NODAL AND MESH ANALYSIS We previously achieved a great deal with nodal and mesh analysis tech- niques, and it’s reasonable to ask if a similar procedure might be valid in terms of phasors and impedances for the sinusoidal steady state. We already know that both of Kirchhoft"s laws are valid for phasors; also, we have an Ohm-like law for the passive elements V = ZI. In other words, the Laws upon which nodal analysis rests are true for phasors, and we may proceed, therefore, to analyze circuits by nodal techniques in the sinusoidal steady state, Using similar arguments, we can establish that mesh analysis methods are valid (and often useful) as well isa MEFIGURE 10.21 A frequency-domain cicut for which node votages Vand V, are dered, ‘Two current sources are given as phasors, and phasor node voltages V) and V2 are indicated. At the left node we apply KCL, yielding: MOV | Wi-V) | Vir We Mi eae AV BS, oT REST ao ee ‘At the right node, Naina Viv Va- Na Wig War Vi, Nap Vans 25/004 = jas = + jot jst ~~ OSLO =s ‘Combining terms, we have (0.24 j0.2)V, — j0.1V2 = and —jO.1V, + .1 = j0.1)V2 = 70.5 “These equations are easily solved on most scientific calculators, result- ‘ng in Vy = 1 = j2 Vand V3 = =2+ j4V. ‘The time-domain solutions are obtained by expressing V; and V2 in ‘polar form: V) = 2.24/-63.4° V2 = 4.47(116.6° and passing to the time domain: v(t) = 2.24 cos(wr — 63.4°) V 0 (1) = 4.47 cos(or + 116.6°) V Note that the value of w would have to be known in order to compute the impedance values given on the circuit diagram. Also, both sources must be operating at the same frequency.10.12. Use nodal analysis on the circuit of Fig. 10.22 to find V; and V2. 50 /-90" ma 40 ms Now let us look at an example of mesh analysis, keeping in mind again that all sources must be operating at the same frequency. Otherwise, it is im- possible to define a numerical value for any reactance in the circuit. As we see in the next section, the only way out of such a dilemma is to apply superposition100s 10°rV 4 mH 252, @ 30 “ja 2, ® IE FIGURE 10.23 (0) A time-domain circuit containing 2 dependent sure (b) Te comesponing frequency-domain cra. Noting from the left source that « = 10° rad/s, we draw the frequency- domain circuit of Fig. 10.236 and assign mesh currents Iy and Ip Around mesh 1, 3h; + j4(; — 2) = 10/0 or G+ j4)h — j4h = 10 while mesh 2 leads to U4; —h) = j2h +2 or Q- jah + jh =0 Solving, rT ute = 1.2429.7° A 20+ 30 Tea a = 2.77/56.3° A Hence, (0) = 1.24 c0s(10"r + 29.7°) A in(0) = 2.77 cos(10*r + 56.3°) A 10.13 Use mesh analysis on the circuit of Fig. 10.24 to find I) and Ip. ‘Ans. 4.87/=1686° A; T.1T/=148 9° A. See) sok 1olov(S) 15/90 vZ) 20/6 vG) FIGURE 10.2410.9 , SUPERPOSITION, SOURCE TRANSFORMATIONS, AND THEVENIN’S THEOREM After inductors and capacitors were introduced in Chap. 7, we found that circuits containing these elements were still linear, and that the benefits of linearity were again available, Included among these were the superposition principle, Thévenin’s and Norton's theorems, and source transformations. ora a-j20 2440 05/90" & ® FIGURE 10.28 (0) Cit of Fig 10.21 for which Vis ested, 6) V, may be found by sing superpostion ofthe separate phasor responses, First we redraw the circuit as Fig. 10.28b, where each pair of parallel impedances is replaced by a single equivalent impedance. That is, ‘Sil —j10 @ is 4 — 2 2; f10| —j5 is —j10 2; and 10 || j5 is equal to 2 + j4. To find V;, we first activate only the left source and find ‘the partial response, Viz, The 1/0° source is in parallel with an impedance of 4 — j2) | (—j10 + 2+ ja) so that (4= 72-1042 + fA) a= j2- jl0+2+j4 j28 Viz = 120- wv 6— js With only the right source active, current division and Ohm’s law yields 2+ i4 a= j2— jos 24 F nr = (-0,5/—90°) ( )a- j2)=-19 Summing, then VisVutVins2-j2-1=1-j2 Vv which agrees with our previous result from Example 10.7. ‘As we will see, superposition is also extremely useful when dealing with a cireuit in which not all sources operate at the same frequency.