(Classroom Notes For C. English by Aj/Crb) : Downloaded From

[CLASSROOM NOTES FOR C.
ENGLISH BY
AJ/CRB] 1
Writing instructions: user’s manual 3. Screw each wire in the proper hole. You can decide which one is which
because they are labeled. Each wire is also a different color.
Instructions are directions that tell the user how to carry out a technical 4. When each wire is screwed down and there are no bits sticking out to
procedure. They must be easy to understand. After reading them, any touch other, screw the top back on.
untrained or non-technical reader must be able to carry the function for the 5. Insert the plug pins into the power socket and switch on.
first time and obtain the same results. A set of instructions should help a
reader accomplish a task quickly, efficiently and successfully. It's important Example 2: Having a program tapped (Recorded)
to provide every detail. Omissions or mistakes may frustrate a reader. 1. Put the tape in the machine.
2. Press rewind and wait until the rewinding has finished.
How to Instructions? 3. Change the channel to 5.
4. The record button is the red one in the top left corner. Press it.
1. Invent a title which says exactly what the instructions are for. Use an 5. Check the recording light is on.
informative title that tells the reader the objective. Use headings and 6. Press stop when the programme has finished.
subheadings to group tasks and describe the information that follows.
2. Use simple words and short imperative sentences. Avoid jargon. For Example 3: How to Fix a Bicycle Puncture
example, instead of “Boot the computer” use “Turn on the computer.”
Prefer the active voice to the passive voice. Prefer positive commands to Step 1: Get a pump, some tyre levers, a puncture repair kit which includes:
negatives ones. If the negative is essential, place it after positive rubber solution, a patch, chalk, a bowl of water, sandpaper and a piece of
statement of the step and emphasize with underlining or boldface. For cloth.
example: “Collect all hazardous waste reagents in a container. Never Pour Step 2: Turn the bike upside down and remove the wheel. Different wheels
them down the sink.” have different release mechanisms - usually a nut that needs unscrewing - or
3. Provide clear diagram where helpful. a quick release lever.
4. Keep each step in the process separate. Step 3: Let out air. Undo the valve cap and if there is one, the threaded metal
5. Order instructions to reflect order of use. Put the steps in the sensible collar. Let all the air out of the tyre, by pushing the valve back towards the
order. Use numbers if the sequence is important. Use the bullets when rim.
the sequence is not important. Step 4: Unhook the tyre. Insert a tyre lever under the rim and attach this to a
6. Mention anything, which keeps the reader on the right lines. spoke on the wheel. This will bring one section of the tyre out over the rim.
7. Set off cautions and warnings. Now insert another lever a few centimetres away from the first. Be careful
8. Leave spaces – it is hard to follow words packed together. not to pinch the inner tube. Now gently slide the lever round the rim until
one side of the tyre is released.
Example 1: Fixing a Plug With the tyre still on one side of the rim, grasp the inner tube at the valve
hole, push the valve up through the rim and pull it out of the tyre.
1. Buy the kind of plug you need and take off the top. Step 5: Find the hole. To find the hole, first pump some air into the inner
2. Fit the flex (flexible insulated wire used for carrying electric current to an tube. You can either listen for a hiss, feel for airflow or place the tube in a
appliance) in far enough at one end so the three wires reach the holes bowl of water. This is often recommended because you can see where the
they have to be fitted in. hole is from where the bubbles come out.
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2 [CLASSROOM NOTES FOR C. ENGLISH BY AJ/CRB]
Step 6: Prepare to repair. Now you know where the hole is, dry if wet, and place, and date of the meeting. It's also good to add contact information in
sand down with the sandpaper from the puncture repair kit. Then apply case people have additional questions.
enough rubber solution to fully cover the area where the patch will go. Blow
on the solution for a few seconds until dry
Step 8: Repair. Place the patch over the dried rubber solution, and apply Notice Sample
pressure until it is sealed tight. Grate some chalk using the grater on the
back of the repair kit and liberally spread over the patch. This will soak up Architects’ Society of Engineering College
any extra glue and stop it sticking to the inside of the tyre. Sitapaila, Kathmandu
Step 9: Replace the inner tube. Before you start, give the inner tube 2 or 3
pumps of air. This will stop it getting pinched when you put it back on the Date: 19 August 2012
tyre. Starting with the valve hole, put the inner tube onto the rim, under the
tyre. Ease it on all the way round the wheel. Then hook the tyre back on with
your hands. Make sure you don't pinch the inner tube if you're having Notice for Annual Meeting of Architects’ Society of Engineering College
trouble with the last section of tyre, use a tyre lever to get it back on.
Step 10: Pump up the tyre. The First Executive Committee of Architect Society of Architects’ Society of
Step 11: Put the wheel back on. Make sure the handle-bar is at right angles Engineering College is holding the annual meeting of the society on 16
to the frame - so the wheel goes in straight. Then lower the wheel so that August 2011 at 10:00 am sharp. The meeting will be held in the
there's an equal space on either side of the wheel nuts. Then tighten. multipurpose hall of **** Engineering College, Sitapaila, Kathmandu. All the
Step 12: Reattach the brakes. On a modern bike, hook the brake cable back. members of the society are invited to the meeting.
On an older bike, screw back with a key. Test them
The agendas for the meeting are as follows:
Meeting a. Minutes of the previous meeting
b. Financial report by the treasurer
One dictionary defines a meeting as an act or process of coming together as c. Election of the new executive committee
an assembly for a common purpose. A meeting is a gathering of two or more d. …….
people that has been convened for the purpose of achieving a common goal e. ……
through verbal interaction, such as sharing information or reaching f. Any other issue with the Chairman’s permission.
agreement. Meetings may occur face to face or virtually, as mediated by
communications technology, such as a telephone conference call, a skyped To include any topic in the agenda, the member should inform the secretary
conference call or a videoconference. in writing three days before the meeting.
A meeting has certain agendas to discuss and take decisions on. These
agendas are notified to the participants before the meeting starts and it is ----------------------
expected that they are prepared on the topic. Prior to conduct a meeting, Member Secretary
generally a notice is issued to concerned members. The notice details out the (H. R. Sharma)
agendas for the meeting and also necessarily gives information on time,

[CLASSROOM NOTES FOR C. ENGLISH BY
AJ/CRB] 3
Unit II: Reading: Intensive and extensive subheading, and illustrations. Consider reading the first sentence of each
paragraph. This technique is useful when you're seeking specific
Reading techniques information rather than reading for comprehension. Skimming works well
to find dates, names, and places. It might be used to review graphs, tables,
Intensive Reading (IR) occurs when the learner is focused on the language and charts. If you are exploring or reviewing, you might skim a document.
rather than the text. For example, the learner may be answering
comprehension questions, learning new vocabulary, studying the grammar Scanning is a technique you often use when looking up a word in the
and expressions in the text, translating the passage (sometimes called telephone book or dictionary. You search for key words or ideas. In most
'careful reading'), or other tasks that involve the student in looking cases, you know what you're looking for, so you're concentrating on finding
intensively (inside) the text. Most often all the students read the same short a particular answer. Scanning involves moving your eyes quickly down the
text that the teacher decided. Intensive reading means that the readers take page seeking specific words and phrases. Scanning is also used when you
a text, study it line by line, and refer at very moment to the dictionary about first find a resource to determine whether it will answer your questions.
the grammar of the text itself. Once you've scanned the document, you might go back and skim it. If you're
searching for information, you might scan for a particular word.
Extensive reading (ER) means reading or viewing a large number of print
and non-print texts (fiction and non-fiction) with a wide range of topics and A summary is a brief account that contains the main points of something.
formats at the students' reading level and interest. The purposes of such Some examples that you hear or see almost everyday are news reports given
reading and/or viewing are usually to seek pleasure, information, and on the radio or TV. Students often have to write summaries of books they
general understanding. As such, extensive reading/viewing can provide have read. Writing a summary lets you know how much you understood of
exposure to extensive comprehensible language, which is highly beneficial what you read or saw. Summaries are a great way to remember what has
for language acquisition. It also helps facilitate good reading/viewing habits happened. In other words, a summary, synopsis, or recap is a shorter
and motivation for reading. The readers read books after books. Its attention version of the original. Such a simplification highlights the major points from
is paid to the meaning of the text itself not the language. The purpose of the much longer subject, such as a text, speech, film, or event. The purpose is
extensive reading is for pleasure and information. Thus, extensive reading is to help the audience get the gist in a short period of time. A summary has no
also termed as “supplementary reading”. dramatic structure. In summaries only indirect speech is used and
depictions are avoided. Summaries of books or dissertations present the
Skimming is used to quickly identify the main ideas of a text. When you major facts in common scientific language.
read the newspaper, you're probably not reading it word-by-word; instead
you're skimming the text. Skimming is done at a speed three to four times A summary is a record in a reader's own words that gives the main points of
faster than normal reading. People often skim when they have lots of a piece of writing such as a newspaper article, the chapter of a book, or even
material to read in a limited amount of time. Use skimming when you want a whole book. It is also possible to summarize something that you have
to see if an article may be of interest in your research. heard, such as a lecture, or something that you have seen and heard, such as
a movie. A summary omits details, and does not include the reader's
There are many strategies that can be used when skimming. Some people interpretation of the original
read the first and last paragraphs. Some pay attention to key words for
finding or guessing the general meanings. You might read the title, subtitles,

