leqcia I: saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis disciplinis
Camoyalibeba da didi debatebi
saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis,
rogorc samecniero disciplinis Camoyalibeba
saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis, rogorc akademiuri disciplinis Camo-
yalibeba didad ganapiroba XX saukunis dasawyisSi msoflios dapiris-
pirebul banakebad dayofam da 1914 wels pirveli msoflio omis gaCaRebam.
CamoyalibebisTanave saerTaSoriso urTierTobebi ganviTarda konkre-
tuli ideologiuri mimarTulebiT da misi xedva aigo erTi Teoriis —
idealizmis safuZvelze. pirveli msoflio omiT gamowveuli didZali
msxverplis Sedegad msoflioSi momwifda Sexeduleba, rom aucilebelad
unda Seswavliliyo omis gamomwvevi mizezebi, raTa momavalSi Tavidan
aecilebinaT msgavsi damangreveli movlenebi. swored idealizmi gaxda is
ideologia, romlis principebze dayrdnobiTac momavalSi kacobriobas
unda SeZleboda am damangreveli fenomenis Tavidan acileba.
aRsaniSnavia, rom pirvel msoflio omamde saerTaSoriso urTierTo-
bebi, rogorc samecniero disciplina ar arsebobda da mis funqciebs
ZiriTadad samarTali da istoria iTavsebda. ZiriTadad istorikosebi,
ufro zustad ki, diplomatiis istorikosebi iyvnen dakavebulni sxva-
dasxva istoriuli faqtebis analiziT, Tumca, am faqtebis ganzogadebasa
da daskvnebis gamotanaze aravin fiqrobda. aseve aRsaniSnavia, publicis-
tikis da Jurnalistebis roli; aq SegviZlia gavixsenoT vinme ainStainis
statia, romelic pirveli msoflio omis win gamoqveynda amerikaSi, sadac
avtori mouwodebda amerikis mTavrobas yuradReba mieqcia evropaSi mim-
dinare movlenebisaTvis da ar gaegrZelebina izolacionisturi politika.
imisaTvis, rom kargad mivxvdeT ra Teoriuli foni iyo Seqmnili
pirveli msoflio omis droindel evropaSi, sakmarisia gavixsenoT karl
fon klauzevicis sityvebi — omi diplomatiis ufro Zlieri formaa, xolo
sabrZolo asparezi molaparakebebis konferenciis gagrZeleba. aqedan
Cans, rom omi sul ufro da ufro xSirad gamoiyeneboda rogorc
instrumenti politikuri miznebis misaRwevad. mxolod pirveli msoflio
omis Semdeg mixvdnen wamyvani qveynebis politikuri elitebi, rom omis
Sedegad miRebuli situacia ar SeiZleboda yofiliyo aravisTvis mom-
gebiani da swored pirveli msoflio omis Semdeg Seiqmna pirveli saswavlo
centrebi da departamentebi, sadac saerTaSoriso urTierTobebi iswav-
leboda. pirveli kaTedra, sadac saerTaSoriso politika iswavleboda,
iyo uelsSi, aberisTviTis universitetSi, xolo saerTaSoriso urTierTo-
bebis departamenti pirvelad jorjtaunis universitetSi daarsda. ori-
vegan es moxda 1919 wels.
am periodSi moRvawe specialistebis mier omi aRqmul iqna rogorc
tragedia, radgan pirvelma msoflio omma moitana uamravi msxverpli.
zogierT brZolebSi 100 000-ze meti adamianic ki daRupula (magaliTad,
4 97
Lecture X: NATO Enlargement and IR Theories
This lecture is aimed at displaying to the students how different theories of International
Relations explain the same issue differently. At the same time the idea is to show that no
theory can explicate the issue to the fullest and each of them offers a different perspective of
the issues which in the end gives a better understanding of the real world situation, in our
case the NATO enlargement after the end of the Cold War.
Realism: the early prediction of realists on the fate of NATO was that it should
disappear with the collapse of the Soviet Union or reconstruct itself on the basis of the new
distribution of power in Europe. Realists have been heavily chastised for not being able to
predict NATO’s fate, an institution that not only persisted after the end of the Cold War, but
also emerged as the most dynamic military organization in the world. Despite their initial
failure to predict the fall of NATO, realists argued that they had not been altogether wrong in
their predictions. For example, Keneth Waltz argues in his essay “the Balance of Power and
NATO expansion” that his prediction has been already borne out, since one cannot say
against whom NATO is defending.
Waltz explains NATO expansion in terms of the balance of power. He argues that with
the demise of the Soviet Union the international political system became unipolar, with the
US as the single most powerful nation in the world. According to Waltz, “as nature abhors
vacuum, so international politics abhors unbalanced power.”Waltz names three reasons why
the decision to enlarge NATO came into being. First, the one with the least importance for
Waltz is the fact that organizations, especially big ones, have long lives. The second and
most important reason is that NATO expansion is a means of maintaining and lengthening
America’s presence in the foreign and military affairs of Europe. The third reason is the
influence of domestic politics on the decision taken by the US executive. In other words,
Waltz demonstrates that institutions serve national rather then international interests, unlike
the other two theories discussed below.
Liberalism: A central claim of institutionalist theory is that once created, institutions tend
to persist, because it is cheaper to maintain institutions than to create new ones. Therefore,
when confronted with new sets of problems, states seek to modify an already existing
institution to meet new challenges. Thus, institutional liberal theories have easier time
explaining why NATO persisted after the end of the Cold War even when the enemy that it
was supposed to counter disappeared. To illustrate a liberal point of view this lecture looks
at major work on this issue, mainly of Celeste Wallander and Robert McCalla.
In her efforts to explain NATO expansion, Celeste Wallander provides a great addition to
the institutionalist literature. She agrees with Keohane that institutions persist because they
are costly to create and less costly to maintain, so they may remain useful despite changed
circumstances; however, she states that this argument is incomplete, since it does not tell us
when institutions persist and when they do not.
According to Wallander, “an institution will not persist if it no longer serves the interests
of its members . . . either the institution adapts to change depends on whether its assets – its
norms, rules, and procedures – are specific or general, and on whether its mix of assets
matches the kinds of security problems faced by its members.” According to Wallander,
NATO persists because it developed general assets during the Cold War, such as
transparency among its members, civilian control over the military, practices and procedures
for consultation, an integrated command structure, interoperability among its members,
logistics and air defense, and a common economic infrastructure.
Lecture IX: Constructivism
This lecture is devoted to explaining constructivism as a theory of IR. A seminal work by
Alexander Wendt, Anarchy is what States Make of It is discussed, which in fact is one of the
most popular and most cited pieces of writing in IR. In his article, Wendt contests the
assumption by Waltz about international relations. Wendt accepts the main ontological
assumptions of Neorealists’, asserting that contemporary state system constitutes a
competitive self-help system but he rejects the traditional Waltzian understanding of
anarchy, disputs the causal relations between anarchy and the self-help system and
attempts to demonstrate that anarchy does not necessarily generate self-help.
Wendt argus that self-help, far from being a natural corollary to anarchy, is only an
institution. States created it so states could change it as well. For Wendt, Neorealists make a
priori assumptions about the state identity, which is unacceptable. State identity in Neorealist
terms, would be the perception of the world as a self-help system, which initially predisposes
a state to the use of force. There is no reason, according to Wendt, to give self-help such an
“exalted position”, since Neorealists in the first place fail to explain how does anarchy lead to
the self-help system.
Wendt on the other hand argues that the identity of the states is shaped not by the
structure but by the process and interactions among the states. Structure of the international
systems, as defined by Waltz in terms of ordering principle, distribution of capabilities and
the character of the units can not explain why do states appear in the self-help world. What
explains the identity of the units (whether self-help or not) is the process of interaction
among the units. Fundamental claim that Wendt is making is that people and states act
towards objects according to what meaning that object carries. Alter will only use force or try
to diminish Ego, if they are foes and not friends, rivals, rather than allies. These collective
meanings constitute the structures which organize the state actions.
Wendt does not preclude the possibility of the state system where states can only rely on
the self-help, what he argues is that, focusing only on this type of system does not give the full
picture of the international relations. In contrast he suggests that international security systems
can be either competitive, individualistic or cooperative, which he later dubbed in his book as
Hobbesian, Lockean and Kantian systems. Only first two of these are characterized by self-help,
while the third is a cooperative system where collective prosocial interests prevail.
This lecture also considers Jonathan Mercer’s critique of Wendt. Mercer strikes at the
core of Wendt’s argument that states might produce other system than self-help, which is an
other-help system. by analyzing European Union and applying SIT Mercer demonstrates that
group of European States, even though they cooperate still discriminate against those states
who are out of the group. In short, by identifying their own group against some other group,
states still create self-help system which is far from the altruistic other-help system. Within
their own group states might have the convergence of their national identities towards a
common European identity, which is still a doubtful issue, though they still identify
themselves negatively and restrictively against different groups. Example for that would be
simple. Immigration and asylum policy of the European Union, the developments of the
concepts of the safe third countries and the growth of the readmission agreements
demonstrate that European Union is more discriminatory against the citizens and nationals
of the foreign states than of their own. Social Identity Theory and Mercer’s application of the
theory do not suggest that constructivist approach is not valid. The emphasis on identity is
‘exciting’, though it does not explain how the system can change, neither can it explain how
the process changes the identity and then the system.
96
safrangeTi, 1916 weli). amis gamarTleba ar arsebobda. dikinsoni ambobda,
rom “omi ar aris adamianis bunebis gardauvali Sedegi, is bunebis gar-
kveuli pirobebSi gamovlenaa,” xolo arnold toinbim oms “kacobriobis
momakvdinebeli seni” uwoda.
idealizmi gaxda erTgvari pasuxi kiTxvaze, Tu ratom xdeba omi? ratom
ganagrZobdnen oms qveynebi maSin, rodesac amdeni msxverplis gaTvalis-
winebiT omidan Semosuli mogeba sul ufro mcirdeboda.
am kiTxvebze pasuxi saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis farglebSi didad
iyo dafuZnebuli or oms Soris gabatonebul tradiciaze, romelic li-
beraluri idealizmis saxeliTaa cnobili. am tradiciis mixedviT, saWiro
iyo ZalTa balansis da aliansebis sistemis Secvla.
maSasadame, idealizmze dafuZnebuli xedva/mizani iyo Semdegi: msof-
lio sistemis reformireba da avtokratiul saxelmwifoebSi Sida cvli-
lebebis moxdena.
amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis prezidentis, vudro uilsonis mier wa-
moyenebuli cnobili 14 punqti miiCneva idealizmis manifestad. igi moi-
cavs punqtebs saidumlo diplomatis aRkveTis Sesaxeb da SeTanxmebebis
Riad dadebis aucileblobis Sesaxeb. ouwodebs, rom iyos navigaciis Ta-
visufleba, TviTgamorkveva yvelasTvis, SeiaraRebis Semcireba da ase Sem-
deg, xolo bolo punqtad mocemuli aqvs erTa ligis Camoyalibeba, ro-
melic unda yofiliyo organizacia, romelic daicavda saerTaSoriso
wesrigs da mSvidobas.
vilsoniseuli idealizmi mokled rom vTqvaT, gulisxmobda racio-
naluri da inteligenturi saerTaSoriso organizaciebis Seqmnas da amiT
omis Sekavebas, rac unda gamxdariyo safuZveli msoflioSi samudamo
mSvidobis damkvidrebisa.
norman anjeli aseve aris idealizmis erT-erTi TvalsaCino war-
momadgeneli. Tavis naSromSi — didi iluzia (1909), igi ambobda, rom
zogierTs jer kidev hgonia, rom omi aris momgebiani, xolo dRevandel
samyaroSi es ase ar aris. anjeli gamoTqvamda imeds, rom saxelmwifoebi
(maTi liderebi) Tu gaiziareben am faqts, mixvdebian omis uSedegobas da
usargeblobas. misi azriT, rac ufro win waiwevda modernizacia, miT ufro
urTierTdamokidebuli gaxdeboda msoflio da Sesabamisad omi gaxdeboda
usargeblo.
uilsonis da anjelis mosazrebebi eyrdnoba azrs, rom adamianebi arian
racionalurebi, da Tuki isini gonebiT miudgebian saerTaSoriso urTi-
erTobebs maSin Seqmnian iseT saerTaSoriso organizaciebs, romlebic
yvelas sikeTes moutans.
liberaluri ideebis gavrcelebis erT-erTi triumfi iyo saxelmwi-
foebs Soris 1928 wels dadebuli kelog-brianis paqti, romlis mixed-
viTac saxelmwifoebi uars acxadebdnen saerTaSoriso urTierTobebSi
Zalis gamoyenebaze da konfliqtebis mSvidobiani gziT mogvarebas
irCevdnen. magram, istoriam naTelhyo liberaluri ideologiis kraxi.
nacizmis aRzevebasTan erTad — italia, espaneTi, germania, aRmosavleT
5
evropa gaxdnen avtoritarulni, demokratiulis magivrad. amasTan erTad
yvelaze didi kraxi ganicada erTa ligam. igi Cavarda xuT umniSvnelovanes
SemTxvevaSi (iaponia-manjuria, italia abisinia, bolivia-paragvai, espa-
neTis samoqalaqo omi da ssrk-fineTi).
amasTan erTad, anjelis mosazrebebic imis Sesaxeb, rom msoflio xdeba
sul ufro da ufro urTierTdamokidebuli da omi xdeba aramimzidveli
instrumenti, ar gamarTlda: vaWroba sagrZnoblad Semcirda da indus-
triuli ganviTareba Senelda imdenad, rom igi gaxda mxolod mesamedi
imisa, rac iyo mecxramete saukunis bolos da meoce saukunis dasawyisSi.
Sesabamisad, istoriis msvlelobam aCvena, rom Zala kvlavac iyo
umniSvnelovanesi saerTaSoriso urTierTobebSi da rom TanamSromlobam
da koleqtiurma usafrTxoebam, erTa ligis saxiT, ver gaamarTla (Tumca,
erTa ligam did warmatebas miaRwia sxva sakiTxebSi — pirveli msoflio
omis ltolvilebi, narkotikebis Sekaveba, trefikingi da ase Semdeg).
pirveli debatebi saerTaSoriso urTierTobebSi:
realizmis aRmoceneba — “ocwliani krizisi” 1
liberaluri idealizmi ar iyo saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis kargi
inteleqtualuri megzuri 1930-ian wlebSi. urTierTdamokidebulebam ar
warmoSva mSvidobiani TanamSromloba da erTa ligac win ver aRudga
totalitaruli da eqspansionisturi qveynebis destruqciul qmedebebs.
