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Application of phase shifting transformer in

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Conference Paper · December 2012

DOI: 10.1109/ICGT.2012.6477970

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 Application of Phase Shifting Transformer in Indian
Network
Anwar S. Siddiqui, Shagufta Khan, Shahzad Ahsan
Faculty of Engineering and Technology,
Jamia Millia Islamia University, Okhla,
New Delhi, India
anshsi@yahoo.co.in
Khan.shagufta7@gmail.com
Shahzadjamia10@gmail.com
Abstract—This paper presents an integrated optimal power flow
with phase shifter approach to enhance power system reliability,
availability, loss optimization & system security. Overloading of
sub system in a power system sometimes may pose stability
issues, which may lead to unwanted Outages & Blackouts,
equipment failure which will result long repair replacement
cycle, cost of repair and heavy revenue losses. Under these
conditions, to ensure economical and reliable operation of the
grid, power through the lines should be controlled within their
limits. To control power flow phase shifting transformer (PST) is
one of the cheaper option. The application of phase shifting
transformer will control the real power flow in transmission
lines. To realize a variable phase angle shift, on load tap
changers could be deployed to vary the control voltage there by
change in the resultant phase angle. Simulation of One of the
cases for Uttar Pradesh Network is described in this paper. The
simulation work of network justifies the application of PST.
Keywords -Phase Shifting Transformer (PST), Active Power Flow
Control, Overload, Transmission Capacity, PSCAD.
I. INTRODUCTION
th
During 12 Plan, it is proposed to add, 100,000MW
generation in the Indian Network. In addition to this about
38,400 MW is proposed to be added as backup and 2000 MW
Hydro power to be imported from Neighbouring countries,
Integration of such a large power into Indian Network may
require new technologies to play a vital role in order to
optimally utilize the existing assets and minimum investment.
During 13th Plan, it is also proposed to add 100,000MW
generation. In addition to this about 14,500 MW of Hydro
Power import is proposed to be added.
To meet this target, Government has decided to develop
large capacity power projects at national level. Already seven
Ultra Mega Power Projects (UMPP) of 4000 MW each have
been identified. These are planned at pit head and coastal
sites. Three pit head sites are Sasan in M.P, Akaltara in
Chattisgarh and a site to be decided in Orissa. Four coastal
sites are in Andhra Pradesh, Gujarat, Maharashtra and
Karnataka. Considering Generation planning, the transmission
& distribution has to increase many folds, which is a power
transport medium between generation and load centres. It is
978-1-4673-2636-0/12/$31.00 ©2012 IEEE
M.I.Khan, Annamalai
BHEL Industry Sector, Lodhi Road
New Delhi, India
mikhan@bhelindustry.com
annamalai@bhelindustry.com
learnt that in Dec, 2011 more than 300 million Indian citizens
had no access to electricity.
During 2009, yearly per capita consumption of power in
rural areas of India was merely 96 KWH and in urban areas it
was 288 KWH as against world average of 2600 KWH. The
European Union tops the list with 6200 KWH. By Jan, 2012
average per capita consumption in India has increased to 770
KWH as per one of the report, which speaks itself about the
growth of the country.
Recently Power Minister of India has said that India is
projected to become the world’s third-largest energy
consumer by 2020 after the US and China while Speaking at
the World Energy Leaders Summit in Istanbul.
Transmission planning has to be done in such a way that
besides conserving right of way for new lines, optimum
utilization of existing lines has to be made.
Physical path between generation and load centres for power
transmission is a group of alternate paths provided by the
transmission/distribution network has to be optimally utilized.
There could be uneven loading of parallel transmission lines
in a network due to different impedances caused by the tower
geometry, conductor sizing, number of sub-conductors, line
lengths and the power angles at different buses. The sharing of
the power flow between two parallel lines is dictated by their
impedances. The line with the smaller impedance carries
more power and vice versa. In some situations, one of the two
lines will be operating well below its nominal rating and other
parallel line with lower impedance may be overloaded [2].
The optimal use of existing infrastructure needs to be done in
order to contain investment. It is therefore necessary to load
the existing lines to optimal capacity rather than providing the
additional corridor where ever it is not absolutely necessary.
This will save right of way, capital expenditure for
constructing another line, forest clearances and time to built
new line. Sometimes it is necessary to provide additional
corridor in order to maintain system’s reliability, availability
and system stability.
In order to optimize the Transmission corridors use of
multi circuit towers is one of the options and is becoming
popular now a days. This configuration sometimes posses
serious maintenance issues, however under certain
circumstances it cannot be avoided or alternatively pay a
186
heavy cost of the UHV cables. Another alternative to optimize
the transmission corridor is the application of HVDC sin 3
Transmission which is a different case all together.
Conversion of AC transmission system into HVDC Where XPST is the leakage reactance of PST
Transmission system is also gaining the momentum.
Control of power in AC network requires special
technologies to be implemented on case to case basis. VS ∠δ
Transmission Line V r ∠0
Operating efficiency of electric transmission system can be XL
improved by using appropriate FACTS devices.
Any Power Device, which provides flexibility in Power
system, can be termed as FACTS device and the schemes are
called FACTS Schemes, examples of such schemes are Fig.1 Model of a Transmission Line without PST
• Series Compensation
• Shunt compensation
• Phase Shifters using Phase Shifting Transformers V r ∠0
• Unified Power Flow Controller using state of the art
control system VS ∠δ Transmission PST
Line
+α XPST
XL
In this paper discussions will be limited to Phase Shifting
Technology and its application to Indian Network. Phase
shifter is one of the phase shifting transformers (PST) which
create a phase shift between its primary side voltage and Fig.2 Model of a Transmission Line with PST
secondary side voltage, of which both the magnitude and
direction can be controlled.

