Index 2019 Engineering-Materials-1

Index
Note: Page numbers followed by “f ” indicate figures, and “t” indicate tables.
A interatomic forces, 57–58, 58f

primary bonds, 49–55, 51–54f
high-strength steel, 539, 541
material content, 533, 534f, 534t
Abrasive wear, 476–477, 477f secondary bonds, 49, 55–56, primary mechanical properties,
Abundance of elements, 19, 20t 55–56f 533–537
Adhesive wear, 475, 486 Bond stiffness, 83–86, 84f, 85t secondary properties, 537–539
Ammonia tank Boundary lubrication, 474, 475f Challenger space shuttle disaster
critical stress, 263–264, 264f Brazing, 426–429 circumstances, 122–123
fracture toughness, 264 Brittle cracking, 234, 235f, 238 hoop strain, 125, 129
geometry of failure, 262, 263f Brittle materials hoop stress, 129
material properties, 262–263 alloys, 237–238 joint rotation, 125, 126f
pressure vessel, 261–262, 262f design strength, 248 O ring, 125–128, 126f
Amorphous polymers, 73–74, 75f failure probability, 248–249 party balloon and rubber band,
Anelasticity, 493 modulus of rupture, 254–257, 255f 125, 127f
Anisotropy composites, 89–90 statistics of strength, 248–249, Poisson’s ratio, 129
Arrhenius’s law, 367, 368f 249–250f solid rocket booster casing joint,
Atomic level materials, 49 strength of ceramic, 252–253 123–125, 124f, 128–129
Atom packing, 49, 50f survival probability, 250, 253 Close-packed hexagonal structures,
in crystals (see Crystals, atom tensile strength, 248 65, 66f, 68, 68f, 70–71
packing) Weibull distribution, 250–252, Close-packed plane, 64
density of solids, 76–78, 76–77t, 250f Coefficient of kinetic friction, 470,
78f Buckling, 512 470f
in inorganic glasses, 74–75, 75f Buckling of beams, 99–100, 112–113 Coefficient of static friction, 470,
in polymers, 73–74, 75f Bulk diffusion, 376, 382 470f, 473f, 474
Availability of materials, 15 Bulk modulus, 38 Comet air disasters, 325–331
Burgers vector, 160–161 Composites
B fast fracture, 236–237, 236–237f
Bending moment, 96–97
Bending of beams, 97–98, 108–109
C modulus, 87–90
Carbon emissions, 531–532 thermal expansion, 508, 509f
Biaxial tension, 34, 35f Carbon-fiber reinforced polymers Compression, 34, 35f, 139
Bimetals (CFRP), 5, 88, 117–118 Compression molding, 539–540,
beam, 508–510, 509f Car design 541f
snap-through bimetal disc, aluminum alloys, 539, 540f, 541 Concentration gradient, 515
508–510, 510f carbon emissions, 531–532 Condensed states of matter, 56, 57t
Bond-angle, 50f compression molding, 539–540, Continuous welded railroad track,
Bonding, atoms 541f 510–512, 511f
atom packing, 49, 50f energy, 531 Corrosion design error, 458–459
condensed states of matter, 56, 57t energy economy, 532, 532t, 533f Covalent bonding, 52–54, 53–54f
interatomic bonds, 49, 50f GFRP, 539–541, 540–541f Crack-growth rate, 288 559
560 Index
Crack propagation, 271 force acting, 162–165, 166f for bridges