Sesabamisad, saerTaSoriso urTierTobebSi xelaxla gaJRerda klasikuri
realistebis: Tukidides, makiavelis da hobsis moZRvrebebi.
liberaluri idealizmis yvelaze yovlismomcveli kritika mogvca
britanelma saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis specialistma eduard qarma,
Tavis sayovelTaod cnobil naSromSi ”ocwliani krizisi”, romelic
pirvelad 1939 wels gamoica. qaris TqmiT, saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis
liberalurma moazrovneebma arasworad waikiTxes istoriuli faqtebi da
ver gauges saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis bunebas. maT SecdomiT swamdaT,
rom aseTi urTierTobebi SeiZleboda dafuZneboda qveynebs da xalxebs
Soris interesebis harmoniulobas. qaris TqmiT yvelaferi piriqiTaa: Cven
unda vivaraudoT, rom arsebobs fundamenturi interesTa konfliqti
qveynebsa da xalxebs Soris. zogierTi qveyana da zogierTi erebi ukeT
arian, vidre sxvebi. isini Seecdebian TavianTi privilegirebuli poziciis
SenarCunebas da dacvas. uqonlebi ki ibrZoleben situaciis Sesacvlelad.
saerTaSoriso urTierTobebi, martivad rom iTqvas, aris swored brZola
aseT konfliqtur iteresebsa da survilebs Soris. swored am mizeziT
1
Robert Jackson and Georg Sorensen. Introduction to International Relations: theories and approaches, Oxford
University Press, second edition, 2003, p. 34-63.
6 95
interdependence in an information age means even more open channels of communication
between different societies in the world. However, information revolution is still in its early
phase and power politics still dominates international relations because information is
flowing in the domains already occupied by politics. At the same time, interdependence is
not global. Industrial countries with soft and hard power resources, which are mainly
advanced democracies, have an upper hand.
Lecture VII: Institutions
This lecture focuses on institutions, their theoretical underpinnings and their utility for
facilitating international cooperation. Institutions are defined mainly as set of rules which
govern state action in particular areas. These sets of rules are also called regimes. Stephen
Krasner offers the most elaborative definition of regimes: “International regimes are defined
as principles, norms, rules, and decision-making procedures around which actors
expectations converge in a given issue-area.” The three major approaches that exist towards
regimes, which are structural approach, modified structural approach and an approach
based on Grotiusian tradition is discussed. In summary, we identify that traditional structural
approach does not perceive regimes seriously, they believe that if main causal indicators
change, regimes will change as well and that regimes cannot affect actions independently.
According to modified structural approach regimes are important only when independent
decisions can lead to unfavorable ends and the third approach maintains that regimes are
inalienable parts of social life and consequently of international system.
The great debate on the futility or utility of regimes/institutions that is ensuing among
realists and liberal institutionalists is also covered by taking look at John Mearsheimer’s
“False Promise of International Institutions”, Lisa Martin and Robert Keohane’s reply article
“Promise of Institutionalist Theory,” and a “Realist Reply,” by Mearsheimer.
Lecture VIII: Cooperation under Anarchy
Based on historical evidence, there have been more conflicts than instances of
cooperation - situation which provides a fertile ground for realism to flourish. According to
realism, relations between states in the anarchical world is doomed to the state of constant
conflict in which states can only count on themselves. Whatever cooperation exists in the
world they prescribe it to the hegemonic order. This means that hegemon, the US, creates
institutions which facilitate cooperation but that these institutions are carriers of hegemonic
interests and their existence is related to the existence of a hegemon.
Representatives of liberal school deny the aforementioned argument and point at
contemporary networks of cooperation in many fields which they see as a positive current in
the world politics. We discuss Robert Keohane’s After Hegemony as an example of how
liberal institutionalism sees institutions and their role in world politics. It also explains game
theories (based on Keohane and Jervis) and how they are illustrating difficulties of
cooperation (prisoner’s dilemma).
 Van Evera lists several circumstances that affect the change in offense-defense
balance. These are: military technology and doctrine, geography, national security structure,
and diplomatic arrangements, especially defensive alliance or balancing behavior by
offshore powers. Van Evera asserts that “the net offense-defense balance is an aggregate of
these military, geographic, social, and diplomatic factors.”
Lecture VI: Liberalism
This lecture gives an introduction to liberalism as a theory of international relations. First
of all, lecture draws upon the basic differences between realism and liberalism and pinpoints
the areas which constitute points of departure between them. Liberals generally share a
positive view of human nature. Similar to realists, they also recognize that individuals are
self-interested and competitive up to a point but also believe that they can engage in a
cooperative social action when the common interests exist on both domestic and
international level. In short, the departure point between realists and liberals is that liberals
do not agree with the idea that wars and conflicts are inevitable and believe in the possibility
of cooperation. Liberalism is also divided in several strands of thinking which are covered in
this lecture. These are sociological liberalism, interdependence liberalism, republican
liberalism and institutional liberalism.
Sociological liberalism refers to the liberal school of thought which believes that
confining the study of IR only to states is very narrowly focused and pays more attention to
transnational relations, that is relations between people, groups and organizations who
belong to different countries. This strand is also called pluralism due to the fact that it looks
at many different types of actors. Works of James Rosenau, Karl Deutsch and John Burton
are considered in this lecture. In summary, the main logic of sociological liberalism is
conveyed as a studying relations between individuals, groups and societies. The main belief
of this strand is that a world with a large number of transnational networks will be more
peaceful.
Interdependence means that peoples and governments are affected by the actions of
their counterparts in other countries. Higher level of transnational relations between
countries means a higher level of interdependence. A seminal work by Robert Keohane and
Joseph Nye, Power and Interdependence (1977) is discussed. They argue in this work that
postwar complex interdependence is qualitatively different from earlier and simpler kinds of
interdependence. Relations between states take place on many different levels via many
different actors and branches. On the other hand, there are transnational relations between
individuals and groups outside of the state. They also assert that in a postwar world military
force is becoming a less useful instrument of policy under the conditions of complex
interdependence. Different power resources such as for example ‘negotiating skills’ are
becoming more important to solve the issue oriented conflicts that arise between the interest
groups that are often of transnational character. In short, Keohane and Nye conclude that
under complex interdependence states are engaged in ‘low politics’ of welfare and less
concerned with ‘high politics’ of national security.
Power and Interdependence in the Information Age is a follow up to the aforementioned
work in which authors updated their theory by adding a powerful element of modernization -
information. This article by Keohane and Nye tries to describe the nature of international
relations in the information age. They add several components to the idea of complex
interdependence, which they first developed in 1977. They conclude that complex
94
Seexeba saerTaSoriso urTierTobebi ufro metad konfliqtebs, vidre
TanamSromlobas. 2
meore mniSvnelovani naSromi, romelmac gavlena moaxdina realizmis
aRzevebaze, aris hans morgenTaus qveynebis politika: brZola Zalauf-
lebisa da mSvidobisaTvis, (1948 weli) romelmac, aleqsandre rondelis
TqmiT, didi xniT gansazRvra saerTaSoriso urTierTobaTa disciplinis
Teoriuli da praqtikuli interesebi da mTeli am dargis Semdgomi
ganviTarebis xasiaTi.
morgenTausTvis adamianuri buneba warmoadgens saerTaSoriso urTi-
erTobebis yvelaze dabal, fundamentur dones. adamianebi ki arian ego-
istebi da eltvian Zalauflebas, rac advilad xdeba agresiis safuZveli.
1930-ian wlebSi Zneli ar iqneboda am mosazrebebis zurgis gamamagrebeli
argumentebis moZieba, radgan hitleris, musolinis Tu iaponiis sagareo
politika swored konfliqtebze iyo agebuli da ara TanamSromlobaze.
jeqsoni da sorenseni amboben: aris 3 ZiriTadi mosazreba imis Sesaxeb,
Tu ratom varaudoben realistebi, rom saerTaSoriso urTierTobebi aris
aucileblad egoizmiT da agresiulobiT gaJRenTili. pirveli mosazreba
efuZneba adamianis bunebis Tandayolil bnel mxares da mis ltolvas
siZulvilisa da destruqciisken. igive mosazreba SeiZleba qristianul
religiaze dafuZnebiTac miviRoT, romlis mixedviT adamianebi arian
codvilni da midrekilni cdunebisaken, mas Semdeg rac adami da eva
gamogdebul iqnen samoTxidan. pirveli mkvlelobac istoriaSi bibliaSia
aRwerili, rogorc kaenis mier misi Zmis abelis mokvla, mxolod da mxolod
Suris safuZvelze. anu, realizmis sawyisi wertili aris is, rom adamianuri
buneba aris Tandayolilad, bunebrivad boroti. 3
meore mosazreba efuZneba im faqts, rom saerTaSoriso urTierTobebi
aris brZola ZalauflebisaTvis iseT garemoSi, sadac ar arsebobs
msoflio mTavroba. xolo mesame mniSvnelovani mosazreba isaa, rom
istoria aris cikluri da ara xarisxobrivad gaumjobesebadi fenomeni,
rogorc amas idealistebi aRiqvamen. TiToeuli axali Taoba uSvebs igive
Secdomebs, rasac misi winamorbedi da am garemoebis cvlileba nakleb
savaraudoa. movlenebi grZeldeba da meordeba. sanam arsebobs suvere-
nuli saxelmwifoebi saxelmwifoebi ibrZoleben ZalauflebisaTvis, raTa
uzrunvelyon TavianTi usafrTxoeba. pirveli da meore msoflio omebi
arc arabunebrivia da arc gardauvali. Tu arsebobs ZalTa balansi
qveynebs aseve SeuZliaT didi xani mSvidobianad Tanacxovreba. magram, ama
Tu im etapze es ZalTa balansi irRveva, rasac mohyveba omebi. bevri
realizmis warmomadgeneli Tvlis, rom ukve parizis 1919 wlis samSvidobo
konferencia moicavda omis marcvlebs, radgan germaniaze kabaluri
pirobebi iqna dawesebuli. Tumca, eWvgareSea, rom germaniis SigniT
2
ixileT, zurab daviTaSvili, saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis Teoria, qrestomaTia.
samoqalaqo iniciativebis instituti, 2004, gv. 9-18.
3
Jackson and Sorensen, p. 34-63.
7
ganviTarebulma da kidev sxva mravalma movlenebma erToblivad gana-
pirobes meore msoflio omi.
maSasadame, 1920-iani wlebis utopiuri idealizmis da 30-50-iani wlebis
realizmis dapirispireba qmnian pirvel did debatebs saerTaSoriso
urTierTobebSi. raRa Tqma unda, realizmis skolam es es debatebi moigo
didi upiratesobiT da morgenTaus da qaris Tezisebi gaxda gabatonebuli
mcnebebi saerTaSoriso urTierTobebSi. bevrma liberaluri skolis
mesveurma aRiara realizmis gamarjveba, magram liberalizmi, rogorc
erT-erTi skola saerTaSoriso urTierTobebSi ar Camkvdara. am skolis
warmomadgenlebma SemdegSi Seqmnes kidevac Zlieri kontr argumentebi
ukve gabatonebuli realizmis winaaRmdeg, rac ganxiluli iqneba Semdeg
TavebSi.
meore debatebi: biheivioralisturi revolucia
meore didi debatebi saerTaSoriso urTierTobebSi exeba ufro
meTodologias, vidre Tavad Teoriebs. aq mniSvnelovania gaviTavisoT is
faqti, rom pirveli Taobis saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis specialistebi
profesiiT iyvnen istorikosebi, iuristebi, yofili diplomatebi, an
Jurnalistebi. Sesabamisad, maT hqondaT ufro humanitaruli, istoriaze
dafuZnebuli midgoma saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis Seswavlisadmi. es
midgoma ki fesvgadgmuli iyo filosofiaSi, istoriaSi da samarTalSi da
axasiaTebda azrovnebaze da analizze (judgement) dayrdnoba. Sesabamisad,
saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis Seswavlis am normatiul formas ewoda
tradiciuli/klasikuri midgoma.
meore msoflio omis Semdeg saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis dis-
ciplina gaxda Zalian popularuli, gansakuTrebiT amerikis SeerTebul
StatebSi, sadac samTavrobo dawesebulebebi da kerZo fondebi afinan-
sebdnen saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis mecnierulad Seswavlas, rasac
isini amarTlebdnen amerikis erovnuli interesebiT. am daxmarebam war-
moSva axali Taoba saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis specialistebisa, rom-
lebmac SemoiRes mkveTrad meTodologiuri midgoma. am specialistebsac
gansxvavebuli ganaTleba gaaCndaT, vidre tradicionalistebs. isini iyvnen
politologebi, ekonomistebi an sxva socialuri mecnierebis warmomad-
genlebi, da zog SemTxvevebSi, maTematikosebi da sabunebismetyvelo
disciplinebis warmomadgenlebic. am specialistebs hqondaT sxvagvari
midgoma saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis Seswavlisadmi, da maT ewodaT
biheivioralistebi, radgan emxrobodnen saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis
mecnierulad Seswavlas, am terminis pirdapiri gagebiT. biheivioralis-
tebis ambicia iyo, rom saerTaSoriso urTierTobebSic aRmoeCinaT Semow-
mebadi da obieqturi kanonzomierebebi, rogorc es xdeba sxva mecni-
erebebSi. es, ra Tqma unda, moiTxovs faqtebis Segrovebas, klasifikacias,
ganzogadebas da wamoyenebuli hipotezis damtkicebas.
8 93
Lectures IV and V: Defensive and Offensive Realism
In previous lectures we discussed realism as one of the dominant theories of
International Relations which explains many complex and important issues of international
politics. We differentiated between classical and structural realism. In this lecture we make
distinction between defensive and offensive realisms. Offensive and Defensive realisms are
of course both structural theories of International Politics. They share same fundamental
principles on how the world politics work. However, their ways diverge when it comes to
power.
Defensive realism diverts from offensive realism on the question of how much power is
enough for a state. Defensive realists believe that states have very small incentive to acquire
more power; instead, they are trying to preserve status quo and are paying great attention to
preserving the balance of power. Consequently, main theoretical proposition of defensive
realism is that state’s major aim is to preserve power, not increase it. To the contrary,
offensive realists think that there are no status quo powers and that international system
offers more then enough incentives to states to increase their power on the expense of
others and exploit such situations when benefits of doing so outweigh the costs. Thus,
according to offensive realism state’s final supreme goal is to be a hegemon in the system.
Division into these two camps is worth noting since they are both trying to explain the
fundamental questions in international relations which are war and peace. Much depends on
how the world really works: states only care about preserving status quo and balance of
power in the system or they care about acquiring as much power as they can afford and
increase their relative power compared to other states. These theories give us ability to
explain past events and more importantly we can explain the future patterns of behavior,
however depending on which theory we use. They both have different visions of why states
go to war, when it’s more likely for them to engage in war making and when not and what
needs to be done to preserve stability in the world.
Some authors, like Robert Jervis, Jack Snider or Stephen Van Evera pay attention to
a certain kind of structural concept which they call offense-defense balance. According to
this idea, military power can at any time be classified either in favor of offense or in favor of
defense. Thus, if defense has preponderance over offense and consequently it is hard to
initiate offense then states have fewer incentives to use power. Instead, they will focus on
preserving what they already have. And on the contrary, if offense is easy, states will be
tempted to conquer each other with an aim to acquire more power, which will cause many
wars in the system. According to Stephen Van Evera change in offense-defense balance
has great affects on the possibility of wars in the system. He points out 10 reasons when
offense is dominant:
1. Opportunistic expansion
2-3 . Defensive expansion and fierce resistance to expansion
4. Moving first is more rewarding
5. Windows are larger and more dangerous
6. Faits Accomplis are more common and more dangerous
7. States negotiate less and reach fewer agreements
8. States are more secretive
9. States arms race harder and faster
10. Conquest grows still easier
traditional school of realism and their works which contributed to the development of realism.