Note taking & note making II. Interpretation: Key points of works of fiction and non-fiction are
implied, and deciphering the meaning behind the plot is interpretation.
Notes act as a summary or reinforcement of the main points of what you Often, this level also involves the question: Can some points be extended to
read, heard or saw; they are also an essential record of where information circumstances beyond those directly touched upon by the author?
came from (for referencing purposes). They also remind you of other things III. Critical thinking: Here one tries to see things clearly and objectively.
you should do to continue learning, e.g. sources to check out; action to take. One looks for the flaws, and then moves beyond them to an objective and
judicious evaluation of the subject at hand. One asks such questions as:
Notes can help you to concentrate on the lecture or reading; the note writing Where did the author go wrong? Which statements can’t I accept? Why can’t
process can help you overcome distraction and can encourage you to I accept them? Which aspects of this text survive this filtering process intact?
become a more active, rather than passive, learner. What are the positive aspects of this story?
IV. Assimilation: This involves making something of what you have read a
Notes are, therefore, useful for future revision purposes, particularly in part of yourself. One asks such questions such as: What is the meaning of
preparation for exams or writing assignments. this text for me? Can I tie this text to something I already know? Can it help
me understand anything I didn’t understand before? Did it enhance my
They are an aid to memory. If you summarise in your own words, this can appreciation for beautiful of good things? Does it suggest some connections
help you remember the subject better, particularly in exams. that I, and perhaps others, have never perceived before?
Note-making then, is when you have to actively select, organise and connect Note: Readers often apply these four levels simultaneously, interwoven, and
data and information that is particularly relevant and important to a spontaneously. They read texts, bearing in mind the potential applicability
deeper understanding of the subject. Note-making follows on from taking and inapplicability of these levels.
notes and happens when:
(a) you review your notes and re-organise them in a way that makes more Report Writing Format
sense or leads to more obvious connections between points; or
(b) you attempt to produce this type of note in the first place, particularly as Not the routine report, memo report, letter report etc but only the
you read. informational and interpretive reports contain the elements required for the
Note-taking is when you simply write what you hear in lectures, or from constitution of formal report. The following sequence of elements is the
printed texts. If the subject is an unfamiliar one, this is often inevitable, prevailing practice for the formal report in the professional world:
particularly with international students who are trying hard to understand,
follow and note what the lecturer is saying. But it should be regarded as the 1. Cover
first-stage only of the process and should lead on to note-making. 2.Title Page
3. Acknowledgements
Four levels of Interacting with the texts 4. Table of Contents
5. Abstract and Summary
I. Literal comprehension: Literal comprehension implies the ability to 6. Introduction (preface)
restate the argument. In novels, short stories, poems, and plays, it implies a 7. Discussion and Description
concise retelling in my own words. 8. Conclusions
9. Recommendations
AJ/CRB] 5
10. Appendix considered harmless. It is a minor element in the earth's atmosphere

11. List of References comprising only about 0.03% of the total atmosphere. However, this small
12. Bibliography amount of CO2, along with water vapor, is responsible for what is commonly
13.Glossary known as the greenhouse effect.
The purpose of this report is to examine the climatic changes caused by
increased carbon dioxide in the atmosphere and their implications for
Sample Report society. Also discussed will be the mechanisms of the greenhouse effect, the
sources and reservoirs of carbon dioxide, and some possible methods to
A Report on reduce the magnitude of the problem.
THE EFFECTS OF INCREASED ATMOSPHERIC CARBON DIOXIDE
Discussion
Submitted to Prof. Hari Krishna Shrestha Mechanisms of the greenhouse effect
Due to various factors the earth's climate naturally changes over extended
Submitted by Kamal Sharma periods of time. For the mean global temperature to stay constant, the earth-
atmosphere system must be in radiative equilibrium with the sun. In other
July 2012 words, the incoming solar radiation must match the outgoing thermal
radiation from the earth. Of the incoming solar radiation, 35% is reflected
back into space. The reflectivity of the earth is its albedo. The albedo is taken
Abstract into consideration when the total energy flux of the earth-atmosphere
Since the Industrial Revolution, man has introduced tremendous amounts of system is calculated. Of the remaining 65% of solar radiation that is not
carbon dioxide into the earth's atmosphere. While some of this CO2 is reflected back, 47% is absorbed by the surface and 18% is absorbed by the
assimilated into natural reservoirs, approximately 50% remains airborne. atmosphere. For the temperature of our system to remain constant, this
This increase in CO2 concentration causes what is commonly known as the energy that is absorbed by the atmosphere must be radiated back out.
greenhouse effect. The greenhouse effect is a result of the absorption of The greenhouse effect is caused by minor constituents in the atmosphere,
infrared radiation by the surface of the earth. This absorption causes an mainly carbon dioxide and water vapor. The earth must radiate in the 5-
increase in the atmospheric temperature. Increasing the earth's micron to 30-micron region. However, water vapor is a strong absorber of
temperature in turn increases the amount of water vapor in the atmosphere. radiation over the entire thermal spectrum except in the 8-micron to 18-
micron interval. The 12-micron to 18-micron interval is largely blocked by
Introduction CO2 absorption.
The carbon cycle
In the next few years, the climate of the earth may be warmer than any time
in the past thousand years. This change, which is incredibly fast by The reason for the amplified effect at the poles is that the atmosphere has a
geological time scales, will be brought about by increased levels of carbon much lower concentration of water vapor at the poles than at lower
dioxide in the earth's atmosphere. The most important source of excessive latitudes. Therefore, an increase in atmospheric CO2 will cause a relatively
CO2 is the burning of carbon-based fossil fuels for energy production. larger increase in the greenhouse effect over the poles. Some of the
Carbon dioxide is a by-product of all living systems and is normally noticeable effects are:

a job, for services, for a cash reward, for research money – for attention in a
1. Changes in Local Weather Patterns crowded field. A proposal is actually a hybrid – it combines the formality of
2. Drought technical report with the persuasiveness of a sales pitch.
3. Increased Tropical Storm Activity
4. Sea Level Increase A technical proposal usually has the following parts:
Conclusions
Carbon dioxide accumulation in the atmosphere is the most dangerous 1. Title
pollution problem today. This excess of CO2 will cause an increase in the 2. Abstract or summary
mean global temperature which should be detectable shortly before the end 3. Problem statement or rationale
of this century. This warming is caused by the greenhouse effect. CO2 allows 4. Objectives
incoming radiation from the sun to enter the atmosphere. Also, a global 5. Procedure
reforestation program should be undertaken to provide a large biotic sink 6. Evaluation or follow up
for CO2 in the new few decades. 7. Budget
Recommendations SAMPLE
Question: You or your firm has just received the following request from the
The severity of the consequences of this major climatic change requires that Alpine Foundation, a major supporter for the waste management in
action be taken to lessen man's input of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere. Kathmandu Valley.
The greenhouse threat is a global problem that calls for global action. Some
of the steps that need to be taken are: The Alpine Foundation RFP
1. A concerted effort must be made to conserve fuel with a goal of The Alpine Foundation requests proposals for improvements in the
reducing global consumption. system in waste management in Kathmandu Valley. Proposals must
2. The use of a combination of fossil fuels that will minimize the input focus on the following areas: (1) removal of the waste from the city; (2)
of CO2 into the atmosphere must be emphasized. Natural gas is the cleanest transport to the dumping site; and (3) possible health hazards to the
of the fossil fuels and large reserves of gas have been found. local people near the site and their remedy.
3. Alternate energy sources, such as solar and nuclear, should be
developed. Date:
4. Reforestation on a massive global scale is needed to provide a large To:
biotic sink in the next few decades. From:
Subject:
Proposal writing
By their nature, proposals must be persuasive documents, telling not only Introduction
what the author wants to do, but why the author is the best person to do it. Problem statement or rationale
To do this effectively, a good proposal presents a carefully structured plan. Problem solving procedure (solution)
The details of the plan may be technical, but the arguments themselves must Evaluation or follow up
be persuasive ones that sell the proposer, the proposer’s idea, and the Budget
competence of the person to do the job. A proposal may be known as bid for
AJ/CRB] 7
(You can add other topics or delete some of the above topics as you think
necessary or appropriate according to the given situation.)

