rocks
1.6
Shosh 1.4
P2O5 (wt%)
P2O5/Al2O3

Hi K
Med K 1.2
0.01 1.0

0.8

0.6

low K 0.4 Hi K CA

0.2
Med K CA
Low K
0.001 0.0
0.01 0.1 1 0 2 4 6 8 10 12
K2O/Al2O3 MgO (wt%)
FIG. 4. A. Total alkali silica diagram (TAS) for Miocene samples from northern Luzon. Fields and nomenclature from
LeMaitre et al. (1989). B. K2O vs. SiO2 diagram with field for low, medium, and high K calc-alkaline rocks and shoshonites
of the Baguio district and the Central Cordillera. C. Plot of P2O5/Al2O3 vs. K2O/Al2O3. D. Plot of P2O5 with fields from Craw-
ford et al. (2007). D. Plot of P2O5 vs. MgO with fields from Crawford et al. (2007). Didipio regional data from Knittel (1982,
1987, pers. commun.).

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 GEOCHEMISTRY OF TERTIARY IGNEOUS ROCKS OF NORTHERN LUZON, PHILIPPINES 1269

25 1.6
A B
1.4
20
1.2
Al2O3 (wt.%)

TiO2 (wt.%)
1.0
15

0.8

10
0.6

0.4
5 Baguio Miocene samples Didipio Mamparang Fm.
Didipio Igneous Complex Didipio regional intrusive rocks 0.2
Dinkidi Stock Didipio regional extrusive rocks
0 0.0
40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80

8 16
C D
7 14

6 12
Fe2O3 (wt.%)

5 10
Na2O (wt.%)

4 8

3 6

2 4

1 2

0 0
40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80

0.9 300
E F
0.8
250
0.7

0.6 200
P2O5 (wt.%)

Zr (ppm)

0.5
150
0.4

0.3 100

0.2
50
0.1

0 0
40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80

SiO2 (wt.%)
FIG. 5. Major element variation diagrams for the Baguio district, Central Cordillera, and Didipio region. Fe2O3 is total
Fe expressed as Fe2O3. Didipio regional data from Knittel (1982, 1987, pers commun.).

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1270 HOLLINGS ET AL.

100 Six Miocene samples from the Baguio district were analyzed
353235A 96770
for Rb-Sr and Sm-Nd isotopes (Table 5). The 87Sr/86Sr ratios
806225B 806225A
for the majority of samples vary from 0.70364 to 0.70388,
10
T4-D 96703 whereas 143Nd/144Nd ranges from 0.512887 to 0.512984.

Discussion

1
Geochemistry
Unlike most of the early Miocene Baguio district samples,
Virac granodiorite rocks from the Didipio Intrusive Complex plot mostly within
the alkalic or shoshonitic fields in Figure 4. The geochemical
0.1
Th Nb La Ce Pr Nd Zr Hf Sm Eu Ti Gd Tb Dy Y Ho Er Tm Yb Lu Al V Sc data for the Didipio Intrusive Complex indicate that they are
100
353246B 353247B
related by simple fractional crystallisation, with all major ele-
Antamok diorite
Itogon quartz diorite 353239A 353241A
ments except Na2O and K2O decreasing in abundance with
Lucbuban gabbro 353242 A77128
increasing SiO2 (Fig. 5). The low Ni, Cr, and MgO concentra-
10
tions of the initial diorite melt for the Cagayan district (Ni
<25 ppm; Cr <50 ppm; MgO <5%) and the low magnesium/
iron ratios (100 MgO/MgO + Fetotal <38) indicate that the
diorites had already undergone extensive fractionation prior to
1 emplacement. The depletion of MgO, CaO, TiO2, Fe2O3, and
P2O5 with increasing SiO2 contents for Didipio samples (Fig.
5) indicates fractionation of clinopyroxene, Fe-Ti oxides (pre-
dominantly magnetite), and apatite, respectively. This is con-
0.1
Th Nb La Ce Pr Nd Zr Hf Sm Eu Ti Gd Tb Dy Y Ho Er Tm Yb Lu Al V Sc sistent with the distinct trend shown by the Cagayan data in
100
Pugo Fm. Zig Zag Fm. Figure 4d. Such trends can be explained by apatite fractiona-
354017 354512A tion (Crawford et al., 2007). Baguio samples show similar
353226 355190A trends, although in the case of TiO2 the Baguio samples are
355196C 354517
10 generally characterized by elevated TiO2 at a given SiO2 con-
tent. The depletion of Al2O3 and Sr when SiO2 is greater than
Rock/PM

54 percent suggests the onset of plagioclase fractionation.