cleavage, 234–236, 235f glide on crystallographic planes, 166 cast-iron bridges, Magdalene
ductile tearing, 232–234, 232–233f line tension, 166, 166f Bridge, 8, 10f
Creep, 538 motion, 160–161 Clare Bridge, 8, 9f
ceramics, 382–387 plastic strain, 160–161 mild-steel bridge, St George
damage, 360–361, 360f, 400 screw dislocation, 161, 163–164f footbridge, 10, 11f
fracture, 360–361, 385–386 yield strength, 169, 173 reinforced concrete footbridge in
metals, 382–387 Doubling-time, 21 Garret Hostel Lane, 10, 11f
polymers, 387–389 Dry oxidation wooden bridge at Queens’
relaxation, 358–360 metals joining, 426–429 College, 8, 9f
tests, 355–358, 357f stainless alloys, making of, 421–422 ceramics, 1–2
Creep-resistant materials, 361 turbine blades, 422–426 classes of materials, 1–2, 3t, 4f
Creep-rupture diagram, 361, 361f Ductile tearing, 233–234, 233f composites, 1–2
Crystal energies, 64–66 Ductile-to-brittle transition, 235–236 engineering design considerations,
Crystallography, 66–68 Ductility, of aluminum alloys, 539 10, 12f
Crystals material prices, breakdown of, 7–8,
atom packing E 8t
body-centered cubic structure, Edge dislocation, 159–161, 160f, metals and alloys, 1–2
71, 71f 162–163f natural materials, 1–2
close-packed structures and Elastic bending, 96–98, 96–97f precious metals and gemstones, 8
crystal energies, 64–66, 65–66f Elastic deflection, 95–98, 97f, properties
direction indices, 69–70, 70f 535–538 classes of property, 1, 2t
grain boundaries, 63–64 Elastic deformation fatigue strength, 1
hard spheres, 63–64 bending, 96–98, 96–97f fracture toughness, 1
nondirectional bonding, 63–64 buckling, 99–100 sailing cruiser, 6, 7f
plane indices, 68, 69f elastic limit, 95 screwdriver
three-dimensional packing strain, 102–103, 103f fracture toughness, 4
pattern, 64 stress, 100–102, 101–102f friction coefficient, 4
bond stiffness, 83–86, 84f, 85t vibration, 98–99 modulus, steel, 2–3
dislocation of (see Dislocations) Elastic design, springs PMMA handle, 4–5
strength, 157–158, 158–159f energy density, 196 with steel shaft and polymer
leaf springs (see Leaf springs) (plastic) handle, 2–3, 4f
D materials, 195–196, 196t yield strength, 2–3
Debonding, 236–237 primary function, 196 structure cost, 7–8
Defect-sensitive materials, 247 types, 195–196 turbofan aero-engine
Deformation mechanism diagrams, Elastic limit, 137 cross-section, 5, 5f
385 Elastic moduli insulation, 6
Density of solids, 76–78, 76–77t, 78f deck hangers, Sydney Harbour petrol engine spark plug, 6, 6f
Diffusional flow, 386–387 Bridge, 31, 32f turbine blades, 5–6
Diffusion coefficients, 374, 515 floppy materials, 31 turbofan blades, 5
Diffusion creep, 384 Hooke’s law, 38 Environmental impact, 25
Dilatation, 36 rubber band, 31, 32f Epoxy resin, 522–523
Directional covalent bonding, 53–54, strain, 36–37, 37f Eschede railway disaster
54f stress, 33–35 broken tire
Direction indices, 69–70, 70f Young moduli (see Young’s circumferential tensile stress,
Dislocation-core diffusion, 376–377, modulus) 333–335, 334f
377f Electrochemical equilibrium diagram. fatigue fracture surface, 332, 333f
Dislocations See Pourbaix diagram rubber-sprung wheel,
creep, 382–383 Electropolishing, 455 circumferential tensile stress,
edge dislocation, 159–161, 160f, Energies of formation, of oxides, 412, 332, 332f
162–163f 413f, 414t Exponential growth
electron microscope, stainless steel, Energy costs, 24–25 doubling-time, 21
161, 165f Engineering materials law, 20–21, 21f
Index 561
F Floppy materials, 31, 39

