CEMENTITIOUS PRODUCTS-

INTRODUCTION
1. Cementitious Materials Definition

Cementitious Materials
Materials that react with water &/or lime left over from the hydration of
Portland cement & contribute to concrete properties through hydraulic or
pozzolanic activity.

-slag, fly ash, silica fume, pozzolans (natural, artificial), …

-Limestone are sometimes included (although without reactivity)

 Cementitious Products

▪ Chemical Properties
-
Ø Pozzolanic properties
Cement + water → CSH + CH + C4AHx+ sulfoaluminates

+ cementitious (A,S) + water → CSH +

C4AHx
–Slow pozzolanic effect
Longer setting time
Lower hydration heat
Low early strength, increased strength does not appear before 7d

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4. Types of Cementitious Products

Cementitious Products
▪ Pulverised Fuel Ash
▪ Granulated Blast Furnace Slag
▪ Silica Fume
▪ Limestones

5 W’s and H

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Fly Ash / Pulverised Fuel Ash (Type V -
silicious)
▪ Fly Ash is a by product of power generation plant utilizing
black coal as a fuel. During the burning process, dust (fly
ash) is obtained by forms of collection/ filtration systems.

▪ Fly Ash is a siliceous/aluminous material, low in lime

content & hence it has little cementitious/ hydraulic
0.2% Carbon properties on its own.

▪ Fly ash particles have a spherical shape which is

favourable for the improvement of concrete workability.

▪ PFA is a by products which consume the free lime

resulted from cement hydration process to form Silicate
Hydrate gel then enable late strength gained after 28days
3.5% Carbon

▪ The increase of carbon content has a dramatic effect on

fly ash morphology:
- Presence of agglomerate with high water demand
- Increase of fly ash specific surface area
• Diminution of the efficiency of admixtures
12% Carbon

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Fly Ash / Pulverised Fuel Ash (Type V - silicious)

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 Fly Ash / Pulverised Fuel Ash (Type V -
silicious)

▪ Physical Properties
-Spherical in shape, either solid or hollow, and mostly glassy (amorphous) in
nature.
-Specific gravity of fly ash usually ranges from 2.1 to 3.0.
-Specific surface area (measured by the Blaine air permeability
method)(6) may range from 170 to 1000 m2/kg.
-Color. Fly ash can be tan to dark gray, depending on its chemical and mineral
constituents. Tan and light colors are typically associated with high lime
content. A brownish color is typically associated with the iron content. A dark
gray to black color is typically attributed to an elevated unburned carbon
content

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 Fly Ash / Pulverised Fuel Ash (Type V -
silicious)

▪ Fly ash impact on concrete

-Concrete characteristics
✓ improved workability
✓ better pumpability
✓ less concrete segregation (bleeding)
✓ shrinkage and initial heat of hydration reduced
✓ delays cracking
✓ increased durability in aggressive and pure waters

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Granulated Blast Furnace Slag (GGBS)
▪ The GGBS is a by-product formed during the production
of iron in a blast furnace. Iron ore, fluxing stone and fuel
are added to the blast furnace in the initial reduction
process of iron ore.

▪ All the materials then melt at temperature of 2500-2700

F, with a molten slag floats on top of molten iron. Slag is
tapped from the furnace by introducing air and water
spray (rapid cooling)

▪ GGBS have sufficiently high calcium oxide, CaO

content to produce some self activation (hydraulic) to
form calcium silicate hydrates (C-S-H).

▪ The latent activity of GGBS able to initiate the hydration

process and similar to PFA, Slag also consumes the by-
product, Calcium Hydroxide (lime) from the hydration of
Portland cement to form additional CSH gel

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Granulated Blast Furnace Slag (GGBS)

▪Iron ore, fluxing stone and fuel

are added to the blast furnace in
the initial reduction process of
iron ore.
▪Materials melt at 1350-1500°C.
▪Molten slag floats on top of
molten iron.
▪Slag is tapped from the furnace
and rapidly quenched with water
to produce a highly glassy
material

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 Granulated Blast Furnace Slag (GGBS)
-Physical Properties

Colour Off-white powder

Bulk density (loose) 1.0–1.1 tonnes/m3

Bulk density (vibrated) 1.2–1.3 tonnes/m3

Relative density 2.85–2.95

Surface area 400–600 m2/kg Blaine

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 Granulated Blast Furnace Slag (GGBS)
-Chemistry

Element Portland Slag

Cement
CaO 60 - 67 32 - 45
SiO2 17 - 25 32 - 42
Al2O3 3-8 7 - 16
Fe2O3 3-8 0.1 - 1.5
MgO 0.1 - 4.0 5 - 15
SO3 1-3 -
S= - 0.7 - 2.2
Alcalis 0.2 - 1.3 -
MnO - 0.2 - 1.0

-Very similar with OPC

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 Granulated Blast Furnace Slag (GGBS)

▪ GGBS impact on concrete

As the slag requires only very little lime as an activator, the %
of slag can be high (ie 80% of slag in CEMIII/B)

Globally slower hydration

Longer setting time (bleeding)
Strength at 2d lower, but high in the long term
Lower hydration heat
Risk of short-term surface desiccation (curing)

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Silica Fume (SF)

▪ Residue from filtering the exhaust gas from silicon or

ferrosilicon furnace. SF is extremely fine powder with
low bulk density.

▪ SF is about 100 times finer than OPC, and the effect

of these fines is able to react as filler to fill up the
capillary holes after hydration process take place

▪ Chemically it contains mainly SiO2 in a very active

form, which enhance early stage of strength
development

▪ Blended cement with SF can produce excessively

higher compressive strength compare to normal OPC

▪ SF price is average 3 times more expansive than

cement price

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 Silica Fume (SF)

Residue from filtering the exhaust gas from silicon or

ferrosilicon furnace.

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 Silica Fume (SF)
-Physical Properties

Parameters Range

Particle size (typical) <1µm

Bulk Density
(as produced) 130 to 430 kg/m3
(slurry) 1320 to 1440 kg/m3
(densified) 480 to 720 kg/m3
Specific gravity 2.2
Surface area (BET) 13000 to 30000 m2/kg

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 Silica Fume (SF)
-Chemistry

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 Silica Fume (SF)
Physical Effect

The presence of any type of very small particles will improve concrete
properties. This effect is termed either “particle packing” or “micro
filling”.
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 Silica Fume (SF)
-Silica fume effect on Concrete
• Reduces bleeding- because of high surface area of the silica fume
• More cohesive and less prone to segregation.
• Increased compressive strength with added silica fume

Figure 1: Comparison of OPC, PFA and Silica Fume

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Limestones
▪ Mineral components: - calcium carbonate
- quartz (SiO2)
- clay minerals
- organic substances

▪ Easier to grind than clinker, at the same Blaine

fineness the clinker will tend to be concentrated in the
coarser fractions and limestone in the finer.

▪ Strength levels of the cements with limestone can be

controlled by utilizing these differences in grind ability.
.

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2. Reasons to use SCM
▪ Performance improvement
– strength, heat of hydration, colour, durability, workability, …

▪ Environmental reasons
– use of by products of other industries, CO 2 problem …

▪ Customer aspect
– better serve customer needs, …

▪ Capacity increase
– cement volumes/types, special binder/additives …

▪ Economical reasons
– price, availability on the market, energy saving …

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3. Applications

▪ all ready-mix concrete

▪ precast industry

▪ high performance concrete (especially silica fume)

▪ self levelling concrete

▪ mass concrete

▪ for long term durability issue (sulfate resistance, ASR, chloride

penetration, nuclear waste confinement…)

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