Primitive mantle-normalized diagrams for the Baguio data
1
show that HREE are relatively unfractionated in most of the
samples (Fig. 6). This implies that the magmas were derived
at relatively shallow depths above the garnet stability field.
0.1 This is consistent with the work of Dimalanta and Yumul
Th Nb La Ce Pr Nd Zr Hf Sm Eu Ti Gd Tb Dy Y Ho Er Tm Yb Lu Al V Sc
100
(2003) who have used gravity data to estimate crustal thick-
G1 39/129 ness in the Baguio district to be ~27.5 ± 1.5 km, which would
DD1 D2 place magmas formed at the base of the crust well above the
MD2 FMnZ garnet stability field. The samples from the Didipio area are
10 also characterized by generally flat HREE patterns, although
those of the Didipio Complex are somewhat more fraction-
ated than those of the Mamparang Formation, possibly due to
a slight deepening of the source region over time.
1 The observed depletion of HFSE (Nb, Ta, Hf, Zr, Ti), and
especially the Nb-Ta trough for the samples from Baguio and
Didipio igneous complex Didipio, is characteristic of a suprasubduction zone environ-
ment. This is consistent with earlier workers who have advo-
0.1
Th Nb La Ce Pr Nd Zr Hf Sm Eu Ti Gd Tb Dy Y Ho Er Tm Yb Lu Al V Sc cated a similar tectonic setting (e.g., Knittel, 1987; Malaterre,
100 1989; Albrecht and Knittel, 1990; Cooke and Bloom, 1990;
Dinkidi stock Mitchell and Leach, 1991; Polve et al., 2007).
25/254 53/569

Magmatic sources
10
The petrographic characteristics of the Didipio Igneous
Complex, trends in the variation diagrams, and shared trace

1
Mamparang Formation
K1 K4
F17/144 F17/216 FIG. 6. Representative primitive mantle normalized diagrams for Miocene
0.1
rocks of the Baguio district and the Central Cordillera. Normalizing values of
Th Nb La Ce Pr Nd Zr Hf Sm Eu Ti Gd Tb Dy Y Ho Er Tm Yb Lu Al V Sc Sun and McDonough (1989).

