1

CIVIL REVIEW NOTES add e he eed i h ld a l

e ac i el
5. La ha c ea e e b a i e igh f
PRELIMINARY TITLE he fi i e
ART.  2;Laws  shall  take  effect  after  fifteen  days  a. E PROOF f FILIATION de FC-
following  the  completion  of  their  publication  in  illegi i a e child e
the  Official  Gazette,  unless  it  is  otherwise  6. I e e a i e--

v.
provided.  This  Code  shall  take  effect  one  year  a. T de a d he ld la be e
after such publication.  7. La ide e ac i i --
a. he he la e e l ide f
D-days
-

P blica i i i di e able; i f he blic f i e ac i i e FAMILY CODE

GIRL he e i e ce f a ic la la ; MOREOVER if i
PENAL i cha ac e i f he e le f he
8. Pe al--
a. fa able he acc ed; a d
a
may e al e e i la i ---i h ld i la e he acc ed i ecidi i / habi al
DUE PROCESS cla e deli e
b. E . la a a ed e d dea h
GR: blica i h ld be i he OG e al : d g aded ecl i
B i h he a e d e ade b C A i EO 200 e e a
ba ed TANADA V TUVIERA; a be bli hed i
NEWSPAPER OF GENERAL CIRCULATION ART 5: ​Acts  executed  against  the  provisions  of 
mandatory  or  prohibitory  laws  shall  be  void, 
.​.. e he e ded (A 2)​: de he except  when  the  law  itself  authorizes  their 
le a e f he c g e i a ei he h e validity. 
le g he he e i d f blica i  
*** de FC: ab e ce f a f he a e e ial
GR: blica i af e 15 da f al= a iage i id
*La f l c e e ce a h i ed b
Wha la h d be blil hed? he FC: a iage ih a e h i
--all la , e ec i e de if he e i delega i ch l gicall i ca :VOID-- la f l c ec:
f he e , ad i le a d eg la i if he e i filia i f he child e de ch a iage
delega i f ad i e i le e he ba ic bef e he decla a i f he lli f
la a iage : LEGITIMATE

ART  3:  ignorance  of  the  law  excuses  no  one  from  NOTE: if he a iage i VOID=DECLARATION OF
compliance therewith.  NULLITY OF MARRIAGE; a iage i
VOIDABLE=ANNULMENT OF MARRIAGE
***ca i ke a a defe e;
PUBLICATION: c ci e ice all; e ed ART 6: ​Rights  may  be  waived,  unless  the  waiver  is 
k he la contrary  to  law,  public  order,  public  policy, 
  morals,  or  good  customs,  or  prejudicial  to  a  third 
ART  4:  laws  shall  have  no  retroactive  effect;  person with a right recognized by law.
unless the contrary is provided 
GR: all igh MAY be ai ed
GR: la hall ake ec i e effec XPN:
XPN e ac i i : (la ) 1. Wai e be c a la , blic
1. C a i e-- de , blic lic , al , g d c
a. T c e he defec f he ld la ; 2. Wai e be ej dicial a hi d
e la hall be a lied e ac i el e h ha al ead ac i ed a e ed
a ai i e igh
2. P ced al--
a. SC a e d he le f c h gh ELEMENTS OF A VALID WAIVER OF A RIGHT
Ci c la ; b a ial la ae 1. E i e ce f a igh
ej diced ( b a ial igh ill 2. K ledge f ha igh
be i ai ed) 3. Wai i g he igh ; i ellige l a d
3. E e ge c l a il
a. la bef e a ed i ake a hile 4. I e i eli i h e ce ha igh
bef e a bill bec e a a la ; 5. Legal ca aci ai e he igh
add e he eed i h ld a l 6. Pe al igh
e ac i el
4. Ta -- ART 7:  Laws are repealed only by subsequent ones, 
a. A eed f addi i al e e e: la and  their  violation  or  non-observance  shall  not  be 
bef e a ed i ake a hile excused  by  disuse,  or  custom  or  practice  to  the 
bef e a bill bec e a a la ; contrary. 

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When  the  courts  declared  a  law  to  be inconsistent  lawmaking  body  intended  right  and  justice  to 
with  the Constitution, the former shall be void and  prevail.
the latter shall govern.  *** ba i f he deci i f he j dge; he fac ,
Administrative  or  executive  acts,  orders  and  la f he ca e, a d iece f he e ide ce
regulations  shall  be  valid  only  when  they  are  not 
contrary to the laws or the Constitution.   ART 11 ​Customs  which  are  contrary  to  law,  public 
order or public policy shall not be countenanced.
-
-
p admit as acceptable or possible.
TWO KINDS OF REPEAL - he e i la ha ill be a ba i ;
1. E e j dge e i all ed b a ac i ;
a. I dica ed i he e la ha i i a ba e i j dge e ba ed CUSTOMS,
e e l e eali g he ld la
2. I lied C - ac f a a f e le hich ha bee
a. T la hich a e I c i e ih ac iced e a l g e i d f i e; PLURALITY OF
each he ; ACTS;REPETITIVE a d KNOWLEDGE ha i i
b. Ele e f I lied e eal c a la , blic lic , blic de , g d
i. Ne la i i c i e ih c a d al
he ld la
ii. B h la eak f he a e ART 12:​A c stom m st be pro ed as a fact,
bjec a e ; hich ca according to the r les of e idence.
be i le e ed a he a e - de he le e ide ce; c be
i e ed alleged;
iii. Ne la ill e ail; e la
c ide ed a he effec i e ART 13: da e a d i e; h
la ***f he e c i i e e i d: e cl de fi da , a d
i cl de he la da
Pa 2 a 7 he a bec e effec e
CONSTI e ail ; f da e al la f he la d; if ART 14; ​Penal  laws  and  those  of  public  security 
he e i a la ha i i la i e f he c i i ; and  safety  shall  be  obligatory upon all who live or 
he h ld be decla ed c i i al sojourn  in  the  Philippine  territory,  subject  to  the 
principles  of  public  international  law  and  to 
J dicia ill decla e he la c i treaty stipulations.
- e al la a d h e blic afe a d
Pa 3 ad e a d eg h ch e e a ba c ec i ae bliga bjec
a i e a i al la
Ca ha ad i le a d eg a e d, e a d a d
dif he ba ic la ? GR: all e he he ci i e f eig e h
-i ca be alid a d he BASIC LAW e el j i c a e g e ed b he PH
e ail e al la a d la blic afe a d ec i
- i le e i g le a d eg ; a e l f XPN:
i le e a i he ef e, he ca a e d, he 1. EXTERRITORIALITY- a f eig a i al i
ca e a da d dif he ba ic la i hi he PH e i ial j d beca e he i
he head f a e a a ba ad ; he i he
Whe la bec e i effec i e: La la e b i e e e a i e f hi c --if i la ed
e la ; e e d he back hei c
a d c ide he e a gaa
ART. 8 ​Judicial  decisions  applying  or  interpreting 
the  laws  or  the  Constitution  shall  form  a  part  of  2. EXTRATERRITORIALITY- e ali hich a e
the legal system of the Philippines.   f e i ial j d beca e f ea ie
  a d e ec i e ag ee e ;
deci i f he e e c bec e j dicial a. E . Milil a ba e ag ee e
ecede ce; he bec e a f he la f he la d
(j i de ce) NATIONALITY DOCTRINE
ART 15.  Laws  relating  to  family  rights  and  duties, 
exception to ***deci i f CA a d RTC a e HIGHLY PERSUASIVE or  to  the  status,  condition  and  legal  capacity  of 
f b
of the he d bec e a f he la f he la d persons  are  binding  upon  citizens  of  the 
form part Philippines, even though living abroad.
law
-

ART 9​;  No  judge  or  court  shall  decline  to  render 
judgment  by  reason  of  the  silence,  obscurity  or  Wha a e ha g e :
insufficiency of the laws.  1. Fa il igh a d d ie
j dge hall e a e e a ll he deci i 2. C di i
3. Legal a
ART 10:​In  case  of  doubt  in  the  interpretation  or  4. Legal ca aci
application  of  laws,  it  is  presumed  that  the  ***all a e g e ed b PH la ega dle he e he
Fili i ci i e i