First, we briefly go over Thucydides and his Peloponnesian War. To become more closely
familiar with Thucydides students have to read the Melian Dialogue (Book 5, Chapter 17).
Then we go briefly over Nicolo Machiavelli’s contribution to realism and familiarize students
with major points of The Prince. Then we go over to Thomas Hobbes and his “Leviathan.” In
this work the emphasis is made on Hobbes’s description of the state of the nature and how
life of man in this state of nature is solitary, poor, nasty, brutish, and short in which the state
of nature is all’s fight against all. We also touch upon the tragedy of the states and the
security dilemma that cannot be helped in this anarchic world. We also consider the most
prominent representative of the neo-classical realism, Hans J. Morgenthau and his famous
work Politics Among Nations. Students are encouraged to read at least the first three
chapters of the book to become more closely familiar with it.
Lecture III: Structural Realism
This lecture focuses on the leading neorealist scholar Kenneth Waltz and his landmark
book Theory of International Politics. In this work he tried to explain international political
system in a scientific way. He parts way with classical representatives of realism when he
assumes that states behave in certain predictable ways and the way they behave is due to
the nature of the system rather then human nature, as classical realists mentioned in the
previous lecture believed. Thus, in this work Waltz defines international political system in
terms of a system which is composed of a structure and of interacting units. He defines
structure of international politics based on 3 elements:
– Ordering Principle
– The Character of the Units and
– The Distribution of Capabilities
Up until the end of the Cold War realism was the dominant theory of international
relations as it explained most of the political events. However, after the end of the Cold War
started crisis of realism due to the circumstances that it failed to predict or predicted wrongly
several events, especially the case of NATO enlargement. It seemed as if other theories
such as democratic peace theory, complex interdependence and institutional liberalism were
better at explaining the events after the dissolution of the Soviet Union.
In response to the severe criticism Kenneth Waltz published an article in 2000 entitled
“Structural Realism after the End of the Cold War,” in the journal International Security in
which he tried to provide some arguments in defense of realism. His major point in the article
is that realism is still an active theory since the system itself has not changed. Only some
things inside the system have changed. Structural realism will exist until the system exists
and the possibility of the system disappearing is none until it is comprised of states who are
operating in the self help mode. He asserts that after the fall of the Soviet Union the system
was redone a bit from bipolar to unipolar, but that will not last long since unipolar political
system is the most short-lived as other states in the system are always trying to balance the
dominant power. He also notes that the balancing tendencies are already visible and
balancing powers will most likely be the EU and or Germany who will be heading the
coalition. Also China and Japan pose as balancing powers with Russia being one in a more
distant perspective.
92
Sesabamisad, dapirispireba or midgomas Soris moxda meTodologiis
safuZvelze. tradicionalistebi eyrdnobodnen normebs da faseulobebs,
analizs da istoriul codnas da cdilobdnen warmoedginaT Tavi Sesas-
wavli sagnis adgilze - mecnieri sagnis SigniT. amis sapirispirod, bihe-
ivioralistebi ayeneben hipoTezas, agroveben faqtebs, eyrdnobian mec-
nierul codnas da sagans Seiswavlian garedan, dakvirvebebis meSveobiT -
mecnieri sagnis gareT.
mesame debatebi: neoliberalizmi da neorealizmi
miuxedavad imisa, rom pirveli didi debatebi realistebma moiges
absolituri upiratesobiT, liberaluri skola ar Camkvdara. 1950-iani
wlebidan ekonomikis da vaWrobis zrdasTan erTad Tavi wamoyo libera-
lizmmac. aq mcdeloba iyo rom Seqmniliyo gabatonebuli realizmis
alternatiuli Teoriebi, magram amasTanave CamoecilebinaT manamde
arsebuli Warbi idealizmi. maSasadame, am liberaluri skolis warmomad-
genlebs ewodebaT neoliberalistebi, radgan maTac, rogorc maT wina-
morbedebs sjeraT progresis da cvlilebebis, magram ar arian idea-
listebi. isini aseve qmnian Teoriebs mecnierul meTodologiaze dayr-
dnobiT.
msoflioSi da gansakuTrebiT dasavleTis demokratiul saxelmwifoebs
Soris vaWrobis da ekonomikuri aqtivobis zrdam warmoSva bevri liberali
Teoria, romelic yuradRebas aqcevda am movlenebs da cdilobda
daemtkicebina, rom msoflioSi aris TanamSromloba da rom realistebis
mier nawinaswarmetyvelebi bneli momavaliT ar mTavrdeba kacobriobis
ganviTareba. iseTma Teoriebma, rogoricaa sociologiuri liberalizmi,
kompleqsuri urTierTdamokidebuleba, instituciuri liberalizmi da
demokratiuli, anu respublikuri idealizmi yuradReba miaqcia
TanamSromlobis da mSvidobis formebs msoflioSi da ganaviTara mZlavri
Teoriebi empiriul magaliTebze dayrdnobiT. am Teoriebma, romlebic
dawvrilebiT qvemoT iqneba ganxiluli, mTlianobaSi Seqmna axali mZlavri
talRa neorealizmis winaaRmdeg. maTi amosavali wertili aris rwmena
imisa, rom saerTaSoriso urTierTobebi SeiZleba iyos ufro mSvidobiani
da TanamSromlobaze agebuli. Tumca, 80-iani wlebis dasawyisSi, kenet
uolcis mier realizmis reformulaciis Sedegad balansi kidev erTxel
gadaiwia realizmis sasargeblod. amas aseve xels uwyobda istoriuli
movlenebi, kerZod ki, mwvave dapirispirebebi dasavleTsa da aRmosavleTs
Soris, ramac TavisdaTavad ganapiroba debatebis gangrZobadoba.
neorealistebma kvlavac SeZles neoliberalistebis TavdacviT pozi-
ciaSi gadayvana da Tavad kvlav gabatonebuli pozicia daikaves. neo-
realistebis siZliere is iyo, rom maT aRiares rom anarqia ar gamoricxavs
TanamSromlobas, magram es yvelaferi mainc realizmze dafuZnebiT axsnes.
magaliTad, realistebi aRar gamoricxaven TanamSromlobas demokratiul
9
saxelmwifoebs Soris, magram aRniSnaven, rom TanamSromlobis dros sa-
xelmwifoebi, upirveles yovlisa, fiqroben fardobiT mogebaze da avto-
nomiis SenarCunebaze. istoriulma faqtebmac xeli Seuwyo neorealizmis
kvlav moZlierebas: 80-ian wlebSi dapirispirebam sabWoTa kavSirsa da
amerikas Soris piks miaRwia. reiganma sabWoTa kavSirs ”boroti imperiac” ki
uwoda, da am mtrul garemoSi SeiaraRebaSi Sejibreba kidev ufro
intensiuri gaxda. uTanxmoebebi iyo aseve demokratiul banakSi, sadac, ra
Tqma unda, omi gamoricxuli iyo, magram savaWro omebi xSirad imarTeboda.
amerika sul ufro grZnobda mzard konkurencias rogorc iaponiis, aseve
evropis mxridan, rac mwvave savaWro da sxva tipis konfliqtebis
safuZveli xdeboda. es ki wyals asxamda neorealistebis wisqvilze,
romlebic amtkicebdnen rom saxelmwifoebi arian egoisturebi da rom maT
adardebT mxolod sakuTari fardobiTi siZliere da keTildReoba
sxvebTan SedarebiT.
aRsaniSnavia is faqtic, rom 1980-ian wlebSi bevrma neoliberalma
aRiara realizmis ZiriTadi mcnebebi da gaiziara am Teoriis fundamen-
turi mosazrebebi imis Sesaxeb, rom saxelmwifoebi arian mTavari aqtorebi
anarqiul sazogadoebaSi, romlebic mudmivad cdiloben TavianTi
interesebis ganxorcielebas. miuxedavad amisa, neoliberalistebi amboben,
rom saerTaSoriso sistema iZleva ufro safuZvliani TanamSromlobis
saSualebas, vidre amas realistebi aRiareben da, rom TanamSromlobas
xels uwyobs institutebi, urTierTdamokidebuleba da demokratia.
miuxedavad imisa, rom am debatebis dros moxda garkveuli sinTezi
skolebs Soris, (magaliTad, buzanma da kioheinma gaiTavises realizmis
zogierTi elementi), mTliani sinTezi mainc ar momxdara, radgan arian
mkveTrad dapirispirebuli avtorebic, magaliTad, mirSaimeri (realizmis
skolis warmomadgeneli) da ruzenau (neoliberalizmis skolis warmo-
madgeneli). Sesabamisad, neo-neo debatebi kvlav grZeldeba.
saerTaSoriso sazogadoeba: inglisuri skola
Canasaxidanve saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis disciplina dominirebuli
iyo amerikel mkvlevarTa mier. stenli hofmanma amasTan dakavSirebiT
aRniSna, “saerTaSoriso urTierTobebi daibada da gaizarda amerikaSi” 4 man
aseve aRniSna, rom amerikuli skola dominirebda saerTaSoriso urTi-
erTobebs imis miuxedavad, rom amerikuli hegemonia sustdeboda. 1990-iani
wlebidan, civi omis dasrulebasTan erTad, amerikuli dominantoba am
disciplinaSi Serbilda da moZlierdnen evropeli da sxva mkvlevarebi,
romlebic ukve naklebad eguebodnen amerikeli avtorebisgan wamosul
diqtats.
did britaneTSi mTeli civi omis ganmavlobaSi arseboboda skola,
romelic gansxvavebuli iyo sxva skolebisgan ori garemoebiT: pirveli, es
4
Stenley Hoffmann, 1977, 41-59
10
At this point students are introduced to the idea that further on they will be introduced
with the scholars that are mentioned as having taken part in these famous academic
debates. After introducing IR as a discipline the lecture will go on explaining the role and
place of THEORY in the study of IR. With that aim I use articles by Kenneth Waltz and
Stephen Walt to explain what is theory in social sciences, why it is used and what are we to
make out of the fact that none of the theories explain everything altogether and also the fact
that different theories might give different analysis to the same political event. The need and
necessity of theory in the study of IR is treated very delicately. It is made clear (for the
skeptical ones) that theory is only a simplified model of the world (according to Waltz) but
that we are in a desperate need to have simplified models to understand the bigger picture
which is so complex (according to Walt). It is also explained that “competition between
theories helps reveal their strengths and weaknesses and spurs subsequent refinements,
while revealing flaws in conventional wisdom” (Walt, 1998). As an insight into the future of
the course I offer a simplified scheme (adapted from Walt) which compares three major
theories: Realism, Liberalism and Constructivism in terms of several indicators which are:
Main theoretical propositions, Main units of analysis Modern theorists, Representative
modern works, Post-cold war predictions and Main limitations.
Lecture II: Classical Realism
This lecture and its subsequent extended syllabus aim at introducing realism as a theory
of international relations. At first it classifies in general the main theoretical propositions of
realism as a theory of international relations and then focuses on exploring the roots of
realism, commonly referred to as classical realism.
Political realism is different from the rest of the theories of IR as it depicts the grim
picture of the world politics. International relations are depicted as a severe competition
between states that have no reason to trust each other since their major interest is survival
in the environment of zero sum game that is, when one’s looses are the gains of others. I
offer students characterization of realism by John Mearsheimer from his article “False
Promise of International Institutions” as it offers a comprehensive overview of political
realism and explains perfectly well as to why realists have such pessimistic view of world
politics. The first assumption is that international system is anarchic. The second assumption
is that states inherently possess some offensive military capability. Third assumption is that
states can never be certain about the intentions of others, the fourth is that the most basic
motive driving states is survival and the fifth assumption is that states think strategically
about how to survive in the international system, that is states are rational. From these five
characteristics derive patterns of actions which create incentives for states to think and
sometimes act aggressively: first pattern is that states fear each other; second, each state in
the international system aims to guarantee its own survival; third, states in the international
system aim to maximize their relative power positions over other states. I also go on
explaining the fact that realism perceives that there is very little room for cooperation among
states due to the fact that states always worry about relative gains (when each side does not
only consider its individual gain but also how well it does compared to the other side) rather
then absolute gains (when each side focuses on maximizing its own profit, and cares little
about how much the other side gains or loses in the deal).
After characterizing realism in general we go on explaining that we differentiate between
traditional realism and neo-realism and introduce most prominent representatives of the
91
 Eka Akobia
THEORY OF INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS
COURSE PREPARED UNDER
THE CENTER FOR SOCIAL SCIENCES ACADEMIC FELLOWSHIP
Short Resume of the Course
Introduction
This Theory of International Relations course is an advanced course for masters’
students. It is advanced in terms of required readings which include most acclaimed past
and present scholars of theory of international relations. The course is designed in a way to
provide students a theoretical background and in depth knowledge of the major international
relations theories such as realism, liberalism and constructivism. These theories have been
selected as major targets of the course due to their dominance and influence among IR
theories. Besides, this course offers an insight of such topics as globalization, political
economy and IR and domestic politics in order to broaden students’ knowledge of IR.
Although the course is overly theoretical it also incorporates several real life political events
and how theories help extrapolate these events. For example, the course covers IR theories
and the issue of NATO enlargement as an example of how different theories explain some
parts of reality better than the others and how a better picture of the real world is portrayed
by looking at the issue from the angles of different theories. The overall aim of the course is
to familiarize Georgian students with the theoretical world of IR similar to the way it is taught
in advanced schools of the Western civilization.
A few words about the extended syllabus in Georgian: This syllabus is designed in a
way to first of all explain the topic of each lecture in depth and second, cover all the major
reading materials offered for the lecture. The last is done due to the fact that most of the
readings are in English and some of them are of exceptionally difficult nature. Therefore, in
order to make sure that students understand the material instead of simply skimming
through them, I tried to convey major points of each required reading in Georgian
(translations are of my own).
Lecture I: Introduction to the Study of IR and the Role of Theory
In this written extended lecture and a subsequent reader I introduce students to the
discipline of IR, how it was born and developed. In that context they get a taste of a bit of
history of IR which gave birth to theoretical discussions between scholars, known as the
debates in IR. Bigger emphasis is placed on the nature and roots of the four major debates,
which are:
– First major debate between utopian liberalism and realism;
– Second major debate between traditional approaches and behavioralism;
– Third major debate between neorealism/neoliberalism and neo-Marxism;
– Emerging fourth debate between established traditions and post-positivist alternatives.