Foam jacket cracking, liquid methane
Hydrogen bonds, 56, 56f
Hydrostatic pressure, 34, 35f
Face-centered cubic structures, 65–67,
67f, 70–71, 72f tank Hydrostatic testing, 265–267
Fast fracture polyurethane (PUR), 268
ammonia tank, 261–264 schematic half-section, 267, 268f
thermal stresses in foam, 269–271,
I
brittle alloys, 237–238 Indentation hardness, 149
cleavage (brittle), 234–236, 235f, 269f, 271f Inorganic glasses, atom packing,
238 Forging, 202 74–75, 75f
composites, 236–237, 236–237f Fossil fuels, 25 Interatomic bonds, 49, 50f
condition, 217–218 Fracture Interatomic force–distance curve,
ductile tearing, 232–234, 232–233f, ammonia tank, 261–264 157–158
238 foam jacket cracking, liquid Interatomic forces, 57–58, 58f,
energy criterion, 211–212 methane tank, 267–271 157–158
failure criteria, 231–232 perspex pressure window Intergranular attack, 442f, 443
at fixed displacements, 215–216, explosion, 265–267 Interstitial diffusion, 376, 376f
215–216f Tay Bridge collapse, 272–276, Intrinsic lattice resistance, 170
at fixed loads, 216–217, 217f 272–276f Investment casting, 398
fracture toughness (KC), 217–221, Fracture toughness (KC), 217–221, Ionic bond, 50–52, 51–52f
219f, 220t 219f, 220t Isotropic composite, 90
GC and KC data, 218–221, ammonia tank, 264
ceramics and rigid polymers, 247
218–219f, 220t
leak before break, 213 PUR foam, 271 J
steel, 1 Journal bearing
loading conditions, 232
Friction adhesive wear, 486
material property, 232
high-friction rubber, 492–493 boundary lubrication, 486
stress intensity factor, 221
journal bearings, 485–490 conformability, 487, 488f
thermal fatigue, 213
skis and sledge runners, 491–492 crankshafts, 486
toughness (GC), 214–215, 214f,
Frictional heat, 526–527 embeddability, 487, 488f
218–221, 218f, 220t
hydrodynamic lubrication,
Fatigue, 538
Comet air disasters, 325–331 G 485–486, 486f
replaceable bearing shells, 486, 487f
cracked components, 288–289 Galvanizing, 459–460
Glass-fiber reinforced polymers seizure prevention, 488–490,
cycles, designing out, 307–310
(GFRP), 87, 539–541, 489–491f
Eschede railway disaster, 331–335
540–541f standard alloys, 486, 487t
high-cycle, 286–287, 291f
Glass–rubber transition, 236 Jumping jack firework, 73–74
human tooth, 291, 292f
Glass temperature, 86
low-cycle, 286, 290, 291f
mechanisms, 290–292 Grain-boundary diffusion, 376–377, K
metals and alloys, 302, 302t 377f Kevlar-fiber reinforced polymers
precracked components, 288, 289f Gross yield strength, 174 (KFRP), 88
steel plate, 291, 292f
strength improvement techniques, H L
307, 308f Hall–Petch effect, 175–176, 176f Large reflecting telescope, mirror
Stretham steam pumping engine, Hardness test, 145–147, 148f design
336–339 Heat exchanger British infrared telescope, 118, 119f
tests, 283–284, 284f heat distortion, 524–525, 524f candidate materials, 121, 121t
uncracked components, 283–288, thermal fatigue cracking, 525, 525f distortion of mirror, 121–122, 122f
302 Heat flow distances, 528–529 Keck telescopes, 122
welded joints, 305–307, 305–306f High-cycle fatigue, 286–287, 291f mass of mirror, 120–121
Fatigue strength, 1 High-friction rubber, 492–493 quasi isotropic laminate, 121
Fiber-reinforced composites, 88–90, High-loss/high-hysteresis rubbers, scaling laws, 120
89–90f 493 telescope mirror, elastic
Fick’s law, 368–374, 382 Hooke’s law, 38 deflection, 120–121, 120f
Filled polymers, 88, 90 Hydrodynamic lubrication, 474 vapour-deposited aluminum, 119
562 Index
Large-strain plasticity, 195, 202–203,

202f
N thin-walled spherical pressure
vessel, 200–201, 201f
Necking, tensile loading
Leaf springs aluminum alloy, 185, 186f Plastic flow, 535
for centrifugal clutch, 198, 198f condition, 184–185, 185f hardness test analysis, 182–183,
elastic energy stored, 196–197 mild steel, 185–186, 186–187f 182f
under load, 196, 197f neck formation, 183, 183f instability (see Necking, tensile
mechanics, 198–199 nominal stress–strain curve, 184 loading)
metallic materials, clutch springs, polythene, 185–188, 187f onset of yielding, 180–181
199, 200f rate of work-hardening, 184–185 shear yield strength, 179–181,
nonmetallic materials, 199–200 Negative thermal expansion, 180–181f
stresses in, 197, 197f 507–508, 507f tensile yield strength, 179
Lignin, 88 Noncrystalline polymers, 73–74 true stress–strain curves, 141–143,
Linear elasticity, 38, 138–139 Nonelastic (plastic) behavior 141–142f
Linear oxidation load-extension curve, 139, 139f Plastic instability. See Necking,
breakdown of oxide films, 418, necking, 139–140 tensile loading
419f permanent plastic deformation, Plasticity, 195
definition, 413 139, 140f Plastic strain, 160–161
Linear-viscous creep. See Diffusion squashing, 140, 140f Plastic work, 143
creep Nonlinear elasticity, 138–139 Plastic yielding, 536
Low-cycle fatigue, 286, 290, 291f Notch sensitivity factor, 303–305, Poisson’s ratio effect, 36
Lubrication, 474–475 304f Polycrystal strengthening and
L€
uders band, 186 plasticity
M O ball-bearing model, 173, 174f