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- I a e ial he he i i d e illf ll
XPN: ART 26 a 2 FC: e f he h ba d a d ife eglige l
bec e a f eig e ; h b ai ed a di ce dec ee - C a la
i acc da ce i h hi e a i al la - Da age ill be gi e he e i j ed
***effec b h a e all ed e a b he e h c i ed he ac ei he
eglige l i e i all
NOTE: FILIPINO CITIZENS (b h) ca b ai a
di ce dec ee i he c ART 21: ​Any  person  who  wilfully  causes  loss  or 
injury  to  another  in  a  manner  that  is  contrary  to 
ART 16​; morals,  good  customs  or  public  policy  shall 
Article 16. Real property as GR: a 1 : eal e a d e al e compensate the latter for the damage.
g e ed b he la f he c he e i i - Ac be d e illf ll i e i all
well as personal property is i la ed (le ei i / i ae) - C a al (CONTRA BONUS MORES)
subject to the law of the - The ac i c i ed c a la b
country where it is stipulated. XPN: a 2 i ca e f e a e a i e ae c a la , al , blic lic , blic
However, intestate and testamentary cce i ; de a d g d c
successions, both with respect to the order of O de f cce i ;
succession and to the amount of successional A f cce i al igh a d ART 22:   Every  person  who  through  an  act  of 
rights and to the intrinsic validity of I i ic alidi ; performance  by  another,  or  any  other  means, 
testamentary provisions, shall be regulated by ****g e ed b he a i al la acquires  or  comes  into  possession  of  something  at 
the national law of the person whose
f he e a h e cce i i de the  expense  of  the  latter  without  just  or  legal 
succession is under consideration, whatever
may be the nature of the property and c ide a i ; ega dle f he a e f he ground, shall return the same to him.
regardless of the country wherein said property a d he lace he e i i l ca ed (i i ic alidi : - SOLUTIO INDEBITI- j e ich e ;
may be found. (10a) di ib i f he e a e, di ib i f he bliga i e f e e h
e ie f he decede ) ecei ed e hi g hich he ha legal
igh ecei e; fail e e :liable f
Article 17. The forms and solemnities of ART  17  validity  of  docs  (public  instruments,  da age
contracts, wills, and other public contracts)-  
instruments shall be governed by the laws of GR: he f ali ie a d he le i ie i he ART 23:​Even  when  an  act  or  event  causing damage 
the country in which they are executed. e ec i f blic i e , c ac a ill; to  another's  property  was  not  due  to  the  fault  or 
When the acts referred to are executed ill be g e ed b he la f he lace he e i a negligence  of  the  defendant,  the  latter  shall  be 
before the diplomatic or consular officials of e ec ed (le l ci celeb a i i ) liable  for  indemnity  if  through  the  act or event he 
the Republic of the Philippines in a foreign
country, the solemnities established by
was benefited.
Philippine laws shall be observed in their XPN: - N eglige ; b be efi ed he ce h ld
execution. 1. he he c ac ha bee e ec ed i a i de if
Prohibitive laws concerning persons, their c la f a c ; ch c hall
acts or property, and those which have for g e he c ac ; REASON: c la ffice PRINCIPLE OF PARENS PATRIAE
their object public order, public policy and i he e e i f he e i f he ch ART 24:   In  all  contractual,  property  or  other 
good customs shall not be rendered
c relations,  when  one  of  the  parties  is  at  a 
ineffective by laws or judgments
promulgated, or by determinations or 2. Pa . 3 a 17: ac hich a e i la i e f disadvantage  on  account  of his moral dependence, 
conventions agreed upon in a foreign a da / hibi la f PH (e . ignorance, indigence, mental weakness, tender age 
country. (11a) Di ce dec ee b ai ed i a he c ) or  other  handicap,  the  courts  must  be  vigilant  for 
his protection.
ABUSE OF RIGHTS PRINCIPLES - ec i f he a e; h gh he c
- Mi , e all eak, he i dige
ART  19:-every  person  must  in the exercise of their 
rights  and  in  the  performance  of  their  duties  act  ART 25:   Thoughtless extravagance in expenses for 
with  justice,  give  everyone  his  due,  and  observe  pleasure  or  display during a period of acute public 
honesty and good faith.  want  or  emergency  may  be  stopped  by  order  of 
  the  courts  at  the  instance  of  any  government  or 
*** a da d al c d c hich h ld be private charitable institution.
c lied i h a e be f he ci ili ed cie ; if - e a aga ce a e e e ge c
i la ed e al ie a e gi e de ARTS 20 &21
ELEMENTS
ELEMENTS OF ABUSE OF RIGHT 1. Decla a i f a a i al e e ge c
1. The e i a legal igh d 2. The e i h gh le e a aga ce
2. E e ci ed i bad fai h 3. A head f g e e i ae
3. O l ej dice a he e cha i able i i i ; hall be he e g
c f he aba e e f he h gh le
Pe al ie e a aga ce
ART 20: ​Every  person  who,  contrary  to  law,  *** e e cha a d di de
wilfully  or  negligently  causes  damage  to  another, 
shall indemnify the latter for the same. RIGHT FOR PRIVACY AND DIGNITY
a e f da age

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ART  26:Every  person  shall  respect  the  dignity,  in  case  the  complaint  should  be  found  to  be 
personality,  privacy  and  peace  of  mind  of  his  malicious. 
neighbors  and  other  persons.  The  following  and   
similar  acts,  though  they  may  not  constitute  a  If  in  a  criminal  case  the  judgment  of  acquittal  is 
criminal  offense,  shall  produce  a  cause  of  action  based  upon  reasonable  doubt,  the  court  shall  so 
for damages, prevention and other relief:  declare.  In  the  absence  of  any  declaration  to  that 
  effect,  it  may  be  inferred  from  the  text  of  the 
(1) Prying into the privacy of another's residence:  decision  whether  or  not  the  acquittal  is  due  to 
  that ground. 
(2)  Meddling  with  or  disturbing  the  private  life  or 
family relations of another;  GR: if he e i ac i al ba ed ea able d b :
  acc ed i liable f a e f ci il i de i
(3)  Intriguing  to  cause  another  to  be  alienated  XPN: he e a a decla a i f he j dg e : ha
from his friends;  he fac he e he ci il liabili a ai e d
  e i
(4)  Vexing or humiliating another on account of his 
religious  beliefs,  lowly  station  in  life,  place  of  ART  30:  When  a separate civil action is brought to 
birth, physical defect, or other personal condition.  demand  civil  liability  arising  from  a  criminal 
  offense,  and  no  criminal  proceedings  are 
instituted  during  the  pendency  of  the  civil  case,  a 
- Ma file ci ac i preponderance  of  evidence  shall  likewise  be 
sufficient to prove the act complained of. 
ART 27: ffe a e ial l i fail e ef
d f a blic ffice (ONLY MINISTERIAL) ART  31:  When  the  civil  action  is  based  on  an 
- P blic ffice eglec hi i i e ial obligation  not  arising  from  the  act  or  omission 
f c i ; a file ac i agai he PO complained  of  as  a  felony,  such  civil  action  may 
- Ci il proceed  independently  of the criminal proceedings 
- Ad i i a i e and regardless of the result of the latter. 
- C i i al - File a e a a e ci il ac i ba ed l
e de a ce f e ide ce; b de c i
2 ki d f f c i f a PUBLIC ffice ; ce c i ac i ha bee filed, he ci il
1. Di c e i a a ec i i liedl i i ed; ci il ac i i
2. Mi i e ial e ded ( ce f bli i delic )

ART 27: UNFAIR COMPETITION ART 32: a blic ffice / i ae e ; hall be

- C eii a g a fac e a d liable f da age
lie Ac ha a be i la ed: c i i al igh de
he Bill f Righ
ART 28: - Whe i la ed; a i i e i de e de
- Pe faci g a c i i al ceedi g ( a ci il ac i
f f: be d ea able d b )
- REMEDY: Whe ac i al ba ed ART 33: C i i al ffe e : a al file e a a e
ea able d b : a file ci il i de e de ci il ac i
ac i ba ed he a e ac ; ba ed - F a d i cl de libel/ la de
delic - Defa a i i cl de e afa/ i dli g
- Ph ical i j ie i cl de de , h icide,
SOURCES OF OBLIGATIONS: e i , ligh
1. La
2. C ac ART 34: lice ffice h ef e e de aid
3. Q a i c ac ec i a e i ca e f da ge ; liable f
4. Delic da age ( i ce blic ffice ci , c i a d ad i )
***i c i i al ac i : e i ie i j ed: - ici ali / i ce ae l ge
(1.) S a e- he la a i la ed he a e i i j ed: b idia liable; beca e lice a e
e aai f he a e: i i e l ge de he c l f he LGU
(2.) P i a e agg ie ed a : e a a i : da age
ART 35: ce f bliga i :delic i f a i ha
ART  29:When  the  accused  in  a  criminal  e bee filed; ci il ac i a ill be filed;
prosecution  is  acquitted  on  the  ground  that  his  h e e ce he c i ceedi g ha al ead bee
guilt  has  not  been  proved  beyond  reasonable  i i ia ed, ci il ac i hall be e ded
doubt,  a  civil  action  for  damages for the same act 
or  omission  may  be  instituted.  Such  action  ART 36: PREJUDICIAL QUESTION
requires  only  a  preponderance  of  evidence.  Upon  - P e-j dicial e i hich be decided
motion  of  the  defendant,  the  court  may  require  bef e a c i i al ec i a be
the  plaintiff  to  file  a  bond  to  answer  for damages  i i ed a ceed, hall be g e ed

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b le f c hich he S e e C e e he i ca aci a ed e f ce ai
hall lga e a d hich hall be i bliga i , a he he la e a i e f hi ac
c flic i h he i i f hi C de. f e ela i , ch a ea e e .
Ele e :
1. P e i l i i ed ​ci il action ART 39: The f ll i g ci c a ce , a g he ,
2. The iss es are the same or intimatel dif li i ca aci ac : age, i a i ,
related ​ each he ; i becili , he a e f bei g a deaf- e, e al ,
3. The resol tion of the ci il action ill digali , fa il ela i , alie age, ab e ce,
de e i e he he he ​crim action ill i l e c a d ee hi . The c e e ce f
proceed/ the g ilt/ innocence of the he e ci c a ce a e g e ed i hi C de, he
acc sed c de , he R le f C , a d i ecial la .
Ca aci ac i li i ed acc f eligi
NOTED: M i S e d he C i i al Ca e a be belief li ical i i .
filed b he acc ed (e P ej d Q e i : BIGAMY; A a ied a , e - e ea f age
decla a i f lli if filed ill ake he c i e, i alified f all ac f ci il life, e ce i
ac i bjec a ej dicial e i ) ca e ecified b la .

