Translation- 2nd step in gene expression.

To form a protein

Gene Expression- is a process by which information stored in your DNA in the forms of genes is used in
the synthesis of functional gene products.

The gene products – mainly proteins which have many function in your cells (like repair and
maintenance of cell, energy synthesis and enzymatic action on biochemical rection (enzymes).

Gene expression in 2 steps:

 Begin in the nucleus (with the process of transcription ) in which the info in the DNA is copied
into an RNA. These RNA is known as the mRNA.
 mRNA- is to carry info or message outside the nucleus. And used it to perform the 2 nd step in
gene expression.
 In translation, the message stored in mRNA is decoded in a ribosome. To produce a specific
amino acid chain( polypeptide)

Structures important for translation:

Aside from mRNA it also requires the tRNA ( transfer RNA)

Ribosome-dedicated cellular machinery that makes the whole process possible. It reads the message in
the mRNA and the tNRA transfer individual amino acids through the ribosomes. According to the
sequence of the base pairs on the mRNA.

Amino acids join by bonds= proteins

Translation 3 process:

Initiation_- in whicht the ribosome assembles around the target mRNA. Naay tRNA nya ning bind ang
small s. nya naay bases once naa nay start codon (AUG) mo bind dayun and large s to form the complete
the ribosome and the PS is initiated.

The tRNA binds to the P site or peptidyl site ( ang large s kay naay EPA) then ang 2 nd tRNA kay sa
A site napud with the UAU or TYRosine.

Elongation the tRNA transfer amino

acids through ribosomes and joined
together to make a polypeptide
chain. (polypeptide chain gets
longer.)

The P site holds the growing

polypeptide chain

Termination- the ribosoms releases

the polypeptides when it reads a
stop signal on the mRNa. After this there is a Amino Acid deletion and protein folding (t form a more
stable structure)

Where does this process takes place?

Prokaryotes Eukaryotes
Cytoplasm Cytoplasm or accorss the membrane of
Endoplasmic reticulum.

When the ribosomes bind to the mRNA this whole complex then attaches to the ENDo reticulum . a new
protein is synthesized and released in to the EPR. (the protein can be stored in the EPR) or release in the
future or it can be secreted immediately

Ribosomes – is a complex molecular structure found inside all living cells and act as a site for protein
syn.

 It has a small subunit (4os) an large (60 s) when joined together they are 80s. this subunit lies
separately in the cytoplasm until they need to come together for translation. They diff. jobs.
 Small S- reads the mRNA; large (joins the amino acid to form a polypeptide chain.
 The unit of measurement used to describe the ribosomal units svedberg unit ( which is a
measure of the rated of sedimentation in centrifugation rather than size.

Genetic code- the info in genetic encode is stored in the form of base pairs.

What is a codon?- a seq. of 3 DNA or RNA bases . when mRNA goes inside the ribosomes, the ribo does
not read indiv. Bases. Rather the seq, of 3 bases or codons. Each of the seq. corresponds to a specific
amino acids.

Ex. UUU (Phe); UCC (SER)

AUG (methionine)- Start codon. It signals the ribosomes to start the synthesizing the protein.

UAG, UGA, UAA- stop codon. The work is done,.