90
skola ar aRiarebda biheivioralistur gamowvevas da xazs usvamda tra-
dicul midgomas da meore, is uaryofda raime mkveTr gansxvavebas mkacrad
realizmiseul msoflio politikis xedvasa da mkacrad liberalur xedvas
Soris. am skolas uwodeben saerTaSoriso sazogadoebas an inglisur
skolas.
es skola safuZvelSive aRiarebs Zalis mniSvnelobas da saxelmwifoTa
sistemas, magram miiCnevs, rom hobsiseuli xedva Zalian viwroa. saxel-
mwifos ganixilavs rogorc konstitutciis da Zalis erTobas. aRiarebs
individebis mniSvnelobas, zogjer saxelmwifoze winac ki ayenebs mas. xazs
usvams transnacionalur urTierTobebs. uaryofs biheivioristul mid-
gomas, upiratesobas aniWebs adamianur elements, analizs, normebs da
istorias. uaryofs mkacr dayofas realistur, Tu liberalur xedvebs
Soris. amaxvilebs yuradRebas im faqtze, rom msoflio politika aris
saxelmwifoTa msoflio, magram amave dros adamianebis msoflio.
saerTaSoriso sazogadoebis midgoma garkveulwilad aris pirveli
debatebis gagrZeleba da meore debatebis triumfis Serbileba. igi
efuZneba klasikur ideebs, magram amave dros agrZelebs maT. uaryofs
mkveTr dayofas realizms da liberalizms Soris im motiviT, rom
istoriuli samyaro ar akeTebs arCevans sikeTes da borotebas, Zalas da
kanonierebas Soris. realurad arsebobs konfliqti da TanamSromloba,
arian saxelmwifoebi da arian indvidebi. Sesabamisad, ar SeiZleba maTi
abstragireba da erT romelime TeoriaSi moqceva. am skolis yvelaze
TvlasaCino warmomadgenlebi arian martin uaiti da hedli buli.
saerTaSoriso politikuri ekonomika
aqamde arsebuli debatebi mxolod politikas Seexeboda. saerTaSoriso
politikuri ekonomika ki exeba ekonomikur urTierTobebs. igi yuradRebas
amaxvilebs saerTaSoriso simdidreze da saerTaSoriso siRaribeze. anu,
vin iRebs ras da ramdens. maSasadame, politikuri ekonomika warmoadgens
mesame debatebis Semadgenel nawils da igi moicavs neo-marqsistul kri-
tikas kapitalisturi msoflio ekonomikisa da amavdroulad liberaluri
politikuri ekonomikis da realisturi politikuri ekonomikis mosaz-
rebebs ekonomikasa da politikas Soris urTierTqmedebaze saerTaSoriso
urTierTobebis farglebSi.
neomarqsizmi, es aris mcdeloba, rom mesame samyaros situacia ganxi-
luli iqnes im meqanizmebis gamoyenebiT, rac pirvelad karl marqsma
daamkvidra. Tu marqsis mixedviT, burJuazia iyenebs ekonomikur instru-
mentebs, raTa daCagros muSaTa klasi, neomarqsizmi igives anzogadebs
CrdiloeTsa da samxreTze. damokidebulebis Teoria aris marqsizmis
centraluri koncefcia, romlis mixedviTac CrdiloeTi imonebs samxreTs.
samxreTi Raribia ara imitom, rom CamorCenilia, aramed imitom, rom
CrdiloeTi mas uwevs eqspluatacias.
11
 saerTaSoriso politikuri ekonomikis liberaluri xedva sruliad
gansxvavdeba zemoT mocemulisgan. am skolis warmomadgenlebi amboben,
rom adamianuri keTildReoba miiRweva globaluri Tavisufali bazris
eqspansiiT suverenuli saxelmwifos sazRvrebis gavliT da am sazRvrebis
mniSvnelobis SesustebiT. liberaluri politikuri ekonomikis xedvis
mimdevrebi iziareben adam smitis Teorias bazris sayovelTao sargeb-
lianobis Sesaxeb da amboboen, rom vaWroba kargia yvelasTvis. anu, es xedva
Tavisufal vaWrobas ganixilavs, rogorc progresis meqanizms da ara
eqspluataciis meqanizms.
realizmis gadasaxedidan es yovelive ufro sxvagvarad aRiqmeba.
realizmis mixedviT, ekonomikuri saqmianoba unda iyos saxelmwifos gaZ-
lierebis meqanizmi da unda emsaxuros qveynis erovnul interesebs.
Sesabamisad, simdidre unda emsaxuros da kontroldebodes saxelmwifos
mier. am doqtrinas merkantilizmi an ekonomikuri nacionalizmi ewodeba.
realizmi dafuZnebuli politikuri ekonomika aseve RaRadebs, rom Tavi-
sufali, liberaluri vaWroba SeuZlebeli iqneboda hegemonis gareSe.
hegemonuri Teoriis erT-erTi apologetia robert gilpini. am xedvis
mixedviT, msoflio liberaluri ekonomikuri sistema iyo mtkice da
stabiluri, radgan pirveli msoflio omis droidan moyolebuli amerika
iyo hegemoni, magram 1970-iani wlebidan misi hegemonuri Zliereba
Sesustda, radgan mas konkurencias uweven iaponia da evropa. am xedvis
mixedviT, amerikis liderobis SesustebasTan erTad msoflio liberaluri
wesrigic Sesustda, radgan sxva arc-erT saxelmwifos ar Seswevs
sakamarisi Zala, rom globaluri hegemonis roli Seasrulos.
politikur-ekonomikurma debatebma gza misca sami mniSvnelovani sa-
kiTxis ganxilvas. pirveli sakiTxi exeba ekonomikur globalizacias, meore
imas, Tu vin igebs da vin agebs am globalizaciis procesSi da mesame, ra
ufro mniSvnelovania: politika, Tu ekonomika.
meoTxe debatebi: post pozitivisturi/alternatiuli midgomebi
aqamde ganxiluli debatebi exeboda ukve damkvidrebul Teoriul
tradiciebs: realizms, liberalizms, saerTaSoriso sazogadoebas, da
saerTaSoriso politikur ekonomikas. amJamad adgili aqvs meoTxe deba-
tebs saerTaSoriso urTierTobebSi, romelic moicavs damkvidrebuli
tradiciebis kritikas alternatiuli midgomebis saSualebiT, romlebsac
zogjer post pozitivistebsac uwodeben.
am Teoriebma (kritikuli Teoria, istoriuli sociologia, feminizmi,
konstruqtivizmi) win wamoswies meTodologiuri sakiTxebi, anu rogor
unda viswavloT saerTaSoriso urTierTobebi da aseve iseTi Zireuli
sakiTxebi, romlebic Seexeba TviTon disciplinis fokuss, anu ra unda is-
wavlos saerTaSoriso urTierTobebma, ra ufro mniSvnelovania da ra ara.
12
triuli barierebis, warsulis institutebis da SezRuduli faseulobaTa siste-
mebis daZlevas, romlebic xels uSlian zrdis da modernizaciis procesebs.
modernizaciis Teoriebis warmomadgenlebis mTavari daniSnulebaa im tradi-
ciuli komponentebis gamomJRavneba, romlebic xels uSlian ganviTarebas da im
faqtorebis gamomJRavneba, romlebmac xeli unda Seuwyon modernizacias.
liberaluri ekonomistebi xazs usvamen Ria da Tavisufali ekonomikis warmoebis
aucileblobas, ramac xeli unda Seuwyos investiciebs rac saWiroa TviTmyofadi
ekonomikuri ganviTarebisa da ekonomikuri zrdisaTvis.
am liberalurma mosazrebebma ganviTarebis Sesaxeb gamoiwvia mwvave reaqcia,
rasac xeli Seuwyo samxreTis faqtobrivad ganuviTareblobis gagrZelebam da
CrdiloeTis mzardma ganviTarebam. yvelaze mkacri kritika wamovida neo-
marqsistebisagan, romelTa Teoria cnobilia rogorc damokidebulebis Teoria
(dependency theory).
damokidebulebis Teoria problemas xedavs ara tradiciebSi, aramed Tavad
CamorCenilobaSi. ganivuTarebloba ganixileba ara rogorc sawyisi stadia,
romelSic odesRac yvela qveyana iyo, aramed rogorc procesi globaluri
kapitalisturi sistemis CarCoebis SigniT, romelic wilad xvdaT mesame samyaros
qveynebs. anu, es qveynebi arian ganuviTareblebi gamiznulad da warmoadgenen
dasavleTis ganviTarebis Sedegad miRebul produqtebs. es aris procesi, romlis
meSveobiTac kapitalisturi CrdiloeTi akninebs da aRaribebs mesame samyaros
qveynebs. isini aRiareben, rom samxreTi ganuviTarebeli iyo, magram misi Camor-
Ceniloba ganapiroba globaluri kapitalizmis xanis dadgomam. anu, globaluri
kapitalizmi marqsistebis mixedviT aris procesi, romelic erTis mxriv
warmoSobs ganviTarebas da simdidres industriul samyaroSi da CamorCenilobas
da siRaribes mesame samyaroSi.
damokidebulebis Teoria ambobs, rom CamorCeniloba gamowveulia gareSe
faqtorebiT. mesame samyaros qveynebze dominireben sagareo itneresebi,
romlebic saTaves iReben dasavleTidan. CamorCeniloba ar aris tradiculi
sazogadoebis erT-erTi faza, aramed orive, ganviTareba da CamorCeniloba aris
kapitalisturi globalizaciis nayofi. CamorCenilobas ganapirobebs gareSe
ekonomikuri Zalebi, rasac Sedegad moyveba invalidi socialuri struqturebis
arseboba mesame samyaros qveynebSi. Sesabamisad, imisTvis rom CamorCeniloba
daZleul iqnas, saWiroa moxdes gareSe zemoqmedebis Sewyveta.
aseTi radikaluri damokidebulebis Teoria kritikis qarcecxlSi moeqca,
rodesac 1970-ian wlebSi aRmosavleT aziis qveynebma, gansakuTrebiT ki, aziis
vefxvebma (samxreT korea, taivani, singapuri da hong kongi) ekonomikur
warmatebebs miaRwies, rac gamoixata swraf zrdaSi da msoflio bazarTan
integraciaSi. am magaliTma Crdili miayena damokidebulebis Teoriis
mosazrebebs mesame samyaros qveynebis stagnaciis Sesaxeb.
89
leqcia II
Teoriis roli saerTaSoriso urTierTobebSi
Teoriis rols da saWiroebas saerTaSoriso urTierTobebSi xSirad eWvis qveS
ayeneben, gansakuTrebiT praqtikosebi da saxelmwifo moxeleebi. miuxedavad
amisa, Teorias aqvs Tavisi adgili da datvirTva saerTaSoriso politikuri
movlenebis Seswavlis da ganWvritvis saqmeSi. Teoriis arsebobis aucileblobaze
da mniSvnelobaze bevri naSromebia dawerili. erT-erTi maTgani gansa-
kuTrebulad martivi da amavdroulad damajerebeli eniT gadmoscems Teoriis
saWiroebas da moxmarebas saerTaSoriso urTierTobebSi. es aris Cikagos
universitetis sayovelTaod saxelganTqmuli politikuri mecnieris, stiven
voltis statia “saerTaSoriso urTierTobebi: erTi msoflio, bevri Teoria”,5
romelic 1998 wels daibeWda akademiur Jurnal sagareo politikaSi.
volti ambobs, rom “arsebobs gardauvali kavSiri abstraqtul samyarosa da
politikis realur samyaros Soris. Cven gvWirdeba Teoria imisaTvis, rom azri
gamovitanoT im sainformacio qarbuqisagan, romelic yoveldRiurad Tavs
gvatydeba.” 6 anu, idea SemdgomSi mdgomareobs: rom gaverkveT im zRva faqtobriv
masalaSi, romelsac yoveldRe vRebulobT saWiroa gamartivebuli modelebis
qona. anu, sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, Teoria aris saSualeba sirTuleebis
gamosarkvevad. 7 uolci ambobs, rom: “adamianis (an saxelmwifoebis) motivaciebis
gansaWvretad samyaro sagrZnoblad unda gavamartivoT, niuansebi uxeSad
gverdze gadavdoT da realoba sagrZnoblad davamaxinjoT. aRweras aqvs mid-
rekileba akuratulobisken/sizustisken, mosazrebebi ki aris mdabiurad yalbi.” 8
mosazrebebi, romlebzec Teoriebia agebuli samyaros radikalurad amartiveben,
magram isini sasargebloa mxolod imitom, rom swored aseTebi arian.9
Cven yvela ase Tu ise raRac TeoriiT vxelmZRvanelobT, Tumc SeiZleba amis
Sesaxeb arc ki vicodeT, an ver vacnobierebdeT amas. volti ambobs, rom is
politikosebic ki, romlebic “ver itanen” Teorias eyrdnobian TavianT sakuTar
Teorias (xSirad gaumxelels) imis Sesaxeb, Tu rogor moqmedebs msoflio.” 10
amasTanave, volti iqve aRniSnavs im aucilebel kavSirs, romelic unda
arsebobodes Teoris Semqmnelsa (ra Tqma unda, am SemTxvevaSi saubari gvaqvs
socialur Teoriebze da ara zust sabunebismetyvelo Teoriebze) da realur
samyaros Soris. “Znelia gaataro kargi politika Tu Seni maorganizebeli
principi aris uvargisi, iseve rogorc Znelia konstruireba gaukeTo karg
Teorias Tu kargad ar icnob realur samyaros.”11
Teoriis zust da mravlismTqmel ganmartebas gvaTavazobs kidev erTi titani
saerTaSoriso politikisa, kenet uolci. misi TqmiT, “Teoria aris xriki. Teoria
aris inteleqtualuri konstruqcia, romlis meSveobiTac Cven varCevT faqtebs
da vxsniT maT. mTavari isaa, rom ise davukavSiroT Teoria faqtebs, rom mogveces
axsnis da momavlis ganWvretis saSualeba. es mxolod maSin iqneba SesaZlebeli,
roca ganvasxvavebT Teorias da faqtebs. mxolod maSin SegviZlia gamoviyenoT
5
Stephen M. Walt, “International Relations: One World, Many Theories,” Foreign Policy, Spring 1998, pp. 29-45.
6
iqve, ... p. 29
7
Kenneth N. Waltz, “Realist Thought and Neorealist Theory,” Journal of International Affairs, Vol. 44, Spring
1990, pp. 21-37.
