this video presents an introduction to

drilling and sampling procedures in

geotechnical practice a thorough

knowledge of the tools and procedures is

necessary for planning and executing an

effective subsurface investigation the

extent and type of exploration depends

on the specific project for example the

design of a County Road may only require

explorations to a depth of 20 feet while

the design of the foundation for a

high-rise may require knowledge of soil

characteristics to a depth of a few

hundred feet at remote sites all the

necessary information may have to come

from new soil explorations in highly

developed areas the extent of soil

exploration may be reduced based on

information from the surrounding sites

the type of investigation is also

greatly affected by the soil type and

variability a structure founded on a

homogeneous layer of clay may require

high quality samples to accurately

predict the amount and rate of

settlement but if the same structure is

on soil consisting of pockets and lenses

of clay silt and sand information of

greater value may be obtained by taking

a greater number of less expensive

disturbed samples to determine the

location and size of these pockets and

lenses these views of alluvial sand and

gravel deposits are shown to emphasize

that even relatively homogeneous

deposits can have complex inter layer

and heterogeneity on a local scale an

appreciation of the inherent complexity

of geological deposits is needed for

planning or interpreting subsurface

explorations to perform an effective

subsurface investigation the project

engineer must be familiar with the tools

and procedures understand the effects

that drilling and sampling can have on

lab and field tests and appreciate the

inherent uncertainties involved with

characterizing subsurface conditions

most subsurface investigations are

performed using drill rigs of numerous

types and sizes drill rigs can be

classified into four basic categories

highway

off road over water and portable drill

rigs highway drill rigs the most common

are mounted on the back of an industrial

truck allowing high mobility and minimal

set-up time a highway rig is used for

sites that are relatively level and easy

to access

off-road drill rigs are used when access

to a site is unusually difficult

typically these drill rigs are either

mounted on large rubber wheeled trucks

or on tracks if an off-road drill rig

cannot directly access a site a

helicopter may be used to move it into

position for soil investigations beneath

bodies of water and over water drill rig

must be used some overwater rigs consist

of a customized barge where the drill

rig is positioned in the center and

drilling takes place through a hole in

the deck portable rigs can be partially

machine operated as shown here or

operated manually these rigs typically

have a depth limit of about 25 feet

depending on the subsurface conditions

and are used when accessed by an

off-road rig is impossible and the

expense of the helicopter is not

justified in any drilling program the

first step is to check for all possible

underground utilities or obstructions

and get an underground service alert

clearance as required by law

no drilling should begin without this

clearance no matter where the site is

after the drilling is completed all bore

holes or pedometer installations must be

sealed in accordance with state and

local regulations here a highway drill

rig will be used to demonstrate the

general features and procedures that are

common to all drill rigs after the drill

rig is positioned over a bore hole

location the mast is raised and secured

and the drill rig is leveled if the rig

is not leveled the bore hole will be

angled causing great problems in

drilling and sampling in addition to

producing an inaccurate soil profile the

drill head located near the bottom of

the mast is raised and lowered using

hydraulic controls the drill head is

connected to a gearbox which enables the

driller to adjust the rotation speed to

suit the current drilling can

a number of cables controlled by winches

run to the top of the mast and back down

to the hole these are used for removing

or attaching drill rods auger flights or

sampling tools many methods of drilling

have been developed but only for

prominent drilling methods will be

discussed here these four methods are

solid stem continuous flight auger

hollow stem continuous flight auger mud

rotary and coring the main purpose of

all drilling methods is to obtain

representative samples of the subsurface

strata at different depths these

different drilling methods are

individually suited to different soil

and rock conditions and thus more than

one method may be needed on a given

project the solid stem continuous flight

auger method is the simplest drilling

system with only two basic components

the drill bit and the auger flights the

drill bit is located at the tip of the

drilling stem with the stem consisting

of individual auger flights connected

together when rotating the drill bit

cuts and loosens the soil enabling the

flights to lift the soil out of the hole

variations of the two most common types

of bits the finger and fishtail are

pictured here

flights of auger are typically five feet

long and come in outside diameters

ranging from four inches to 14 inches

the connections between the drill bit

auger flights and drill head use male

and female connections that are secured

