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Maximum Power Transfer Capability of UPFC:

An Adaptive Gravitational Search Algorithm

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Advance in Electronic and Electric Engineering.
ISSN 2231-1297, Volume 4, Number 3 (2014), pp. 297-300
© Research India Publications
http://www.ripublication.com/aeee.htm

Maximum Power Transfer Capability of UPFC:

An Adaptive Gravitational Search Algorithm

Anwar S. Siddiqui, Manisha Rani and Tanmoy Deb

Department of Electrical Engineering, Jamia Millia Islamia,

(Central University), Jamia Nagar, New Delhi-110025, India.

Abstract

Electric power system is exceptionally complex as far as its managing,

construction and operation is concerned. In addition ever increase of
electric power demand is making a process of managing, monitoring
and controlling of electric power system more challenging day by day.
Due to increased power demand congestion takes place in some of the
lines. To remove congestion and improve loadability FACTS devices
such as UPFC can be used. Here improved gravitational search
algorithm is used to analyze maximum power transfer capability of
UPFC. This is tested on IEEE-14 bus system on MATLAB platform.

Keywords: UPFC, maximum power, real power, IGSA.

1. Introduction
A multifaceted network including of several generators, transmission lines, variety of
loads and transformers is known to be a modern power system. The power system
becomes more difficult to operate with spontaneous power flows and higher losses.
Nowadays power flow in the system is controlled by using FACTS devices such as
SVC, TCPR, TCSC and UPFC etc. Among these UPFC is a versatile device and is
used to control the parameters such as transmission impedances, terminal voltages and
voltage angle simultaneously or independently in an efficient way.
The following section-2 describes literature review. Section-3 describes modeling
of UPFC. Section-4 gives result & discussion followed by conclusion in section-5.
298 Manisha Rani et al

2. Literature Review
Bhattacharya et al. [1] has offered a gravitational search algorithm. GSA was
supported by Newton’s law of gravity and mass interactions. A successful
modification of gravitational search algorithm has been proposed by Mohammad
Khajehzadeh et al. [2]. H.Farahmanda et al. [3] proposed available transfer capability
(ATC). The outcome of this research showed that with better utilization of FACTS
devices transmission capacity is improved. A proposal is made by Harinder Sawhney
et al. [4] for deregulation in electric power industry and creating opportunity for the
market to release the economic energy to the consumer. Serhat Duman et al. [5]
proposed gravitational search algorithm to discover optimal solution for the optimal
power flow problem in the power system. A multi-objective optimal power flow with
FACTS appliances to optimize cost of production, mission and dynamic power
communication in power system has been presented by M.Basu [6].

3. Modelling of UPFC
The UPFC concept is used to utilize the transmission line for independent control of
the real and reactive power flow and maximize the real power flow. This UPFC can
make available instantaneous control of transmission voltage, impedance and phase
angle of transmission line. It contains two switching converters and these converters
are operated from a common DC link provided by a DC storage capacitor. The second
Converter enable the power flow control of UPFC by means of injecting an ac voltage
with controllable magnitude and phase angle in series with the transmission line via a
series transformer. The first Converter must absorb or supply the real power demand
by the second converter at the common DC link. It is able to absorb or generate
controllable reactive power and shunt reactive power compensation is provided by it.
The mathematical modeling of the general UPFC is given in the following
equations. In bus m the real and reactive power is given in the equations (1) and (2).
Pm  Ax  By (1)
Qm  Cz  P(V , I ) (2)
Where,
Ax  VnVinj B sin  n   inj   VnVinj G cos n   inj  ,
By  GnewVinj  2VmVinj Gnew cos n   inj  ,
2

Cz  Vn [Gnew sin  m   inj   Bnew cos  m   inj ] , and

P(V , I )  VA I Q .
The real and reactive power of the bus n is given in the following equations (3)
and (4).
Pn  Dp  Eq
(3)
Qn  Fs  Gt
(4)
Maximum Power Transfer Capability of UPFC: An Adaptive Gravitational 299

Where,
Dp  VnVinj Bnew sin  m   inj  , Eq  VnVinj G cos  m   inj 
Fs  VnVinj B cos m   inj  and Gt  VnVinj G sin  m   inj 
Pm Pn Q m Q
With, , , and n are the real and reactive injecting powers for A and B
V V
bus respectively, I Q reactive current of the transformer, m and n are the voltage of
the bus m and n respectively, V inj and  inj injecting voltage and angle respectively,
Gnew  g AB  G Bnew  bAB  B
, . The power flow equations of the UPFC are used to
improve the power transfer capability.

4. Result and Discussions

IGSA method is used in IEEE-14 bus system and implemented in MATLAB (R2012a)
platform. In Table 4.1 voltage profile of proposed system is shown. Only maximum
power loss buses are selected and voltage stability is analyzed. Maximum power loss
buses are 1 and 2, 1 and 5, 2 and 4 and 2 and 3. Voltage stability is maximum when
buses 2 and 3 are selected. Table 4.2 shows power loss of the system. After connecting
UPFC and using IGSA approach power loss is improved in the system.