Sample Proposal Total Probable Project Cost – NRS 1,198,173.00
Date: July 25, 2012 Details of Construction materials with specifications and their cost will be
made available upon request.
To: Samir Sharma
Construction procedure and time frame
From: ( Architect- constructor) Rabin Shrestha
I: Site Preparation: Mid September
Title: Construction of Proposed of One Storey Building It includes determining the exact location and verifying boundaries as
shown in the location map. It also includes providing storage facilities for
Introduction construction materials as approved by the owner and Architect and Civil
This proposal has been prepared with reference to the verbal Engineer. Furnishing of all labor, equipment and other facilities necessary to
understanding between Architect Rabin Shrestha, who wishes to contract complete the preparation of the site will be a part of it.
the construction of the the building and Samir Sharma, the owner of the
proposed building. The one storey building will be constructed in the Plot no II: Construction: Mid September 2012 to Mid January 2013
243 of Kathmandu Metropolitan City, Ward 33, Koteshwor. The covering It includes earthwork, the concrete work i.e. construction of columns, beams
area of the building will be 941 sq. ft. The design abd drawing will be as and slab using class A mixture (1:2:4). It also includes construction of wall.
agreed by both the parties. The construction will begin in September 2012
and complete in March 2013. III. Finishing work: Mid January to Mid march 2013
It includes fitting door & windows; tile work and plumbing in the bathroom
Budget Estimate & kitchen; electrical work and painting.
I. Concrete and Masonry –NRS. 398,502.50 Payment & Handover
II. Carpentry – 38,775.00 The owner will make the partial payments in three installments as below:
III. Steel Trusses – 45,485.00 a. Upon signing the contract – 10% of the total amount
IV. Roofing Materials – 61,772.50 b. September 15, 2012 – 20 % of the total amount
V. Doors – 20,792.00 c. November 25, 2011 – 30 % of the total amount
VI. Windows – 45,300.00 d. March 25, 2011 – 40 % of the total amount
VII. Plumbing– 15,340.00
VIII. Tile Works – 57,345.00 When the construction work is completed, the Architect/Contractor will
IX. Electrical Works – 16,720.00 remove and properly dispose all temporary structures, materials and
X. Painting Works – 53,750.00 rubbish of every sort and leave the premises and ground in good condition.
XI. Embankment/Earthfill – 45,000.00
TOTAL – 798,782.00
Budget Summary
A. Material Cost –798,782.00
B. Labor Cost –399,391.00
AJ/CRB] 9
Seminar
Seminar is the discussion in a small group in which the result of original

research or advanced study is presented through oral or written reports.
Seminar is organized for cross-fertilization of ideas; where one person Introduction:
presents a lead paper incorporating his findings and then there is an in-
depth discussion on the material presented. Other members actively Nepal as an under-developed nation has been facing many problems, but
participate in the discussion. They have close interaction with the lead increasing pollution level in its capital, is one of the worst recent problems.
speaker by expressing their views a seen from their individual angels. They Increasing level of toxic materials in environment including water and air is
clarify the doubt with specific questions. making Kathmandu a unhealthy place to live in. Bagmati River, the symbol of
Bagmati Civilization, is one of worst polluted rivers across the world and in
The main purpose of a seminar is to share knowledge and to get viewpoints South Asia.
of equally well-informed persons. However, in the university the seminar
refers to the discussion by a group of advanced level students under the Though surrounded by forest across its territories, the capital’s air is thick
supervision. Each seminar has an objective, a lead speaker and a number of with pollutants and wearing a mask while walking around has become a
participants. They formulate the theme, determine the lead speaker and necessity. In this background, this paper has tried to summarize major
identify the participant, select the venue and fi the time and date of the factors that have contributing in increasing pollution in Kathmandu and has
seminar. made some efforts that could address those problems effectively.
A seminar coordinator, has to send the information to the participant we in Methodology and Limitations of the Study:
time in a properly structured communication and clearly stating the
objectives arrangement have been made for conducting it. This paper is based on secondary data obtained through available local and
internet library. The implications of the findings are for Kathmandu in
Q. Imagine that you are going to take part in a seminar as a lead particular and by extension could be used for cities with similar cultural and
speaker. Write a paper on 'Cause of air pollution in Kathmandu and its economic conditions.
solution'.
Discussion/Findings
Seminar Paper Sample
Title Page The Ranas were the first Nepalese to introduce mechanical vehicles to Nepal
A paper on a paper on and they too were the first introduce engineering planning in Kathmandu.
'Cause of air pollution in Kathmandu and its solution'. But the import of technologies in the days ahead and establishment of towns
in Kathmandu remained unorganized in the latter days and to some extent,
Presented by ****** Kalikote both of these sectors remain unorganized. The study has found out the
at underlined factors as contributing to the pollution of Kathmandu mostly:
Kathmandu Climate Seminar
20-24 Sept, 2012 Air Pollution:

1. Lack of standard operation procedures and lack of implementation of the When a small number of persons meet face to face and conduct oral
existing one in procuring vehicles and in assessing their pollution level. interaction among themselves exchange information or attempt to reach a
2. Lack of strict implementation of pollution controlling standards on decision on shared problems. It is difficult to specify the number of
vehicles that ply on the roads of the capital. participants that would make the group discussion useful. The process of
3. Lack of walking culture among residents interaction changes when one or two persons are added to the
4. Lack of fuel efficient and pollution free public transportation system. communication situation.
Water Pollution
1. Draining sewerage including industrial and domestic waste in Bagmati The appropriate number of participants in group discussion is five to nine.
River There is no leader of such discussion; informally one of the participants may
2. Lack of water treatment and waste treatment plants emerge as a leader. Sometimes responsible professionals would lead the
3. Lack of properly integrated sewerage system discussion to ensure the smooth flow of interaction and ultimately arrive at
4. Unhealthy and unrestricted growth of industries and lack of proper an agreed solution or a strategy of action to achieve specific purpose for
facilities to dispose toxic chemicals that are dumped into earth which the discussion was organized. Each participant should give a fair
chance to others to speak and express their opinion.
Recommendations:
1. The Kathmandu Metropolitan City should set up a separate department Not the emotional outburst and display of excitement have place in this type
for monitoring the pollution level of vehicles and make it mandatory for of discussion, but crystallization of thought and enlightening the different
every vehicle to have their environmental license reviewed every six aspects of the topic under the discussion are allowed there
months. Descriptive Writing is a piece of writing, which says what someone or
2. Petroleum free public transportation system like electricity run buses something is like. It is a verbal picture of a person, place or thing. It generally
should be operated in major routes of the capital so as the general public begins with a general statement that introduces the subject or the topic,
is attaracted to use public transportation defines it giving its fundamental meaning. In a sense it is are production of
3. Bicycles and walking should be promoted through ad campaigning. one's observation.
Summary: Technical Talk

Air and water pollution in Kathmandu created due to various factors can be
still brought under control if the concerned authorities and the city’s Technical Talk is a form of talk where, technical content is communicated to
residents take the problem seriously and make efforts from all quarters in the specified audience, but in a more humanized way. Every scientific
reducing use of toxic materials. discovery, advancement, and technology moves forward with human
interest, and is recorded and communicated with the human perspective.
References Cited However they have not been into the common usage and practice of the
general human behavior. As a result, they seem highly complicated and
----------------------------- abstruse. To cast light upon them and bring them unto common human
understanding, mutual talk is needed between the expert and common
Group Discussion people. This very process of bring the complicated matter into common
human practice is called 'Technical Talk'.

AJ/CRB] 11
Q. Prepare a technical talk on the causes of pollution and ways to 1. Draining sewerage including industrial and domestic waste in Bagmati
reduce them in Kathmandu lasting for 20 minutes. River
2. Lack of water treatment and waste treatment plants
Sample 3. Lack of properly integrated sewerage system
4. Unhealthy and unrestricted growth of industries and lack of proper
facilities to dispose toxic chemicals that are dumped into earth
Recommendations: (Slide 4 Time 4 mins
Introduction: (Put up Slide 1, Time 5 mins)
1. The Kathmandu Metropolitan City should set up a separate department
Nepal as an under-developed nation has been facing many problems, but for monitoring the pollution level of vehicles and make it mandatory for
increasing pollution level in its capital, is one of the worst recent problems. every vehicle to have their environmental license reviewed every six
Increasing level of toxic materials in environment including water and air is months.
making Kathmandu a unhealthy place to live in. Bagmati River, the symbol of 2. Petroleum free public transportation system like electricity run buses
Bagmati Civilization, is one of worst polluted rivers across the world and in should be operated in major routes of the capital so as the general public
South Asia. Though surrounded by forest across its territories, the capital’s is attaracted to use public transportation
air is thick with pollutants and wearing a mask while walking around has 3. Bicycles and walking should be promoted through ad campaigning.
become a necessity. In this background, this paper has tried to summarize
major factors that have contributing in increasing pollution in Kathmandu Conclusion (Slide 5, Time 3 Mins):
and has made some efforts that could address those problems effectively. Air and water pollution in Kathmandu created due to various factors can be
still brought under control if the concerned authorities and the city’s
The Ranas were the first Nepalese to introduce mechanical vehicles to Nepal residents take the problem seriously and make efforts from all quarters in
and they too were the first introduce engineering planning in Kathmandu. reducing use of toxic materials.
But the import of technologies in the days ahead and establishment of towns
in Kathmandu remained unorganized in the latter days and to some extent,
both of these sectors remain unorganized. The study has found out the
underlined factors as contributing to the pollution of Kathmandu mostly.
Air Pollution: (Slide 2, Time 4 Mins)

1. Lack of standard operation procedures and lack of implementation of the
existing one in procuring vehicles and in assessing their pollution level.
2. Lack of strict implementation of pollution controlling standards on
vehicles that ply on the roads of the capital.
3. Lack of walking culture among residents
4. Lack of fuel efficient and pollution free public transportation system. CV SAMPLE
Water Pollution (Slide 3 Time 4 mins) Mr Maniratan Kanskar