by auger pins the bore hole is advanced

by hydraulically lowering the rotating

drill head as the auger and bit

penetrate the soil flights of auger are

added to the system as needed upon

reaching a specified sampling depth the

bore hole is cleared of cuttings the

augers and bit are removed by a cable a

sampling tool is then lowered down the

open hole to take a sample from below

the hole bottom after sampling is

completed the bit and flights of auger

are lowered back down the hole

reconnected to the drill head and

drilling is resumed this drilling

approach only works for soils where the

open bore hole does not collapse hollow

stem continuous flight auger drilling is

similar to the solid stem method in that

the hole is advanced and soil is removed

by the flights on the augers the primary

difference as seen on the right is that

the auger flights are hollow this allows

a sample to be taken by lowering a

sampler down through the hollow stem

thus eliminating the need to remove the

auger from the bore hole the basic

hollow stem setup is shown here the

inner bit is connected to drill rods

that run through the hollow stem and the

other bit is bolted to the bottom of the

lead auger while drilling the inner and

outer bits rotate together cutting and

loosening the soil at the bottom of the

hole the soil cuttings are carried

upwards by the auger flights to the top

of the hole to sample the drill rod to

cap adopters Renu

and the drill rods in the center bit are

withdrawn from the hole a sampler is

then connected to the bottom of the

drill rods and lowered down the hole for

sampling after sampling the center bit

is reconnected to the drill rods lowered

back down the hole and drilling is

resumed hollow stem auger x' use two

types of connections the auger on the

right uses a two key connection while

the auger on the Left uses an octagonal

connection hollow stem continuous flight

auger is typically come in five-foot

sections with inner diameters from two

and a quarter inches to twelve and a

quarter inches the outer bit has

replaceable teeth in which rollers and

cutters can be inserted to adapt the bit

to different ground conditions the

common inner bits are the fishtail and

stepwise bits the main advantage of

hollow stem auger ring over solid stem

auger ring is that the drill rods and

center bit may be removed at any time to

allow for disturbed undisturbed or core

sampling also the bore hole is supported

by the flights of auger eliminating any

possibility of the hole collapsing this

makes it possible to drill with the

hollow stem auger in sands below the

water table mud rotary or rotary wash

drilling is very different from the

continuous flight auger methods the

underlying principle is that mud a

mixture of water and bentonite

circulates through the bore hole

bringing the soil cuttings to the

surface and supporting the sides of the

bore hole for drilling a bit is

connected to a series of drill rods that

are attached to the drill head drill

rods typically have an outside diameter

of one in 5/16 inches to three and a

half inches and are attached together

using connectors like the ones shown

here common rotary bits include drag

bits roller bits and plug bits the

replaceable drag bid one of the most

common consists of a barrel bowl blades

and connectors this design is economical

since worn teeth can be replaced rather

than replacing the entire bit

the cone bit has teeth on the surfaces

of cones which rotate as the bit is

turned the spacing and size of the teeth

on the cone depend on the type of

material to be drilled plug bits come in

three basic types concave pilot and

tapered the concave plug bit pictured

here is designed for drilling through

relatively soft rock an important

difference in bits is whether they are

face discharge or side discharge face

discharge bits discharge the drilling

mud straight out the end of the bit onto

the bottom of the hole this jetting

action can disturb or erode the soil at

the bottom of the hole side discharge

bits discharge the drilling mud out the

sides of the bit and are usually

preferred because the soil at the bottom

of the borehole is less disturbed the

mud is a mixture of water and bentonite

which creates a slurry with a density

slightly higher than that of water

this higher density helps in the removal

of cuttings preventing them from

settling on the bottom of the hole it is

important for the slurry to have the

correct consistency if it is too thick

it can clog the pump and if it is too

thin it can leave cuttings at the bottom

of a hole the drilling mud also supports

the borehole walls and thus uncased

holes can remain stable and sands below

the water table if a pedometer is going

to be placed in the borehole

biodegradable products may be used

instead of bentonite mud biodegradable

products avoid the permanent sealing

effects that bentonite mud has and thus

won't adversely affect the pedometers

performance there are several components

in the mud circulation system a pump

draws in the mud and sends it under

pressure through the top of the drill

head and down the inside of the drill

rods after it is discharged from the bit

the mud picks up the soil cuttings and

carries them upwards in between the

drill rod and the sides of the borehole

at the top of the hole the mud pours out

through a cap screen into a mud tank or

settling basin

the mud tank has several different

compartments that allow the cuttings to

