MUSCULAR SYSTEM

Muscles
 make up about 40% - 50 % of your body’s weight
 Allow us to perform extraordinary feats of endurance (running, playing sports) and grace
(ballet , figure skating)

CONCEPT MAP OF THE MUSCULAR SYSTEM:

Prepared by : MS. NEMIA DE LEON-CALIMBAS, RN., MAN 1

TYPES OF MUSCLE:

1. SKELETAL or STRIATED MUSCLES

o VOLUNTARY we can control its contraction
o Voluntary, striated, multinucleated cells that are much longer than their width,
hence also called FIBERS

2. Smooth muscle cells

o Involuntary ( we cant control them at will)
o Nonstriated and uninucleated fibers

3. Cardiac muscle
o Also involuntary, but are striated and uninucleated.
o These cells do not look like fibers but have extensions or branches.

ANATOMY OF THE SKELETAL OR STRIATED MUSCLE

Sarcolemna
 Electrically polarized cell membrane surrounding the skeletal muscle cell or fiber

Fasciculi
 Number of skeletal muscle fibers consisting a muscle.
 Each bundle or fascicle is composed of a number of muscle fibers or cells.

Endomysium
 Delicate connective tissue surrounding each muscle cell in a fascicle

Perimysium
 Another layer of connective tissue surrounding each bundle or fascicle

Epimysium
 Connective tissue surrounding the whole muscle that covers the perimysium of each fasicle

Fascia
 A layer of areolar tissue on top of the epimysium .

Prepared by : MS. NEMIA DE LEON-CALIMBAS, RN., MAN 2

PHYSIOLOGY OF MUSCLE CONTRACTION:

Motor unit

 All of muscle cells or fibers innervated by the same motor neuron is called a motor unit.
 Called motor unit because muscles cells are always excited simultaneously and therefore
contract together

4 properties of Muscle Cells:

1. Excitability by a stimulus
2. Conductivity of that stimulus through their cytoplasm
o Allows a response to travel throughout the cell
3. Contractility which is the reaction to the stimulus
o Response of the muscle cell
4. Elasticity which allows the cell to return to its original; shape after contraction

3 FACTORS CAUSING MUSCLE CONTRACTION:

1. Neuroelectrical factor

 Muscle cells have positively charged sodium (Na) ions in greater concentration outside the
muscle cell than inside the cell

 Muscle cells have positively charged potassium ions (K) in greater concentration inside the
muscle cell than outside the muscle cell.

 The outside of a muscle is positively charged electrically and the inside is negatively charged.
The electrical distribution is known as the resting potential of the cell membrane.

 When a motor neuron innervates the muscle cell, acetylcholine is secreted from the axon
terminals into the neuromuscular junction. This causes sodium ions to rush inside the cell
membrane creating an electrical potential ( changing the inside from negative to positive)

 Potassium ions move outside the cell membrane to try to restore the resting potential but
cannot do so because so many sodium ions are rushing in.

 The influx of positive sodium ions causes the T tubules to transmit the stimulus deep into the
muscle cell creating an action potential

Prepared by : MS. NEMIA DE LEON-CALIMBAS, RN., MAN 3

 2. Chemical Factors
 The cross- bridges or heads of myosin filaments have ATP. When the cross-bridges link with
the actin, breakdown of ATP releases energy that is used to pull the actin filaments in among
the myosin filaments. The area between two Z lines gets smaller, whereas the A band
remains the same. This is contraction at the molecular level.

 Meanwhile, the sodium-potassium pump has operated. It has pumped out the sodium ions
that initially rushed in and pulled back in the potassium ions that had rushed out, restoring
the muscle cell’s resting potential. The calcium ions get reabsorbed by the sarcoplasmic
reticulum causing the action potential to cease and restoring the resting potential. The
muscle cell now releases as contraction ceases.

 The whole process of contraction occurs in 1/40 of a second.

3. Energy sources
 ATP is the energy source for muscle contraction:
 Actin+myosin+ATP  actomyosin+ADP+PO4+energy of contraction.
 ATP is produced in glycolysis, the Krebs citric cycle and electron transport yielding 36 ATP.
 ATP is produced occasionally in the absence of oxygen in muscle cells during anaerobic
respiration yielding only 2 ATP with a buildup of lactic acid during strenuous exercise.
 Muscle cells can also take up free fatty acids from the blood and break those down into ATP.
 Muscle cells also use phosphocreatine as a source of phosphate to produce ATP.

MUSCLE TONE

Tone
 Property of a muscle in which a state of partial contraction is maintained throughout a
whole muscle.
 Tone maintains pressure on the abdominal contents, helps maintain blood pressure in blood
vessels and aids in digestion. Tone gives a firm appearance to skeletal muscles.

2 TYPES of CONTRACTION:

1. Isotonic contraction
o Occurs when muscles become shorter and thicker as when lifting a weight and
tension remains the same

2. Isometric contraction
o Occurs when tension increases but the muscles remain at a constant length as when
we push against a wall.