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 GEOCHEMISTRY OF TERTIARY IGNEOUS ROCKS OF NORTHERN LUZON, PHILIPPINES
57-229
33-376
FIG. 7. Plots of 207Pb/206Pb vs. 238U/206Pb for LA-ICPMS analyses of zircons from the Didipio area intrusive rocks.
element patterns (Figs. 5, 6) are interpreted to indicate that
all intrusive phases that crop out in the Didipio region are
sourced from the same melt that has undergone subsequent
crystal fractionation. The Mamparang Formation andesites in
the Didipio region have a similar large ion lithophile (LILE)-
and LREE-enriched composition to the Didipio Igneous
Complex but are less enriched overall in REE and are signif-
icantly less potassic. In contrast, the Mamparang Formation
is significantly more LREE enriched than the neighboring
Dupax batholith or Dibuluan River Formation (Table 4). Con-
sequently, the Mamparang Formation is interpreted to be a
subalkaline precursor to the alkaline intrusive centers and the
Upper Mamparang Formation. The gradual enrichment over
time of LREE and LILE in late Oligocene regional units in-
dicates a source region that became progressively more LILE
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1271
54-565
15-110
and LREE enriched during the Oligocene. The cause of this
enrichment could be either increased input of hydrous fluids
from the downgoing slab over time or possibly reduced circu-
lation in the mantle wedge, as decreased circulation would
mean that effects of metasomatism would not be diluted by
the influx of fresh magma.
The Cordon and Didipio REE patterns are similar to the
LREE-enriched patterns for middle-early Miocene shoshonitic
andesite dikes that crosscut the Isabela Ophiolite, on the east-
ern coastline of Luzon (Billedo, 1994). This can be interpreted
to indicate that mantle enrichment in LREE spreads east-
ward throughout the Caraballo and northern Sierra Madre
Mountains (e.g., Ringenbach, 1992; Billedo, 1994), following
the initial alkaline intrusive activity that was constrained to
the margins of the Cagayan Valley basin. The presence of ~26
1271
1272 HOLLINGS ET AL.
to 20 Ma alkaline magmatism in the Baguio district suggests
that LILE and LREE enrichment also spread westward with
time.
There is general consensus that potassic magmas cannot be
derived by partial melting of normal mantle peridotite but
rather require a heterogeneous mantle source that has been
metasomatically enriched in LILE and LREE (Foley and
Peccerillo, 1992; Muller and Groves, 2000). The close spatial
and temporal association with rifting for the alkaline intrusive
centers of the Cagayan Valley suggests that some of the
processes that form potassic melts in continental rift settings
(e.g., Bailey, 1974; Lloyd and Bailey, 1975; the Group II
potassic rocks of Foley et al., 1987; the African Rift province
of Barton, 1979) may have been active in northern Luzon
(Knittel, 1983). However, the alkaline intrusive centers have
island-arc geochemical characteristics (low TiO2 (<1%), high
Al2O3 (17−18%) and very low HFSE) and Sr/Nd isotope val-
ues (Knittel and Defant, 1988) that indicate the Cordon
Syenite Complex shared the same mantle source as the
Oligocene calc-alkaline Dupax and northern Sierra Madre
batholiths (Knittel and Defant, 1988). Rift-related melts from
continental settings, or those with a crustal component, would
be expected to have higher TiO2, Zr, Nb, and Ta, and lower
Al2O3 (Foley et al., 1987; Muller and Groves, 2000).
The northern Luzon alkaline-potassic suite is considered
here to represent the potassic end member of island-arc mag-
matism. They have geological and geochemical similarities
with the Roman province melts of Barton (1979) and the
Group III island-arc potassic rocks of Foley et al. (1987; Knit-
tel and Cundari, 1990), although the sodic Didipio Igneous
Complex, and to a much smaller extent the potassic Palali and
Cordon suites, have a lower K/Na ratio than Group III ultra-
potassic rocks (Albrect and Knittel, 1990). Small volumes of
these island-arc potassic rocks are emplaced late in arc for-
mation, commonly during the mature back-arc formation
stage (Foley et al., 1987). Similar potassic magmatism, associ-
ated with the initial stages of back-arc basin formation, have
been documented in the Izu-Bonin-Mariana arc (Stern et al.,
1983, 1984; Bloomer et al., 1989), New Hebrides arc (Mon-
jaret et al., 1991), and Fiji island group (Gill and Whelan,
1989). The similarities in geochemistry between the northern
Luzon alkaline intrusive centers and these other back-arc
potassic suites support the model that the Cagayan Valley
formed as a back-arc basin, with the alkalic magmas forming
early in the rift. The rifting that formed the Cagayan Valley
basin appears to have tapped arc-related LILE-enriched
mantle, possibly as a result of decompression melting, with