II. PHASE SHIFTING TRANSFORMER

Vout ΔV Vout
The active power and reactive power transmission over a Vin α V
transmission line can be given by the following equations: ΔV in

Fig.3 Voltage phaser diagrams for different transformers

1 To understand the application of PST, Shunt & series

2 type of PST is employed where the Control voltage of each
Where Vs and Vr are sending end and receiving end voltages
respectively. δ is power angle, XL is the line reactance.
From the above equations it is clear that active power is
proportional to the voltages on the sending and receiving side
and to the sin of the electrical angle between both sides; it is
also inversely proportional to the line reactance. Altering the
active power can be done by altering the voltages, but this has
a bigger influence on the reactive power, so this method is not
very common solution.
Fig.1 shows the model of Transmission Line. In Fig.2 the PST
is schematically depicted including the PST impedance
XT=XL+XPST. In Fig.3 the voltage phaser of one phase on both
sides of the PST are shown as well as the voltage phaser at an
imaginary point excluding the impedance of the device. This
is done both when the PST supplies an advance and a
retardation to the voltage phase angle [3].
The PST is modelled as a reactance in series with a phase shift
angle. The power flow through the line is increased by adding
an angle α to the existing angle δ. The phase shift is
controllable within certain limits. Equation (1) becomes:
Transformer combination (Indirect Asymmetrical PST) is a
phase from the shunt transformer is fed to a series transformer
[6]. The Control voltage can be varied using Tap Changer
provided on Shunt Transformer. The tap changer could be
static with thyristor control, which will address transient
issues however will also introduce harmonics and requires
filters. The voltage difference between the voltages on the
secondary sides of the shunt transformers corresponding to the
first phase and the one corresponding to the second phase is
then a voltage in quadrature with the voltage of the third
phase. This voltage difference is added in series with the third
phase by means of a series transformer. The result is a voltage
phase and magnitude shift of the third phase. The same
principle is used for all three phases.
.
III. TYPES OF PHASE SHIFTING TRANSFORMER
PSTs can be designed in different forms and can be classified
by these Characteristics:

