COLLEGE DEPARTMENT

First Semester, School Year 2020-2021

BIOSTATISTICS & EPIDEMIOLOGY – 1ST LONG EXAMINATION

NAME: ANGELA P. REYES DATE: DECEMBER 2, 20202

YEAR & SECTION: BSMT 2-A INSTRUCTOR: PROF. JENNY CHUA, M.SC.

General Instruction: This is a 70-item test, read each direction carefully and strictly follows all the given instructions. Not following
instructions will not be considered as correct and NO POINTS will be given.

I. Cerebral Enhancer: Read each item carefully and answer it precisely. Some items require you to include references or literature to
support your answer.

1-10. Who is most likely to participate in screening and diagnostic testing?

Screening testing and diagnostic testing have the same purpose, which is to determine whether the
patient has the absence or presence of a particular disease. But these two testing are very different in a
lot of categories. The most likely to participate in screening test are the healthy individuals who are
concern in their health. Screening test can also be applied to everyone/large group of people because it
is overly inexpensive. It is kind of less accurate because this testing is based on one criteria. Screening
test is cheap but it is a really big help to all of us during this pandemic. While, the most likely to
participate in diagnostic testing are the sick individuals. This test can be applied to a specific patient only
because it is relatively expensive as it offers more accurate tests and treatment to an individual.

11-20. Explain the level of prevention strategies.

The levels of prevention can be classified into 3 categories which are the primary, secondary and tertiary
prevention. Primary prevention is known as a disease onset. This prevention is to avoid the development
of disease and to remove the risk factor. This happens before the discovery of a particular disease. An
example in this type of prevention is having a regular check-up. Secondary prevention is an early
detection of an illness and treatment of disease. Treatment is a must to prevent the disease to
mestatiszie in our body. It also prevent the progression of the disease. This happens after a disease has
begun but the disease is still asymptomatic or does not show any signs/symptoms. An example in this
type of prevention is a screening test. Tertiary prevention goal is to reduce or eliminate the
complications of established disease. We need to treat it as soon as possible because most of the time
some of our vital organs are affected by the disease which occurs more complication in our body. This
prevention requires a follow-up check-up, observation weekly and etc. This happens after the disease
occurs.

21-35. Discuss the Cardinal Principles of Screening. Relate this on the current situation that
we are experiencing today.
COVID0-19 is a recognizable disease. The screening test must be available today, because this pandemic
is a major medical problem that involves high incidence. It is a need because the percentage of affected
individuals are very alarming and still increasing nowadays. This testing so simple and can be applied to a
large group of persons. Screening test is safe and acceptable and should be given to everyone not just
for specific individuals, because it is not overly expensive treatment. An inexpensive screening gives a
reliable source and also suitable for high volume testing. You can do a lot by producing this test through
different methods and procedures that you will use. The screening test has a very high sensitivity (very
low false negatives) and high specificity (known as the domino effect, if you’re first test is positive you
need to undergo again). The ability of this test to predict the presence and the absence of a disease in a
very simple method, also it’s cheaper, is a huge help to all of us during this time of pandemic.
36-50. Explain the relevance of this diagram in conducting screening test.

People with disease are very high-risk. Screening test can perform in hospitals only and can be done by a
health care provider to avoid the spreading of disease. The reason is that hospitals offers more reliable
testing data. The health care provider will create a reporting data and will report it to the health
department to record and collect information and evidence about the disease. This health department
will notify the disease on how it occurs and spread. It offer us services and treatment. Also, health
department will provide us some feedback about how many are affcted in the current occurrence of
disease or how to prevent them and etc.

The relevance of this digaram in conducting a screening test is that the cycle is repeated that requires a
continuous observation. Just like in serial/sequantial type of screen testing, individuals undergo the first
test and if it is positive, will undergo to another test. Reportings of the health care providers are
important because it offers the identification of signs and symptoms of disease and also finding a way
on how to treat the disease.

51-70. How do we access the feasibility and reliability of a screening test and program?
We access the feasibility of screening by determining the burden of disease, which identifies the
effectiveness of treatment without screening. Acceptability provides convenient, comfort, safety and
costs which results in having compliance. The efficacy of screening, test the characteristics such as Se or
Sp and has the potential to reduce mortality. The efficiency of screening offers a low PVP, risks and costs
of follow-up of test positive and the cost effectiveness through annual mam screening or annual pap
screening. Lastly, it also balance the harms and the benefits of screening test.