settle out at the other end of the mud

tank the pump again draws the mud which

is now free of cuttings for reuse

the drilling mud also serves as a

coolant for the drill bit preventing

excess wear it is very useful to check

the cuttings as they enter the mud tank

and to record any variations in the

color or consistency such variations in

the drilling mud can identify contacts

between different soil strata operators

may also detect changes in soil strata

by changes in the drilling effort

required to advance the hole sudden

losses of drilling fluid can indicate

that hydraulic fracturing has occurred

or that a course free draining strata

has been encountered these types of

information can supplement discreet

samples and improve interpretation of

subsurface stratigraphy when mud rotary

drilling in cohesionless or highly

erodible soils and outer casing is used

to create a closed circulation system

casing is advanced concurrently with

drilling until it is seated in dense

inaudible soil or rock creating a closed

circulation system a shoe made of

hardened steel is attached to the bottom

of the lead casing to prevent the casing

from buckling while it is driven into

the soil by the hammer

upon reaching a desired depth for

sampling the drill bit and rods are no

longer advanced after the mud is cleared

all cuttings from the hole the drill

rods are withdrawn from the borehole and

the lead rod and drill bit are

disconnected the sampler is then

attached to the drill rods and lowered

to the bottom of the hole after sampling

the lead rod and bit are reconnected to

the drill rods to continue drilling

generally the mud rotary method is

faster than other methods and usually

results in less disturbance to the soil

being sampled this method however can

have difficulties in gravel and cobble

layers because the drilling fluid may

drain freely into these layers or the

drilling process may not break up the

larger particles or remove them from the

hole in the latter case the drill bit

and stem may bind in the hole despite

these difficulties mud rotary drilling

generally works better in gravelly

deposits than either solid stem or

hollow stem auger

coring of rock or very hard soils is

similar to mud rotary drilling with the

exception that sampling and drilling

take place concurrently to drill and

sample simultaneously a core barrel

replaces the rotary bit at the end of

the drill rods the conventional core

barrel is comprised of a core barrel

head an outer barrel an inner core

recovery tube a reaming shell a core

lifter and a coring bit when assembled

the coring bit is attached to the outer

barrel which is connected to the core

barrel head this section is connected to

the drill rods and rotates at the same

speed as the drill head the inner barrel

is connected to the core barrel head by

a ball bearing connection which allows

the inner barrel to remain stationary

while the outer barrel rotates as the

core barrel is rotated and lowered the

core bit cuts an annular section out of

the soil or rock this section called the

core moves up into the inner barrel

where it is protected from potential

erosion by the circulating fluid once

the inside of the core barrel is full

drilling is stopped and the core barrel

is removed from the hole

by disassembling the core barrel a

continuous sample of the soil or rock is

recovered the sample is measured

identified and stored in core boxes

after reassembly the core barrel is

lowered to the bottom of the hole and

drilling and sampling are continued

coring drill bits come in three basic

types pictured from left to right are

the diamond carbide and sawtooth diamond

bits of the most versatile since they

can produce high quality cores in

materials ranging from hard or very

dense soil to hard rock as shown coring

bits come in a variety of shapes and

sizes each of which is suited for a

specific situation some systems such as

the Christians in 94 pictured here can

perform multiple tasks such as drilling

coring and sampling wireline retrieval

systems expedite coring by removing only

the full inner barrel from the hole thus

retrieving the sample while leaving the

outer barrel and drill rods down the

hole the type of coring equipment and

operating procedures can greatly affect

the quality of the retrieved Rock cores

rock cores can be heavily fractured and

damaged by the coring process failure to

distinguish between natural and drilling

induced fractures on the drilling logs

can lead to a completely erroneous

interpretation of a rock mass as

characteristics alteration to the

drilling equipment and procedures can

significantly improve the core quality

and percent recovery in many situations

and these changes should be recorded on

the drilling logs we will now discuss

methods used to sample soils thereby

allowing the characteristics of soil at

discrete points to be evaluated the

choice of sampling method depends on the

intended use of the soil samples lab

measurements of engineering properties

such as strength stiffness

compressibility or permeability

can be strongly affected by sample

disturbance however time and costs

increase rapidly as the degree of sample

disturbance is decreased therefore it

may be preferable in some situations to

obtain relatively inexpensive lower

quality samples during the initial

exploratory drilling program on the

basis of the information obtained from

such poor quality