Baneshwor, Kathmandu. Kathmandu

Mobile: +91-99********
E-Mail: mani**@gmail.com
Sample of Resume
Career objective: A career in rural road and bridge construction that would
enhance my good academic background and one year of working experience
in similar field. Mr. MUKUNDA TAMANG
Professional Experience: Baneshwor, Kathmandu.
Mobile: +91-99********
Working as deputy Engineer for Triveni Construction company along the E-Mail: mani**@gmail.com
Rukum-Rolpa mountain road project since April 2010. Responsible for -----------------------------
monitoring the on-field activities and see to it that the works are carried out
as per the company’s action plan and that the deadline and standard of the
construction is met. Supervising the construction of 40 Kms of road that PROFILE SUMMARY
includes two concrete motorable bridges.
A well experienced civil engineer with 10 years of experience in rural road
Academia and bridge construction and an enthusiastic self-starter with strong
• BE – Electrical from R University in 2011 with a CGPA of 3.4 from **** leadership and communications skills. Proven academic and curricular
Engineering College, Kathmandu affiliated to Purbanchal University by achievements, and possess the right technical and soft skills required to
specializing in road and bridge construction. propel the organization achieving its goals and objectives. Now looking
• forward to extend even better services to the area by working more
• I Sc with first division from ***** college in 2006 under affiliations f resourceful organizations.
rom Tribhuvan University and specialized in physics.
• SLC from Radeshwori English School, Bardiya in 2002 with first division. In my decade long professional affiliations, I have worked and supervised
construction of 460 Kms of road in 4 rural districts of Nepal. My last
Publications: affiliations was **** company ( 2009-12) that was entrusted to construct 46
Kms of road across the Humla-Holesi road stretch in Humla district- one of
An unpublished B.E research based dissertation on “Road and Bridge the most rocky road stretch in Nepal. During my two years of work span
Standards in Mountain Roads of Nepal: A Case Study of Kaski District”. The here as the project managed I remained successful in completing the
research was conducted as part of the course’s partial fulfillment of the designated work on time and as specified in the agreement.
course.
Before that I was recruited by **** company (2002-04) in Kanchanpur, *****
References: company (2004-06) in Kapliwastu, **** company (2006-09) in Solukhumbu
Mr. ***** sayami to work in projects that were assigned with the task to construct rural roads
Head of the Civil Engineering Department in direct participation of stakeholders.
**** Engineering College

AJ/CRB] 13
I have an excellent track record in academia. I graduated in Civil Engineering have provided me the technical qualification and expertise that you wish
with a cumulative GPA of 3.8 from the prestigious **** Engineering College to have for post bearer.
with course designed by the Purbanchal University. I also had the privilege
of conducting my research on rural road and bridge infrastructure under the My CV, which is enclosed, contains additional information on my
guidance of **** Tamrakar, the than Department Chief of Civil Engineering at experience and skills. I would appreciate the opportunity to discuss the
the college and one of the most acclaimed road and bridge specialist in opportunity with you and to provide further information on my candidacy.
Nepal. I can be reached via my cell phone, 98414****** or by email at
******@gmail.com.
Apart from this I have sound knowledge of AutoCad, GPS and statistical data
analysis package instrumental in conducting the project. Thank you for your time and consideration. I look forward to speaking
with you about this exciting opportunity.
LETTER FOR JOB APPLICATION Sincerely,
***** Tamang ----------------
New Baneshwor, Kathmandu ****** Tamang
Cell: 984148****
email: ******@gmail.com
August 16, 2012

LETTER OF COMPLAIN
To,
The Human Resource Manager ***** Shrestha
ABC Company Babiyachaur,
Kathmandu Myagdi
August 20, 2012

Dear Sir/Madam,
Being a candidate with excellent academic record and zeal to develop a
career in rural road and bridge construction, I offer myself as a candidate To,
to be considered for the post of Program Officer announced in the The
Hiamalayan Times of August 14. The Manager,
Nepal Electricity Authority
My one and half years of experience in similar position and my Myagdi
specialization in structures and roads construction during my graduation
Dear Sir/Madam emails are used as alternate of memos. On the other hand, some offices still
tend to use this form of communication.
I have been your client (Id- 222/62) since the past seven years but
electricity supply to my house was cut off some days without providing any There is no limit on the length of the memo. It can either be of a half page or
warning or cause to me. can either be several pages long. Some people prefer to use the memo as a
I have repeatedly urged your subordinates at the office for providing cover letter and the report as an attachment when the report is long. A
justification to the act and have also requested to reconnect the supply. memorandum may have any format, or it may have a format specific to an
However, so far none of them has shown willingness to cooperate in that office or institution.
regard.
Format
Thus, I hope you will take prompt action in this regard.
The memo starts off in the following manner:
Sincerely
To - this is used to address the person for whom the memo has been written
From - this includes the name of the person who has sent the memo
--------------------
***** Shrestha Date - this part consists of the day, the month and the year in which the
memo was sent
Memo writing Subject - this part informs the addressee about the issue that will be
addressed or discussed in the memo.
A memo, also known as a memorandum, is a method for communication.
The plural form is either memoranda or memorandums, or memos for the The last part will discuss or talk about the purpose for which the memo was
short form. Memos are commonly used for communicating at a place of sent. There is an assortment of reasons for which a memo is sent, which
work. Memos, sent and received in offices, all over the world are used to either can be sent to the staff to inform them about a change in the working
communicate with the internal audience, that is the employees and so on, hours or so on.
and not with the external audience such as suppliers, customers and many
more. Its main purpose is to provide assistance to the memory by recording The memo could also be used to inform the addressee about the details of an
events or observations related to a particular event such as a business event that will take place in the future.
meeting.
Question: Suppose you are the canteen manager of your college, and draft a
A memo can either be written or typed. A memo, whether written or typed, memo to inform the staff and students about the price increase.
can be transcribed in a variety of formats. Therefore, every institution has its To: All students & staff
own way of recording memos. However, with the advancement in the
technology, use of memos in workplaces has become limited as nowadays From: Canteen manager

AJ/CRB] 15
June1, 2012
Canteen prices increase
Canteen prices will go up by 10% in July. The new price will apply
from the first Sunday of the month. I regret this increase but the prices
have been steady for the last 12 months although in that time all costs
have risen.

Question: Imagine that you are the principal of a college, and you have seen
the memos of different formats being used in your college. Write a memo to Question: Imagine that you are the Managing Director of a company, and draft
HODs asking them to develop a uniform format of memo. a memo to the staff about the computerization of office.
To: HODs To: Office staff

From: The Principal From: Managing Director
Date: September 7, 2011 Date: 12 July 2012
Re: Need for New Memo Format Re: Computerization of office
I’ve noticed that we don’t seem to be able to communicate important In view of the rapid changes occurring in the company, we find that we
changes, requirements and progress reports throughout the college as have no choice but computerize our operations. This is necessary so that
effectively as we should. I propose developing one consistent memo we can cope with the ever increasing demands of the business.
format, recognizable by all staff/ faculties as the official means of
communicating college activities. Please, rest assured that the computerization will not affect the jobs of
any employees. We are not making anyone redundant. We are actually
While I know this seems like a simple solution, I believe it will cut making everyone’s job easier by bringing in the computers to handle
down on needless e-mail and allow the staff to save necessary tedious repetitive tasks. I am sure many of you appreciate what
information for later referral. computers can do to help us.
Please talk among yourselves to determine the proper points of memo Some of the office staff will have to attend day courses on how to use
writing and return the input to me by coming Monday. I will then send the computers, and they will be duly informed.
out a notice to the entire staff regarding the new memo format.
Thank you for your prompt attention to this.

AJ/CRB] 17
Intonation or Tone
1.For a sentence with a list of articles, falling tone for the last item and
It is the rise and fall of the pitch of the voice in speaking, especially as this rising tone for others.
affects the meaning of what is said. I wore a cap, a coat and a tie.
A. Falling tone 2. In a sentence with choice between two things, rising tone for the first
1. Complete assertive sentence and falling tone for the second.
I’ve cut my finger. Will you study science or social studies?
She is beautiful. 3. A sentence with two related parts, rising tone for the first and falling
2. Wh question tone for the second.
Who stole my photo? I bought a ticket, but didn’t get a seat.
3. Imperative sentence (command) 4. The person addressed has the rising tone and the person spoken
Shut the door. about has the falling tone.
4 Expression of gratitude Sir, this is my father.
Thank you! 5. Rising tone for the subordinate clause at the beginning of a sentence
5. Expression of strong exclamation and falling tone for the main clause.
Splendid! When it gets dark, I go home.
Bravo! 6. For the yes/ no question and answer.
Amazing! “ Do you like the way I teach?” “Yes, we do.”
B. Rising tone
D. Falling tone + Rising tone
1. Yes/ no question 1. A statement + question tag when we are less certain of what we say.
Did you receive the parcel? Your father is a doctor, isn’t he?
Would you like some tea? 2. Imperative sentence with question tag
2. A statement denoting some kind of question Pass the salt, will you?
You saw me yesterday at the cocktail party?
3. Imperative sentence (request) E. Falling tone + Falling tone
Please sit down. 1. Statement + question tag when we are certain of what we say and
4. To point out a question with the use of exclamation expect people to agree with us.
Really! I am married, aren’t I?
5. In greetings or farewell 2. For two unrelated parts of a sentence.
Good morning. Rita was cooking and her son was sleeping.
6. Wh question when one cannot hear or understand what 3. In a sentence consisting of a word or a group of words, in apposition
somebody has said. to the previous group.
“She went to Delhi.” “Where did she go?” That’s Hari, the new student.
C. Rising tone + Falling tone 6. Rising tone + Rising tone

