Yayu Susi, BG31701

DISCOURSE ANALYSIS
Instructions:

1. Read any references accessible to you

2. Read and answer the questions below
3. Write the answer in a soft file
4. Upload the file to any website link; e.g. https://www.mediafire.com/
5. Text me the link address where your stored file accessible for me
6. Participation is counted by the files you complete during this semester

Questions:

1. What is meant by a text? Cite three references at minimum!

2. How a text is different from non-text? Explain with example!
3. What is a cohesive text? Explain in brief!
4. What is a coherent text? Explain in brief!
5. Is a cohesive text always the one which is coherent? Why/why not? Explain with
examples!

Answers:

1. According to Halliday and Hasan (1976:1-2) mention that text is a semantic unit (unit
of meaning). He said that the text is the language people produce and react to, what they
say and write, read and listen to, in the course of daily life.
 Etymologically, text comes from metaphorical use of the Latin verb texture ’weave’,
suggesting a sequence of sentences or utterances ‘interwoven’ structurally and
semantically.
 It is commonly used in linguistics and stylistics to refer to a sequential collection of
sentences or utterances which form of unity by reason of their linguistic COHESIVE
and semantic COHERENT.
 Examples: a scientific article, a recipe, a poem, public lecture, etc.
 According to Werlich (1976) says that text is an extended structure of syntactic units
(i.e. text as super-sentence) such as: words, groups, clauses, and textual units that is
marked by both coherenT among the elements and completion.

 In its social-semantic perspective, text is an object of social exchange of meanings

(such: embedded in a context situation).
 Context situation is the semi-socio-cultural environment in which the text unfolds.
 Example: Speech perspective (dialogue, letter, etc).

According to Beaugrande and Dressier (1981) define a text as a communicative

occurrence which meets seven standards of textuality, they are:

 Cohesive (concern to the ways of components of the surface text connected, such as:
phrase, clause and sentence).
 Coherent (the ways of concepts and relations (links) which underlie the surface text,
such as: frames, schemas, plans, and scripts).
 Intentionality (concerns to the text procedure’s attitude and intentions, such as:
monitoring and mediation).
 Acceptability (concern to the text receiver’s attitude, such as: judging sentences).
 Informativity (the extent to which the contents of a text, such as: attention,
information theory).
 Situationality (factors which make a text relevant to situation and occurrence, such as:
mediation and evidence).
 Intertextuality (concern with the factors that make the utilization of one text depended
upon knowledge, such as: monitoring and managing).
 Example: Narrative text (tales, stories, etc.), Argumentative text (explanation,
scientific, articles, etc.), Descriptive text (descriptions, portrayals, etc.), Instructive
text (textbooks).
2. That in the text the essentially semantic unit as a form of interaction, cohesive and
coherence not random but connected, mode of linguistics realization, and create and or
created by context (situationally relevant).
 Examples: passage, story book, documents, etc.
 Whereas, non-text consists of random sequences of linguistic units or information that
describing picture.

 Examples: maps, graphs, captions, illustrations, photographs, etc.

3. Cohesive text is the grammatical and lexical linking within a text or sentence that holds
text together and gives it meaning.
 It focuses of the grammatical aspects of writing.
 The text uses certain conventions that help to make a text cohesive.
 The topic of the text enables the writer to select from a lexical set of related words.
 Words are sometimes left out because the meaning is clear from a previous sentence
or clause (It is called ellipsis).
 According Halliday and Hasan (1976) Cohesion is the systematic relation between
one element and another in a text. Text is cohesive when the element are tied together
and considered meaningful to the reader. i.e. one item presupposes the other.
 He is also classifies cohesion in English into two abroad categories: grammatical
cohesion and lexical cohesion.
Grammatical cohesive is the surface marking of semantic link between clauses and
sentences in written discourse and between utterances and turn in speech. Lexical
cohesive refers to how the writer uses lexical items, such as: verb, adjectives, nouns,
and adverbs. There are four types of grammatical cohesive text. Those are reference,
ellipsis, substitution, and conjunction.
 Reference (indicates by personal, demonstrative and comparative)
Examples:
- That is wonderful idea!
To retrieve the meaning of that, the reader must look outside the situation.
- I have six bananas. Put them into a box
It is clear that them in the second sentence refers back to the six bananas of the first
sentence.
- Amy went to the party. She sat with Sara

She refers back to Amy, She is anaphoric reference (refers back).

 Ellipsis is omitting unnecessary item (indicates by nominal, Verbal, Clausal).
In nominal ellipsis, the noun is omitted.
Example:
- My brothers like sports

In fact, both love football (my brothers). In the second sentence, the nominal my brothers
is omitted.