extension ceasing before the Cagayan Valley developed into a
mature back-arc basin.
Several models exist to explain the LILE enrichment and
HFSE depletion of island-arc potassic melts. The shared melt
source for the Oligocene calc-alkaline and potassic intrusions
advocated by Knittel and Defant (1988) suggests that models
for potassic magmatism which rely on an exotic component
for the LILE enrichment, such as subducted marine sedi-
ment (Rogers et al., 1985), crustal melting, or old enriched
mantle (Varne, 1985) are not applicable to northern Luzon.
The enrichment in LILE and LREE in island-arc potassic
melts is generally attributed to low degrees of partial melting
in areas of the mantle wedge that have been previously
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enriched in LILE by slab-derived fluids or melt. Studies of
mantle xenoliths (Bailey, 1982; Menzies and Hawkesworth,
1987) indicate that the LILE and LREE are preferentially
sited in veins and disseminations of hydrous minerals such as
phlogopite, amphibole, and apatite that crosscut and replace
peridotite. This metasomatic enrichment may be achieved by
overprinting the mantle wedge by either LILE-enriched flu-
ids or LILE-enriched partial melts, both derived during de-
hydration of the subducted oceanic slab (Menzies and
Hawkesworth, 1987; Peccerillo, 1992). Partial melting of
these enriched harzburgitic areas, under hydrous conditions,
would yield potassic melts, with partial melting of normal
lherzolitic peridotite considered unable to produce extensive
LILE enrichment (e.g., Kay and Gast, 1973).
Magmatic evolution
The geochemical data presented here show that there was
a distinct change in magmatic compositions from the late
Oligocene to early Miocene, with emplacement of small alka-
line to ultrapotassic intrusive centers at the tip of the Cagayan
Rift Valley, and shoshonitic dikes intruded throughout the
Caraballo Mountains and northern Sierra Madre (Knittel,
1987; Billedo, 1994).
Numerous researchers have shown that arc volcanism in
northern Luzon commenced during the Eocene, or possibly
as early as the Cretaceous (Billedo, 1994; Florendo, 1994;
Queano et al., 2007). The oldest volcanic rocks in northern
Luzon are the Cretaceous to late Eocene island-arc volcanic
rocks of the Caraballo Formation in the northern Sierra
Madre and Caraballo Mountains, and the Eocene volcanics of
the Pugo Formation in the Central Cordillera. The earliest in-
trusions in the northern Sierra Madre and Caraballo Moun-
tains are the Eocene southern Coastal (49−43 Ma, Metal
Mining Agency of Japan, 1977; Wolfe, 1981) and Oligocene
northern Coastal (32−27 Ma, Metal Mining Agency of Japan,
1977; Wolfe, 1981), Dupax (33−23 Ma, Metal Mining Agency
of Japan 1977; 28.5 Ma, Ringenbach, 1992) and northern
Sierra Madre (31−22 Ma, Metal Mining Agency of Japan
1987; 30 Ma, Billedo, 1994) dioritic batholiths. The earliest
intrusions in the Baguio district comprise the Central
Cordillera Diorite Complex (Waters et al., 2011). Encar-
nación et al. (1993) reported a 26.8 ± 0.5 Ma U-Pb zircon age
for an upper gabbro from this complex, whereas Walters et al.
(2011) reports younger Ar-Ar ages of ~22 Ma for the Lucbuban
gabbro and ~20 Ma for the Virac granodiorite. These rocks
range from tholeiitic to alkaline, and even shoshonitic in char-
acter, and have been emplaced into the Eocene Pugo Forma-
tion. The ages of the Central Cordillera Diorite Complex are
contemporaneous with potassic magmatism in the Cagayan
Rift Valley, and the 26.8 Ma age of Encarnación et al. (1993)
overlaps with waning calc-alkaline magmatism in the Cara-
ballo and northern Sierra Madre Mountains.
Undersaturated alkaline to potassic magmatism developed
at the end of the Oligocene in association with the com-
mencement of rifting along the Cagayan Valley basin (Knittel,
1987). Extrusion of the potassic lavas of the Upper Mam-
parang Formation and the intrusion of alkaline intrusive cen-
ters occurred along the rifted western margin of the Cagayan
Valley basin. The alkaline intrusions were emplaced at 25 to
23 Ma (Metal Mining Agency of Japan, 1977; Knittel, 1983;
 GEOCHEMISTRY OF TERTIARY IGNEOUS ROCKS OF NORTHERN LUZON, PHILIPPINES
Billedo, 1994), contemporaneous with the youngest diorites
in the Central Cordillera, Caraballo Mountains, and northern
Sierra Madre ranges (Fig. 2). At this time, three broadly con-
temporaneous magmatic suites were being emplaced into
northern Luzon: a waning arc-tholeiitic−calc-alkaline suite
(the Dupax and northern Sierra Madre batholiths), the alka-
line to potassic suite at the tip of the Cagayan Rift Valley, and
the tholeiitic to alkaline Central Cordilleran Diorite complex
(Fig. 3). Despite the compositional differences, Knittel and
Defant (1988) interpreted the radiogenic isotope data to sug-