1. For a long yes/ no question the enemy camp from view; and over the black ridges of the mountains
Are you the boy whose father shouted at me on the phone? rose the moon like a lost shield dented by sword blows.
The Mother of a Traitor And the people in the city, despairing of succour, worn out by toil and
hunger, their hope of salvation waning from day to day, the people in the
Maxim Gorky (Alexei Maximovich Peshkov) city stared in horror at that moon, at the sharp-toothed ridges of the
mountains, the black mass of the gorges and the noisy camp of the enemy.
One can endlessly talk about mothers. For several weeks enemy hosts had Everything spoke to them of death, and not a star was there in the sky to
surrounded the city in a tight ring of steel; by night fires were lit and the give them consolation.
flames peered through the inky blackness at the walls of the city like a
myriad red eyes- they blazed malevolently, and their menacing glare They were afraid to light the lamps in the house, and a heavy darkness
evoked gloomy thoughts within the beleaguered city. enveloped the streets, and in this darkness, like a fish stirring in the depths
of a river, a woman draped from head to foot in a black cloak moved
From the walls they saw the enemy noose draw tighter saw the dark soundlessly.
shadows hovering about the fires and heard the neighing of well-fed
horses, the clanging of weapons, the laud laughter and singing of man When they saw her, people whispered to one another:
confident of victory – and what can be more jarring to the ear than the ‘Is it she?’
songs and laughter of the enemy? ‘It is she.’
And they withdrew into the niches under archways or hurried past her
The enemy had thrown corpses into all the streams that fed water to the with lowered heads. The patrol chiefs warned her sternly. ‘Abroad again,’
city, they had burned down the vineyards around the walls, trampled the Monna Marriana? ‘Take care, you may be killed and nobody will bother to
fields, cut down the orchards – the city was now exposed on all sides , and search for the culprit.’
nearly every day the canon and muskets of the enemy showered it with She drew herself up and stood waiting, but the patrols passed by, either
lead and iron. not daring or else scorning to raise their hand against her. The armed men
avoided her like a corpse and left alone in the darkness. She continued her
Detachments of war weary, half-starved soldiers trooped sullenly through solitary wanderings from street to street soundless and black like the
the narrow streets of the city; from the windows of the houses issued the incarnation of the city’s misfortune, while all about her, as though
groans of the wounded, the cries of the delirious, and the prayers of pursuing her melancholy sounds issued from the night, the groans, cries,
women and wailing of children. People spoke in whispers, breaking off in prayers and sullen murmur of soldiers who had all hope of victory.
the middle of sentence, tensely alert; was not that the enemy advancing?
A citizen and a mother, she thought of her son and her country: for at the
Worst of all were nights; in the nocturnal stillness the groans and cries head of the men who were destroying her town was her son, her gay,
were more distinctly audible; black shadows crept stealthily from the handsome, heartless son. Yet, not so long ago she had looked upon him
gorges of the distant mountains towards the half-demolished walls, hiding with pride regarding him as her precious gift to her country, a beneficent

AJ/CRB] 19
force she had brought forth to aid the people of the city where she had Marianna covered her face and went on her way. The next morning she
been born and reared. Her heart was bound by hundreds of invisible appeared before the city’s defenders and said:
threads to these ancient stones with which her forefathers had built their
homes and raised the walls of the city’ to the soil wherein lay buried the ‘My son has come to be your enemy. Either kill me or open the gates that I
bones of her kinsfolk, to the legends, the songs and the hopes of the may got to him…..’
people. And now this heart had lost a loved one and it wept, she weighed They replied:
in her native city, and she could not tell which weighed more. ‘You are a human being, and your country must be precious to you; your
son is as much as an enemy to you as to each one of us.’
And so she wandered thus by night through the streets, and, many, failing
to recognize her, drew back in fear , mistaking her black figure for the ‘I am his mother. I love him and feel that I am to blame for what he has
incarnation of Death that was so near to all of them, and when they did become!’
recognize her, they turned silently away from the mother of a traitor.
But, one day in a remote corner by the city walls she saw another woman Then they took counsel with one another and decided:
kneeling beside a corpse, so still that she seemed part of the earth. The
woman was praying, her grief-stricken face upturned to the stars. And on ‘It would not be honourable to kill you for the sins of your son. We know
the wall overhead the sentries spoke in low tones, their weapons grating that you could not have led him to commit this terrible sin, and we can
against the stone. understand your distress. But the city does not need you even as a hostage;
your son cares not for you, we believe that he has forgotten you, fiend that
The traitor’s mother asked he is, and there is your punishment if you think you have deserved it! We
‘Your husband?’ believe that is more terrible than death itself!
‘No’
“Your brother?’ ‘Yes,’ she said. ‘It is indeed more terrible.’
‘My son. My husband was killed thirteen days ago my son today.’ And
rising from her knees, the mother of the slain man said humbly: ‘Then And so they opened the gates and suffered her to leave the city and
Madonna sees all and knows all, and I am grateful to her.’ For what?’ watched long from the battlements as she departed from her native soil,
asked the first, and the other replied: now drenched with the blood her son had split. She walked slowly, for her
feet were reluctant to tear themselves away from this soil, and she bowed
Now that he has died honourably fighting for his country I can say that I to the corpses of the city’s defenders, kicking aside a broken weapon in
feared for him: he was light- hearted, too fond of revelry and I feared that disgust, for all weapons are abhorrent to mothers save those that protect
he might betray his cit, as did the son of Marianna, the enemy of God and life.
Man, the leader of our foes, may be so cursed and the womb that bore
him!’ She walked as though she carried a precious phial of water beneath her
cloak and feared to spill a drop and as her figure grew smaller and smaller

to those who watched from the city wall, it seemed to them that with her ‘Stones are dumb unless man makes them speak. Let the mountains speak
went their dejection and hopelessness. of me that is what I wish!’
They saw her pause halfway and throwing back the hood of her cloak turn ‘And what of men?’ she asked.
back and gaze long at the city. And over in the enemy’s camp they saw
her alone in the field and figures dark as her own approached her ‘Ah yes, I have not forgotten them, Mother. I need them too, for only in
cautiously. They approached and inquired who she was and whence she men’s memory are heroes, immortal!’
had come.
She said: ‘A hero is he who creates life in defiance of death, who conquers
‘Your leader is my son’, she said, and not one of the soldiers doubted it. death….’
They fell in beside her, singing his praises, saying how clever and brave
he was, and she listened to them with head proudly raised, showing no ‘No!’ he objected. ‘The destroyer is as glorious as the builder of a city.
surprise, for her son could not be otherwise. See, we do not know who it was that built Rome-Aeneas or Romulus-yet
we know well the name of Alaric and the heroes who destroyed the
And now, at last, she stood before him whom she had known nine months city….’
before birth, him whom she had never felt apart from her own heart. In
silk and velvet he stood before her, his weapons studded with precious ‘Which outlived all names’, the mother reminded him.
stones. All was as it should be, thus had seen him so many times in her
dreams- rich, famous and admired. Thus they, conversed until the sun sank to rest; less and less frequently did
she interrupt his wild speech, lower sank her proud head.
‘Mother!’ he said kissing her hands. ‘Thou hast come to me, thou art with
me, and tomorrow I shall capture that accursed city!’ A Mother creates, she protects, and to speak to her of destruction means to
speak against her; but he did not know this, he did not know that he was
‘The city where thou wert born,’ she reminded him. negating her reason for existence.
Intoxicated with his prowess, crazed with the thirst for more glory, he A Mother is always opposed to death; the hand that brings death into the
answered her with the arrogant heat of youth. house of men, is hateful and abhorrent to Mothers. But the son did not
‘I was born into the world and for the world, and I mean to make the perceive this, for he was blinded by the cold glitter of glory that deadens
world quake with wonder of me! I have spared this city for thy sake, it has the heart.
been like a thorn in my flesh and has retarded my swift rise to fame. But
now tomorrow I shall smash that nest of obstinate fools!’ Nor did he know that a Mother can be as clever and ruthless as she is
fearless, when the life she creates and cherishes is in question.
‘Where every stone knows and remembers them as a child,’ she said.

AJ/CRB] 21
She sat with bowed head, and through the opening in the leader’s richly ‘And women?’ she asked bending over him.
appointed tent she saw the city where first she had felt the sweet tremor of
life within her and the anguished convulsion of the birth of this child who ‘They are many, one tires of them as of everything that is too sweet.’
now thirsted for destruction.
‘And dost thou not desire children?’ she asked finally.
The crimson rays of the sun dyed the walls and towers of the city blood-
red, cast ‘What for? That they might be killed? Someone like me will kill them;
a baleful glare on the windowpanes so that the whole city seemed to be a that will give me pain and I shall be too old and feeble to avenge them.
mass of wounds with the crimson sap of life flowing from each gash.
Presently the city turned black as a corpse and the stars shone above it like ‘Thou art handsome, but as barren as a streak of lightning,’ she said with a
funeral candles. sight.
She saw the dark houses where people feared to light candles so as not to ‘Yes, like lightning…’ he replied, smiling.
attract the attention of the enemy, saw the streets steeped in gloom and
rank with the stench of corpses, heard the muffled whispers of people And he dozed there on his mother’s breast like a child.
awaiting death-she saw it all, all that was near and dear to her stood before
her, dumbly awaiting her decision and she felt herself the mother of all Then, covering him with her black cloak, she plunged a knife into his
those people in her city. heart, and with a shudder he died, for who knew better than she where her
son’s heart beat. And, throwing his corpse at the feet of astonished
Clouds descended from the black peaks into the valley and swooped down sentries, she said addressing the city:
like winged steeds upon the doomed city.
‘As a citizen, I have done for my country all I could: as a Mother I remain
‘We may attack tonight;’ said her son. ‘If the night is dark enough!’ It is with my son! It is too late for me to bear another, my life is of no use to
hard to kill when the sun shines in your eyes and the glitter of the weapons anyone.’
blinds you, many a blow goes awry,’ he remarked, examining his sword.
And the knife, still warm with his blood, her blood; she plunged with a
The mother said to him; ‘Come, my son, lay thy head on my breast and firm hand into her own breast, and again she struck true, for an aching
rest, remember how gay and kind, thou wert as a child and how everyone heart is not hard to find.
loved thee…’
(Maxim Gorky from Spectrum)
He obeyed her, laid his head in her lap and closed his eyes, saying: A TALE
‘I love only glory and I love thee for having made me as I am.’ Bishweshwar Prasad Koirala, Nepal (1914-1982)