Table 4.1: Voltage profile COMPARISONS.

Voltage profile in pu
Best fitness buses Best fitness buses 1 Best fitness buses 2 Best fitness buses
1and 2 and 5 and 4 2 and 3
Bus Base IGSA Bus Base IGSA Bus Base IGSA Bus Base IGSA
no. case no. case no. case no. case
1 1.06 1.02 1 1.06 1.02 1 1.06 1.02 1 1.06 1.02
2 1.045 1.035 2 1.045 1.015 2 1.045 0.975 2 1.045 0.965
3 1.01 0.97 3 1.01 0.98 3 1.01 0.97 3 1.01 1.02
4 1.0132 0.984 4 1.0132 1.0307 4 1.0132 1.01 4 1.0132 0.968
5 1.0166 0.988 5 1.0166 1.0619 5 1.0166 0.996 5 1.0166 0.967
6 1.07 1.03 6 1.07 1.06 6 1.07 1.03 6 1.07 1.02
7 1.0457 1.011 7 1.0457 1.04 7 1.0457 1.027 7 1.0457 1.002
8 1.08 1.04 8 1.08 1.05 8 1.08 1.05 8 1.08 1.04
9 1.0305 0.995 9 1.0305 1.027 9 1.0305 1.0103 9 1.0305 0.985
10 1.0299 0.994 10 1.0299 1.025 10 1.0299 1.0064 10 1.0299 0.984
11 1.0461 1.008 11 1.0461 1.039 11 1.0461 1.014 11 1.0461 0.998
12 1.0533 1.0136 12 1.0533 1.044 12 1.0533 1.014 12 1.0533 1.003
13 1.0466 1.0074 13 1.0466 1.038 13 1.0466 1.0096 13 1.0466 0.997
14 1.0193 0.9826 14 1.0193 1.01 14 1.0193 0.992 14 1.0193 0.972
 300 Manisha Rani et al

Table 4.2 Power Loss Comparisons.

Bus No. Power loss
Base case (MW) IGSA (MW) with UPFC
From Bus To Bus
1 2 13.5929 9.0665
1 5 13.5929 6.1454
2 4 13.5929 9.3061
2 3 13.5929 8.7083

5. Conclusion
It is seen that UPFC is improving power loss and voltage profile of the system using
IGSA approach. Thus using UPFC with IGSA approach the maximum power transfer
capacity of the transmission line is enhanced.

References
[1] A.Bhattacharya and P.K. Roy (2012), Article in journal, Generation,
transmission and distribution, 6, 8, pp. 751-763.
[2] Mohammad Khajehzadeh et al. (2012), Article in journal, Engineering
Applications of Artificial Intelligence, 25, 8, pp. 1589-1597.
[3] H. Farahmanda et al. (2012), Article in journal, Electrical Power and Energy
Systems, 42, 1, pp. 240-249.
[4] Harinder Sawhney and B. Jeyasurya (2004), Article in journal, Electric Power
Systems Research, 69, 2-3, pp. 155-160.
[5] Serhat Duman, Ugur Guvenc, Yusuf Sonmez and Nuran Yorukeren (2012),
Article in journal, Energy Conversion and Management, 59, pp. 86-95.
[6] M. Basu (2011), Aritcle in journal, Energy Conversion and Management, 52,
2, pp. 903-910.

About Authors
Prof. (Dr.) Anwar S. Siddiqui- He obtained his B.Sc. Engineering (Electrical) and M.Sc. Engineering
(Power System & Electrical Drives) from AMU, Aligarh, India. He obtained his Ph.D degree from
Jamia Millia Islamia (central university), New Delhi, and India. He has been teaching & guiding
research in electrical engineering for twenty two years at AMU, Aligarh, JMI, New Delhi and BITS
Pilani, Dubai Campus. His research interest includes power system operation / control and application of
artificial intelligence techniques in power system. He has published several papers in this area.

Manisha Rani- She obtained her B.Tech. (Electrical Engineering) and M.tech (Powers system & drives)
from YMCA Institute of Engineering, Faridabad, India. She has 10 years of teaching experience. She is
research scholar at Jamia Millia Islamia (Central University), New Delhi, India. Her area interest is
FACTS devices.

Tanmoy Dav- He obtained his B.E. (Electrical Engineering) and M.Tech. (Power System & drives)
from SVNIT, Surat, India and YMCA Institute of Engineering, Faridabad, India respectively. He has 16
years of industrial experience followed by 9 years of teaching experience. He is currently a research
scholar at Jamia Millia Islamia (Central University), New Delhi, India. His area of interest is FACTS
devices and deregulation of power system.

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