ART 37:J idical ca aci , hich i he fi e be WHAT ca be d e b a e bel 18:( ll a d

he bjec f legal ela i , i i he e i e e id)
a al e a d i l l h gh dea h. - Ca e e i ecial CONTRACT OF
Ca aci ac , hich i he e d ac ih MARRIAGE
legal effec , i ac i ed a d a be l H e e, a i ca e e i ac ac ; e el
idable ( alid il a lled)
- J idical ca i i he e e e e ;
be bjec i legal ela i Ca be d e b bli d, deaf, deaf- e, i a e:
- A b child al ead ha a - Ca be a i e a ill
j idical ca aci ; if he child ill be H e e c ac e e ed i b he ecedi g a e
bjec legal ela i (ca be a VOIDABLE
d ee a hei )
- I de f a child ecei e a a Ca be d e b h ba d a d ife:
hei ; he child be b i - The ca d a e, ell each he
acc da ce ART 41. - XPN: D a i a l be de a e gif
fa il ej ici g
ART 41: F ci il e , he fe i c ide ed
b if i i ali e a he i e i i c le el Ca be d e b e h i f d i d:
deli e ed f he he ' b. H e e , if he - Ca be a e a ( be alified: legal
fe had a i a- e i e life f le ha e e age a d a d i d)
h , i i dee ed b if i die i hi
e -f h af e i c le e deli e f Ca be d e b a digal, e d h if a
he a e al b. i l e :
- Ca a age e di e
- If i a e i e life f 7 ; be c ide ed e
b ; e gh be ali e he c le el
deli e ed f he b Ca be d e b a alie f eig e :
- The 24-h i al l a lie if - Ca ac i e i a e la d i PH
he e i a i a e i e life f LESS - XPN: b he edi a cce i
ha 7 .
ART 40: Bi h de e i e e ali ; b he
DISTINGUISH JURIDICAL CAPACITY FROM CAPACITY TO c cei ed child hall be c ide ed b f all
ACT e ha a e fa able i, ided i be b
JC: i he e e e e la e i h he c di i ecified i he f ll i g
CA: legal age 18 ab e a icle.
**e e he fe ha al ead j idical ca aci b
ca aci ac ; e e i be b de ART Pe i : be b i acc da ce i h AR 41
41
- If he e i a d a i i fa f he child; ART 42:Ci il e ali i e i g i hed b dea h.
he a e / a h i ed g a dia a acce The effec f dea h he igh a d bliga i f
he d a i behalf f he child ; beca e he decea ed i de e i ed b la , b c ac a d
he fe ha ca aci ac e b ill.

RESTRICTIONS/MODIFICATION f CAPACITY TO ACT ***H e e if a alid ill ha bee e ec ed; a d he

ART 38: Mi i , i a i i becili , he a e f e a died; ill hall ake effec ; e ec he
bei g a deaf- e, digali a d ci il i e dic i i i f he ill
a e e e e ic i ca aci ac , a d d

B A D C A 1 1
 Ppp HMMMM fo property yard marriage
license

civil registrar of the

-
must

place where
the marriage
be issued by the 0*1

Once ironed it has only a lifetime

-
application was filed .
,

any
Imre and
effective
in
120 days the date of
of from
part of the Philippines .

I
ART 43: If he e i a d b , a be ee e d e i fl e ce, i le ce: VOLUNTARILY,
e h a e called cceed each he , a INTELLIGENTLY a d FREELY gi e
hich f he died fi , h e e allege he dea h
f e i he he , hall e he a e; i he FORMAL REQUISITES:

g÷÷÷÷÷÷i÷
ab e ce f f, i i e ed ha he died a he ART 3: The f al e i i e f a iage a e:
a e i e a d he e hall be a i i f igh (1) A h i f he le i i g ffice ;

::*::*::::
f e he he . (2) A alid a iage lice e e ce i he ca e
ided f i Cha e 2 f hi Ti le; a d
*** e h alleged h ha died fi ; if i i (3) A a iage ce e hich ake lace i h he
e ed ha b h ha died a he a e i e a ea a ce f he c ac i g a ie bef e he
***a licable if a ie a e i he i i g cceedi g le i i g ffice a d hei e al decla a i responsible for the irregularity shall be civilly ,

each he ha he ake each he a h ba d a d ife i he criminally and administratively liable .

U de he R le E ide ce he e a e e i e e ce f le ha i e e f legal age.

p 138
-
-

(if a ie a e cceedi g each he )

- ART 7: A h i ed S le i i g Office :
FAMILY CODE 1. P ie , abbi, i a , Art J -
.

Re i i e be A h i ed:
ART 1: Ma iage i a ecial c ac f e a e I1. Bel g a eligi ec ch ch for intersex the determining factor in -

Basic
-
civil right of a man i be
-
ee a a a d a a e e ed i i r2. Regi e ed i h he ci il egi a
acc da ce i h la f he e abli h e f ge e al/ NSO/ PSA(Phil a i ic gender classification would be what
It is something more than a c j gal a d fa il life. I i he f da i f he a h i )
mere

the individual like respondent having

-

contract
fa il a d a i i lable cial i i i h e I 3. O e b h f he c ac i g a ie ,

a e, c e e ce , a d i cide a e g e ed b be a e be f he ec of majority , with

.

reached the age

la a d bjec i la i , e ce ha ch ch
M€ a iage e le e a fi he e ela i 14. Wi hi he b d f he a h i good reason his/her sex
.

÷ ¥÷ ÷ ÷ ÷¥÷ ÷ ÷
Sptram9Y¥ d i g he a iage i hi he li i ided b hi gi e b he ec ch ch
C de 2. Pil , hi ca ai (i ca e f a iage A ic l
I Essential and I Consent Object M i )
Requite
-
-
,

Formal Requisites and consideration DISTINGUISH SPECIAL CONTRACT OF MARRIAGE FROM - Whe : , 1. Ma iage i a ic l ii
ORDINARY CONTRACT I
2. Be . a e ge ace b h the marriage
- .

2. Two parent 2 2 or mort 3. While he hi i i

✓ age
parties
-
.

and a woman
µ man parties A Re i i e : OC: C e , bjec a d d i g e
only .
c ide a i 3. C la Office :C l, Vice C l, C l

taxi
MARRIAGE: E e ial a d Ge e al;
-
-
-
F al Re i i e 1. C ac i g a ie be b h Fil
"" A . f a ie OC: e Ci i e
.
MARRIAGE: e ; a 2. Ma iage be celeb a ed i ide
a a da a he c la e
A i la i OC: a i la e 4. A i c be e be f he J dicia i hi he
T&C .. . . .
e i ial J d
.
.

MARRIAGE: GR. ca - M c, RTC, MCTC: l i hi hei e i

Death / Judicial
modes of the law
i la e -
- J ice : a i ide 32 Article
.

XPN: e 5. U i C a de : or
order of the court ela i ; a iage e le e Re i i e : military commander
TB p yqq
,

]
.

A e i ai OC: a i , f lfill e , 1. Ma iage be A ic l M i

a e a d he de de he la i
2. The e be a Cha lai a ig ed
MARRIAGE: dea h/ j dicial he i ; situation dying
de f he c (a l e /dec f lli ) 3. Cha lai i ab e
I
4. Wi hi he
5. Be Ci ilia
e f ili a
ili a e
eai
el

:[
Art y says :
-

ESSENTIAL REQUISITES OF MARRIAGE: 6. Ma (L cal G C de f 1991 (ja 1 1992)

ART 2: N a iage hall be alid, le he e ***d i g FC effec i i A g 3, 1988 (d i g
A defect in any g. the essential e e ial e i i e a e e e : ' i e e i g ei d a ca le i e a iage
(1) Legal ca aci f he c ac i g a ie h

res::÷÷m÷:::D:: (2) C e =
be a ale a d a fe ale; a d
f eel gi e i he e e ce f he
VALID MARRIAGE LICENSE
GR: alid a iage lice e fi bef e a iage
le i i g ffice . ce e
HA 35
£ XPN:
.
-

Legal ca aci : 18 ea ab e 1. A ic l M i ( e b h a he i f Art 27

- .