(Translated and edited by Shreedhar Lohani) The leopards and cobras, the dare and hare, surrounded him in perfect
harmony. \the fawns pressed through the ring of lions to cuddle up with
This is a tale of long long ago, when human beings were in competition him. Anxious not to break the tranquility of the holy place, the tigers and
with the gods. The gods, ever fearful of defeat in the life-and-death bears tiptoed meekly by. Only the young animals frolicked in the clearing.
struggle with the demons, did not hesitate to request the help of mere
mortals like Dadhichi and Dasharath. But whenever any of these inferior Suffused by inner light, he achieved a state of unending ecstasy. He felt
mortals aspired to become gods through penance, the gods grew wary of the brilliance of a thousand suns exploding within him. Has his goal then
their erstwhile allies. That is why the gods sought to destroy the penance been accomplished?
of people who abandoned all worldly pleasures. Their most successful
emissaries of destruction were celestial nymphs. When the sage’s penance started to threaten the seat of heaven, and
while he was still immersed in his long trance, Indra, the king of the gods,
In those days, one man realized that supreme knowledge could not be sent the comeliest and adroitest nymph of his court to the hermitage.
found in cities and villages. Among men, he felt, the path of godhood was The nymph stripped off her clothes and stepped into the river, playfully
blocked by social obligations and by the love of family and friends. So, to sprinkling its water. She looked as vibrant, as majestic and enchanting, as
win supreme knowledge and godhood, he went to dwell alone in a remote a Himalayan touched by the first rays of the sun. Knee-deep in the river,
jungle. she stooped to fill her hands with water, appearing as pure and chaste as
the rajanigandha flower. Loveliest of all were her breasts, pointing down
He lived in a small clearing surrounded by lofty trees. He ate wild roots towards the water like twin raptors ready to pounce on their prey.
and berries and drank water from the sparkling river that flowed by his
hut. The air was filled with the songs of birds and the gentle murmur of At that very moment, while the nymph was still in that spellbinding
the river. In short, if a man could transcend his earthly condition anywhere posture, the sage’s eyes involuntarily opened. He did not see the changes
on earth, that clearing was the place. around him; he did notice the overgrown clearing, nor the termite hill
which rose up to his chest. Instead, his gaze fell on the nymph.
To triumph over the flesh, he squatted in front of seven tongued-fires in
summer and plunged into ice-cold water in winter. He fasted for many The sage perceived no disparity between his inner peace and the maiden
days. Eventually, after much labor, he conquered his flesh and mind and who was now quivering like a willow sapling against the current. She was
lost his soul to God, achieving a state of unceasing meditative trance. the living image of his last stage of penance, or the incarnation of his
undying passion.
Now one full moon followed another .The seasons changed. The trees lost
their leaves, put on new leaves, flowered, and lost their leaves again. Wild Slowly, the sage rose. Still fully experiencing his inner state of bliss, he
flowers blossomed and withered. The grass around him grew tall while the advanced towards the glistening maiden .Soon after, they married in the
grass beneath him died. Termites built their nest on his legs. Yet the sage jungle and made preparations to return to society.
went on sitting motionlessly, in a deep meditative trance.

AJ/CRB] 23
Just then, a great king and his entourage came to pay homage to the "What can I do? I did not bring them in!" answered Praskovya.
famous recluse. But, upon seeing the sage’s young wife, the pilgrims
turned away in dismay and shock. "We must do something! You had better get a cat, hadn't you?"
The sage and his wife built a house in a village. Like their neighbors, "I've got a cat, but what good is it?"
they tilled the soil and led a simple domestic life. In the course of time
they became the parents of two boys. They helped their neighbors in any And Praskovya pointed to the corner where a white kitten, thin as a match,
way they could, nursing their sick, feeding their hungry, and bestowing lay curled up asleep beside a broom.
upon them innumerable acts of kindness.
"Why is it no good?" asked Pyotr Demyanitch.
But their neighbors could never forgive his fall. They eyed with
suspicion the erstwhile saint erecting a cow shed. At the sight of his wife "It's young yet, and foolish. It's not two months old yet."
carrying water from the well, they thought,|'' Is she an evil seductress who
caused the saint’s downfall?” "H'm. . . . Then it must be trained. It had much better be learning instead
of lying there."
And yet the sage never ceased to experience the ecstasy and bliss he felt
in the jungle. Saying this, Pyotr Demyanitch sighed with a careworn air and went out of
the kitchen. The kitten raised his head, looked lazily after him, and shut
his eyes again.
WHO WAS TO BLAME?
The kitten lay awake thinking. Of what? Unacquainted with real life,
Anton Chekhov having no store of accumulated impressions, his mental processes could
only be instinctive, and he could but picture life in accordance with the
As my uncle Pyotr Demyanitch, a lean, bilious high school teacher, conceptions that he had inherited, together with his flesh and blood, from
exceedingly like a stale smoked fish with a stick through it, was getting his ancestors, the tigers (vide Darwin). His thoughts were of the nature of
ready to go to the high school, where he taught Latin, he noticed that the day-dreams. His feline imagination pictured something like the Arabian
corner of his grammar was nibbled by mice. desert, over which flitted shadows closely resembling Praskovya, the
stove, the broom. In the midst of the shadows there suddenly appeared a
"I say, Praskovya," he said, going into the kitchen and addressing the saucer of milk; the saucer began to grow paws, it began moving and
cook, "how is it we have got mice here? Upon my word! Yesterday my displayed a tendency to run; the kitten made a bound, and with a thrill of
top hat was nibbled, to-day they have disfigured my Latin grammar. . . . blood-thirsty sensuality thrust his claws into it.
At this rate they will soon begin eating my clothes!

When the saucer had vanished into obscurity a piece of meat appeared, "I'm coming," responded Praskovya, and a minute later she came in with
dropped by Praskovya; the meat ran away with a cowardly squeak, but the the descendant of tigers in her arms.
kitten made a bound and got his claws into it. . . . Everything that rose
before the imagination of the young dreamer had for its starting-point "Capital!" said Pyotr Demyanitch, rubbing his hands. "We will give him a
leaps, claws, and teeth. . . The soul of another is darkness, and a cat's soul lesson. . . . Put him down opposite the mouse-trap . . . that's it. . . . Let him
more than most, but how near the visions just described are to the truth sniff it and look at it. . . . That's it. . . ."
may be seen from the following fact: under the influence of his day-
dreams the kitten suddenly leaped up, looked with flashing eyes at The kitten looked wonderingly at my uncle, at his arm-chair, sniffed the
Praskovya, ruffled up his coat, and making one bound, thrust his claws mouse-trap in bewilderment, then, frightened probably by the glaring
into the cook's skirt. Obviously he was born a mouse catcher, a worthy son lamplight and the attention directed to him, made a dash and ran in terror
of his bloodthirsty ancestors. Fate had destined him to be the terror of to the door.
cellars, store-rooms and cornbins, and had it not been for education . . . we
will not anticipate, however. "Stop!" shouted my uncle, seizing him by the tail, "stop, you rascal! He's
afraid of a mouse, the idiot! Look! It's a mouse! Look! Well? Look, I tell
On his way home from the high school, Pyotr Demyanitch went into a you!"
general shop and bought a mouse-trap for fifteen kopecks. At dinner he
fixed a little bit of his rissole on the hook, and set the trap under the sofa, Pyotr Demyanitch took the kitten by the scruff of the neck and pushed him
where there were heaps of the pupils' old exercise-books, which with his nose against the mouse-trap.
Praskovya used for various domestic purposes. At six o'clock in the
evening, when the worthy Latin master was sitting at the table correcting "Look, you carrion! Take him and hold him, Praskovya. . . . Hold him
his pupils' exercises, there was a sudden "klop!" so loud that my uncle opposite the door of the trap. . . . When I let the mouse out, you let him go
started and dropped his pen. He went at once to the sofa and took out the instantly. . . . Do you hear? . . . Instantly let go! Now!"
trap. A neat little mouse, the size of a thimble, was sniffing the wires and
trembling with fear. My uncle assumed a mysterious expression and lifted the door of the trap.
. . . The mouse came out irresolutely, sniffed the air, and flew like an
"Aha," muttered Pyotr Demyanitch, and he looked at the mouse arrow under the sofa. . . . The kitten on being released darted under the
malignantly, as though he were about to give him a bad mark. "You are table with his tail in the air.
cau--aught, wretch! Wait a bit! I'll teach you to eat my grammar!
"It has got away! got away!" cried Pyotr Demyanitch, looking ferocious.
Having gloated over his victim, Poytr Demyanitch put the mouse-trap on "Where is he, the scoundrel? Under the table? You wait. . ."
the floor and called:
My uncle dragged the kitten from under the table and shook him in the air.
"Praskovya, there's a mouse caught! Bring the kitten here!