gest that all three suites shared a similar mantle source. How-
ever, the more detailed data set presented in this study sug-
gests that the 143Nd/144Nd data for the Baguio samples require
two distinct mantle sources for the Miocene volcanic and in-
trusive rocks. The lower 143Nd/144Nd values of the Virac, Zig
Zag, and Pugo samples suggest that these have undergone a
greater degree of contamination than the samples from the
Lucbuban, Antomok, and Itogon samples. In contrast to the
143Nd/144Nd data, the 87Sr/86Sr displays a good correlation to
higher values in younger samples; however, the data also sug-
gest two distinct sources for the ~20 Ma rocks with the higher
ratios of the Virac and Antomok samples implying a more con-
taminated source. The remaining four Miocene samples show
a slight negative correlation, suggesting increasing contamina-
tion over time. The fact that this correlation is not present in
the Nd data indicates that the isotope systematics are decou-
pled. The increased heterogeneity in the Baguio region is
broadly consistent with it being the main arc with thicker over-
lying crust allowing for greater contamination. Although alka-
line magmatism is mostly strongly developed in the vicinity of
the Cagayan Valley there is also a diminishing intensity of al-
kalinity to the east and west, possibly reflecting the dispersion
of alkaline magmas by convection within the subarc mantle.
Upwelling magma beneath the incipient rift could account for
the bidirectional dispersion of the alkalic melts (Fig. 8).
Magmatism appears to have waned throughout northern
Luzon at the end of the early Miocene. The youngest volcanic
units in the Caraballo Mountains are the high K to
shoshonitic lavas of the Palalai Formation (17 Ma, Metal Min-
ing Agency of Japan, 1977; Billedo, 1994), which were subse-
quently overlain by middle Miocene limestone, while the
youngest unit in the northern Sierra Madre is a 20 Ma alka-
line dike that has intruded the Isabela Ophiolite (Billedo,
1994). A hiatus in magmatism in the Central Cordillera dur-
ing this time is marked by the deposition of the Kennon
Limestone, during the late-early Miocene to early-middle
Miocene (Maleterre, 1989), with magmatism recommencing
along the Central Cordillera intermittently from the middle
Miocene to Quaternary (Hollings et al., 2011).
Tectonic setting
Traditional models for northern Luzon invoke arc polarity
reversal in the evolution of the region, with the Eocene to
early Miocene magmatism preserved in the Sierra Madre
being attributed to westward subduction along a proto-east-
ern Luzon trough (Karig, 1983; Fig. 1), followed by eastward
subduction along the Manila trench in the late Oligocene to
early Miocene (Wolfe, 1981; Maleterre, 1989; Solomon, 1990;
Florendo, 1994; Yumul et al., 2003). The evidence in favor of
westward-directed subduction in the Paleogene includes the
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1273
W E
~30 Ma
A
Central
Cordillera
Didipio
complex
W E
Hinge roll back
places the arc
under extension Alkalic
porphyry
Cu-Au ~25 Ma
Calc-alkalic batholith
(root zones to calc-alkalic
B porphyry Cu-Au
deposits?)
W E
Subduction of an
aseismic ridge or plateau
causes slab flattening and ~20 Ma
terminates back arc
extension
C
FIG. 8. Schematic model showing the proposed evolution of northern
Luzon during the Miocene. A. Prior to 30 Ma eastward-directed subduction
results in the emplacement of the northern and southern Coastal batholiths
in northern Luzon. B. ~25 Ma the arc rifts and alkalic rocks and mineralized
porphyries of the Didipio Igneous Complex are emplaced. Typical arc mag-
matism also occurs in the Baguio district. C. Collision of an aseismic ridge
terminates magmatism.
interpreted presence of an accretionary prism in seismic re-
flection data off northeast Luzon (Lewis and Hayes, 1983),
the presence of a Cretaceous ophiolite complex (the Isabela
Ophiolite) that was emplaced into the eastern flank of the
northern Luzon terrane at some time prior to 20 Ma (Lewis
and Hayes, 1983; Metal Mining Agency of Japan, 1990; Flo-
rendo, 1994), and the apparent lack of oceanic crust to the
west of Luzon until the late Oligocene (Wolfe, 1988; Rangin,
1991). This last point has recently been contradicted by En-
carnación (2004) who has interpreted the presence of two oc-
currences of Jurassic and Cretaceous cherts on the west side
of Luzon to be part of a subducted Mesozoic ocean floor sub-
ducted during the convergence of the Philippine arc with
Eurasia. The trigger for the arc polarity reversal has been at-
tributed to a number of causes. Florendo (1994) advocated
that the collision of the Benham Rise into the eastern Luzon
trench in the early Miocene triggered arc reversal with the in-
ception of the Manila trench occurring at ~10 Ma. Hall