samples the need for more elaborate

sampling procedures can be judged the

split-spoon sampler also referred to as

the split tube or split barrel sampler

is the most commonly used soil sampling

device the split spoon sampler is a

thick-walled sample and provides

disturbed samples only a disturbed

sample contains in-situ material in

proper proportions but is so disturbed

that the lab tests to determine

engineering properties would not be

representative of the institute

conditions disturbed samples are

generally used for identification tests

including visual classification water

content grain size and a de Burgh limits

the split-spoon consists of a barrel

shoe a split barrel or tube a solid

sleeve and a sampler head when the

sharpened hardened steel shoe and solid

steel sleeve are unscrewed the two

halves of the split spoon may be

separated and the sample easily removed

generally split spoon sampler czar

available with inside diameters ranging

from one and three-eighths inches to

four and a half inches and in standard

lengths of eighteen inches to thirty

inches the split spoon sampler with an

outside diameter of two inches and an

inside diameter of one and three-eighths

inches and a length of 24 inches is the

most common in practice for sampling the

split spoon is attached to a series of

drill rods and lowered to the bottom of

the borehole the top drill rod is

fastened to a hammer which drives the

sampler into the soil of the many types

of hammers the most common are

variations on the drop hammer which is

manually operated and the mechanical

trip hammer the driller lifts the drop

hammer by pulling on a rope that is

looped around a rotating drum or cat

head by pulling the rope the operator

uses the friction between the rope and

the cat head to pull the hammer up the

hammer is dropped by releasing the rope

thus reducing friction between the rope

and the cat head

the Triphammer performs the same

function only mechanically after the

sampler is withdrawn from the borehole

the engineer disassembles the

split-spoon and inspects and classifies

the material the sample is then stored

such as in a sealed glass jar and

shipped to the lab for testing

if the split-spoon contains two or more

distinct soil types each soil type

should be stored separately or they may

get intermixed and subsequently

misclassified in the lab if there is any

difficulty recovering a full sample the

split-spoon may be fitted with a wire or

plastic cork catcher in order to better

preserve the samples liners made of

either brass stainless steel or plastic

may be inserted into some split-spoon

sampler 'he's a relatively simple and

standardized method for estimating the

compactness or stiffness of the soil

Institute is the standard penetration

test or SPT this test consists of

counting the number of blows of the

hammer required to drive the split-spoon

sampler a specified distance into the

ground the essential features of the SPT

test include a drop hammer weighing 140

pounds falling through a height of 30

inches onto an anvil at the top of the

drill rods and a split spoon having an

external diameter of 2 inches and an

internal diameter of 1 and 3/8 inches

and a length between 18 and 30 inches

after the spoon is positioned on the

bottom of the hole a number of blows of

the hammer required for three successive

6-inch penetrations are counted the

number of blows for the second and third

six inch increments are added together

to obtain the standard penetration

resistance or n value the number of

blows for the first six inches is not

included in the N value since it may be

affected by disturbed soil at the bottom

of the hole it is still recorded however

as it provides a useful check on the

variability of the deposit and the

consistency of the overall results there

are numerous factors that can greatly

influence the N value and thus the field

engineer must pay careful attention to

the manner in which the SPT test is

performed some of these factors will now

be briefly discussed

mud rotary drilling is preferred over

hollow stem auger ring if hollow stem

auger ring is used the hollow stem must

be continually filled with water or

drilling fluid to an elevation above the

surrounding water table otherwise inward

seepage of water at the bottom of the

hole could loosen the soil thereby

causing end values to be

unrepresentative lilo this inward

seepage could also erode soil into the

auger stem which if mistaken for the

bottom of the hole could cause n values

to be unrepresentative lehigh it is

recommended that the diameter of the

bore hole be 4 to 5 inches as the

diameter of a bore hole is decreased the

penetration resistance is likely to

increase side discharge bits should be

used when rotary drilling because the

jetting action of a face discharge bit

disturbs the soil at the bottom of the

bore hole most drill bits can be

modified to be side discharging by spot

welding on baffles to deflect the

drilling mud sideways when sampling at

depths less than 50 feet a or ALW drill

rods with an outside diameter of 1 in

5/8 inches should be used and for depths

greater than 50 feet N or NW drill rods

with an outside diameter of 2 and 5/8

inches should be used

the heavier N or NW drill rods are

recommended for the greater depths to

maximize the transfer of energy from the

hammer to the sampler the split-spoon

sampler must have an outer diameter of 2

inches and a constant inside diameter of