C e : gi e b he c ac i g a ie ; ice dea h)
Requirements
: defec f c e 2. C ac i g a ie ; a e i e e lace a d Art 28

*a¥÷¥%ngqqrqI•it
- .

- Vice ha be e e a he i e f ea f a ai
he celeb a i : f a d, i i ida i , 3. MA iage i be . M li a d e be f Art 333
Freely
-

given
.

I
e h ic c l al c i ie ; ided ha
.

.mn:b: ::b
T.ie;:3 !
"
msroiemnnn
B A D C A 1 1
,
.

solemnizing officer
.

with orig
The original of the affidavit them together .

Art go
the LCR fo the municipality
-
.

cert be submitted to
marriage
where it Wav performed w/'m 30 days .

Art . 31 -
The ship captain or
pilot may volimnioe
paangero or crew in a

marriage in Articlelo morts's

,
during and stopovers .
 7

Provided that unmarried during

he a iage i le i ed i acc da ce - Pa e al ad ice
they are

the f- yrs
.

i h hei ggg
ac ice , i e a d c - If fa able a e al ad ice:
Art 8 Venue: Non observance does not
.
-
invalidate 4. C ac i g a ie COHABITED f 5 ea -
*rt
. 34 a iage e ai VALID
a marriage but can subject
the person persons e
/ih
***
a legal i edi e
e ec e: affida i f
- H
lice
e e LCR ill
e f 90 da
e d a iage
3 months
who cause the violation to civil criminal or
c habi a i
,
a i g ha he a e c habi i g f 5
, - Ma iage c elli g
administrative liability . ea e a d he e i legal i edi e a d p
hei i e a each he pet ***120 da effec i i f he a iage lice e
Exception : Articular Mortis .

a he e i he PH; be d he e i d c ide ed
ART 9:A a iage lice e hall be i ed b he l cal la e
citizens abroad
Art 10
-

Marriage
. Filipino
between ci il egi a f he ci ici ali he e ei he
c ac i g a habi all e ide , e ce i LCR: NOTICE AND PUBLICATION:
I

may be
solemnized by consul
a
general Consul
- j

a iage ,
he e lice e i e i ed i acc da ce Pe i d: 10 da
of the Republic by the Philippines i h Cha e 2 f hi Ti le.
consul
or vice ****if he e a legal i edi e
- .

license and the duties of local civil - Ma iage Lice e hall be a lied a l cal If he e a a legal i edi e , ca he LCR ef e
Marriage
and' folem ni
ang officer may
be ci il egi a : he e ei he f he i a ce f a iage lice e af e blica i ?
registrar
c ac i g a ie habi all e ide - N , beca e i i he i i e ial d f he
them
performed by LCR i e a iage lice e af e
.

I f a i /da a ha hall be i cl ded he blica i le he e i a c de

a iage lice e i a lied: -
ef e. -
A . 11. Whe e a a iage lice e i e i ed, each f
he c ac i g a ie hall file e a a el a MARRIAGE CEREMONY: 6
a lica i f ch lice e i h he e l cal ci il - N e c ibed f eligi ie - to Art .

egi a hich hall ecif he f ll i g: Whe i he e a alid a iage ce e :

r(1) F ll a e f he c ac i g a ; 1. Pe all a ea bef e he le i i g
r(2) Place f bi h; ffice
(3) Age a d da e f bi h; 2. Pe all decla e ha he ake each he

¥
(4) Ci il a ; a h ba d a d ife
(5) If e i l a ied, h , he a d he e he 3. I he e e ce f i e e f legal age
e i a iage a di l ed a lled; If i e : a iage i VALID : e e i eg la i
(6) P e e e ide ce a d ci i e hi ; ART4: le i i g ffice i liable c i , ci ad i
(7) Deg ee f ela i hi f he c ac i g a ie ; liable
(8) F ll a e, e ide ce a d ci i e hi f he
fa he ;
(9) F ll a e, e ide ce a d ci i e hi f he
O
A . 4. The ab e ce f a f he e e
e i i e hall e de he a iage
ial f al
id ab i i i ,

= he ; a d
(10) F ll a e, e ide ce a d ci i e hi f he
e ce a a ed i A icle 35
.

o
g a dia e ha i g cha ge, i ca e he *** ab e ce f a e e ial f al=VOID
c ac i g a ha ei he fa he he a d Defec i e e ial= VOIDABLE
i de he age f e - e ea . O l i eg la i i he f al e = VALID
The a lica , hei a e g a dia hall ( e h i e ible hall be ci , c i
be e i ed e hibi hei e ide ce ce ifica e i ad i liable)
a f ali i c ec i i h he ec i g f he
a iage lice e. Be e id he e i e ce f a iage: a iage ce ;
if e i f he i e ; ha i h a iage
ART 21: i held i a blic lace
- f eig e h ld a ach: Ce ifica e f legal PLACES he e a iage ce e a ake lace:

>
Art -8
I ca aci : f
c la fficial )
he e ba (di l a ic / Cha be f he j dge
Office f he c l, c, cg

>
- a ele e / ef gee hall ide: ec e Ch ch, e le la a
affida i bei g a ef gee a a ele
✓ e ; b i a affida i ai g GR: a iage ce e be i a blic lace
ci c a ce h i g ch legal ca aci XPN:
ge a ied i he PH 1. A ic l i
2. Re e a ea a d ea f a
If be age 18 a d 21: h ld a ach i h he a iage 3. I lie : AFFIDAVIT b b b h a ie ;
lice e: e e he le i i g ffice ha
- Pa e al CO e ce e be held i a ecific lace
- Fa he , he a d i i g
g a dia ***e e if he e i e i : PRESUMPTION: a a
- If he e i fa able a e al c e : a d a a de i g he el e a h ba d a d
a iage VOIDABLE (bec e defec ) ife bef e he c i a e c ide ed ha e
alidl e e ed i a c ac f a iage; le
-

If be 21 a d 25: h ld a ach a ell he e i a g f ha he c le a e

B A D C A 1 1
 Void and Voidable marriages

Art 35 Void from the beginning :

{
.

Those contracted by any party

below 184N of Me even
w/consent of parents/guardian .

, .

↳tea

.ae?nt%7f.:Ysmnmm::gdtg:.:9tnam.mma
were

: ag%gu%%% manage .

'

void
-
thou:: : unmissed7,9783%7 .
.

except covered by the preceding Chapter

Wyatt license
/
.

z .
Those solemnized a
,

marriages not under Art-41

polygamous falling
.

4 Those bigamous or

the other;
.

and
one
contracting party to the identity of
mistake of
au

g- . Those contracted through

Those subsequent marriages that are void under Art 53

6
. .

each other
Stepbrothers and steptitters can
validly marry
-

P 207.

lg÷ ÷ ÷ ÷ ÷ :÷ ÷ ÷i
a ied each he ( e i ai e e e he e (1) Be ee c lla e al bl d ela i e

Y
i a iage ce e i ) he he legi i a e illegi i a e, he
f h ci il deg ee;
PERSONAL DECLARATION
h ba d a d ife:
- N a al a e bal;
ake each

a be b
he a

ee
(2) Be ee
(3) Be ee
child e -i -la ;
e - ae a d e -child e ;
a e -i -la a d .
÷:
ge e; a d ig i g f a iage ce i a (4) Be ee he ad i g a e a d he
e al decla a i ad ed child;
(5) Be ee he i i g e f he

:÷:::::::::::: :÷÷
..
a
ART 26  ad i g a e a d he ad ed child;

( DY: initiated
Par.  1:  All  marriages  solemnized  outside  the  (6) Be ee he i i g e f he
Philippines, in accordance with the laws in force in  ad ed child a d he ad e ;
as #up'm at' ten cannot the  country  where  they  were  solemnized,  and  (7) Be ee a ad ed child a d a
be
valid  there  as  such,  shall  also  be  valid  in  this  legi i a e child f he ad e ;
country,  except  those  prohibited under Articles 35  (8) Be ee ad ed child e f he a e
against public (1), (4), (5) and (6), 3637 and 38.   ad e ; a d
-
policy .

(9) Be ee a ie he e e, i h he
MARRIAGES CONTRACTED ABROAD: i e i a he he , killed ha he
GR: I acc da ce i h he la f he f eig c e ' e, hi he e.
Referring to both ill be c ide ed alid i he PH (Le l ci
in celeb a i i ):  
Filipino marrying 26
XPN: pp Par  2.  Where  a  marriage  between  a  Filipino 
.

foreign country only .