In verbal ellipsis, the verb is omitted. In the example, the verb been studying is left out
in B.

Example:

- A: Have you been studying? B: Yes, I have (been studying)

 Clausal ellipsis occurs when the clause is omitted. In the example, the clause writing
on the board is excluded B.

Example:

- A: Who is writing on the board? B: Alice is writing on the board.

 Substitution is replaced item by another item to avoid repetition (indicates by
nominal, verbal and clausal.
 Nominal substitution is substituting a noun with another noun (such as: one, ones, and
same. In the example, one substitution a car.

Example:

- This car is old. I will buy a new one.

 Verbal substitution is substituting a verb with another verb (such as: do).

Example:

- I challenge you to win the game before I do!

Here, do is the substitution for win the game.

  Clausal substitution is substituting clauses by so or not. In the example, so substitutes
the clause going to be absent.

Example:

- A: Do you think the teacher is going to be absent tomorrow?

B: No, I don’t think so.
 Conjunction is words are linking devices between sentences or clause in the text
(indicates by formal markers like and, but, so, then). There are four types of
conjunction, namely: additive, adversative, causal, and temporal.
 Additive conjunctions connect units that share semantic. Examples: and, likewise,
furthermore, in addition, etc.
 Adversative conjunctions (express contrasting results or opinion). This type is
expressed by words such as: but, however, in contrast, whereas, etc.
 Causal conjunctions introduce results, reason, or purposes. Examples: so, thus,
therefore, because, etc.
 Temporal conjunctions express the time order or events. Such as: finally, then, soon,
at the same time, etc.

According to Halliday and Hasan (1976) divided lexical cohesion into two categories,
namely: reiteration and collocation. Reiteration is a mechanism of producing cohesion in
a text by means of repetition of two or more lexical items.

Example:

- There is a boy climbing a tree

 The boy is going to fall if he doesn’t take care (repetition).

Collocation is achieved through the association of lexical item that regularly co-occur.

Example: heavy rain, heavy sleeper, a heavy drinker, heavy snow, heavy traffic.

4. In general, coherent text is the grammatical and semantic interconnectedness between

sentences that form a text. According to Halliday and Hasan (1976:23) coherence refers
 to the elements internal to a text which consist of cohesion and register. Here are some
examples from repetition of phrases, transitions, pronoun reference in text.
a. Repetition is the key words or phrases are very important to the main idea in a text.
Example: I have a dreams, it was the best of time, etc.
b. Transition is considered as special vocabulary words that spread out of the text.
Example: but also, along with, besides, at this time, subsequently, etc.
c. Pronoun reference is to hang the meaning of one sentence to the other in the
discourse.
Example: they, you, it, this, etc.

The main example of coherent text is the group of people who vote the same way or a
person who speaks clearly and make sense.

5. No, it isn’t. Because cohesive text refers to connectivity in a text and coherent text refers
to how easy it is to understand the writing.
 Examples:
Cohesive & coherent
Her favorite color is pink. She likes it because it is calming and it relaxes me. She often
goes outside in the summer and lies on the grass and look into the clear sky when she is
stressed. For this reason, she’d have to say her favorite color is pink.

Cohesive with no coherent

Her favorite color is pink. Pink sport car go very fast. Driving in this way is dangerous
and can cause many car crashes. She had a car accident once and broke her leg. She
was very sad because she had to miss a holiday in Japan because of the injury.

Coherent with no Cohesive

Her favorite color is pink. She is calm and relaxed. In the summer she lies on the grass
and look up.

Example of cohesive and coherent in conversation

A: “I think these people are having a good time.”
B: “It appears these people are enjoying themselves.”
A: “They seem to be on holiday.”
B: “It looks like they are on vacation.”

Example of cohesive with no coherent in conversation

A: “I think these people are having a good time.”

B: “Time is difficult to manage. I am always late for my social appointments like when I
have a date with a girl.”

A: “I like girls with long dark hair and brown eyes.”

B: “My cat has blue eyes and a short tail.”

Example of coherent with no cohesive in conversation

A: “I think these people are having a good time.”
B: “They are enjoying themselves.”
A: “They are feeling happy on holiday.”
B: “They are having on nice vacation.”

References:

- www.p3g.unm.ac.id/index.php/download/category/48-modul-plpg-2017.html?
download=671%3Abahasa-inggris
- www.ccsenet.org/elt
- www.journal.uad.ac.id/index.php/ADJES/article/download/4987/2781