Student’s name: ………………………………………………………

No.: Upper Limb – 02

Instructions:
 Read the following carefully and try to understand every word.
 You are free to go to the library to find out the possible answers for the questions.

Nadia has discovered breast lump

Nadia is 55 years old housewife, she came to the Khartoum teaching hospital when
she had noticed a lump in her right breast during annual examination, her medical history
revealed that she had early menarche, menopause at 51 old age, and gave birth for one baby
at the age of 32, family history showed that her mother died following the diagnosis of breast
cancer.
The doctor requested the necessary investigations before he made the diagnosis:
breast carcinoma.
He told her that she was lucky for the diagnosis was made early and her condition will
be treated successfully.
Questions:
1. What is the surface marking for the base of the breast?
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………..

2. Describe the anatomical basis of dimpling of the skin of the breast.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………..
………………………………………………………………………………………………….
3. Mention the lymphatic drainage for the breast.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………..
………………………………………………………………………………………………….

4. Describe the anatomical basis of Peau d'orange sign.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………..
………………………………………………………………………………………………….
References:
 Harold Ellis, Clinical Anatomy,Applied anatomy for students and junior doctors, 11 th
Ed, Blackwell Publishing Ltd, 2006
 Richard S.Snell, Clinical Anatomy by Regions, 8th Ed. Lippincott Williams &
Wilkins.
 Moore, Keith L.; Dalley, Arthur F, Clinically Oriented Anatomy, 5th Ed. Lippincott
Williams & Wilkins; 2006.

Hosam Eldeen Elsadig MBBS, M.Sc