187
 • Direct PSTs are based on one three phase core. The
phase shift obtained by connecting the winding in an
appropriate manner.
• Indirect PSTs are based on construction with two
separate transformers, one variable tap exciter to
regulate the amplitude of the quadrature voltage and
one series transformers to inject the quadrature
voltage in the right phase.
• Asymmetrical PSTs create an output voltage with an
altered phase angle and amplitude compared to the
input voltage.
• Symmetrical PSTs create an output voltage with an
altered phase angle compared to the input voltage,
but with the same amplitude.
The combinations of these characteristics result in four
categories of PSTs are following
1. Direct Asymmetrical PSTs
2. Direct Symmetrical PSTs
3. Indirect Asymmetrical PSTs
4. Indirect Symmetrical PSTs
IV. MODELING OF PST
Phase a
Phase b
Phase c
Shift Tap BRKf
BRKb
#1 #2
Fig.10 depicts the model of Indirect Asymmetrical PST
wherein the single phase units have been considered for the
power system application. It may be worth mention here that
for power system application the size of the PST could be
much bigger and therefore due to transport limitation single
phase unit may have to be employed. It is assumed that all
units will have equal impedances and equal number of taps
and OLTC (On Load Tap Changer) shall be ganged operated.
Primary winding of PST which is connected to Bus PANKI4
has star connection. Secondary winding connected to Bus
UNNAO4 has delta connection. Individual single pole
breakers are applied to change the Vector group. Primary
winding phases are denoted as RS, YS, and BS. Secondary
winding phases are denoted as Rd, Yd, and Bd. Subscript “s”
shows star connected and subscript “d” shows delta
connected. In Fig.4, at tap setting 0.33, power in overloaded
line is flowing in reverse direction.
V. SIMULATION AND RESULTS
A case study of Uttar Pradesh Zone
Entire grid is reduced to generation and load except for the
lines which are under study as depicted in fig.5. Six buses
(PANKI4, PANKI2, MRDNG4, OBRA4, UNNAO4 and
KNPRN4) are retained for simulation. All generation and
load are connected on these buses are shown in the tables.
Generation shown in hatched blocks is absorbed in the
equielent network also shown in tables therefore they are
disconnected. Single line diagram also shows the bus numbers
with bus names.

BRKb Simulated Uttar Pradesh zone of Indian power system,

identified an over loaded 400 kV line from UNNAO4 to
BRKf
PANKI4 as shown in Fig.5. There are alternate lines, which
Shift Tap BRKf are under loaded. As per CEA limit the power flow in line
Rs Rd

Ys BRKb Yd
between UNNAO4 & PANKI4 to ≤ 500 MW, it will get
#1 #2
relieved from over load. Part of the power is diverted through
BRKb
Bs Bd
alternate lines.
BRKf PST is considered in line between UNNAO4 & PANKI4 at
UNNAO4. PST decreased the power in line between
Shift Tap BRKf UNNAO4 & PANKI4 from -811.4 MW to 443.4 MW as
shown in Fig.7.
BRKb
#1 #2 Another alternative could be have a series compensation in
BRKb the overloaded line for enhancing the power transfer
capability however sag may increase reducing the clearance.
BRKf
Unified Power Flow Controller (UPFC) could be another
solution for which cost cosideration will be needed.
PST :... PST :...
Power Dire... Tap setting Input data: All input data is taken by power grid. It is 2012
0.3333
ForwardReverse data. This data is in per unit on the base of 100MVA & 400
kV.

0.001
1 0.33

Fig. 4 Models of PST and Tap Setting in PSCAD

188
 TABLE I
Bus data
Bus Angle
Base vV Voltage (pu)
Number (deg) P = 77.49 P = 54.36 P = -82.33 P = 805.5 P = 118.5
Q = 26.5 Q = -5.596 Q = 38.71 Q = 88.36 Q = -13.04
17265 220 0.9923 -27.84 PANKI4
400.0 : 220.0
PANKI2
220.0 : 400.0
MRDNG4 OBRA4 UNNAO4 KNPRN4
N17466 N17265 N17446 N17472 N17906 N18431 438.918 P,Q
17446 400 0.9983 -44.01 A 1 A 1 A E T-Line A E T-Line A E T-Line
E_17446_17472_99 E_17472_17906_99 E_17906_18431_99 -175.328E Load
V E V E V VN17472 V VN17906 V
17466 400 0.999 -26.67
17472 400 1.01 -5.81 477.875 P,Q 1965.373 P,Q 1758.02 E 1280.72 E -438.918 E
-20.466E Load -500.615E Load 76.859
~ 103.909
~ 175.328
~
17906 400 0.9966 -22.76 E_17472_0_99 E_17906_0_99 E_18431_0_99