1 and 3/8 inches liners may be used only

in modified split spoons that maintain a

constant one in 3/8 inch diameter inside

the liners if a modified split-spoon

with room for liners is used without

them the N values are generally 10 to 20

percent smaller the amount of energy

delivered to the sampler per hammer blow

should be 2520 inch pounds which is 60%

of the theoretical maximum the amount of

energy delivered is dependent on many

variables including the type and weight

of hammer distance a free fall of the

hammer size the length of drill rods

tightness of connections weather and

operator if

using a cat head and rope the energy

also depends on the condition and type

of rope and the number of wraps around

the cat head if using a trip hammer the

energy also depends on its condition and

type the amount of energy delivered can

range from 30% to 95% of the theoretical

maximum since the end values are

inversely proportional to the energy

delivered energy ratios of 30% to 95%

can cause n values to vary by a factor

of three or more mechanical trip hammers

provide a more repeatable energy input

while the energy from drop hammers can

vary as the driller becomes physically

tired and slowly reduces the hammer drop

height number of blows per minute and

other variables

thus it is highly recommended that the

energy delivered by a particular drill

rig be calibrated on important projects

the blow count rate or number of times

the hammer is drop per minute can also

affect the end values during sampler

penetration negative or positive pore

pressures may develop in the soil a low

rate of blows will permit more of the

excess pore water pressure to dissipate

between each blow and can occur with a

faster blow rate the result is different

effective stresses and thus different

end values a rate of 30 to 40 blows per

minute has been recommended even if

these additional recommendations are

incorporated in the already standardized

standard penetration test the results

still only provide an indirect measure

or indicator of the compactness or

stiffness of the soil therefore an

engineer must be cautious in performing

the test and analyzing the results

thin-walled shelby tubes are commonly

used to obtain high-quality or

relatively undisturbed samples an

undisturbed sample is one obtained with

sampling techniques designed to preserve

as closely as possible the natural

structure of the material these samples

are suitable for shear consolidation and

permeability tests as well as for all

tests performed on disturbed samples

however a certain amount of sample

disturbance is inevitable regardless of

the sampling method used and thus the

term undisturbed sample is only a

relative term thin walled shelby tubes

come in diameters from two inches to

three inches commonly have a length of

30 inches and may be made of galvanized

steel stainless steel or epoxy coated

steel tubes of much larger diameter

can have difficulty retaining the sample

the lower driving end of a thin-walled

tube is beveled to a cutting edge

creating a slight inside clearance the

upper end is attached to the drill rods

using four hex screws and an adapter to

take a sample a tube is attached to the

bottom of the drill rods and lowered

into the baurel the sampler is then

pushed downward from the bottom of the

hole a distance about five inches less

than the length of the tube to minimize

the sample disturbance the sampler is

pushed into the ground at a high

constant speed the sampler should not be

driven by a hammer as this increases

sample disturbance after the sampler has

been pushed down the drill rods are

rotated to shear the end of the sample

and the sampler is removed excess soil

at each end of the sample tube is

carefully cleaned away and metal discs

are inserted to protect the faces of the

soil sample micro-fine wax is then

commonly poured against the metal discs

to form a seal alternatively special

o-ring Packers may be inserted against

the soil inside the ends of the tubes

and then expanded to form a seal tubes

are then stored vertically in a padded

box for transport to the lab some

disturbance to tube samples is caused by

the in-situ soil being distorted as it

is squeezed into the sample tube when

the empty sampler begins its downward

thrust the adhesion and friction on the

outside of the tube may cause the soil

to rise into the tube faster than the

tube is descending on the other hand

after the tube is partly filled the

adhesion and friction between the tube

and the sample opposed the rise of the

sample under extreme conditions the

initial portion of the sample may act as

a plug capable of displacing soft clay

seams or layers so that they do not

enter the sampler at all

these conditions can be greatly improved

by using a piston to close the lower end

of the tube until the sampler has been

firmly positioned against the

undisturbed soils at the bottom of the

borehole the piston is then held at this

elevation in contact with the soil while

the tube is advanced around the piston

and into the soil

initially the presence of the piston

prevents soil from rising into the tube

faster than the tubes penetration rate

later on down

movement of the soil sample is resisted

by a vacuum that develops between the

piston and the top of the sample after

the sampling tube has been advanced the

piston is fixed in its new position with

respect to the tube both elements are