8
iqve, ..., p. 27
9
iqve, ..., p.27
10
Walt. “International Relations: One World…” p. 29
11
iqve, ..., p. 29
14
Statebi gamoiyenebda Tavis samxedro Zalas dasavleT evropis TavdacvisaTvis
sabWoTa kavSiris winaaRmdeg. am garemoebam ki saSualeba misca amerikis
SeerTebul Statebs gavlena hqonoda evropaze sxva sferoebSi, rogoric aris
savaWro politika. Sesabamisad, samxedro usafrTxoebiT uzrunvelyofam
evropisaTvis amerikas mianiWa berketebi ekonomikis sferoSi. josef nais 1990
wlis naSromis mixedviT civi omis Semdeg samxedro Zalis Canacvlebadoba
klebulobs. xolo, robort kioheini ambobs, rom samxedro Zalis garda hegemonur
saxelmwifos unda gaaCndes kidev oTxi ekonomikuri resursi: bunebrivi
nedleuli, kapitali, bazari da hegemonis konkurentunarianoba im saqonlis
warmoebaSi, romelsac gansakuTrebiT maRali safasuri aqvs.
hegemonis arsebobis aucileblobad liberaluri msoflio wesrigis Senar-
CunebisTvis Teoretikosebi xsnian im momsaxureobis TaviseburebebiT, romlebic
saWiroa liberaluri msoflio wesrigis dros. liberaluri msoflio ekonomika
aris saxalxo anu koleqtiuri simdidre, romelic yvelas sargeblobaSia. es aris
saqoneli/momsaxureoba, romelic erTxel Seqmnis Semdeg yvelas sargeblobaSia.
magaliTad, haeri, Suqura, gzebi da trotuarebi warmoadgenen koleqtiuri
simdidris karg magaliTebs. liberaluri ekonomikis elementebi, rogoricaa
msoflio savaluto bazari, an Ria bazrebi, sadac yvelas SeuZlia vaWroba, aseve
warmoadgenen koleqtiuri simdidris magaliTebs. problema ki imaSi mdgomareobs,
rom koleqtiuri simdidre miewodeba arasakmarisad da yovelTvis iwvevs ufasod
sargeblobis faqtebs, anu am simdidris gamoyeneba zogis mier xdeba safasuris
gaRebis gareSe. saboloo jamSi koleqtiur simdidresac aqvs gamoyenebis zRvari
da rom ar iqnes amowuruli misi efeqturoba, saWiroa misi Senaxva. swored
amisTvis aris saWiro hegemoni sistemaSi. igi daaregulirebs “ufasod mgzav-
robis” problemas jarimebis dawesebis gziT imitom, rom mas TviTon aqvs sagr-
Znoblad maRali interesi sistemis SenarCunebasa da normalurad funqci-
onirebaSi.
asaxeleben msoflio hegemonis or klasikur magaliTs: did britaneTs
mecxramete saukunis bolos da meoce saukunis dasawyisSi da amerikis SeerTebul
Statebs meore msoflio omis Semdeg. didi britaneTi iyo globaluri Zala da
amasTanave imperialuri Zala, romlis interesSi Sedioda Ria sabazro ekonomikis
SenarCuneba. britaneTma dakarga Tavisi hegemonia meoce saukunis dasawyisSi
roca mis Zlierebas konkurencia gauwies germaniam da amerikis SeerTebulma
Statebma. am ukanasknelma Tavis xelSi aiRo msoflio wesrigis marTvis sadaveebi
meore msoflio omis Semdeg, Camoayaliba axali institutebi, ris Sedegadac
moxda liberaluri ekonomikis transformacia. msoflio savaluto fondi,
msoflio banki, zogadi SeTanxmeba tarifebisa da vaWrobis Sesaxeb, romelic
Semdeg msoflio savaWro organizaciam Secvala, ekonomikuri TanamSromlobis da
ganviTarebis organiacia da ase Semdeg. es institutebi ki iyo breton vudsis
SeTanxmebis nawili, romelic 1947 wels Sedga. liberaluri ekonomikis aRdgena
raRa Tqma unda amerikis interesebSi iyo. am gziT is ufro advilad Sedioda ucxo
bazrebze ris Sedegadac ekonomikur warmatebebs aRwevda. evropis da iaponiis
aRdgena da aRmSenebloba aseve mis interesebSi iyo, radgan mas Wirdeboda Zlieri
regionuli Zala ruseTis eqspansiis SesaCereblad. magram, bevrs sjera rom
amerikis qmedebebi altruizmis elementebsac Seicavda. magaliTad marSalis
gegma da amerikis mier dasavleT evropis da iaponiisTvis gansakuTrebuli
savaWro prioritetebis miniWeba aseT magaliTebad ganixileba.
1960-50-iani wlebidan evropa da iaponia sagrZnoblad moZlierdnen, xolo
87
ganixileba klasobriv WrilSi. Sesabamisad, kapitalizmi eyrdnoba or klass:
burJuazia, romelic flobs warmoebis saSualebebs da proletariats, romelsac
gaaCnia mxolod samuSao Zala, romelsac burJuazia misgan yidulobs. miuxedavad
imisa, rom kapitalisturi ekonomika eqspluataciazea dayrdnobili, marqsi mas
mainc progresul movlenad ganixilavda, radgan ganviTarebis saboloo etaps
xedavda socialistur revoluciaSi, romlis Sedegadac warmoebis saSualebebze
damyardeboda socialuri/koleqtiuri kontroli. marqsizmis ideologia
materialisturia, radgan is ekonomikur saqmianobas miiCnevs yvela danarCeni
adamianuri saqmianobis, politikis CaTvliT, safuZvlad.
Sesabamisad, is burJuaziuri klasi, romelic flobs ekonomikur sadaveebs
aseve dominirebs politikas radgan ekonomika aris politikis safuZveli. aqedan
gamomdinareobs marqsistuli politikuri ekonomikis CarCoebic: saxelmwifoebi
arian avtonomiurebi. isini axorcieleben mmarTveli klasis, anu burJuaziis
interesebs. Sesabamisad, konfliqtebi saxelmwifoebs Soris, marqsizmis
TvalsazrisiT aris igive konfliqtebi sxvadasxva saxelmwifoebis mmarTvel
klasebs Soris. meore mosazreba ki is aris, rom rogorc ekonomikuri sistema,
kapitalizmi aris eqspansionisturi, rac gamoixateba gasaRebis bazrebis da
mogebis gauTavebel ZiebaSi. istoriulad am eqspansias qonda imperializmis xolo
Semdeg kolonializmis forma. marqsizmis mixedviT kapitalisturi eqspansia
dekolonizaciis Semdegad grZeldeba, amJamad ukve ekonomikuri globalizaciis
saSualebiT, romelic imarTeba giganturi transnacionaluri korporaciebis
mier.
hegemonuri stabilurobis Teoria. Tanamedrove politikuri ekonomikis
Tanamedrove Teoriebidan erT-erTi yvelaze mZlavria hegemonuri stabilurobis
Teoria, romelic merkantilizmisgan iRebs raRac elementebs magram aseve
liberalizmisganac ar aris Sors. am Teoriis dedaazri imaSi mdgomareobs, rom
hegemonis, anu dominanturi ekonomikuri da samxedro Zalis arseboba aris saWiro
liberaluri sabazro ekonomikuri wesrigis Sesaqmnelad, radgan aseTi Zalis
arsebobis gareSe liberaluri wesebi ver dakanondeba msoflioSi. sxvanairad rom
iTqvas, hegemoni aris Zala, romelsac aqvs unari da survili rom daamyaros da
SeinarCunos wesrigi. amasTanave, hegemoni amas akeTebs ara mxolod sakuTari
interesebis gansaxorcieleblad aramed is qmnis Tavisufal sabazro ekonomikas,
romelic efuZneba Tavisufal vaWrobas, romelic yvela monawile qveynisTvis
aris sasargeblo da ara marto hegemonisTvis. rom ar iyos hegemoni, ekonomikuri
urTierTobebi gaxdeba nacionalisturi miswrafebebis tyve da proteqcionis-
turi, ris Sedegadac qveynebi Seecdebian TavianT mezoblebs yvelaferi waarTvan
TavianTi interesebis sasargeblod. aseTi situacia iyo 1930-ian wlebis
ekonomikuri krizisis dros. am droisTvis amerikis SeerTebuli Statebi ukve iyo
udidesi qveyana ekonomikuri Tu sxva maCveneblebiT, magram mas ar qonda survili,
rom Tavis xelSi aeRo liberaluri ekonomikuri wesrigis Seqmna da SenarCuneba.
es situacia Seicvala meore msoflio omis dros, rodesac amerikam Tavisi
izolacionisturi politika daTmo.
Teoretikosebma yuradReba miapyres im faqts, Tu ra tipis Zala aris saWiro
hegemonobisaTvis. es cota rTuli sakiTxia vinaidan Zala ganixileba misi
Canacvlebadobis (fungibility) xarisxis mixedviT. Zala iTvleba Canacvlebadad
Tuki misi gamoyeneba SesaZlebelia ramodenime sferoSi. magaliTad, samxedro
Zala SeiZleba gamoyenebul iqnas ara marto sabrZolo operaciebis dros, aramed
sagareo politikis warmoebis sxva aspeqtebSic. magaliTad, amerikis SeerTebuli
86
Teoria faqtebis asaxsnelad, Tu maT Soris gansxvaveba naTelia.”12
Teoriis rolis Sesaxeb saerTaSoriso TeoriebSi ori mTavari garemoeba unda
gaviTvaliswinoT. pirveli is, rom ar arsebobos unviersaluri Teoria, romelic
yvela politikur movlenas erTnairi sizustiT axsnis. aris raRac molenebi,
romlebsac esa Tu is Teoria xsnis ufro ukeT vidre sxva romelime Teoria,
magram sxva movlenebis axsnaSi es Teoria ufro moikoWlebs, an saerTodac ver
xsnis. uolcisave TqmiT, “nebismieri Teoria tovebs raRacas auxsnels”. 13
socialur mecnierebebSi da gansakuTrebiT politikur mecnierebebSi is
Teoriebi fasobs, romlebic yvelaze met movlenas xsnis da amave dros aris
martivi Teoria. aseT Teoriebs socialur mecnierebebSi parsimoniuli
ewodebaT. magaliTad, demokratiuli mSvidobis Teoria, anu is, rom
demokratiuli reJimebi erTmaneTs ar ebrZvian umartivesi da mokle Teoriaa,
magram faqtobrivad xsnis Zalian bevr movlenas. sxvadasxva Teoriebi
parsimoniulobis sxvadasxva xarisxiT gamoirCeva.
meore garemoeba, romelzec minda gavamaxvilo Tqveni yuradReba is aris, rom
SeiZleba sxvadasxva Teoriebma erTi da igive movlena axsnan sxvadasxvagvarad da
movlenis sruliad gansxvavebuli analizi SemogvTavazon.
magaliTad, rodesac civi omis dasasrulis Semdeg natos identurobas
safrTxe Seeqmna da politikosebi da gadawyvetilebis mimRebni dadgnen arCevanis
winaSe, aliansi daeSalaT Tu moexdinaT misi modifikacia axali realiebis
mixedviT. rodesac 1990-91 wlebSi naTeli gaxda, rom aliansi transformaciis
gzas daadga, saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis disciplines farglebSi es procesi
sxvadasxvagvarad iqna axsnili da momavlis prognozebic Teoriidan Teoriamde
iyo sxvadasxvanairi. magaliTad, realistebis TvalsazrisiT, natos gafarToeba
iyo dasavleTis Zalisxmeva gaezarda Tavisi gavlenis sfero tradiciuli
gavlenis sferoebis miRma maSin, rodesac ruseTi iyo susti. realizmis
mimdevrebi ambobdnen, rom es qmedeba aucileblad gamoiwvevda mwvave reaqcias
moskovis mxridan. liberaluri perspeqtividan natos gafarToeba iyo da aris
stabilurobis sferos gafarToebis instrumenti, romelic gaaZlierebs axlad-
gamoCekil demokratiebs centralur da aRmosavleT evropaSi da amavdroulad
natos konfliqtebis menejmentis meqanizms xelmisawvdoms gaxdis am arastabi-
luri regionisaTvis. mesame mosazreba, romelsac ZiriTadad konstruqti-
vistebi iziareben aris is, rom nato farTovdeba imdenad ramdenadac axlad
gaTavisuflebulma saxelmwifoebma aiTvises da gaiTavises is faseulobebi da
principebi, romelsac iziareben natoSi Semavali wevri saxelmwifoebi da
Sesabamisad, isini erTiandebian erTgvarovnad moazrovne qveynebis klubSi.
amavdroulad, vinc ufro male gaiziarebs evroatlantikur faseulobebs,
romlebsac efuZneba nato, miT ufro male gaxdeba is saxelmwifo natos wevri.
Cven vxedavT, rom erTidaimave movlenas sami sxvadasxva Teoria xsnis
sxvadasxvagvarad. amavdroulad, arc erTi axsnaganmarteba ar aris moklebuli
logikur azrs. daskvna aq mxolod erTia: arc erT Teorias ar SeuZlia
Tanamedrove movlenebis sirTuleebis srulad axsna, magram es ar niSnavs imas,
rom esaTu is Teoria unda uarvyoT. piriqiT, Cven ufro meti ramis axsnis
saSualeba gveZleva roca gvaqvs mravali sxvadasxva Teoria vidre maSin, rodesac
gveqneboda mxolod erTi universaluri Teoria. am garemoebis Sesaxeb volti
aRniSnavs, rom “konkurencia Teoriebs Soris warmoaCens maT Zlierebas da
12
Waltz, “Realist Thought . . .,” p. 24
13
iqve, ..., p. 34
15
sisustes, warmoSobs siaxleebs da amavdroulad amJRavnebs xarvezebs ukve ekonomikuri liberalizmi. ekonomikuri liberalizmi iyo kritika
kargad damkvidrebul sibrZneSi.”14 saxelmwifos mier ekonomikuri saqmianobis kontrolis sawinaaRmdegod.
zemoT naxseneb statiaSive volti gvTavazobs Teoriebs da maT mokle aRweras ekonomikuri liberalizmis warmomadgenlebi uaryofen Teoriebs, romlebic
dalagebuls sqematurad ukeT aRqmisaTvis, rac am sami Tanamedrove da ZiriTadi ekonomikas politikas uqvemdebareben. am Teoriis TvalsaCino warmomadgenels,
Teoriis (realizmi, liberalizmi, konstruqtivizmi) sisusteebis da siZlieris adam smits swamda, rom bazrebi farTovdebian spontanurad adamianuri
Sefasebis saSualebas iZleva. moTxovnebis dasakmayofileblad mxolod im SemTxvevaSi Tu mTavrobebi ar
Caerevian am ekonomikur procesSi. smitis mixedviT ekonomikuri bazari aris
mTavari Teoriebi da maTi ZiriTadi principebi progresis, TanamSromlobis da keTildReobis ZiriTadi wyaro. amis sapiris-
pirod, maT swamT, rom politikuri Careva da saxelmwifoebrivi regulaciebi aris
konkretuli araekonomikuri, retrograciuli da SeiZleba konfliqtamdec migviyvanos.
realizmi liberalizmi konstruqtivizmi
paradigmebi gilpini ekonomikur liberalizms uwodebs im principebis erTobliobas,
saxelmwifos qceva romlebic emsaxurebian ekonomikuri zrdis da individualuri keTildReobis
egoisti
ekonomikuri da ganisazRvreba organizacias da menejments. es mimdinareoba eyrdnoba mosazrebas, rom Tu
saxelmwifo
politikuri elituri nawilis mivuSvebT, sabazro ekonomika Tavisive wesebis mixedviT, spontanurad
ZiriTadi mudmivad
mosazrebebi ufro rwmenebis, koleqtiuri ganviTardeba. merkantilistebisgan gansxvavebiT, ekonomikuri liberalizmis
Teoriuli ibrZvis Zalisa
maRla dganan vidre normebis da mimdevrebi centralur aqtorebad aRiareben individebs, romlebic arian
principebi da
ltolva Zalisa socialuri momxmareblebi, an mimwodeblebi. Sesabamiad, ekonomikuri gacvlebi bazris
usafrTxoebisa
Zlierebisaken identurobis gamoyenebiT aris dadebiT jamovani, nulovan jamovanis sapirispirod, romlis
Tvis
safuZvelze.
