The principal parts of the sentence:the subject & the predicate.

The subject and the predicate constitute the backbone of the sentence: without them
the sentence would not exist at all, whereas all other parts may or may not be
there, and if they are there, they serve to define or modify either the subject or
the predicate, or each other.
The subject is one of the 2 main parts of the sentence:
1)It denotes the thing whose action or characteristic is expressed by the
predicate.
2)It is not dependent on any other part of the sentence.
It may be expressed by different parts of speech, the most frequent ones being: a
noun in the common case, a personal pronoun in the nominative case, a demonstrative
pronoun occasionally, a substantivized adjective, a numeral, an infinitive, and a
gerund. It may also be expressed by a phrase.
The predicate is one of the 2 main parts of the sentence:
1)It denotes the action or property of the thing expressed by the subject
2)It is not dependent on any other part of the sentence.
3)Ways of expressing the predicate are varied and their structure will better be
considered under the heading of types of predicate.
Object
The secondary parts of the sentence.
The Object is a secondary part of the sentence expressed by a verb, a noun, a
substantival pronoun, an adjective, a numeral, or an adverb, and denoting a thing
to which the action passes on, which is a result of the action, in reference to
which an action is committed or a property is manifested, or denoting an action as
object of another action.
Classification of object:
1.Prepositional and non-prepositional objects
2.Morphological types (noun, pronoun, substantivized adjective, infinitive, gerund)
3.Direct/indirect, is applied only to objects expressed by nouns or pronouns. There
are sentences in which the predicate is expressed by the verbs send, show, lend,
give. These verbs usually take 2 different kinds of objects simultaneously: (1) an
object expressing the thing which is sent, shown, lent, given, etc. (2) the person
or persons to whom the thing is sent, shown, lent, given, etc.
The difference between the 2 relations is clear enough: the direct object denotes
the thing immediately affected by the action denoted by the predicate verb, whereas
the indirect object expresses the person towards whom the thing is moved, e.g. We
sent them a present. The indirect object stands 1st, the direct object comes after
it. In studying different kinds of objects it is also essential to take into
account the possibility of the corresponding passive construction.
Adverbial modifier
The Adverbial Modifier. The term �adverbial modifier� cannot be said to be a very
lucky one, as it is apt to convey erroneous (wrong, incorrect) ideas about the
essence of this secondary part. They have nothing to do with adverbs and they
modify not only verbs.
(1.)According to their meaning � not a grammatical classification. However it may
acquire some grammatical significance. (2).According to their morphological
peculiarities � according to the parts of speech and to the phrase patterns. It has
also something to do with word order, and stands in a certain relation to the
classification according to meaning,adverb,preposition + noun,a noun without a
preposition,infinitive or an infinitive phrase (3.)According to the type of their
head-word � is the syntactic classification proper. The meaning of the word
(phrase) acting as modifier should be compatible with the meaning of the head-word.
Adverbial modifier of: Time and frequency,Place and direction,Manner and attendant
circumstances, Cause,Purpose,Result,Condition,Concession,Degree
The problem of the attribute.
The attribute is a secondary part of the sentence modifying a part of the sentence
expressed by a noun, a substantivized pronoun, a cardinal numeral, and any
substantivized word, and characterizing the thing named by these words as to its
quality or property.
The attribute can either precede or follow the noun it modifies. Accordingly we use
terms prepositive and postpositive attribute. The position of an attribute with
respect to its head-word depends partly on the morphological peculiarities of the
attribute itself, and partly on stylistic factors.