18431 400 0.9989 -26.83 -477.875 E -1965.37 E

20.466
~ 500.615
~ P = -817.1
E_17265_0_99 E_17446_0_99 Q = -57.63
T
E_17446_17466_1 E T-Line A
TABLE II E_17446_17906_99
P = 317.1
V Q = -93.3
Machine data on 100MVA base
220.0 : 400.0
Bus Angle 1 E T-Line A
P = -442.5
Base kV Voltage (pu) Q = 57.46 E E_17472_18431_99 V
Number (deg)
T
17265 220 0.9923 -27.84 E_17466_17472_1 A P = -319.6
17446 400 0.9983 -44.01 V Q = 4.554
220.0 : 400.0
17466 400 0.999 -26.67 1 A P = -486.2
17472 400 1.01 -5.81 E V Q = -14.3
17906 400 0.9966 -22.76 E T-Line
P = -811.7 A
18431 400 0.9989 -26.83 Q = 84.41 E_17446_18431_99 V
T
TABLE III E_17466_17906_1 A P = -58.97
V Q = -16.6
Two winding transformer data
220.0 : 400.0
P = 279.8 1 A
From Bus To Bus Specified X Rate A Q = -16.96 E V
Number Number (pu) (MVA)
E T-Line A
E_17466_18431_1 V
17265 17466 0.026 480 P = 269.6
Q = -12.69

E T-Line A
E_17466_18431_2 V
TABLE IV
Phase shifting transformer Fig. 5 Single line diagram of UP Network (without PST) in PSCAD
From Bus To Bus Specified X Rate A
Number Number (pu) (MVA)
17466 17906 0.145 550 Q1 P1
500
TABLE V 400
R e a c t iv e & A c t iv e & ( M V A r , M W )

Load 300
Bus Number Pload (MW)
Qload 200
(Mvar) 100
17265 477.8753 -20.466 0
17446 1965.373 -500.61
-100
18431 438.9185 -175.32
-200
TABLE VI
-300
Transmission line -400
Chargi -500
From Bus To Bus Line R Line X
ng -600
Number Number (pu) (pu) -700
(pu)
17265 17446 0.11215 0.49611 0 -800
17265 17472 0.11069 0.42669 0 -900
17265 17906 0.00295 0.02734 0
17265 18431 0.00291 0.03024 0 Fig.6 Reactive and active power flow in line PANKI4 to UNNA04
17446 17466 0.00735 0.049 2.19
17446 17472 0.0884 0.7157 0
17446 17906 0.00493 0.04448 0
17446 18431 0.00747 0.06079 0 Fig.6 depicts the power flow in overloaded line between buses
17466 17472 0.00738 0.08217 2.19 PANKI4 & UNNAO4. This is showing the active power flow
17466 17906 0.00074 0.0083 0.22 (green colour curve) in reverse direction which is 811.4 MW
17466 18431 0.0001 0.001 0.02 and reactive power flow (blue colour curve) in forward
17466 18431 0.00009 0.00104 0.02
direction is 84.41 MVAr.
17472 17906 0.00307 0.03676 0
17472 18431 0.01464 0.10982 0
17906 18431 0.00669 0.05892 0

189
 P = -124.1 P = 45.73 P = -94.22 P = 483.7
setting decrease up to 0.0001 then active power (reverse
PANKI4
Q = 5.166
PANKI2
Q = -19.27
MRDNG4
Q = -28.77
OBRA4
Q = 22.92
UNNAO4 KNPRN4
direction), reactive power, angle difference also decreases.
400.0 : 220.0 220.0 : 400.0
N17466 1
A
N17265 1 A
N17446
E T-Line A
N17472 E T-Line
A
N17906 E T-Line N18431 438.918 P,Q
-175.328E Load
After that tap setting increase then active power direction
V E_17446_17472_99 V VN17472 E_17472_17906_99 VN17906 E_17906_18431_99
E V E V
change and it comes to 480.63MW.
477.875 P,Q 1965.373 P,Q 1758.02 E 1280.72 E -438.918 E
-20.466E Load -500.615E Load 76.859
~ 103.909
~ 175.328
~
E_17472_0_99 E_17906_0_99 E_18431_0_99
Actual lines-PANKI4 to PANKI2, PANKI4 to OBRA4,
-477.875 E -1965.37 E
P = 423.8
20.466
~ 500.615
~ P = -958.8
PANKI4 to UNNA04, PANKI4 to KNPRN4 (both)
Q = -32.1 E_17265_0_99 E_17446_0_99 Q = -167.3