Sedegad yvela igebs ufro mets vidre gascems, mzardi efeqturobis wyalobiT.
analizis individebi
miuxedavad zemoTmoyvanili arguemtnebisa, ekonomikuri liberalizmis
mTavari saxelmwifoebi saxelmwifoebi (gansakuTrebiT elitis
SigniT arsebobs debatebi imis Sesaxeb, Tu ra xarisxis Careva aris dasaSvebi
elementebi warmomadgenlebi)
mTavrobis mxridan. adreuli ekonomikuri liberalizmis mimdevrebi rogorc
sxvadasxva (mag., saerT.
viciT ’laissez-faire’ politikas emxrobodnen. es politika iTvaliswinebda
ZiriTadi ekonomikuri da institutebi, ek.
instrumente gansakuTrebiT TanamSromloba, ideebi da dialogi ekonomikuri saqmianobebis srul siTavisufles yvelanairi politikuri
bi samxedro Zala demokratiis SezRudvebis da regulaciebisgan. Tumca, igi aseve iTvaliswinebda mTavrobebis
xelSewyoba) mier minimaluri pirobebis Seqmnas, Tundac iuridiuli CarCoebis Camoyalibebas,
TvalsaCino romelSic bazarma unda ifunqcioniros.
uolci, ekonomikuri liberalizmis mimdevrebi aseve Tavidanve aRiarebdnen im faqts,
warmomadgen koheni, fukuiama vendti
mirSaimeri rom bazari yovelTvis ver imoqmedebs efeqturad da yvelasTvis sasargeblod.
lebi
gazrdili aseT SemTxvevebs bazris Cavardna ewodeba da amis Tavidan asacileblad
TanamSromloba politikuri regulaciebi, an SezRudvebia saWiro. jon stuart mili Tavisi
axali/faruli liberaluri mrwamsiT aseve leizez fearis mimdevari iyo, magram amavdroulad akritikebda
ar SeuZlia ideebis
post civi konkurencia faseulobebis, mzard qonebriv uTanasworobas da mouwodebda saxelmwifos mier SezRuduli
winaswar gansazRvra
omiseuli did Tavisufali bazrebis rolis TamaSs calkeul sferoebSi situaciis gamosaworeblad, magaliTad
es Teoria aris
prognozebi saxelmwifoebs da saerTaSoriso ganaTlebasa da siRaribis daZlevis sferoSi. meoce saukunis erT-erTi yvelaze
agnostikuri*
Soris organizaciebis gamoCenili ekonomisti, jon meinard keinsi ganavrcobs milis mosazrebas da
moRvaweobis zrdis emxroba ekonomikuri procesebis saxelmwifos mier ”Wkvianurad” marTvas. keinsis
gavrcelebis fonze ideebma dasabami daudo reformirebul liberalur Teorias, romelic
kargad ver ufro Zlieria Zveleburad sabazro ekonomikas efuZneba, magram aseve iTvaliswinebs
asaxavs midrekileba aqvs Zalis warsulis saxelmwifos mier Carevis da ekonomikisTvis mimarTulebis micemis gzebs.
mTavari
cvlilebebs da Zlierebis rolis gansazRvra/aRweraSi, marqsizmi. es Teoria efuzneba mecxramete saukunis germaneli filosofosis
SezRudvebi
saerTaSoriso ugulebelyofisadmi vidre momavlis
da ekonomistis karl marqsis mosazrebebs. marqsizmi fundamentur
doneze ganWvretaSi. 15
winaaRmdegobaSia ekonomikur liberalizmTan radgan is ekonomikas ganixilavs
ara rogorc dadebiT jamovan TamaSs aramer rogorc adamianebis eqpluataciis da
*agnostika aris idealisturi moZRvreba, romlis mixedviTac SeuZlebelia
klasobrivi upiratesobis asparezs. marqsistebi ufro merkantilistebis
obieqturi samyaros Secnoba. a-uaryofas niSnavs, gnosos-codnas.
Sexedulebas emxrobian, magram saxelmwifoebis magivrad urTierTobebs
ganaogadeben klasebs Soris. merkantilistebisgan gansxvavebiT ekonomikas
14
Walt, “International Relations: One World…” p. 30 pirvel adgilze ayenebn da politikas meoreze. kapitalisturi ekonomika
15
iqve,…, p. 38
16 85
rac saswrafod unda Sewyvetiliyo. es gadawyvetileba miiRo prezidentma
niqsonma roca man oqros standardis arseboba Sewyvita da igi mcuravi savaluto
kursiT Caanacvla. anu moxda is, rom politikurma gadawyvetilebam Secvala
bazris da ekonomikis TamaSis wesebi. amave periodSi iyo vietnamis omiT
gamowveuli ekonomikuri problemebi da aseve navTobis krizisiT gamowveuli
Soki. daskvna am situaciebidan ki is iyo, rom krizisebis dros politika da
ekonomika ganuyofeli arian.
meore faqtori, ramac politka da ekonomika erTmans daukavSira, jeqsonis da
sorensenis azriT, iyo dekolonizaciis meore talRa, romlis Sedegad warmoiSva
bevri ekonomikurad Raribi da politikurad susti saxelmwifo, romlebic
ukmayofilebas gamoxatavdnen arsebul ekonomikur sistemaSi subordinirebuli
rolis qonis gamo. amas mohyva mTeli rigi moTxovnebi da Semdeg mcdelobebi da
politikuri SeTanxmemebi Tu gadawyvetilebebi raTa “mesame samyaros” qveynebis
ekonomikuri mdgomareoba gaumjobesebuliyo. am yovelivem kidev erTxel
warmoaCina Tu rogor aris zogierTi qveynis ekonomikuri mdgomareoba
damokidebuli zogierTi qveynis politikur saqcielze. mesame faqtori, ramac
politikuri ekonomika win wamoswia iyo civi omis dasasruli. anu, vinaidan da
radganac axlad gaTavisuflebul saxelmwifoebs surdaT politikuri
integracia (dasavlur organizaciebSi gawevrianeba) da aseve ekonomikuri
integracia (ufro intensiuri ekonomikuri kavSirebi) politika da ekonomika
saerTaSoriso doneze kidev ufro gadaixlarTa erTmaneTSi.
rogorc aqamde ganxiluli bevri saerTaSorsio urTierTobebis Teoriebi,
politikuri ekonomikis Teoriebic iyofian klasikur da Tanamedrove Teoriebad.
klasikuri Teoriebidan ganvixiloT merkantilizmi, ekonomikuri liberalizmi,
marqsizmi da Sesabamisad neo-marqsizmi. xolo ufro Tanamedrove Teoriebidan
ganvixiloT hegemonuri stabilurobis Teoria, damokidebulebis Teoria da
ekonomikuri globalizacia.
merkantilizmi. merkantilizmi iyo politikuri elitebis Sexeduleba,
romlebic Tvlidnen, rom ekonomikuri saqmianoba unda emsaxurebodes upirveles
mizans, rac aris Zlieri saxelmwifos aRmSenebloba. sxva sityvebiT, ekonomika,
merkantilistebis azriT aris politikuri instrumenti, politikuri Zlierebis
safuZveli. merkantilistebis xedviT saerTaSoriso ekonomika aris konfliqtis
arena konkurentul erovnul itneresebs Soris. robert gilpinis azriT qveynebs
Soris ekonomikur konkurencias SeiZleba hqondes orgvari forma. pirveli
SeiZleba iyos TavdacviTi, anu keTili merkantilizmi: saxelmwifoebi iRwvian
TavianTi ekonomikuri interesebis uzrunvelsayofad magram ar aris aucilebeli
rom am RonisZiebebs gansakuTrebulad negatiuri gavlena hqondeT sxva
saxelmwifoebze. meore forma ki ufro agresiulia da boroti merkantilizmis
saxeliT aris cnobili. am SemTxvevaSi saxelmwifoebi cdiloben saerTaSoriso
politikuri ekonomikis uzurpacias eqspansiuri qmedebebis saSualebiT.
merkantilizmi ganixilavs ekonomikas rogorc politikaze, kerZod ki
mTavrobaze daqvemdebarebul instruments. ekonomikuri saqmianoba ganixileba
saxelmwifos Zlierebis gazrdis konteqstSi. Sesabamisad, saxelmwifo, romelic
aris erovnuli interesebis gamtarebeli da masze pasuxismgebeli, warmarTavs
kerZo ekonomikur interesebs am miznebis misaRwevad. merkantilistebis
TvalsazrisiT, rodesac ekonomikuri da usafrTxoebis interesebi erTmaneTs
ewinaaRmdegebian, usafrTxoebis interesebs aqvT upiratesoba.
84
leqcia III
klasikuri realizmi
ganasxvaveben klasikur da Tanamedrove anu struqturul realizms, igive
neorealizms. klasikuri (tradiciuli) realizmi batonobda meoce saukunis
biheivioristul revoluciamde. klasikuri realizmi ZiriTadad eyrdnoboda
iseT normatiul faseulobebs rogoricaa erovnuli usafrTxoeba da
saxelmwifos TviTgadarCena. amasTanave, klasikuri realizmis ZiriTadi
ganmasxvavebeli niSani aris is, rom am skolis warmomadgenlebi, romlebic
aRsaniSnavia rom cxovrobdnen sxvadasxva droebSi, Zveli saberZneTiT dawyebuli
meoce saukuniT damTavrebuli, TavianT politikur xedvas afuZnebdnen adamianis
bunebis Tandayolil borotebaze da mzakvrobaze, egreT wodebul bnel mxareze
(dark side of the human nature). klasikuri realizmis TvalsazrisiT, swored adamianis
xasiaTis bneli mxare ganpirobebs politikuri realobis xifaTianobas.
qvemoT ganvixilavT klasikuri realizmis TvalsaCino warmomadgenlebs da
maT naSromebs, romlebmac udidesi gavlena iqonies realizmis rogorc
saerTaSoriso politikis Teoriis Camoyalibebaze.
Tukidide
Zveli saberZneTis istorikosma Tukididem Tavis naSromSi “istoria”,
romelic peloponesis oms eZRvneba (431-404) aRwera omi saberZneTis polisebs
Soris. man Tavis naSromSi yuradReba gaamaxvila saxolmwifoTa uTanasworobaze.
zogierTi saxelmwifo iyo didi da Zlieri, rogoricaa aTeni, sparta da sparseTis
imperia, zogi patara da susti. Tukidide am uTanasworobas ganixilavda rogorc
bunebrivs da gardauvals. misi daskvna da gamosavali am situaciidan ki iyo is,
rom yvela saxelmwifom, didma Tu pataram, unda SeZlos adaptaciis moxdena
mocemuli realobisadmi da moiqces mis Sesabamisad. Tu saxelmwifoebi SeZleben
amas isini gadarCebian, Tu ara isini TavianT arsebobas eWvis qveS daayeneben da
SeiZleba ganadgurdnen kidec.
misi filosofia yvelaze kargad Cans epizodidan, romelSic aRwerilia
dialogi aTensa da meloss Soris. meloselebis liderebma mimarTes
samarTlianobis princips, romlis mixedviTac Zlevamosil aTenelebs pativi unda
ecaT maTi damoukideblobisaTvis, SeenarCunebinaT maTi reputacia da uari
eTqvaT maT dapyrobaze. mis pasuxad aTenelebis piriT Tukidide gadmogvcems
Tavis filosofias romelic naTlad asaxavs faqts, rom saerTaSoriso
urTierTobebi aris anarqiuli, sadac calkeul saxelmwifoebs ar aqvT sxva
gamosavali garda imisa, rom moiqcnen Zalismieri politikis principebis
Tanaxmad. amasTanave TviTgardarCna aris upirvelesi faseuloba, romelic
pativsa da reputaziaze maRla dgas da omi aris yovelives saboloo arbitri.
amgvarad, aTenelebis pasuxi susti melosisadmi aris is, rom samarTlianoba
saerTaSoriso urTierTobebSi gansakuTrebuli mcnebaa. igi ar gulisxmobs
Tanosworuflebianobas aramed imas, Tu ramdenad kargad ici sakuTari kuTvnili
adgili da ramdenad SegiZlia adaptacia moaxdino samyaroSi romlis realoba
aris ZalTa uTanasworoba. “samarTlis standarti damokidebulia Zalis
Tanasworobaze... Zlierni akeTeben imas, risi Zalac SeswevT da sustni urigdebian
17
imas, rasac unda Seurigdnen.”16
nikolo makiaveli
renesansis droindeli italieli moRvawe nikolo makiaveli iTvleba po-
litikuri realizmis erT-erT yvelaze cnobil warmomadgenlad. makiaveli
cxovrobda da moRvaweobda florenciaSi, im dros, rodesac italia daquc-
macebuli iyo ramodenime metoqe qalaq saxelmwifod, romlebsac axasiaTebdaT
arastabiluroba da religiuri konfliqtebi. misi wigni “mTavari,” (The Prince),
romelic misi gardacvalebidan 5 wlis Semdeg, 1532 wels gamoica, warmoadgens
sakuTari gamocdilebis da mis mier uZvelesi istoriis Seswavlis nayofs.
makiaveli am naSromSi gvaZlevs realizmis erT-erT dromouWmel normas,
romlis mixedviTac politikis warmoeba, romelic gulisxmobs xalxisadmi
pasuxismgeblobas, ar SeiZleba efuZnebodes morals, rogorc es kerZo
urTierTobs Seefereba. makiavels sjeroda, rom grZnobebis gareSe, moralze
daufuZneblad moqmedeba aris warmatebis sawindari. es gakveTili man misi
batonis, cezare borgias qmedebebis Sesawvlisas SeiZina.
makiaveli Tavis “mTavarSi” qadagebs, rompasuxismgebeli lideri ar unda
sargeblobdes qristianuli eTikis mixedviT, imdenad ramdenadac aseT
SemTxvevaSi man SeiZleba yvelaferi dakargos: sakuTreba, Tavisufleba da misi
moqalaqeebis sicocxle. moraliT sargeblboba politikaSi upasuxismgeblobis
tolfasia. mmarTvels amis ufleba ar aqvs, radgan mas xalxis bedi abaria. sxva
sityvebiT rom iTqvas, politikuri pasuxismgebloba sul sxva gziT miemarTeba,
vidre kerZo morali. politikaSi fundamenturi, uzenaesi faseuloba aris
usafrTxoeba da saxelmwifos TviTgadarCena. politikaSi zneobrivi normebi da
morali emorCileba saxelmwifo interesebs. es aris is, ramac unda marTos
sagareo politika. mmarTvelebis mTavari pasuxismgebloba ki isaa, rom yovelTvis
iyos upiratesobis ZiebaSi, daicvas Tavisi saxelmwifos interesebi da
uzrunvelyos misi gadarCena.
makiavelis naSromis mTavari ganmasxvavebili niSani isic aris, rom igi
mmarTvels ayenebs xalxis da qveynis samsaxurSi da ara sakuTari Tavis, an reJimis
samsaxurSi. is, rom mmarTvelebi unda iyvnen rogorc lomebi (Zala, Zliereba)
aseve meliebi (cbiereba) aris makiavelis realizmis dedaazri. maT es orive
Tviseba sWirdebaT radgan maTi xalxis bedi maTi simamacisa da sazrianobis
xelSia.
is faqti, rom xalxis bedi mWidrodaa dakavSirebuli mmarTvelis da
Sesabamisad saxelwifos bedTan aris makiavelis, da saerTod, politikuri
realizmis erT-erTi fundamenturi mosazreba.