AJ/CRB] 25
"Wretched little beast," he muttered, smacking him on the ear. "Take that, A year passed, the thin, frail kitten had turned into a solid and sagacious
take that! Will you shirk it next time? Wr-r-r-etch. . . ." tom-cat. One day he was on his way by the back yards to an amatory
interview. He had just reached his destination when he suddenly heard a
Next day Praskovya heard again the summons. rustle, and thereupon caught sight of a mouse which ran from a water-
trough towards a stable; my hero's hair stood on end, he arched his back,
"Praskovya, there is a mouse caught! Bring the kitten here!" hissed, and trembling all over, took to ignominious flight.
After the outrage of the previous day the kitten had taken refuge under the Alas! Sometimes I feel myself in the ludicrous position of the flying cat.
stove and had not come out all night. When Praskovya pulled him out and, Like the kitten, I had in my day the honour of being taught Latin by my
carrying him by the scruff of the neck into the study, set him down before uncle. Now, whenever I chance to see some work of classical antiquity,
the mouse-trap, he trembled all over and mewed piteously. instead of being moved to eager enthusiasm, I begin recalling, ut
consecutivum, the irregular verbs, the sallow grey face of my uncle, the
"Come, let him feel at home first," Pyotr Demyanitch commanded. "Let ablative absolute. . . . I turn pale, my hair stands up on my head, and, like
him look and sniff. Look and learn! Stop, plague take you!" he shouted, the cat, I take to ignominious flight.
noticing that the kitten was backing away from the mouse-trap. "I'll thrash
you! Hold him by the ear! That's it. . . . Well now, set him down before the
trap. . . ."
My uncle slowly lifted the door of the trap . . . the mouse whisked under
the very nose of the kitten, flung itself against Praskovya's hand and fled
under the cupboard; the kitten, feeling himself free, took a desperate
bound and retreated under the sofa.
Marriage Is a Private Affair
"He's let another mouse go!" bawled Pyotr Demyanitch. "Do you call that Chinua Achebe, Nigeria
a cat? Nasty little beast! Thrash him! thrash him by the mousetrap!"
“Have you written to your dad yet?” asked Nene1 one afternoon as she sat
When the third mouse had been caught, the kitten shivered all over at the with Nnaemeka in her room at 16 Kasanga Street, Lagos.
sight of the mousetrap and its inmate, and scratched Praskovya's hand. . . .
After the fourth mouse my uncle flew into a rage, kicked the kitten, and “No. I’ve been thinking about it. I think it’s better to tell him when I get
said: home on leave!”
"Take the nasty thing away! Get rid of it! Chuck it away! It's no earthly “But why? Your leave is such a long way off yet—six whole weeks. He
use!" should be let into our happiness now.”

Nnaemeka was silent for a while, and then began very slowly as if he “All right, honey, suit yourself. You know your father.”
groped for his words: “I wish I were sure it would be happiness to him.”
As Nnaemeka walked home that evening he turned over in his mind
“Of course it must,” replied Nene, a little surprised. “Why shouldn’t it?” different ways of overcoming his father’s opposition, especially now that
he had gone and found a girl for him. He had thought of showing his letter
“You have lived in Lagos all your life, and you know very little about to Nene but decided on second thoughts not to, at least for the moment. He
people in remote parts of the country.” read it again when he got home and couldn’t help smiling to himself. He
remembered Ugoye quite well, an Amazon of a girl who used to beat up
“That’s what you always say. But I don’t believe anybody will be so all the boys, himself included, on the way to the stream, a complete dunce
unlike other people that they will be unhappy when their sons are engaged at school.
to marry.”
I have found a girl who will suit you admirably—Ugoye Nweke, the eldest
“Yes. They are most unhappy if the engagement is not arranged by them. daughter of our neighbor, Jacob Nweke. She has a proper Christian
In our case it’s worse—you are not even an Ibo.” upbringing. When she stopped schooling some years ago her father (a
man of sound judgment) sent her to live in the house of a pastor where she
This was said so seriously and so bluntly that Nene could not find speech has received all the training a wife could need. Her Sunday school teacher
immediately. In the cosmopolitan atmosphere of the city it had always has told me that she reads her Bible very fluently. I hope we shall begin
seemed to her something of a joke that a person’s tribe could determine negotiations when you come home in December.
whom he married.
On the second evening of his return from Lagos, Nnaemeka sat with his
At last she said, “You don’t really mean that he will object to your father under a cassia tree. This was the old man’s retreat where he went to
marrying me simply on that account? I had always thought you Ibos were read his Bible when the parching December sun had set and a fresh,
kindly disposed to other people.” reviving wind blew on the leaves.
“So we are. But when it comes to marriage, well, it’s not quite so simple. “Father,” began Nnaemeka suddenly, “I have come to ask for
And this,” he added, “is not peculiar to the Ibos. If your father were alive forgiveness.”
and lived in the heart of Ibibio-land he would be exactly like my father.”
“Forgiveness? For what, my son?” he asked in amazement.
“I don’t know. But anyway, as your father is so fond of you, I’m sure he
will forgive you soon enough. Come on then, be a good boy and send him “It’s about this marriage question.”
a nice lovely letter . . .”
“Which marriage question?”
“It would not be wise to break the news to him by writing. A letter will
bring it upon him with a shock. I’m quite sure about that.”

AJ/CRB] 27
“I can’t—we must—I mean it is impossible for me to marry Nweke’s “Whose daughter is she, anyway?”
daughter.”
“She is Nene Atang.”
“Impossible? Why?” asked his father.
“What!” All the mildness was gone again. “Did you say Neneataga, what
“I don’t love her.” does that mean?”
“Nobody said you did. Why should you?” he asked. “Nene Atang from Calabar. She is the only girl I can marry.” This was a
very rash reply and Nnaemeka expected the storm to burst. But it did not.
“Marriage today is different . . .” His father merely walked away into his room. This was most unexpected
and perplexed Nnaemeka. His father’s silence was infinitely more
“Look here, my son,” interrupted his father, “nothing is different. What menacing than a flood of threatening speech. That night the old man did
one looks for in a wife are a good character and a Christian background.” not eat.
Nnaemeka saw there was no hope along the present line of argument. When he sent for Nnaemeka a day later he applied all possible ways of
dissuasion. But the young man’s heart was hardened, and his father
“Moreover,” he said, “I am engaged to marry another girl who has all of eventually gave him up as lost.
Ugoye’s good qualities, and who . . .”
“I owe it to you, my son, as a duty to show you what is right and what is
His father did not believe his ears. “What did you say?” he asked slowly wrong. Whoever put this idea into your head might as well have cut your
and disconcertingly. throat. It is Satan’s work.” He waved his son away.
“She is a good Christian,” his son went on, “and a teacher in a girls’ “You will change your mind, Father, when you know Nene.”
school in Lagos.”
“I shall never see her,” was the reply. From that night the father scarcely
“Teacher, did you say? If you consider that a qualification for a good wife spoke to his son. He did not, however, cease hoping that he would realize
I should like to point out to you, Emeka, that no Christian woman should how serious was the danger he was heading for. Day and night he put him
teach. St. Paul in his letter to the Corinthians says that women should keep in his prayers.
silence.” He rose slowly from his seat and paced forward and backward.
This was his pet subject, and he condemned vehemently those church Nnaemeka, for his own part, was very deeply affected by his father’s grief.
leaders who encouraged women to teach in their schools. After he had But he kept hoping that it would pass away. If it had occurred to him that
spent his emotion on a long homily he at last came back to his son’s never in the history of his people had a man married a woman who spoke
engagement, in a seemingly milder tone. a different tongue, he might have been less optimistic. “It has never been
heard,” was the verdict of an old man speaking a few weeks later. In that
short sentence he spoke for all of his people. This man had come with “But it was her fault,” said Madubogwu. “She ought to have gone to an
others to commiserate with Okeke when news went round about his son’s honest herbalist. She was a clever woman, nevertheless.”
behavior. By that time the son had gone back to Lagos.
“She was a wicked murderess,” said Jonathan, who rarely argued with his
“It has never been heard,” said the old man again with a sad shake of his neighbors because, he often said, they were incapable of reasoning. “The
head. medicine was prepared for her husband, it was his name they called in its
preparation, and I am sure it would have been perfectly beneficial to him.
“What did Our Lord say?” asked another gentleman. “Sons shall rise It was wicked to put it into the herbalist’s food, and say you were only
against their Fathers; it is there in the Holy Book.” trying it out.”
“It is the beginning of the end,” said another. Six months later, Nnaemeka was showing his young wife a short letter
from his father:
The discussion thus tending to become theological, Madubogwu, a highly
practical man, brought it down once more to the ordinary level. It amazes me that you could be so unfeeling as to send me your wedding
picture. I would have sent it back. But on further thought I decided just to
“Have you thought of consulting a native doctor about your son?” he cut off your wife and send it back to you because I have nothing to do with
asked Nnaemeka’s father. her. How I wish that I had nothing to do with you either.
“He isn’t sick,” was the reply. When Nene read through this letter and looked at the mutilated picture her
eyes filled with tears, and she began to sob.
“What is he then? The boy’s mind is diseased and only a good herbalist
can bring him back to his right senses. The medicine he requires is “Don’t cry, my darling,” said her husband. “He is essentially good-natured
Amalile, the same that women apply with success to recapture their and will one day look more kindly on our marriage.”
husbands’ straying affection.”
But years passed and that one day did not come.
“Madubogwu is right,” said another gentleman. “This thing calls for
medicine.” For eight years, Okeke would have nothing to do with his son, Nnaemeka.
Only three times (when Nnaemeka asked to come home and spend his
“I shall not call in a native doctor.” Nnaemeka’s father was known to be leave) did he write to him.
obstinately ahead of his more superstitious neighbors in these matters. “I
will not be another Mrs. Ochuba. If my son wants to kill himself let him “I can’t have you in my house,” he replied on one occasion. “It can be of
do it with his own hands. It is not for me to help him.” no interest to me where or how you spend your leave—or your life, for
that matter.”