dislocation yield strength, 169,
One-dimensional heat flow
Material-efficient design, 24 173
nonsteady-state conditions,
Material prices grain-boundary strengthening,
516–517, 517f
copper and rubber, price 175–176, 176f
steady-state conditions, 516–517
fluctuations, 17, 17f gross yield strength, 174
Oxidation
inflation, 17–18 precipitate and dispersion,
energy, 412, 413f, 414t
long-term changes, 17–18 170–171, 172f
micromechanisms, 416–419
raw commodity prices, 15–17 progressive nature of yielding,
rates, 412–415, 414–415f
relative cost per unit weight, 15–17, 173–174, 175f
solid solution hardening, 170,
16–17t
use-pattern, 18–19, 18t
P 171f
Parabolic oxidation strengthening mechanisms,
Mega-newton per squaremeter, 34
definition, 413–415 170
Metallic bond, 54–55, 54f
mechanism, 416, 417f tensile yield strength, 174–175
Metals
Partial lubrication, 474 work-hardening, 172, 173f
rolling, 195, 202–203, 202f
Particulate composites, 90 Pourbaix diagram
standard electrode potentials,
Perspex pressure window explosion aluminum, 439, 440f
440–441, 441t
design data, 265–266 copper, 434–436, 435f
Miller indices, 68–70, 69f
experimental rig arrangement, 265, iron, 436–439, 438f
Modulus-limited design
265f Pourbaix diagrams, 452–453f
large reflecting telescope (see Large
failure analysis, 266–267, 266f Power-law creep, 382–383, 386
reflecting telescope, mirror
Phonons, 522 Primary bonds, 49
design)
Photons, 522 covalent bonding, 52–54,
racing yacht mast, selecting material
Pitting corrosion, 441, 442f 53–54f
(see Racing yacht mast material
Plane indices, 68, 69f ionic bond, 50–52, 51–52f
selection)
Plastic deflection, 538 metallic bond, 54–55, 54f
space shuttle disaster
Plastic deformation, 139, 140f Primary creep, 355
(see Challenger space shuttle
Plastic design Principal directions, 102
disaster)
materials for pressure vessels, 201, Principal planes, 102
Multi-leaf springs, 199, 200f
201t Principal stresses, 102
Index 563
R Stainless steel water filter