1. A 35 (1): legal ca aci citizen  and  a  foreigner  is  validly  celebrated and a 
2. (4): biga l ga a iage divorce  is  thereafter  validly  obtained  abroad  by 
has been F-
fxception : Ht
wife 3. (5): i ake i ide i e ide ical the  alien  spouse  capacitating  him  or  her  to 
i remarry, the Filipino spouse shall have capacity to 
absent for 4you or 2 yrs
4. (6): id de ART 53 c lied: remarry  under  Philippine  law.  (As  amended  by 
in caves where
consecutively
there is lli :
fi a iage a a lled/dec f Executive Order 227)  
 
danger or death and h ld be ec ded LCR a d RD: *** ela e a 15 a i ali i ci le: XPN a 26 a 2
2nd the H
wife believe that

Mottern
r 1. J dicial decla a i - All fil e e a :
dead ✓ 2. di l i a d di ib i f 1. F eig e b ai ed a ab l e
already .

e egi e
in

dec ee di ce dec ee i a he
Judicial Declaration of prompt
've Death
/ 3. Deli e f he e i e
void
c
legi i e he legi child e 2. FIl ci e ab l e di ce
marriage contracted by any party
A oho at the time
of
5. ART 36 : P ch l gical I ca aci dec ee: c ill ake j dicial
,

the celebration
psychologically incapacitated to comply with the
was

i. g a e/ e i ice
,

÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷:÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷:÷ ::c ::*

q
: : i . -
•
ii. J idical a ecede ce: i /
la e f he a iage; ***The a ie he el e ca decla e ha hei
a ife ed a he i e f a iage i id, he ec e j dicial
TO COMPLY WITH THE ESSENTIAL MARITAL OBLIGATIONS a iage i e e i (A . 40 FC)
iii. i c abili / e a e ce - A . 40. The ab l e lli f a e i
( a a d M li a ca e) a iage a be i ked f e f

✓toga
*** he e e b h ca c l e a iage he ba i lel f a fi al
i h he e e ial a i al bliga i ; j dg e decla i g ch e i a iage
he ae l i e ii e a d id.
i c ee c l *** ec e fi j dicial decla a i f lli f
E e ial a i al Obliga i : a iage bef e c ac i g a he a iage;
must be present at the time of the marriage
ceremony but can
✓ 1. Li e ge he he i e a be ec ed a d e e be c ic ed
be manifested later on during the marriage .
✓ 2. M al biga
r 3. L e
r 4. Hel WHEN CAN THERE BE TWO VALID MARRIAGES EXISTING
/ 5. fideli AT THE SAME TIME?
***if ca c l a be 1. The e be ab e ce f e f he e
c ide ed ch i ca : a iage i VOID AB INITIO - Pe i d e i ed b la i :
Because grossly indecent immoral
,

purity and happiness of the family

and inimical to the

and welfare of XAi 6. ART 37 :i ce

i. A ce
a iage
da a d de ce da
- 4 c i
ABSENCE
ea -ORDINARY

ha e e deg ee - 2 c i ea -
future generations .

ii. Be b a d i he he f ll EXTRAORDINARY (g a e
half bl d da ge f dea h)
0
7. ART 38 : a iage
f blic lic
hich a e id b ea 2. P e e
he ab e ee
e ha a ell f ded belief ha
e i dead; g d fai h he a
f he e e e

obsolete rustily of
B A D C A 1 1 Art 39 .

.
The action on
defense for the declaration of
a marriage shall not prescribe
( Petition for the declaration of nullity of marriage)
.

*
FC which
* If marriage happened prior to the effectivity of
was on August 3, 1988, prescriptive period is 10years from
August 3, 1988 .

husband and wife con

file a court case declaring the marriage void
* only
.

Art 40 The . . absolute nullity of a

previous marriage may be invoked for
purposes of remarriage on the baris solely of a
final judgment declaring
void
such previous marriage
.

A Any valid marriage without

of them cannot subsequent
one contract a

a
previous judicial declaration of nullity of the previous void marriage .
 9

- M
e
ec e a j dicial decla a i
i e dea h (Fa il C
f
/
Oa. Child e
he b e e
i he e
a iage i
f

RTC) c ide ed LEGITIMATE

- Decla a i
a
i g e ed b
ceedi g: Ob. The egi e hall be
c ide ed di l ed a d hall
i edia el e ec be di ib ed he e
- N a eal ca be ade b i. If e i i BF; he
he agg ie ed a e e he e fi ill be
l Ge f fei ed i fa f
- O l e ed i R le hei child e ; i
65; e ha he e he ab e ce he e f
i a g a e ab e f i fa f he
di c e i child e f he g il
- e; i defa l
A . 41. A a iage c ac ed b a e d i g he e f i fa f
b i e ce f a e i a iage hall be ll a d he i ce e
4 requisites :
id, le bef e he celeb a i
a iage, he i
f he b e e
e had bee ab e f O f
/c. he d a i hall be alid
Ii. h e e if he d ee
" c ec i e ea a d he e e e ha a ac ed i bad fai h; d a i hall be
ell-f ded belief ha he ab e e a e ked b eai f la
Z .
if al ead dead. I ca e f di a ea a ce he e he e i ✓ D. he de ig a i fa e
da ge f dea h de he ci c a ce e f h i i bad fai h i a i a ce lic ;

§t$
3 .
o
he i i f A icle 391 f he Ci il C de, a e e if i e cable; hall be e ked

4 .
\
ab e ce f l
F he e f c
ea hall be fficie .
ac i g he b e e
b
✓
eai
E.
f la
he e i bad fai h
a iage de he ecedi g a ag a h he e ca be a hei ; he he
pop e e i i e a a ceedi g a e a e a i e a e cce i

µ¥p&
ided i hi C de f he decla a i f
* e i e dea h f he ab e ee, ih A . 43. The e i a i f he b e e a iage
ej dice he effec f ea ea a ce f he ab e efe ed i he ecedi g A icle hall d ce he
e. f ll i g effec :
(1) The child e f he b e e a iage
A . 42. The b e e a iage efe ed i he c cei ed i i e i ai hall be c ide ed
ecedi g A icle hall be a a icall e i a ed legi i a e;
b he ec di g f he affida i f ea ea a ce f (2) The ab l e c i f e he
It however the
he ab e e, le he e i a j dg e c j gal a e hi , a he ca e a be, hall be
spouse reappeared and he or rhe or
any a lli g he e i a iage decla i g i id di l ed a d li ida ed, b if ei he e
.
,

interested
party does not file affidavit or sworn
ab i i i . c ac ed aid a iage i bad fai h, hi he ha e
an

statement w/the civil registrar of the fact A ae e f he fac a d ci c a ce f f he e fi f he c i e

reappearance
or

,
there will
technically exist
2 valid marriage . ea ea a ce hall be ec ded i he ci il egi f c j gal a e hi e hall be f fei ed i
It is at this point where a valid bigamous he e ide ce f he a ie he b e e fa f he c child e , if he e a e e,
marriage
shall exist if the marriage between the 2nd a iage a he i a ce f a i e e ed e , he child e f he g il e b a e i
wife
and
" in ih d e ice he e f he b e e a iage i defa l f child e , he i ce
the reappearing wife it
ref Valid
a iage a d ih ej dice he fac f e;
.

ea ea a ce bei g j diciall de e i ed i ca e (3) D a i b ea f a iage hall e ai

ch fac i di ed. alid, e ce ha if he d ee c ac ed he
a iage i bad fai h, ch d a i ade aid
WHAT WILL REBUT THE PRESUMPTION OF DEATH? d ee a e e ked b eai f la ;
- The ea ea a ce f he ab e ee e: (4) The i ce e a e ke he de ig a i
- The e be a ec di g f he f he he e h ac ed i bad fai h a
affida i f he a ea a ce bef e be eficia i a i a ce lic , e e if ch
he LCR f he lace f he de ig a i be i la ed a i e cable; a d
b e e a iage e ide: i h d e (5) The e h c ac ed he b e e
ice a iage i bad fai h hall be di alified i he i
- Me e ea ea a ce ill be f he i ce e b e ae a d i e ae
fficie e i ae he cce i .
b e e a iage
- Effec f he ec di g f he affida i f *** T h he c j gal d elli g he l i gi e
ea ea a ce: he he e i a di l i f a iage:
✓ 1. Will e i ae a a icall he - T he e ih h he aj i f he
b e e a iage child e ch e e ai
✓ 2. Sa e a dec f lli ; a l e
a d legal e dec ee ***C d f he child e le ha 7 ea f age:
GR: he he

B A D C A 1 1 Art marriage acted

.
44 .
If both spouses of the subsequent
void ab initio
'n bad
faith raid marriage shall be
testamentary
,

of marriage
once
and all donations by reason
other are revoked
of the
dispositions made
by or in favor
by operation of law .
 10

XPN: c elli g ea de he he f he a. he i j ed/agg ie ed a ; i hi 5

c d f he child ( he c ) ea af e he a iage
E .:1. I a e, habi al alc h lic, d g addic , 6. STD: be ed ha i i e i a d
c icable di ea e, he ea f li elih d i c able
hich ca he child. a. he i j ed/agg ie ed a ; i hi 5
ea af e he a iage
***Sa e a dec f lli , a l e / legal e
dec ee *** a iage a be a ified c i there must be derangement of mind to prevent the party
c habi a i
from comprehending the nature of the contract andfrom
annullable Voidable VOIDABLE MARRIAGES: I e A 45 (3)
giving to its its free and intelligent convent
=