(2002) argued that initiation of east-directed subduction of
the South China Sea plate probably occurred due to the
northeastward propagation of the north Borneo-Manila
trench, which reached Luzon during the late Oligocene to
1274 HOLLINGS ET AL.
early Miocene, causing extinction of subduction from the east
and triggering arc reversal. More recently an alternative expla-
nation has been offered by Yumul et al. (2003) who proposed
that the reversal was triggered by the collision of the Palawan
microcontinental block with western Luzon in the early
Miocene, following the late Oligocene cessation of magmatism
attributed to the waning of the proto-eastern Luzon trough.
The lack of consensus as to the trigger for the Miocene arc
reversal suggests that the model itself may be flawed. Indeed
there are several problems with a Miocene arc reversal for
northern Luzon. The evidence for westward-directed sub-
duction during the late Oligocene and early Miocene relies
heavily on the study of Lewis and Hayes (1983), who inter-
preted the presence of unconformities in seismic data that
were then correlated with unconformities on land. Unfortu-
nately these inferences have never been tested in follow-up
studies (Queano et al., 2007). Bautista et al. (2001) used focal
mechanism data to show that the Benham Rise had not begun
to subduct along the eastern Luzon trough in the late
Oligocene. Queano et al. (2007) argued that the Palawan block
did not collide with Luzon until the late Miocene (~11.2−7.1
Ma). They proposed that the available geochronological data
combined with paleomagnetic information indicate that
Miocene arc reversal did not occur in this region. Instead,
Queano et al. (2007) argued that eastward-directed subduc-
tion beneath western Luzon produced both the late Oligocene
Sierra Madre arc and Miocene Central Cordillera arc.
Our geochemical and geochronological data are consistent
with the interpretation of Queano et al. (2007) that subduc-
tion beneath northern Luzon has been east-directed since the
Oligocene. Our data do not permit us to determine whether
the ~30 Ma magmatism preserved in eastern Luzon formed
as a result of westward- or eastward-directed subduction (Fig.
8a); however, the data provide evidence for calc-alkaline mag-
matism in a principal early Miocene arc of the Central
Cordillera, defined by the Central Cordillera diorite complex,
and consistent with eastward-directed subduction. This oc-
curred broadly coeval with potassic magmatism in the back-
arc basin, specifically on the western edge of the Cagayan Val-
ley (Fig. 8b). The formation of the back-arc basin may have
occurred as a result of slab roll-back along the western mar-
gin of the Philippine archipelago. Slab roll-back at ~27 to 26
Ma could account for a number of features of the Oligocene
to early Miocene geology of northern Luzon, notably the for-
mation of the Cagayan Rift and the extremely rapid westward
migration of the arc from the Sierra Madre to western Luzon.
Slab roll-back has been shown to result in large-scale lateral
migration of magmatic arcs over short time scales in the
southwestern Pacific (e.g., Vitiaz arc: Crawford et al., 2003).
In contrast, collision and arc reversal around ~27 Ma is un-
likely to account for the rifting of northern Luzon, as in mod-
ern arcs collision of a seamount or plateau with a subduction
zone results in uplift, obduction, and mountain building, not
extension and back-arc basin formation (e.g., Meffre and
Crawford, 2001; Crawford et al., 2003). The cause of Miocene
slab roll-back in northern Luzon is difficult to determine; it
may have been related to a slowing of plate convergence or to
changes in plate motion. Hall (2002) proposed that at around
25 Ma the Philippine Sea plate began to rotate after collision
of the Halmahera-East Philippines-South Caroline arc with
0361-0128/98/000/000-00 $6.00 1274
New Guinea, inducing back-arc opening and subduction
within the margins of the Philippine Sea plate. Milsom et al.
(2006) revised these reconstructions and proposed that the
paleomagnetic data for northern Luzon are permissive of
three distinct reconstructions between 45 and 25 Ma. This
ambiguity as to the tectonic reconstruction allows for a num-
ber of possible causes to initiate the slab roll-back. The intru-
sions of the Central Cordillera Diorite Complex are typical
arc rocks, and it is difficult to reconcile their compositions
with models that invoke eastward-directed subduction begin-
ning only in the middle Miocene, which would place the Cen-
tral Cordillera behind the back-arc rift of an arc system
formed by westward-directed subduction. The similarities in
the geochemistry between the Baguio rocks and magmas to
the east argues for a similar source and contradicts the work
of Bellon and Yumul (2000) who have proposed that the geo-