corrosion, 453–456, 454f
Thermal diffusivity, 516–518,
519–520t
Racing yacht mast material
selection Strain, 36–37, 37f, 102–103, 103f Thermal expansion
aluminum alloys, 117–118 Stress bond stiffness, 506
bamboo scaffolding, 117–118, 118f common states, 34–35, 35f coefficients, 503, 504–505t
bending stiffness, 117 distribution in cargo ship, 100–101 composites, 508, 509f
candidate materials, 117, 117t inside solid, 101, 101f continuous welded railroad track,
cantilever beam, elastic deflection, intensity, 33 510–512, 511f
115–117, 116f shear stress, 33, 33f, 101–102 glass-to-metal seals, 512–513
CFRP, 115, 116f, 117–118 SI metric system, 34, 43–45 linear coefficient of thermal
mass of beam, 117 stress tensor, 101–102 expansion, 501
Random substitutional solid tensile stress, 33, 33f, 101–102 negative thermal expansion,
solution, 170 Stress corrosion cracking (SCC), 442f, rubber, 507–508, 507f
Recycling, 24–26 443 physical basis, 503–506, 505f
Reinforced concrete corrosion, Stress intensity factor, 221 temperature switches, 508–510,
456–458, 456–458f Stress–strain behavior 509–510f
Resource availability, 22–23, 22f linear elastic solid, 138, 138f thermal strain, 501–502
Rolling torque, 202–203 nonlinear elastic solid, 138–139, thermal stress in PUR foam, 502
Rubbers 138f volume strain, 501–502
modulus, 86–87, 87f Stretham steam pumping engine Young’s modulus, 506
stress–strain curve, 138–139, 138f crank shaft stress, 337 Thermal fatigue, 397
Rubber-sprung wheels, 332, 332f engine part, 336f Toughness (GC), 214–215, 214f,
Rubber-toughened polymers, 237, failure by fast fracture, 338 218–221, 218f, 220t
237f failure by fatigue, 338–339, 338f fiber composites, 237
mechanics, 337–338 Turbine-blade materials
S safety, 337
schematic diagram, 337f
alloy requirements, 396, 397t
blade cooling, 402–403, 402f
Screw dislocation, 161, 163–164f
Substitution, 24 development costs, 405f
Secondary bonds, 49
Surface treatment, 478 dry oxidation, 422–426
hydrogen bonds, 56, 56f
Survival probability, 250 high-temperature ceramics, 403,
Van der Waals bonding, 55–56, 55f
404t
Secondary creep, 355
investment casting, 398, 400f
Second moment of area, 96–97, T nickel-based super-alloys, 398–401,
109–110 Taylor factor, 174–175 399f
bending of beams, 97–98 Temperature gradient, 515–517 turbofan efficiency, 396, 396f
buckling of beams, 100 Temperature switches, 508–510,
vibration of beams, 99
Shear modulus, 38
509–510f
Tensile ductility, 145, 146–147t, 148f
U
Shear strain, 36 Ubiquitous materials, 19–20, 20t
Tensile strain, 36 U.K.’s infrared telescope (UKIRT),
Shear stress, 34, 35f, 180, 180–181f Tensile strength
Shear yield strength, 179–181, 118, 119f
data, 145, 146–147t, 148f Unit cell, 67–68, 70–71
180–181f hardness, 149
Sheet drawing, 202
Silica glass, 74, 75f
Tensile stress, 180, 180f
polycrystals, 174–175 V
Simple tension, 34, 35f Tensile testing, 143–145, 144f Vacancy diffusion, 376, 376f
Skis and sledge runners, 491–492 Tensile yield strength, 174–175, 179 Vacuum brazing, 428
Sodium atom, 50 Thermal conductivity, 516 Van der Waals bonds, 55–56, 55f,
Soldering, 426–429 data, 518, 519–520t 86–88
Solid solution hardening, 170, 171f IACS, 523–524 Vibration of beams, 98–99, 111–112
Specific heat phonon transport, 522–523
data, 518, 519–520t physical basis, 522 W
frictional heat, 526–527 warm and cold seats, 527–528, Wear
physical basis, 518–522, 521f 527–528f abrasive, 476–477
564 Index
Wear (Continued)
adhesive, 475
Y cement and concrete, 83
ceramics and metals, 83
Yielding, car-body panel, 536, 536f
high-friction rubber, 492–493 Yield-limited design composites, 87–90
journal bearings, 485–490 materials for pressure vessels crystals, 83–86
skis and sledge runners, 491–492 (see Plastic design) data, 39–43, 40–41t
Weibull distribution, 250–252, 250f materials for springs (see Elastic measurement, 38–39
Weibull modulus, 251, 253 design, springs) oboe reed, 90–92
Welded joints, 305–307, 305–306f metal rolling (see Large-strain polymers, 83
Wet corrosion, 432–433, 433f plasticity) rubbers and glass transition
reinforced concrete, 456–458 Yield strength temperature, 86–87
stainless steel water filter, bar chart, 158, 159f steels, 83
453–456 data, 145, 146–147t, 148f thermal expansion, 506
voltage differences, 433–434 hardness test, 145–147, 149
Whirling, 130 Young’s modulus, 38, 129 Z
Wood, 4–5 aluminum, 83 Zero-stress temperature, 512
Work-hardening, 170, 172, 173f bar chart, 42, 42f
calculation method, 84f

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Index

A interatomic forces, 57–58, 58f

Crack propagation, 271 force acting, 162–165, 166f for bridges

F Floppy materials, 31, 39

Large-strain plasticity, 195, 202–203,

M O ball-bearing model, 173, 174f

R Stainless steel water filter

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