A . 45. A a iage a be a lled f a f he A . 46. A f he f ll i g ci c a ce hall

.

f ll i g ca e , ​e isting at the time of the c i e f a d efe ed i N be 3 f heNo fraud when there is no concealment or Itiscloture
.

marriage: ecedi g A icle: To constitute fraud ,

the party must have been convicted
(1) Tha he a i h e behalf i i gh ha e r(1) N -di cl e f a pre io s con iction b final
by final judgment of a
crime involving moral turpitude
he a iage a lled a eigh ee ea f age j dgment f he he a f a ci e i l i g
-08
e b bel e - e, a d he a iage a al i de;
le i ed ​ itho t the consent f he a e ,
t
s (2) C ceal e b he ife f he fac ha a he
g a dia e ha i g b i e a e al i e f he a iage, he a ​pregnant b a man
a h i e he a , i ha de , le af e other than her h sband;
a ai i g he age f e - e, ch a f eel * (3) C ceal e f ​se all transmissible disease,
c habi ed i h he he a d b h li ed ge he a ega dle f i a e, e i i g a he i e f he
h ba d a d ife; a iage; Impotent ground for annulment of marriage
- .

-
(2) Tha ei he a a f d i d, le (4) C ceal e f ​dr g addiction, habit al
ch a af e c i g ea , f eel c habi ed alcoholism or homose alit or lesbianism e i i g
i h he he a h ba d a d ife; a he i e f he a iage.
(3) That the consent of either part as obtained N he i e e e ai decei a cha ac e ,
b fra d, nless s ch part after ards, ith f ll heal h, a k, f e cha i hall c i e ch
kno ledge of the facts constit ting the fra d, fa d a ill gi e g d f ac i f he
freel cohabited ith the other as h sband and a l e f a iage. (86a)
ife;
(4) Tha he c e f ei he a a b ai ed b A . 47. The ac i f a l e f a iage
f ce, i i ida i
-
-
d e i fl e ce,
- le he be filed b he f ll i g e a d i hi he
a e ha i g di a ea ed cea ed, ch a e i d i dica ed he ei :
he eaf e f eel c habi ed i h he he a h ba d (1) F ca e e i ed i be 1 f A icle 45 b

¥
J

a d ife; he a h e ae g a dia did gi e hi

(5) Tha ei he a a h icall i ca able f he c e , i hi fi e ea af e a ai i g he age
c a i g he a iage i h he he , a d ch f e - e, b he a e g a dia e
i ca aci c i e a d a ea be i c able; ha i g legal cha ge f he i , a a i e bef e
(6) Tha ei he a a afflic ed ih a ch a ha eached he age f e - e;
e all - a i ible di ea e f d be e i a d (2) F ca e e i ed i be 2 f A icle 45,
a ea be i c able. (85a) b he a e e, h had k ledge f he
he ' i a i ; b a ela i e g a dia
WHO CAN GO TO COURT:PERIOD (ANNULMENT OF e ha i g legal cha ge f he i a e, a a i e
MARRIAGE) bef e he dea h f ei he a , b he i a e
1. N c e : e d i g a l cid i e al af e egai i g
a. a e f he c e a - a a i ;
a i e he c e a (3) F ca e e i ed i be 3 f A icle 45,

¥i.
eache he age 21 b he i j ed a , i hi fi e ea af e he
b. N c e e- i hi 5 ea di c e f he f a d;
af e a ai i g he age f 21 (4) F ca e e i ed i be 4 f A icle 45,
2. UN d i d:a a i e d i g he life i e b he i j ed a , i hi fi e ea f he i e
f he a ie ( e, he f ce, i i ida i d e i fl e ce
is
[ a e /g a dia / d a ) di a ea ed cea ed;
a. U d i d a : a i ed i g (5) F ca e e i ed i be 5 a d 6 f A icle
life i e; d i g l cid i e al 45, b he i j ed a , i hi fi e ea af e he
3. FRAUD: a iage.
a. he i j ed/agg ie ed a : i hi 5
ea af e di c e f he f a d LEGAL SEPARATION: ***e i af e he a iage
4. INTIMIDATION/UNDUE CONSENT: A . 55. A e i i f legal e a a i a be filed
a. he i j ed/agg ie ed a ; i hi 5 a f he f ll i g g d :
ea af e he ice /defec f (1) ​Repeated ph sical iolence g l ab i e
c e ha cea ed c d c di ec ed agai he ​etitioner, a common
5. PHYSICAL INCAP (IMPOTENCE): child, or a child of the petitioner;

B A D C A 1 1
Art . 48 and 49 -

Page 330 .
 Art 66 .

11

(2) Ph ical i le ce al e e c el he - File a e ified e i i ( ha a ie ha e

eii e ​change religio s or political affiliation; ec ciled) i h he a e c hea i g he
(3) Attempt f e de c i d ce he legal e a a i ca e
→ e i i e , a c child, a child f he - E e if he e i al ead a legal e dec ee
child e i i e , to engage in prostit tion, or conni ance
in s ch corr ption or ind cement; WHEN PARTIES WANT TO REVIVE THEIR OLD PROP
(4) Fi al j dg e e e ci g he ​espondent to REGIME:
imprisonment of more than si ears​, e e if - file a e ified e i i bef e he a e c ; a e
a d ed; f he c edi ' hall be i cl ded be ec ed
(5) Dr g addiction or habit al alcoholism ​ f he

[
-
e de ; RIGHTS AND OBLIGATIONS OF THE PARTIES
(6)​ Lesbianism or homose alit ​ f he e de ; A . 68. The h ba d a d ife a e bliged li e

amoom.am?:tg:t
.
(7) C ac i g b he e de f a b e e ge he , b e e al l e, e ec a d fideli ,
bigamo s marriage, he he i he Phili i e a d e de al hel a d .
ab ad;
(8) ​Se al infidelit or per ersion​; ***ADMINISTRATION OF THE ACP AND CPG= JOINT
(9) ​Attempt ​b he e de against the life of the DOMICILE OF THE SPOUSES= ART 69;b h he h ba d
petitioner​; a d ife
(10) ​Abandonment of petitioner ​b e de - I ca e f di ag ee e :c hall de e i e
​itho t j stifiable ca se for more than one ea​ . ( a j dicial ceedi g)
F e f hi A icle, he e "child" hall
i cl de a child b a e b ad i . A . 73. Ei he e a e e ci e a legi i a e
fe i , cc a i , b i e ac i i ih
***IN LEGAL SEPARATION he e CANNOT GET he c e f he he . The la e ma object onl
month
cooling of period Ce
:
MARRIED AGAIN: a i al ie i e e ed on alid, serio s, and moral gro nds.
I ca e f di ag ee e , he c hall decide

after the facing EFFECT: LEGAL SEP GRANTED BY THE COURT: he he :

.

- Se a a i i bed a d b a d- e i ed (1) The bjec i i e;a d

li e ge he a h ba d a d ife (2) Be efi ha cc ed he fa il i he
bjec i he eaf e . If he be efi acc ed i
***c c bi age i diffic l e: he bjec i , he e l i g bliga i hall be
Ele e : The ife a d i e a e li i g e f ced agai he e a a e e f he e
de e f/ li i g ca dal l h ha b ai ed c e . ( h ld be he
c i i liable)
A . 56. The e i i f legal e a a i hall be The f eg i g i i hall ej dice he igh
de ied a f he f ll i g g d : f c edi h ac ed i g d fai h.
(1) Whe e he agg ie ed a ha ​condoned ​ he
ffe e ac c lai ed f; **** if he bjec i i af e : e a a e f he
(2) Whe e he agg ie ed a ha ​consented he e hall be liable

(
c i i f he ffe e ac c lai ed f;
(3) Whe e he e i ​conni ance ​be ee he a ie i PROPERTY RELATIONS
he c i i f he ffe e ac c i i g he
g d f legal e a a i ; A . 74. The e ela i hi be ee h ba d
(4) Whe e ​both parties ha e gi e​ g d f legal a d ife hall be g e ed i he f ll i g de :
e a a i ; "" " " "
(1) B a iage e le e e ec ed bef e he
(5) Whe e he e i ​coll sion be ee he a ie a iage;
b ai dec ee f legal e a a i ; (2) B he i i f hi C de; a d
(6) Whe e he ac i i ba ed b prescription​. (3) B he l cal c . (118)
(100a)
A . 75. The f e e a , i he a iage
A . 57. A ac i f legal e a a i hall be filed e le e , ag ee he egi e f ab l e
i hi fi e ea f he i e f he cc e ce f c i , c j gal a e hi f gai , c le e
he ca e. e aai f e , a he egi e. I he
ab e ce f a a iage e le e , he he
COOLING OFF PERIOD: LEGAL SEPARATION egi e ag eed i id, he e f ab l e
- 6 h f he fili g f he legal c i f e a e abli hed i hi C de
e aai ca e: c ill e d he hall g e .
ceedi g ;
- PURPOSE: a ie ec cile; a i al b d
i e e ed; he a e ill a ied i h Whe i he e a alid a iage e le e ?
each he 1. M be i ii g
EFFECT OF RECONCILIATION: 2. Sig ed b he f e e
3. M be e ec ed bef e he celeb a i f
he a iage