AJ/CRB] 29
The prejudice against Nnaemeka’s marriage was not confined to his little first rain in the year. It came down in large sharp drops and was
village. In Lagos, especially among his people who worked there, it accompanied by the lightning and thunder which mark a change of season.
showed itself in a different way. Their women, when they met at their Okeke was trying hard not to think of his two grandsons. But he knew he
village meeting, were not hostile to Nene. Rather, they paid her such was now fighting a losing battle. He tried to hum a favorite hymn but the
excessive deference as to make her feel she was not one of them. But as pattering of large raindrops on the roof broke up the tune. His mind
time went on, Nene gradually broke through some of this prejudice and immediately returned to the children. How could he shut his door against
even began to make friends among them. Slowly and grudgingly they them? By a curious mental process he imagined them standing, sad and
began to admit that she kept her home much better than most of them. forsaken, under the harsh angry weather—shut out from his house.
The story eventually got to the little village in the heart of the Ibo country That night he hardly slept, from remorse—and a vague fear that he might
that Nnaemeka and his young wife were a most happy couple. But his die without making it up to them.
father was one of the few people in the village who knew nothing about
this. He always displayed so much temper whenever his son’s name was
mentioned that everyone avoided it in his presence. By a tremendous
effort of will he had succeeded in pushing his son to the back of his mind. Keeping Errors at Bay
The strain had nearly killed him but he had persevered, and won. Bertrand Russell (England, 1872-1970)
Then one day he received a letter from Nene, and in spite of himself he
began to glance through it perfunctorily until all of a sudden the
expression on his face changed and he began to read more carefully. T o avoid the various foolish opinions to which mankind are prone,
no superhuman genius is required. A few simple rules will keep you,
. . . Our two sons, from the day they learnt that they have a grandfather, not from all error, but from silly error.
have insisted on being taken to him. I find it impossible to tell them that
you will not see them. I implore you to allow Nnaemeka to bring them If the matter is one that can be settled by observation, make the
home for a short time during his leave next month. I shall remain here in observation yourself. Aristotle could have avoided the mistake of thinking
Lagos . . . that women have fewer teeth than men by the simple device of asking
Mrs. Aristotle to keep her mouth open while he counted. He did not do so
The old man at once felt the resolution he had built up over so many years because he thought he knew. Thinking that you know when in fact you
falling in. He was telling himself that he must not give in. He tried to steel don't is a fatal mistake, to which we are all prone. I believe myself that
his heart against all emotional appeals. It was a reenactment of that other hedgehogs eat black beetles, because I have been told that they do; but if I
struggle. He leaned against a window and looked out. The sky was were writing a book on the habits of hedgehogs, I should not commit
overcast with heavy black clouds and a high wind began to blow, filling myself until I had seen one enjoying this unappetizing diet. Aristotle,
the air with dust and dry leaves. It was one of those rare occasions when however, was less cautious. Ancient and medieval authors knew all about
even Nature takes a hand in a human fight. Very soon it began to rain, the
unicorns and salamanders; not one of them thought it necessary to avoid Becoming aware of foreign customs, however, does not always have a
dogmatic statements about them because he had never seen one of them. beneficial effect. In the seventeenth century, when the Manchus
conquered China, it was the custom among the Chinese for the women
Many matters, however, are less easily brought to the test of to have small feet, and among the Manchus for the men to wear pigtails.
experience. If, like most of mankind, you have passionate convictions Instead of each dropping their own foolish custom, they each adopted
on many such matters, there are ways in which you can make yourself the foolish custom of the other, and the Chinese continued to wear
aware of your own bias. If an opinion contrary to your own makes you pigtails until they shook off the dominion of the Manchus in the
angry, that is a sign that you are subconsciously aware of having no revolution of 1911.
good reason for thinking as you do. If someone maintains that two and
two are five, or that Iceland is on the equator, you feel pity rather than For those who have enough psychological imagination, it is a good plan to
anger, unless you know so little of arithmetic or geography that his imagine an argument with a person having a different bias. This has one
opinion shakes your own contrary conviction. The most savage advantage, and only one, as compared with actual conversation with
controversies are those about matters as to which there is no good opponents; this one advantage is that the method is not subject to the same
evidence either way. Persecution is used in theology, not in arithmetic, limitations of time and space. Mahatma Gandhi deplored railways and
because in arithmetic there is knowledge, but in theology there is only steamboats and machinery; he would have liked to undo the whole of the
opinion. So whenever you find yourself getting angry about a industrial revolution. You may never have an opportunity of actually
difference of opinion, be on your guard; you will probably find, on meeting anyone who holds this opinion, because in Western countries
examination, that your belief is going beyond what the evidence most people take the advantage of modern technique for granted. But if
warrants. you want to make sure that you are right in agreeing with the prevailing
opinion, you will find it a good plan to test the arguments that occur to
A good way of ridding yourself of certain kinds of dogmatism is to you by considering what Gandhi might have said in refutation of them. I
become aware of opinions held in social circles different from your have sometimes been led actually to change my mind as a result of this
own. When I was young, I lived much outside my own country—in kind of imaginary dialogue, and, short of this, I have frequently found
France, Germany, Italy, and the United States. I found this very myself growing less dogmatic and cocksure through realizing the possible
profitable in diminishing the intensity of insular prejudice. If you reasonableness of a hypothetical opponent.
cannot travel, seek out people with whom you disagree, and read a
newspaper belonging to a party that is not yours. If the people and the Be very wary of opinions that flatter your self-esteem. Both men
newspaper seem mad, perverse, and wicked, remind yourself that you and women, nine times out of ten, are firmly convinced of the superior
seem so to them. In this opinion both parties may be right, but they excellence of their own sex. There is abundant evidence on both sides.
cannot both be wrong. This reflection should generate a certain If you are a man, you can point out that most poets and men of science
caution. are male; if you are a woman, you can retort that so are most criminals.
The question is inherently insoluble, but self-esteem conceals this from
most people. We are all, whatever part of the world we come from,
persuaded that our own nation is superior to all others. Seeing that
AJ/CRB] 31
each nation has its characteristic merits and demerits, we adjust our
standard of values so as to make out that the merits possessed by our
nation are the really important ones, while its demerits are
comparatively trivial. Here, again, the rational man will admit that the
question is one to which there is no demonstrably right answer. It is
more difficult to deal with the self-esteem of man as man, because we
cannot argue out the matter with some non-human mind. The only way
I know of dealing with this general human conceit is to remind
ourselves that man is a brief episode in the life of a small planet in a
little corner of the universe, and that, for aught we know, other parts of
the cosmos may contain beings as superior to ourselves as we are to
jelly-fish.
Other passions besides self-esteem are common sources of

error; of these perhaps the most important is fear. Fear sometimes
operates directly, by inventing rumours of disaster in war-time, or by
imagining objects of terror, such as ghosts; sometimes it operates
indirectly, by creating belief in something comforting, such as the elixir
of life, or heaven for ourselves and hell for our enemies. Fear has many
forms—fear of death, fear of the dark, fear of the unknown, fear of the
herd, and that vague generalized fear that comes to those who conceal
from themselves their more specific terrors. Until you have admitted
your own fears to yourself, and have guarded yourself by a difficult
effort of will against their myth-making power, you cannot hope to
think truly about many matters of great importance, especially those
with which religious beliefs are concerned. Fear is the main source of
superstition, and one of the main sources of cruelty. To conquer fear is
the beginning of wisdom, in the pursuit of truth as in the endeavour
after a worthy manner of life.

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[CLASSROOM NOTES FOR C.

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10. Appendix considered harmless. It is a minor element in the earth's atmosphere

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Sample Proposal Total Probable Project Cost – NRS 1,198,173.00

Seminar is the discussion in a small group in which the result of original

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Summary: Technical Talk

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Air Pollution: (Slide 2, Time 4 Mins)

Water Pollution (Slide 3 Time 4 mins) Mr Maniratan Kanskar

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Baneshwor, Kathmandu. Kathmandu

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August 16, 2012

August 20, 2012

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Canteen prices increase

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To: HODs To: Office staff

Thank you for your prompt attention to this.

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C. Rising tone + Falling tone 6. Rising tone + Rising tone

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Other passions besides self-esteem are common sources of

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