Prepared by : MS. NEMIA DE LEON-CALIMBAS, RN., MAN 4

THE ANATOMY OF THE SMOOTH MUSCLE

Smooth muscle

 Found in hollow structures of the body like the intestines, blood vessels and urinary bladder
 Cannot be controlled at will because it is under the control of the autonomic nervous system
 In hollow structures smooth muscle is arranged in two layers: an outer longitudinal layer
and an inner circular layer. This results in material being pushed forward in the tube by
simultaneous contraction of both layers.

THE ANATOMY OF CARDIAC MUSCLE

Cardiac Muscle

 Found only in the heart and is controlled by the autonomic nervous system.
 Cardiac muscle cells are involuntary, uninucleated and striated. They also have intercalated
disks for coordinating contraction.
 Cardiac muscle cells can receive an impulse, contract, immediately relax and receive another
impulse. This occurs about 75 times a minute.

THE NAMING AND ACTIONS OF SKELETAL MUSCLES:

 Muscles can be named according to their action, shape, origin and insertion, location or
direction of their fibers.

1. Origin
o The more fixed attachment.
2. Insertion
o Movable attachment of a muscle
3. Tendon
o Attach a muscle to a bone
o Aponeurosis - a wide flat tendon
4. Flexors
o Muscles that bend a limb at a joint
5. Extensors
o Those that straighten a limb
6. Abductors
o Move a limb away from the midline
7. Adductors
o Bring a limb toward the midline of the body
8. Rotators
o Rotate a limb around an axis

Prepared by : MS. NEMIA DE LEON-CALIMBAS, RN., MAN 5

 9. Dorsiflexors
o Muscles that raise the foot
10. Plantar Flexors
o Muscles that lower the foot
11. Supinators
o Muscles that turn the palm upward
12. Pronators
o Muscles that turn the palm of the hand downwards
13. Levators
o Raise a part of the body
14. Depressors
o Muscles that lower a part of the body
15. Prime movers
o Muscles that bring about an action
16. Synergist
o Muscles that assist the prime movers

FUNCTION AND LOCATION OF SELECTED SKELETAL MUSCLES

1. Facial muscles
o Around the eyes and mouth assist in non verbal communication like smiling

2. Muscles around the upper and lower jaw

o assist in chewing or mastication

3. Six muscles attach to the eye and move in all directions.

4. Sternocleidomastoid
o Main muscle moving the head
5. Upper arm
o Moved mainly by the deltoid, pectorals and rotator cuff muscles

6. Forearm
o Can be flexed and extended
o The supinators and pronators supinate and pronate the forearm and move the hand.

7. Wrist and fingers

o Can be flexed, extended, abducted and adducted

8. Three layers of trunk muscle compress our abdominal contents laterally, while the rectus
abdominus in the front produces the wash board effect from sit ups.

9. Breathing is accomplished by the diaphragm muscle and the intercostal muscles of the ribs

Prepared by : MS. NEMIA DE LEON-CALIMBAS, RN., MAN 6

10. Muscles of the hip flex, extend , abduct and adduct the thigh.

11. Muscle s of the thigh, like the hamstrings, flex the knee ; quadriceps femoris extends the
knee

12. Muscles of the foot and toes produce plantar flexion and dorsiflexion as in walking,
eversion and inversion of the sole of the foot and flexion and extension of the toes.

LOCATION OF SELECTED SKELETAL MUSCLES:

SUPERFICIAL MUSCLES OF THE BODY

Prepared by : MS. NEMIA DE LEON-CALIMBAS, RN., MAN 7

Prepared by : MS. NEMIA DE LEON-CALIMBAS, RN., MAN 8
Prepared by : MS. NEMIA DE LEON-CALIMBAS, RN., MAN 9
MUSCLES OF THE HEAD AND NECK

Muscles of Facial
Expression

Prepared by : MS. NEMIA DE LEON-CALIMBAS, RN., MAN 10

MUSCLES OF MASTICATION AND MUSCLES THAT MOVE THE EYE

MUSCLES OF THE HEAD AND SHOULDER GIRDLE

Prepared by : MS. NEMIA DE LEON-CALIMBAS, RN., MAN 11

MUSCLES MOVING THE HUMERUS

Prepared by : MS. NEMIA DE LEON-CALIMBAS, RN., MAN 12

 MUSCLES MOVING THE ELBOW AND WRIST

MUSCLES MOVING THE HAND, THUMB AND WRIST

Prepared by : MS. NEMIA DE LEON-CALIMBAS, RN., MAN 13

Prepared by : MS. NEMIA DE LEON-CALIMBAS, RN., MAN 14
MUSCLES MOVING THE ABDOMINAL WALL AND RESPIRATION

Prepared by : MS. NEMIA DE LEON-CALIMBAS, RN., MAN 15

Prepared by : MS. NEMIA DE LEON-CALIMBAS, RN., MAN 16
Prepared by : MS. NEMIA DE LEON-CALIMBAS, RN., MAN 17
 MUSCLES OF THE HAND

Prepared by : MS. NEMIA DE LEON-CALIMBAS, RN., MAN 18

Prepared by : MS. NEMIA DE LEON-CALIMBAS, RN., MAN 19