chemistry and geochronology of the Baguio district indicates
that pre-22 Ma rocks were associated with a subduction-re-
lated marginal basin, whereas post-22 Ma rocks formed in an
island-arc system.
The reasons for the termination of eastward-directed sub-
duction around 20 Ma and the break in magmatism that pre-
ceded the late Miocene to Pliocene volcanism in the Baguio
district are not clear. The presence of Miocene adakitic mag-
matism in the Baguio district may indicate that flattening of
an eastward-subducting slab, with flattening leading to both
adakitic melts through increased melting of the subducting
oceanic crust (Gutscher et al., 2000; Payot et al., 2007; Hollings
et al., 2011) and the cessation of magmatism in the Cagayan
Rift Valley as the subarc mantle is squeezed out (Fig. 8c). The
cause of this flattening is difficult to assess but is likely the re-
sult of subduction of an aseismic oceanic ridge or plateau. This
has been shown to result in flat subduction in other destructive
margins such as the Juan Fernandez Ridge along the coast of
Central Chile (Yañez et al., 2001) and the Nazca Ridge in Peru
(Rosenbaum et al., 2005). Furthermore the collision of a ridge
or plateau resulting in adakitic magmatism would also have
terminated the extensional slab roll-back that gave rise to the
back-arc basin, as has been shown for the New Caledonian
arc ~ 40 to 34 Ma (Crawford et al., 2003; Sdrolias et al., 2003).
Gradual flattening of the Miocene slab beneath northern
Luzon could explain the LILE and LREE enrichment
recorded in the magma of the Cagayan Rift Valley as this
would result in squeezing out of the sub-arc mantle and re-
duced circulation in the wedge. Wyman et al. (2008) have
suggested that flattening of the slab would result in restricted
convection of the wedge both as a result of the shallowing slab
and dropping temperatures. Consequently, large cumulative
volumes of hydrous fluids derived by dehydration of the
downgoing slab may have percolated through the noncon-
vecting wedge rather than being stripped out by the continu-
ous replenishment of the asthenosphere. Hydrous melting of
enriched mantle zones, which have interacted with these hy-
drous fluids, could then have led to the generation of potassic
melts in the Cagayan Valley.
Conclusions
Geochemical and isotopic data from the Miocene rocks of
northern Luzon show that intrusive rocks consistent with for-
mation above a subduction zone were emplaced ~27 to 20 Ma
 GEOCHEMISTRY OF TERTIARY IGNEOUS ROCKS OF NORTHERN LUZON, PHILIPPINES
in the Baguio district. These were coeval with potassic rocks
and alkalic porphyry Cu-Au mineralization in the back-arc
basin of the Cagayan Valley. The geochemistry and geochronol-
ogy of late Oligocene to early Miocene magmatism in northern
Luzon is consistent with eastward-directed subduction along
the western margin of the island arc, consistent with the find-
ings of Queano et al. (2007). Our model contradicts previous
workers who have invoked westward-directed subduction fol-
lowed by an early Miocene arc reversal, the cause of which has
been difficult to establish. Eastward subduction from the late
Oligocene is consistent with new geochronological data that
demonstrate that the calc-alkaline to alkaline magmatism that
took place in the Baguio district was broadly coeval with rift-
related magmatism in the Cagayan area. This relationship is
not consistent with westward subduction in the late Oligocene
as it would place the alkaline Cagayan province in a forearc
position for which there is no modern analogue, whereas the
geochemical data suggest that the Baguio district formed
above the main arc. The presence of adakitic magmas in the
Baguio district may indicate that flattening of the downgoing
slab caused the hiatus in magmatism that preceded Miocene-
Pliocene magmatism along the Central Cordillera and associ-
ated extensive porphyry and epithermal mineralization.
Acknowledgments
Climax Mining is thanked for supporting R. Wolfe’s study of
the Didipio region and the Dinkidi porphyry deposit, and for
providing him with logistical and financial support. The assis-
tance of Ulrich Knittel from the University RWTH-Aachen in
Germany is gratefully acknowledged in providing the major-
ity of the regional analyses for Didipio from his own database
and for providing many of the unpublished reports and the-
ses. The authors gratefully acknowledge logistical support
from Anglo American personnel and Rene Gonzalez for their
field work in the Baguio district, and the financial and logisti-
cal support of AMIRA International’s P765 project. Philip-
pines. P. Hollings acknowledges support from an NSERC
Discovery Grant. D. Cooke acknowledges support of an ARC
linkage grant for part of this study.
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