16
Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War, chapter xvii. Sixteenth year of the war - the melian
conference - fate of melos. ixileT internet gamocema, misamarTze:
http://www.mtholyoke.edu/acad/intrel/melian.htm
18
Semdeg dolari 50 % daeca, magram deficiti mTeli es dro izrdeboda 1987
wlamde. xolo 1988-90-ian wlebSi monacemebi mxolod 1984 wlis monacemebis
donemde gaumjobesda. arsebobs Zalian martivi mizezebi imisaTvis, Tu ratom ver
axdens kursis dacema sasurvel gavlenas deficitze, radgan xSir SemTxvevaSi
miuxedavad dolaris kursis dacemisa importi mainc izrdeboda. arsebobs amis
ramodenime mizezi. pirveli albaT is aris, rom amerikelebi upiratesobas
aniWeben mTel rig importul saqonels; meore, biznesmenebi xSirad ar sweven fass
TavianT produqciaze, aramed Tavad iziareben dolaris dacemis gamo moyenebul
zarals. ase iqcevian radgan surT SeinarCunon bazari da aseve aqvT dolaris
momavalSi gaZlierebis imedi an SesaZlebelia biznesmenebma es fuli ar
gadacvalon da daabandon aSS-Si. marTlac, dResdReobiT multierovnuli
korporaciebis zrda, romelTac permanentuli saqmianobis areali aris
sazRvargareT amis saSualebas iZleva.
politikuri ekonomikis Teoriebi
Cveni arseboba fundamentalurad damokidebulia politikur ekonomikaze da
ara calkeulad politikaze, an ekonomikaze. imisTvis, rom gadarCnen, adamianebs
sWirdebaT sakvebi, Casacmeli da bevri sxva ram, rasac adamianebis umravlesoba
SeiZens fulis saSualebiT, romelsac gamoimuSaveben. Tanamedrove bazari ki
politikur wesebs efuZneba. politikuri wesebi da regulaciebi gansazRvraven im
CarCoebs, romlis SigniTac funqcionirebs bazari. amavdroulad, ekonomikuri
siZliere politikuri Zalauflebis mniSvnelovani komponentia. rogorc
robert gilpini ambobs, ekonomika aris swrafva simdidrisken xolo politika
Zalauflebisken da am or fenomens Soris urTierTqmedeba aris rTuli da
gamaognebeli. swored es rTuli urTierTqmedeba politikas da ekonomikas,
saxelmwifoebs da bazrebs Soris saerTaSoriso konteqstSi aris saerTaSoriso
politikuri ekonomikis Seswavlis sagani.
niSandoblia is faqti, rom politikuri ekonomika aRmocenda saerTaSoriso
urTierTobebis disciplinis farglebSi rogorc sfero, romelsac damou-
kideblad arsebobis safuZveli aqvs. zogierTi imasac ki ambobs, rom politikuri
ekonomika ufro farTo da yovlismomcveli disciplinaa da amitom saerTaSoriso
urTierTobebi unda iyos misi qvesfero. xolo suzan stranJi fiqrobs, rom orive,
saerTaSoriso politikuri ekonomika da saerTaSoriso urTierTobebi SeiZleba
CaiTvalos saerTaSoriso sakiTxebis Seswavlebis (international studies) qve- sfe-
roebad. ekonomistebi Tvlian, rom is meTodebi, romlebic ekonomikaSi gamoi-
yeneba SeiZleba gamoyenebul iqnes politikaSic da saerTaSoriso urTi-
erTobebSic, xolo politkuri mecnierebi sastikad ewinaaRmdegebian politikis
Seswavlis sxva romelime Teoriis donemde dayvanas da mas damoukidebel
disciplinad aRiareben.
ormocdaaTian da samocian wlebSi Seiqmna iseTi situacia, rom politika da
ekonomika absoliturad izolirebuli iyo. xarisxobrivad araerTgvarovani
sakiTxebi iswavleboda aseve araerTgvarovani meTodebiT. magram 1970-ni
wlebidan aseTi mkveTri dapirispirebis arsebobis marTebuloba eWvis qveS dadga.
am yovelives jeqsonis da sorensenis azriT xels uwyobda ramodenime faqtori.
pirveli iyo breton vudsis sistemis krizisi, romelic imaSi gamoixateboda, rom
Warbi dolaris mozRvavebis Sedegad xdeba amerikis oqros rezervebis gadineba
83
aqvs ase Tu ise motivtive gacviliTi kursis politika anu, mTavrobebi
drodadro erevian bazris saqmianobaSi, rom zemoqmedeba moaxdinon garkveul
procesebze. 20-mde qveyanas aqvs politika, romelic uzrunvelyofs mudmiv
gacvliT kurss qveynebis jgufebTan mimarTebaSi. qveynebis umravlesobas ki
(susti da patara saxelmwifoebi) mimagrebuli aqvT TavianTi valutis Rire-
buleba sxva ufro Zlier valutasTan. amasTan, mniSvnelovania ganvasxvaoT myari
(stabiluri da usafrTxo, romelic gamoiyeneba saerTaSoriso transaqciebis
dros) da susti (gamoiyeneba mxolod qveynis SigniT) valutis tipebi.
jerjerobiT ar arsebobs valuta, romelic mxolod bazris mier aris
regulirebadi. centraluri bankebi xSirad erTvebian savaluto bazris
operaciebSi raTa gavlena moaxdinon maTi valutis moTxovna miwodebaze. amas
imitom akeTeben, rom erovnuli fulis faseuloba pirdapir kavSirSia am qveynis
saqonlis RirebulebasTan saerTaSoriso bazarze da saerTaSoriso saqonlis
Rirebulebaze Sida bazarze. sakuTari erovnuli valutis Rirebulebis SecvliT
mTavrobebs, rogorc wesi, surT Secvalon fasebi importze da eqsportze da
Sedegad zegavlena moaxdinon saboloo savaWro balansze.
rogor axdens savaluto kursi zegavlenas vaWrobaze
rogorc mogexsenebaT, rodesac xalxi awarmoebs saerTaSoriso vaWrobas maT
unda Seafason TavianTi saqoneli im bazris valutiT, romelzec saqoneli
iyideba, magram sabolood maT sWirdebaT sakuTari qveynis valuta. es imas
niSnavs, rom gayidvidan miRebuli fuli unda gadaicvalos erovnul valutaze.
amgvarad, savaluto kursi axdens pirdapir zegavlenas fasebze.
ganivixiloT es magaliTis mixedviT. warmovidginoT, rom amerikeli
eqsportiori yidis kompiuteris disk draiverebs did britaneTSi. am periodSi
savaluto kursi am or valutas Soris aris 1 funt sterlingi 2 aSS dolarTan. es
disk draivebi aSS-Si iyideba 500 dolarad. eqsportiori mzad aris
transportaciis xarjebi Tavad gaiRos raTa daimkvidros Tavi inglisis bazarze.
Sesabamisad is Tavis produqts afasebs 250 funt sterlingad da miiRebs 500
amerikul dolars. axla warmovidginoT, rom sterligis kursma aiwia da 1 funt
sterlingi udris 3 amerikul dolars. amis Sedegad, eqsportiors saSualeba aqvs
gaaiafos Tavisi produqti (daimaxsovreT, rom mas mxolod 500 dolaris miReba
ainteresebs) da gaxados 166.67 funt sterlingi, rom miiRos 500 dolari (166.67
gamravlebuli 3-ze). Sesabamisad, Sesustebuli dolaris kursi saSualebas aZlevs
(magram ar aris aucilebeli) rom amerikelma eqsportiorebma gaaiafon fasebi
sazRvargareT. Tu aris sapirispiro situacia, anu Zvirdeba dolari da ecema
funt sterlingis kursi, magaliTad 1 funt sterlingi udris 1 amerikul
dollars, maSin eqsportiorebs didi problema aqvT. imisTvis, rom maT miiRon
saWiro 500 dolari unda gazardon produqtis fasi ucxo bazarze 500 funt
sterlingamde raTa maTi biznesi wamgebiani ar gaxdes.
dolaris kursis dagdebis xerxs xSirad mimarTavs amerikis mTavroba raTa
aRmofxvras uzarmazari savaWro defici. magram, gasaTvaliswinebelia is faqtic,
rom kursis dagdebis zegavlenas savaWro deficitis amovsebaze aqvs Tavisi
limitebi. istoriulad cnobilia, rom dolaris gaiafebam mxolod zRvruli
zegavlena iqonia aSS-s savaWro deficitze. 1971 - 1980 wlebSi miuxedavad imisa,
rom dolaris kursi daeca, amerikis savaWro deficiti gauaresda. 1985 wlis
82
Tomas hobsi
ingliseli filosofosis, Tomas hobsis Sexedulebebi iTvleba realizmis
fundamentad. Tavis “leviaTanSi,” filosofiuri deduqciis saSualebiT hobsi
cdilobs axsnas politkuri sinamdvilis buneba. SesavalSive hobsi ambobs, rom
saxelmwifo aris xelovnuri adamiani, mxolod ufro didi da ufro Zlieri, vidre
bunebrivi adamiani, romlis usafrTxoebisa da dacvisaTvisac aris igi Seqmnili.
am did manqanas hobsi uwodebs leviaTans, romelic misi TqmiT, aris igive
Tanamegobroba, igive saxelmwifo.
misi naSromis mizania axsnas am xelovnuri adaminis, saxelmwifos, buneba.
risgan Sedgeba da ras warmoadgens igi. rogoria suverenis uflebebi, samarTali
da xelisufleba. ra Slis da ra asazrdoebs suverenitets.
imisaTvis, rom gaigos politikuri cxovrebis fundamenturi arsi hobsi
warmoidgens adamianebs, qalebsa da kacebs, sawyis mdgomareobaSi, garemoSi, sadac
jer ar aris gamogonebuli suverenuli saxelmwifo. igi am mdgomareobas uwodebs
“bunebriv mdgomareobas” (state of nature). misi aRwerilobiT, bunebriv pirobebSi
yoveli mamakaci, qali da bavSvi safrTxeSia yvela sxva danarCenis mxridan.
adamianebs aqvT erTmaneTisadmi mudmivi SiSi, radgan maTi sicocxle mudvivad
safrTxis qveSaa da aravis aqvs usafrTxoebis garantia. aseT situaciaSi,
romelsac hobsi aRwers rogorc “euli, Raribi, sazizRari, sastiki da mokle,”
bunebrivi mdgomareobaa “yvelas omi yvelas winaaRmdeg.”
am “euli, Raribi, sazizRari, sastiki da mokle,” situaciidan hobsi xedavs
erTaderT gamosavals, rac aris suverenuli saxelmwifos Seqmna da amoqmedeba.
hobsi ambobs, rom adamianebi instinqturad uerTebian erTmaneTs da ayalibeben
usafrTxoebis paqtebs, romelic uzrunvelyofs TiToeulis usafrTxoebas. es
sayovelTao SiSi da usafrTxoebis SegrZneba aiZulebT maT gamovidnen bunebrivi
mdgomareobidan sadac sufevs yvelas omi yvelas winaaRmdeg. sxvanairad rom
iTqvas hobsi ambobs, rom adamianebi qmnian suverenul saxelmwifoebs ara
gonierebaze, aramed instinqtze dayrdnobiT. isini nebiT deben socialur
kontraqts erTmaneTTan da qmnian suverenul mTavrobas, romelsac gaaCnia
saWiro Zliereba, raTa daicvas isini sagareo Tu saSinao mtrebisa da
xelisSemSleli faqtorebisgan. aseT civilur pirobebSi romelsac hobsi
“mSvidobasa da wesrigs” uwodebs adamainebi Tavisufldebian SiSisgan da aqvT
saSualeba iRvawon bednierebisaTvis.
saxelmwifos Seqmna marTalia adamianebs aZlevs gamosavals bunebrivi
mdgomareobidan, magram warmoSobs axal politikur problemas saxelmwifoTa
doneze. erTi sityviT, bunebrivi mdgomareoba pirovnuli donidan gadadis
saxelmwifoTa doneze da warmoiqneba erovnuli da saerTaSoriso usafrTxoebis
problema rac gamowveulia saerTaSoriso sistemis anarqiulobiT. faqtiurad,
saxeze gvaqvs fenomeni, romelic politikaSi cnobilia rogorc “usafrTxoebis
dilema.” hobsi ambobs, rom erTi usafrTxoebis problemis gadaWriT adamianebi
Zalauneburad iwveven meores. 17
am usafrTxoebis dilemidan gamosavali aRar arsebobs, radgan ar aris
saSualeba imisa, rom Seiqmnas msoflio mTavroba. suverenul saxelmwifoebs
aranairi survili ar gaaCniaT rom TavianTi damoukidebloba daTmon sxva,
globaluri mTavrobis sasargeblod. am situacias hobsi imiT xsnis, rom
17
usafrTxoebis dilema mokled aris aRwerili aleqsandre rondelis wignSi
“saerTaSoriso urTierTobebi,” Tbilisis damoukidebeli universiteti, 1996, gv. 95.