rotated to separate the sample from the

underlying soil and the piston and tube

are removed from the whole piston

samplers with small area ratios are

capable of furnishing excellent samples

of cohesive soils even if very soft and

sensitive the necessity for a separate

piston rod rising through the drill rods

to the ground surface can be eliminated

by using a hydraulically operated

mechanism such as the Osterberg piston

sampler thin walled tubes generally

cannot be used in very stiff or compact

soils without damaging the cutting edge

or buckling the tube even if a tube

could penetrate such soils the resulting

disturbance would be excessive under

these circumstances the pitcher sampler

in which rock coring techniques are

adapted to tube sampling techniques may

provide better samples while the pitcher

sampler is being lowered into the hole

the thin walled tube is suspended from

the cutter barrel and drilling fluid

circulates downward through the tube and

flushes the cuttings from the bottom of

the hole when the tube encounters the

bottom of the hole it is pushed upward

into the cutter barrel while the

circulation is diverted outside the tube

into the annular space between the tube

and the rotating cutter barrel if the

soil is soft the spring at the head of

the tube keeps the cutting edge of the

tube below the cutter barrel and the

tube is pushed into the soil just like

ordinary tube sampling if the soil is

hard the spring is compressed until the

cutting edge of the tube is forced above

the bottom of the cutter barrel as the

barrel rotates it cuts an annular ring

leaving a cylinder of soil over which

the sample tube slides the tube thus

protects the sample against erosion by

the circulating fluid in this manner the

pitcher sampler adapts itself to the

stiffness of the soil

from the descriptions of these sampling

methods it is clear that all samples

experience disturbance this graph shows

the results of three consolidation tests

on the same heavily over consolidated

clay one block sample one borehole

sample and a remoted sample also shown

on this figure is the ideal in-situ

curve or zero disturbance curve

reconstructed using Sherman's procedure

to correct for sample disturbance

effects as shown by this typical set of

data increasing levels of sample

disturbance make it progressively more

difficult to evaluate the in-situ

compressibility of clay soils this graph

illustrates the stress-strain behavior

of two samples of the same very stiff

clay from Oakland California one

obtained using a pitcher sampler and the

other obtained using a modified

California split-spoon sampler the

severe disturbance caused by the

split-spoon sampler is illustrated by

the dramatically distorted and softened

stress-strain behavior as compared to

the more reasonable behavior for the

pitcher sample more importantly it must

be realized that the pitcher sample is

also disturbed and its stiffness is also

likely to be considerably less than the

in-situ stiffness disturbance to soil

samples does not just occur during the

sampling process additional disturbance

occurs because of the unavoidable

changes in soil confining stress during

transportation of the samples from the

field to the lab or during storage at

the lab especially if significant

moisture content changes temperature

changes or tube corrosion occurs during

extrusion of the samples from the tubes

prior to testing and during handling and

mounting for testing generally the

better the quality of the sample the

more expensive and time-consuming its

recovery is likely to be for some

purposes such as designing the

foundation of a light structure on stiff

clay the expense of obtaining high

quality samples may not be justified on

the other hand when the compressibility

or shearing strength of soft clay is

needed to evaluate the settlement or

stability of a critical embankment or

structure even the best samples may

barely be adequate consequently there is

a need to establish a quantitative

measure of the quality of samples

especially for soft clays and silts

this video has presented a basic

introduction to some of the common

drilling and sampling procedures used in

geotechnical practice there are many

other methods that can be used for site

characterization and soil sampling

including some that are considerably

more advanced than the ones shown in

this video regardless of the method it

is important that the geotechnical

engineer be familiar with the tools and

procedures that are being used in the

field understand how these tools and

procedures can affect the results of lab

and Institute tests and appreciate the

inherent uncertainties that are involved

in characterizing subsurface conditions

primary funding for this educational

research project was provided by the

National Science Foundation additional

funding was provided by the teaching

resources center at the University of

California Davis tabor consultants

perform most of the drilling shown in

this video

a special thanks is extended to Andy

Taber for their cooperation and support

CJ supply graciously provided the

drilling and sampling tools shown in

this video special thanks to bud and

Alan Brodus for their cooperation and

input valuable comments and suggestions

were provided by Andy Taber Leslie

harder and Michael reamer the assistance

of Bill sluice is also greatly

appreciated narration by Christopher

peek and dialogue recording by net

Jacobson

you