T
E T-Line
After placing PST, all actual lines are not overloaded.
E_17446_17466_1 A P = -102.7 A
V E_17446_17906_99
Q = -7.882 V
220.0 : 400.0
1 P = -573.4 A E T-Line TABLE VII
E Q = -37.24 V E_17472_18431_99
PST Results in line PANKI4 to UNNAO4
T
E_17466_17472_1 A P = -633.1
V Q = -112.1
220.0 : 400.0
Active Reactive Tap Angle(degre
1
E
A
V
power power setting e)
E T-Line
E_17446_18431_99
P(MW) Q(MVAr)
P = 443.4 P = 443.4
Q = -22.85
Rs Rd
Q = -32.6 -1902.4 192.1 0.33 27.5
PST
T
E_17466_17906_1 A
Ys Yd
A
-1172.7 87 0.1 9.7
V Vp
Bs Bd
Vs V
-615.23 28.8 0.001 0.99
220.0 : 400.0
1 P = -108.7 480.63 -18.23 0.0101 -0.99
E Q = 51.51
443.4 -22.85 0.01265 -1.239
E T-Line
E_17466_18431_1
A
V
P = -105.2
Q = 48.24 116.8 -20.73 0.1 -9.8
E T-Line A
1126.99 -33.36 0.33 -28.21
E_17466_18431_2 V

Fig.7 Single line diagram of UP Network (with PST) in PSCAD The study has been done for various tap positions from
Main,PST : Graphs
nominal position to + 33% some of the data depicted in table
1.5k
p1 Q1 and graph respectively. It is also concluded that 800 MVA
1.0k single phase unit applied which will have no limitation of
0.5k transport and manufacturing.
0.0 Actual implementation of a 315 MVA PST had been
y (p .u .)

-0.5k
addressed at KTPS (Kothegudem thermal power station for
-1.0k
-1.5k
Andhra Pradesh generation corporation for evacuation of
-2.0k 500MW generation at 400 kV integrating the existing 220
0.350
Shift network by reducing the stress on 220 kV lines and optimal
0.300 utilisation of 400kV line. Under the situation no other FACTS
0.250 device was considered for the solution.
0.200
0.150
CONCLUSION
y

VI.
0.100
0.050
0.000 The Simulation in this paper has brought out the scenario of
Angle difference
UP network where the lightly loaded lines can be loaded
30
20
within its capabilities and the overloaded lines can be under
10 loaded by employing PST in line between PANKI4 to
0 UNNAO4 buses.
y

-10
-20
-30
0.0 2.0
Fig.8 Active & reactive power change with tap setting in line PANKI4 to
UNNA04
Fig.8 shows the relation of Active and Reactive power flow
change, change of tap setting and angle difference. Tap
changing block of PSCAD is shown in fig.5.1. When tap
setting is 0.33 then above graph shows the Active power -
1902.4MW (reverse direction), Reactive power 192.1MVAr
(forward direction) and angle difference 27.5. When tap
With the result it is concluded that the loading can be reduced
from -811.4 MW to 443.4 MW. So it shows that PST is
changing the power flow as well as the direction of power
4.0 6.0 8.0 10.0 12.0
flow. This will also result into loss reduction.
Each PST is custom built for specific location of the network
as above + 33% of taps in the PST. The power transfer
capabilities of the PST are reducing and therefore the tap
changer will be designed for 33% taps.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
The author would like to thank professor and BHEL team
for their helpful suggestions and comments during the
research of this paper.

190
 multichannelVFT application - the Linden project," 2010 IEEE PES
Transmission and Distribution Conference and Exposition, pp.1-7,19-
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