B A D C A 1 1
 12

Ca he d ae each he DURING a alid

***a difica i i he a iage e le e a iage?
be d e bef e he celeb a i f a iage GR: NO
XPN: M de a e gif gi e each he d i g i e
T bi d THIRD PARTIES;( gi e c ci e ice f fa il ej ici g
ha he e i a a iage e le e be f e
e ) Te he he he gif i de a e ?
- Ma iage e le e be egi e ed i h - Fi a cial ca aci f he gi e
LCR a d Regi fP e
- ***if egi e ed i i al bi di g be ee D ai P e ia ; he e bjec
he c ac i g a ie e c b a ce
Wha i he a e f he d a i ?
NO MARRIAGE SETTLEMENT:/VOID MARRIAGE - D a i i VALID
SETTLEMENT - EFFECT:
- DEFAULT PROPERTY REGIME: Ab l e - If f ecl ed; he al e f he
C i fP e f ecl e i le ha he al e f
he bliga i :
EFFECT WHEN THERE IS NO MARRIAGE THAT TOOK - The deficie c : d ill be
PLACE: a he a iage e le e liable; he d ee
GR: VOID a iage e le e - If he ceed f he f ecl e
XPN: he e a e i i ha a e ill VALID: ale e ceed he al e f he
- If he i i i he a iage e le e d ai
d e de e d he ha e i g f he - The e ce hall be gi e
a iage he d ee
a. (e . Pa e i affilia i ;
ack ledg e f he illegi child: Wh a e ke a d a i e ia :
PURPOSE: ec he legi i e f - The DONOR a e ke
he child) GROUNDS e ke:
1. Ma iage did ake lace
DONATION PROPTER NUPTIAS: gi e bef e he 2. Ma iage ha bee decla ed j diciall
celeb a i f he a iage VOID/ANNULLED
Ele e ; 3. N c e f he a e / g a dia
1. D a i i i c ide a i f a iage; 4. Legal Se a a i ; a d he DONEE i he g il
gi e e
2. Gi e BEFORE he celeb a i f a iage 5. D ee ha c i ed a ac f i g a i de
3. D a i i gi e ei he e b h he 6. The e i a e l c di i (c di i ha
f e e bee c lied)

F ali ie be c lied i h D a i P e PROPERTY REGIMES

N ia 1. Ab l e C i fP e
- I ake effec d i g he life i e f he 2. C j gal Pa e hi f Gai
d ; i f ll he f ali ie f DONATION 3. Se a a e P e Regi e
INTER VIVOS
- (N d a i i ca a; eed ai ABSOLUTE COMMUNITY PROPERTY
f he dea h f he d ake effec ) - G e ed b c - e hi
- E e hi g ha ei he f he e
D ai P e N ia : Ca he f e e BEFORE he a iage ill be b gh he
d ae each he ? a iage; bec e a f he ACP
- Ye . - ACP a d CPG c e ce a he eci e
- Li i a i : e f a iage
1. If he ag ee e f he e ***NCC: c e ce he da f he a iage
egi e he ha ACP; he f e - DAY- i e: he ef e he a f e
e ca d ae each he el. S i e; e e he a iage i a 6
e ha 1/5 f hei e e ( i i c ec ed b he FC)
e - E e hi g ac i ed AFTER he a iage al
a. PURPOSE: ACP i g e ed b bel g he ACP
c - e hi ; hile CPG i - Defa l a iage e le e ; if he e i e
g e ed b c ac f ha ha bee e ec ed b he a ie
a e hi a d he e .
egi e ( P e ie ha a e e cl ded:
e a a el a d di i c f 1. P e ie gi e ei he e f he
he he ) e b ga i i le; (d a i
i e i / i ca a)

B A D C A 1 1
 13

XPN XPN: D e e e ha i hall f a PRESUMPTIONS: ACP/CPG

f he ACP 1. The e ca be NO WAIVER; NO RENUNCIATION
2. P e ie ed a d ed e cl i el b OF RIGHTS/ANY INTEREST/PARTICIPATION
ei he f he e a. XPN: j dicial a al: BUT ai e
XPN XPN: Je el ie be ec ded i LCR a d RD (
3. P e ie ed b a e h ha ec he c edi )
bee e i l a ied h ha e 2. P e ie ac i ed d i g a iage a e
legi i a e de ce da ( he legi i a e e ed bel g ACP/CPG
child e a e bei g ec ed b he la ) a. M be ed e a ac i ed
DURING MARRIAGE
WHO MANAGES AND ADMINISTERS ACP: b. NOTE: he he TITLE a ied
- b h he e : JOINTLY :a e f he a e ha
i i c j gal: a ied ; i l
CONJUGAL PARTNERSHIP OF GAINS ci il a ( ee ca e ); a
- G e ed b he la a e hi ; ha e bee ac i ed bef e a iage
he ef e he f i a d he i c e f he b a l egi e ed d i g
e aae e laced i he c f d a iage
- Se a a e e ie bef e he a iage a e
b gh b d e bec e a f he ART 94 a d 121: WHAT ARE THE CHARGES AND
CPG; l he i c e, f i , e ec ae OBLIGATIONS (LIABILITIES) ACP/CPG:
laced i he c f d (di ided af e he (1) The f he e , hei c
di l i f a iage) child e , a d legi i a e child e f ei he e;
- Need a iage e le e h e e , he f illegi i a e child e hall be
g e ed b he i i f hi C de S ;
P e ie ha a e e cl ded i CPG (2) All deb a d bliga i c ac ed d i g he
1. Se a a e e ie b gh b a ie he a iage b he de ig a ed ad i i a - e f
CPG; ill bel g ei he f he e cl i el he be efi f he c i , b b h e ,
2. P e ie ac i ed b ga i i le b e e i h he c e f he he ;
(D a i i e i / i ca a) (3) Deb a d bliga i c ac ed b ei he e
3. P e ie ac i ed h gh ede i ; ih he c e f he he he e e ha
ed e cl i e e edee he fa il a ha e bee be efi ed;
4. P e ie b gh i g f d / e (4) All a e , lie , cha ge a d e e e , i cl di g
e cl i el b he e aj i e ai , he c i
e ;
WHO MANAGES AND ADMINISTERS CPG: (5) All a e a d e e e f ee e e ai
- b h he e : JOINTLY ade d i g a iage he e a a e e f
ei he e ed b he fa il ;
SEPARATE PROPERTY REGIME (6) E e e e able ei he e c e ce
- The e be a a iage e le e c le e a fe i al ca i al c e,
- Se a a e e ie i liable f he e a a e he ac i i f elf-i e e ;
liabili ie f e (7) A e- ial deb f ei he e i fa a he
ha e ed ded he be efi f he fa il ;
A ib e f e hi i e aae e egi e: (8) The al e f ha i d a ed i ed b b h
- Righ e i e i fa f hei c legi i a e child e
- E j he f i f he e cl i e e f c e ci g
- ca di e hi e c le i g a fe i al ca i al c e
he ac i i f elf-i e e ;
***i ACP a d CPG; ca ell e c be (9) A e- ial deb f ei he e he ha
e ie bel gi g b h e ih i e h e falli g de a ag a h (7) f hi A icle, he
a i al c e f illegi i a e child e f ei he e, a d
- U de e a a e egi e; eed f liabili ie i c ed b ei he e b ea f a
a i al c e f he e ci e a a i-delic , i ca e f ab e ce
i fficie c f he e cl i e e f he
Fa il e e e ; i g i c e: deb - e, he a e f hich hall be
- C ib i fa il e e e b each c ide ed a ad a ce be ded c ed f he
ei i i hei i c e ha e f he deb - e li ida i f he
c i ; a d ***( l ACP)
Liabili c edi : (10) E e e f li iga i be ee he e
- S lida liabili f he e a d he le he i i f d be g dle .
a e f he c edi ; a e f he If he c i e i i fficie c e he
e ca be c elled b he c edi f eg i g liabili ie , e ce h e falli g de
a ; i h e ec deb i c ed f fa il a ag a h (9), he e hall be lida il liable
e e e f he aid bala ce ih hei e aae
e ie .