19
bunebrivi mdgomareoba saerTaSoriso doneze ar aris iseTi saSiSi da muqaris
momgvreli rogorc pirovnul doneze. saxelmwifoebs ufro advilad SeuZliaT
erTmaneTi daicvan gareSe safrTxisgan, vidre es calkeul adamianebs SeuZliaT.
bolo suraTi rasac hobsi aRwers aris saerTaSoriso anarqia, romelic
dafuZnebulia suverenul saxelmwifoebze. radganac suverenitets dacva
sWirdeba, avtomaturad anarqiuli sistema gulisxmobs faqtobriv, an
potenciuri omis mdgomareobas. hobsi ambobs, rom omi aris ukanaskneli
saSualeba imisaTvis, rom saxelmwifoebma Seajeron SeuTanxmebeli problemebi.
neoklasikuri realizmi: hans morgenTau
1948 wels gamocemuli germanuli warmoSobis amerikeli politikuri
mecnieris hans morgenTaus naSromi “qveynebis politika: brZola Zalauflebisa
da mSvidobisaTvis” miCneulia politikuri naSromebis mwvervalad. am naSromma
didi xniT ganszaRvra saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis Teoriuli da praqtikuli
interesebi da mTeli am dargis ganviTarebis Semdgomi xasiaTi. 18
morgenTaus qveynebis politika aris Tukidides, makiavelis da hobsis ideebis
gagrZeleba, Tumca ufro Tanamedrove eniT dawerili da gajerebuli dagrovili
istoriuli gamocdilebiT da politikuri sibrZniT. Tavis safuZvelSi es wigni
igive fundamentzea daarsebuli rogorc zemoT ganxiluli naSromebi, kerZod is,
rom adamianis buneba aris mtacebluri, bunebrivad mzakvari da bneli, da rom es
faqti aisaxeba politikur urTierTobebze. politika da eTika erTmaneTisgan
Sors dganan da, rom politikuri Zala da Zliereba aris mSvidobis erTaderTi
garanti. amitom aris, rom morgenTaus realizms uwodeben neoklasikur
realizms, rac imas niSnavs, rom misi realizmi aris meoce saukunis ganaxlebuli
klasikuri tradicia saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis TeoriaSi.
morgenTau, iseve rogorc misi ideuri winamorbedebi, Tvlida, rom qalebi da
kacebi bunebiT arian politikuri cxovelebi, isini dabadebulni arian, raTa
moipovon Zala da datkbnen Zlierebis nayofiT. igi ambobda, rom adamianebs
axasiaTebT Zalisadmi ltolva (lust) da amas uwodebda animus dominandi, romelic
iwvevs gardauval politikur brZolas adamianebs Soris.
adamianebs aqvT survili, rom iyvnen sxvebis politikuri zegavlenisgan
damoukedebeli. es qmnis saWiroebas imisas, rom Seiqmnas iseTi politikuri
sfero, sadac Tavisufuli iqnebian sxvisi politikuri diqtatisgan. saboloo
varianti aseTi sferosi, romlis SigniTac iqneba usafrTxoeba, aris suverenuli
saxelmwifo. mis gareT ki usafrTxoebis miRweva SeuZlebelia. 19
meores mxriv, sistema, romelic efuZneba damoukidebel elementebs,
romlebsac gaaCniaT kerZo interesebi da survili, daicvan es interesebi,
warmoSobs saWiroebas imisas, rom saxelmwifos SigniT moxdes Zalis mobilizeba
da saWiro SemTxvevaSi gamoyeneba. erTi sityviT, saxelmwifoebze dafuZnebul
sistemas mivyavarT anarqiamde da konfliqtamde.
rogorc misi azrobrivi winamorbedebi, aseve morgenTauc avlebs mkveTr xazs
pirad eTikasa da politikas Soris da mkacrad akritikebs meore msoflio omamde
damkvidrebul vilsoniseul liberalur politikas, romelic qadagebda, rom
saxelmwifoTa qmedebebic igive moraluri da eTikuri standartebiT unda
18
iqve, . . ., gv. 41.
19
Jackson and Sorensen, p. 76.
20
fiskaluri politika
ekonomikis menejmentis meore umniSvnelovanesi instrumentia fiskaluri
politika — gadasaxadebis da danaxarjebis warmoeba mTavrobis mier ekonomikaze
zemoqmedebis mizniT. fiskaluri politikis fundamentur mosazrebebs mivyavarT
gavlenian britanel ekonomistamde, jon meinard keinsamde, romelic ambobda,
rom ar aris aucilebeli fiskaluri politika emsaxurebodes dakanonebul da
dabalansebul biujets, aramed SeiZleba igi gamoyenebul iqnas ekonomikuri
ciklebis samarTavad da procesis gasaadvileblad.
1960 wlamde miRebuli iyo e.w. deficituri gadaxarjvebi, anu mTavroba
xarjavda ufro mets, vidre mas Semosavali hqonda gadasaxadebis saxiT. amis
principi iyo is, rom mTavroba fuls debda isev ekonomikaSi da amiT aCqarebda
ekonomikuri aqtivobis tempebs. 1964 wels miRebul iqna kenedi-jonsonis
gadasaxadebis Semcirebis aqti da amiT es principi Seicvala. imis magivrad, rom
dayrdnobodnen gazrdil samTavrobo danaxarjebs, ekonomistebma mxari dauWires
gadasaxadebis Semcirebas da danaxarjebis igive doneze datovebas, raTa
warmoqmniliyo mastimulirebeli deficiti. anu, idea is aris, rom is pirovnebebi,
romlebsac gadasaxadebis Semcirebis Sedegad gauCndaT zedmeti Semosavali am
fuls isev ekonomikaSi daabandeben da igive rezultati iqneboda miRweuli.
fiskalur politikas axasiaTebs sistute, radgan igi aris sxvadasxva
jgufebis da Tavad politikosebis uzurpaciis sagani. magaliTad, 1966 wels
prezidentma jonsonma gadawyvita ar gaezarda gadasaxadebi vietnamis omSi
gaweuli xarjebis asanazRaureblad, radgan es kidev ufro Seasustebda misdami
saxalxo mxardaWeras. aseTi qmedebebi SeiZleba racionaluri iyos mokle vadaSi,
magram hqondes savalalo Sedegebi grZelvadian periodSi. xSirad gadasaxadebis
Semcirebas mivyavarT ekonomikis zedmetad stimulaciisaken, rasac Sedegad
inflacia mosdevs. swored es mohyva jonsonis gadawyvetilebas.
savaluto kursi da savaWro deficitebi
darCenili koncefciebis nakrebi, romelic mniSvnelovania saerTaSoriso
politikuri ekonomikis gasagebad exeba urTierTobebs savaluto kurssa da
saerTaSoriso vaWrobas Soris. imisaTvis, rom vaWroba Sedges, fulma patroni
unda gamoicvalos. saerTaSoriso vaWrobaSi erTi qveynis valuta unda gaicvalos
meoreze. Sesabamisad, savaluto kurss aqvs didi zegavlena vaWrobis pirobebze.
savaluto kursi martivad rom vTqvaT aRniSnavs, Tu ramdenad SeiZleba
gavcvaloT erTi valuta meoreze. savaluto kursi ganisazRvreba amaTu im
valutaze moTxovnis doniT da am valutis miwodebis doniT. savaluto kurss aqvs
sasicocxlo mniSvneloba mTavrobebisaTvis. isini gamoiyeneben ramodenime
saSualebas raTa zegavlena iqonion valutis kursze. erT-erTi aris mudmi-
vi/myari savaluto kursis (fixed exchange rate) daweseba. tipiurad, aseTi kursis
SenarCunebas Wirdeba mTavrobis mniSvnelovani Careva valutis bazarze, raTa es
kursi SenarCunebuli iqnas. mudmivi gacviliTi kursis politika tardeboda
msoflios umetes nawilSi 1958 wlidan 1973 wlamde da pirvel msoflio omamdec
ormoci wlis ganmavlobaSi. amis sapirispiro aris motivtive gacvliTi kursi
(floating exchange rate), romlis mixedviTac valutis fasi ganisazRvreba bazris mier
mTavrobis Caurevlad. dRevandeli mdgomareoba Zalian rTulia. 50-mde qveynas
81
miwodebas, an gamowovs fuls sabanko sistemidan saxelmwifo fasiani qaRaldebis
yidva-gayidvis gziT. rodesac ramdenime miliardi dolaris fasiani qaRaldebi
iyideba, maSin am qaRaldebis gamyidveli institutebi (rogorc wesi bankebi da
sadazRvevo kompaniebi), iReben didi raodenobiT fuls Cekis saxiT fedisgan, rac
zrdis fulis miwodebas. sabanko sistemaSi fulis CadebiT da Sesabamisad bankebis
sesxis gacemis unarianobis amaRlebiT fedi awarmoebs gafarToebaze orien-
tirebul monetarul/finansur politikas (expansionary monetary policy). amis
sapirispiro aris xelmomWirneobaze orientirebuli monetaruli politika (tight
monetary policy), romlis drosac fedi yidis fasian qaRaldebs da miRebuli fulis
Sedegad efeqturad gamoswovs fuls sabanko sistemidan.
sawyisi procenti/diskonti (discount rate) aris aseve Zlieri instrumenti fulis
miwodebis samarTavad. es aris is procenti, romelsac fedi uwesebs wevr bankebs,
rodesac isini fuls sesxuloben fedisgan. sawyisi procenti aseve aris erTgvari
procenti, romelic zemoqmedebas axdens danarCeni procentebis odenobaze da
misi cvalebadoba iwvevs cvlilebebs sxva procentebSic. Sesabamisad, kidev
erTxel, mizani aris fulis miwodebis gafarToeba da Semcireba. sawyisi
procentis gazrda aZvirebs fulis Rirebulebas, sesxis aRebis survils amcirebs
da Sesabamisad unda Seanelos ekonomikuri eqspansiac. misi Semcireba aqezebs
sesxis aRebas da Sesabamisad ekonomikuri aqtivobac unda gaizardos.
fedis roli aSS-Si aris SeunarCunos stabiluroba finansur bazars
krizisebis dros da xeli Seuwyos ekonomikur zrdas da amave dros akontrolos
inflacia, anu ekonomikuri zrda dabali inflaciis TanxlebiT. meoce saukunis
dasawyisSi finasuri panika Zalian gaizarda da amitomac Seiqmna fedi. panika aris
periodi, rodesac SeSinebuli investorebi cdiloben saswrafod gayidon
TavianTi fasiani qaRaldebi, raTa TavianTi fuli ukan daibrunon.
fedi aseve aris fulis saboloo gamsesxebeli raTa uzrunvelyos
likviduroba (saWiro odenobis fuli, raTa ganxorcieldes yvela transaqcia,
romlis ganxorcielebac xalxs surs) rodesac danarCeni gamsesxebeli
institutebi arian panikiT paralizebulebi. fedis kidev erTi mniSvnelovani
roli aris inflaciis kontroli ekonomikuri aqtivobis mxardaWerasTan erTad.
inflacia gansakuTrebiT saSiSia imaTvTvis vin gascems fuls, an imaTTvis visi
Semosavalic ganisazRvreba mudmivi Semosavalis saxiT (fixed income). es
Semdeganairad aixsneba: mudmivi Semosavlis Rirebuleba mcirdeba inflaciis
gamo, radgan mzardi fasebis pirobebSi momavali Semosavali, romlis odenoba
warsulSi daigegma, gamoirCeva dabali msyidvelobiTi unarianobiT. rodesac
fedi cdilobs gaakontrolos inflacia igi icavs gamsesxeblebis da sxvaTa
interesebs, romlebic zaraldebian gazrdili fasebis Sedegad.
Tu monacemebi aCvenebs, rom ekonomika farTovdeba Zalian swrafad da
sainflacio wneva izrdeba, fedi aucileblad moqmedebas iwyebs. Cumi da
moklevadiani qmedeba inflaciis SesaCereblad iqneba operaciebi Ria bazarze rac
Seamcirebs fulis miwodebas da aswevs ganakveTs. ufro sajaro moqmedeba iqneba
ukve sawyisi procentis gazrda. situaciis sirTulidan gamomdinare am politikis
kombinaciebi SeiZleba didxans gagrZeldes. 70-iani da 80-iani wlebis
ganmavlobaSi, rodesac inflaciuri wneva maRali iyo fedi axorcielebda “mkacr
monetarul” politikas da saprocento ganakveTic uprecedentod gazarda. 1994
wels, rodesac inflaciuri wneva iyo mosalodneli, fedma winaswar gazarda
saprocento ganakveTi da Seanela amerikis ekonomika.
80
ganisajos rogorc civilzebul adamianTa urTierTobebi. morgenTau am
yovelives damRupvelad da upasuxismgeblobad miiCnevda. misi azriT, es iyo
udidesi inteleqtualuri Secdoma, radgan aseTi midgoma ver xedavda
gansxvavebas pirad sferosa da saxalxo sferos Soris. rogorc ukve ganvixileT,
politikuri realistebisaTvis am or sferos Soris gansxvaveba fundamenturia.
morgenTau miiCnevs, rom saxelmwifos marTvis fundamenturi safuZvelia imis
naTeli SegrZneba, rom politikuri eTika da piradi eTika erTmaneTisgan
gansxvavdeba. saWiroa am faqtis ara ugulebelyofa, aramed misi naTlad gaazreba
da cda, rom am gamouvali garemoebidan Seecado da saukeTeso Sedegi miiRo.
morgenTau Tavis naSromis SesavalSive ayalibebs politikuri realzmis 6
princips, raTa gaaqarwylos gaugebrobebi imasTan dakavSirebiT, Tu ra aris
politikuri realizmi. 20
1.politika fesvgadgmulia adamianis permanentulad ucvlel bunebaSi,
romelic aris egoisturi da egocentruli.
2.politika aris avtonomiuri sfero da ar SeiZleba misi dayvana ekonomikamde
(rogorc amas marqsizmis mimdevrebi akeTeben), an moralamde (rogorc amas
kantis liberaluri Teoriis mimdevrebi akeTeben xolme). saxelmwifo
meTaurebma unda imoqmedon politikuri sibrZnis diqtatis mixedviT.
maTTvis gzis gagnebis mTavari saSualeba erovnuli interesebis koncefciaa.
3.piradi interesebi aris adamianuri arsebis gamomxatveli faqti. yvela
adamianis piradi interesebis minimumi aris TviTgadarCena da usafrTxoeba.
politika aris arena, sadac es interesebi gamoixateba da es interesebi
aucileblad erTmaneTs Seejaxeba rac adre Tu gvian gamoiwvevs konfliqts.
saerTaSorsio politikac aseve aris saxelmwifoTa interesebis Sejaxebis
arena. saxelmwifoTa interesebi ki icvleba droSi da garemoSi. realizmi
aris doqtrina, romelic reagirebas axdens cvalebad politikur
realobaze.
4.saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis eTika aris politikuri da situaciuri eTika,
rac Zalzed gansxvavdeba piradi moralisagan. politikur liders ar aqvs
Tavisufleba moiqces moralur principebze dayrdnobiT rigiTi
moqalaqisgan gansxvavebiT, radgan igi pasuxismgebelia xalxis winaSe da mis
xelSia maTi usafrTxoeba da keTildReoba. SesaZlebeli Sedegebidan
yvelaze momgebianis SerCeva politikosis umaRlesi miRwevaa.
5.realizmi miiCnevs, rom arc erTi eris da saxelmwifos zneobrivi miznebi ar
SeiZleba miviCnioT sayovelTao zneobriv kanonebad (TviT iseTi
demokratiuli erisac ki, rogoric aris aSS) da ar SeiZleba isini Zalis
gamoyenebiT dakisrebuli iqnes sxva saxelmwifoze. realistebi gamodian amis
sawinaaRmdegod, radgan es safrTxes uqmnis saerTaSoriso usafrTxoebas.
SesaZlebelia, rom raRac momentSi ZaliT dakisrebulma ideologiam
sapirispiro Sedegi gamoiRos da TviT “jvarosan” qveyanas safrTxe Seeqmnas.
6.politikosis umaRlesi zneoba da morali aris misi qveynis interesebi. 21
20
Hans J. Morgenthau. Politics Among nations: the Struggle for Power and Peace. New York, McGraw-Hill,
1985, p. 4.
21
realizmis eqvsi principis mokle anotacia aseve ixileT aleqsandre rondelis
saerTaSoriso urTierTobebSi, gverdi 41-42 da Jackson and Sorensen, p. 79-80.
21