B A D C A 1 1
 14

XPN: c elli g ea f
*** all he ad i i a e: H ba d he c de c d :
I a ce he he ad i i a i f he e i. E .: ( he be i e e f
a be a fe ed f e e he he : he child i i ai ed)ci il
- Decla a i f ab e ee i e dic i , d g addic ,
- O e f he ; e e ced i h acce i a e, al ea e f he
e al f ci il i e dic i child ei he h ical
- The ad i e bec e i c ee ; e bal, habi al alc h li ,
ake he he e he g a dia f he c icable di ea e,
he i c e i e gh
- F gi i e f j ice; hidi g f he la ide f he child
- N i able ad i i e he e ;c
a a i ; a e (e e a ge ) PROPERTY REGIME:UNIONS WITHOUT A VALID
be i able ad i i e he e MARRIAGE(​ART 147/148)
*** a be a fe ed, a aged ad i i e ed e e - G e ed b c - e hi
he e cl i e e f he he e 147: a a d a c habi i h a iage:
- I c e a d ala ill be ha ed e all
ART 99 a d 126 :TERMINATION OF ACP/CPG: - EQUAL CO-OWNERSHIP
(1) U he dea h f ei he e; - Ele e :
(2) Whe he e i a dec ee f legal e a a i ; 1. C habi i g a h & : ei he
(3) Whe he a iage i a lled decla ed id; a iage/V id a iage
2. N legal i edi e
(4) I ca e f j dicial e a a i f e d i g - Ho properties are distrib ted:
he a iage de A icle 134 138. - Eq all distrib ted ​ b h a ie
e e if e did ac all
I ca e f dea h: c ib e he ac i i i f he
- The i i g e file i hi e ea e ie ; b l k ca e f he
f he dea h f he e li ida e he fa il a d a age he h e
e a e f he decede
- NO LIQUIDATION i hi 6 : 148: g e ed b ​SPECIAL CO-OWNERSHIP​-
- The e egi e f he - Ele e :
b e e a iage i COMPLETE 1. C habi i g a h & : ei he
SEPARATION OF PROPERTY b ( f a iage/V id a iage
c e) he b e e a iage i 2. The e i a e i / b e e
VALID a iage; legal i edi e
- A di i i /e c b a ce i NOT - Ho properties are distrib ted:
VALID; c ide ed VOID - E all di ib ed acc di g hei
ac al c ib i ( e ,
P ced e f li ida i : Te i a i f P e e /i d )
el: - If c ib i = ha ea
1. Make a i e f he e ie f he all
e ; hich a e c a d e cl i e
2. Deb : ART 134-138
a. If acc ed f he be efi f he JUDICIAL SEPARATION OF PROPERTY: d ring a alid
fa il - ACP/CPG ill a e f he marriage
deb (g ) - V l a di l i f e
i. Re ai i g bala ce: ( e )
GR: di ided e all ***NOTE: e aj dicial e a a i f e i
XPN: he e i a di i i all ed
i cl ded i he a iage e le e
b. If g i i fficie a he PROCEDURE: Se a a i f P e (V l a
deb :- e cl i e f ill be di l i egi e)
liable f he a e f he deb 1. File a e ified e i i i h he c
3. Re ai i g e cl i e : ill be e ed 2. All he c edi hall be li ed a d ified
he e e 3. Deci i dec eed b he c = C le e
4. Deli e he e i e legi i e f he Se a a i fP e
c child e 4. M be ec ded i LCR a d RD
5. C j gal D elli g/L :C d f Child e :-
ill g he e ih h aj i f Effec : Re i al fF e P e Regi e:
he child e ch e e ai (RATIONALE: - File a e ified e i i i h he a e c
T ec he child e ) hich e de ed he deci i f c le e
a. GR: c d f he child e bel 7 e aa i f e f he e i al f he
ld- bel g he he f e e egi e

B A D C A 1 1
 15

- C hall decla e he e i al; a d hall 1. I cl de i he leadi g ha ea e eff

ec d i h he e LCR a d RD ha bee e e ed c i e
HOWEVER; li i a i e i al: 2. Tha ch ea e eff ha failed
- O l e aai f e a d l e
e i al i all ed O he i e; allega i f ea e eff ;c ill
- BUT if he e i a la f l ca e: a ill ha e di i he ac i f bei g i a e
j dicial e a a i f e
***Ma efile de A 151 CONSEQUENCE: a fili g
LAWFUL CAUSES: a all j dicial e a a i f fee agai
e (agai )
ART 135: XPN:
A f he f ll i g hall be c ide ed fficie - If he e i a a ge i leaded i he ac i
ca e f j dicial e a a i f e :
(1) Tha he e f he e i i e ha bee FAMILY HOME
e e ced a e al hich ca ie i h i ci il Defi i i ;
i e dic i ; A . 152. The fa il h e, c i ed j i l b he
(2) Tha he e f he e i i e ha bee h ba d a d he ife b a a ied head f a
j diciall decla ed a ab e ee; fa il , i he d elli g h e he e he a d hei
(3) Tha l f a e al a h i f he e f fa il e ide, a d he la d hich i i i a ed.
e i i e ha bee dec eed b he c ;
(4) Tha he e f he e i i e ha aba d ed ONLY ONE FAMILY HOME SHALL BE CONSTITUTED; a
he la e failed c l i h hi he ha e e e al fa il e ide ce :
bliga i he fa il a ided f i A icle
101; Importance of the Famil Home:
(5) Tha he e g a ed he e f ART 155 : Fa il h e i e e f f ced ale,
ad i i a i i he a iage e le e ha e ec i a ach e
ab ed ha e;a d - XPN :
(6) Tha a he i e f he e i i , he e ha e 1. - a e f a e
bee e a a ed i fac f a lea e ea a d 2. deb i c ed i he
ec cilia i i highl i bable. c i i f he fa il h e
I he ca e ided f i N be (1), (2) a d (3), NOTE: U he effec i i f he FC
he e e ai f he fi al j dg e agai he all fa il e ide ce a a icall beca e
g il ab e e hall be e gh ba i f he Fa il H e ( e e be : bef e FC he e
ga f he dec ee f j dicial e a a i f e . h ld be ei he j dicial aj d dec f
c i i f fa il h e)
***NOTE (agai ) if l a di l i f he 3. deb ec ed b gage he
e egi e: l e j dicial e a a i f e i e bef e af e ch
/e i al a be d e BUT if he e i a la f l c i i
ca e; a g c if he e e i a la f l ca e, 4. deb d e lab e , echa ic ,
li i ed a chi ec , b ilde , a e ial e a d
he h ha e e de ed e ice
TITLE V : THE FAMILY f i hed a e ial f he
c ci f he b ildi g.
Who are members of the immediate famil ? 5. ART 160: (a he XPN) Whe a
ART 150:Fa il ela i i cl de h e: c ed h e ca a g
(1) Be ee ​ h sband and ife​; h e e ed A c e 155
(2) Be ee parents and children; ascendants b a a dg e h fa , a d
/descendants he ha ea ab e g d be e e
(3) A g ​brothers and sisters​, he he f he ​f ll ha he fa h e ac a
or half-blood. h e ha he a
a f ed A c e 157, he a
IMPORTANCE: a he c h ch e de ed
- S he dg e f a de d ec g
- ART 151 he a e f he e de
e ec
ART. 151: N i be ee e be f he a e *** hall e a j dg e c edi ; al e ha
fa il hall e le i h ld a ea f he he ac al al e f he h e ba ed he
e ified c lai eii ha ea e eff i e e ha al ead e ceeded he al e de
ad a c i e ha e bee ade, b ha he ART 157
a e ha e failed. If i i h ha ch eff
e e i fac ade, he a e ca e be di i ed. - H he ceed f he e ec i ale
a lied:
Re i i e ( be able file a ac i agai a - Ded c he al e f he h e
fa il e be ) de AR 157

B A D C A 1 1
 16

- A l he e ai i g a : he Pa e i ; ela i hi f he fa he i h e ec
c edi (a f he bliga i ) he child
- 300k/200k he head f he fa il -
deb Filia i : ela i hi f he child i h e ec he
ae
VALUE OF THE FAMILY HOME
A . 157. The ac al al e f he fa il h e hall A . 163. The filia i f child e a be b a e
e ceed, a he i e f i c i i , he b ad i . Na al filia i a be legi i a e
a f he ​three h ndred tho sand pesos in illegi i a e.
rban areas​, a d ​t o h ndred tho sand pesos in
r ral areas, ch a a a he eaf e be Filia i a be b a e fic i f la
fi ed b la .
I a e e , if he al e f he c e c cha ge BY NATURE:
af e he ad i f hi C de, he al e 1. Legi i a e
fa able f he c i i f a fa il h e hall 2. Illegi i a e
be he ba i f e al a i . 3. legi i a ed
F e f hi A icle, ba a ea a e dee ed
i cl de cha e ed ci ie a d ici ali ie h e BY FICTION OF LAW:
a al i c e a lea e al ha legall e i ed - Legal ad i
f cha e ed ci ie . All he a e dee ed be
al a ea . LEGITIMATE CHILDREN
1. Child e ​concei ed/born ​d i g he alid
BENEFICIARIES OF THE FAMILY HOME: a iage f he a e (ART164)
A . 154. The be eficia ie f a fa il h e a e:
(1) The h ba d a d ife, a a ied e PROOF OF FILIATION: (ART 172)
h i he head f a fa il ; a d - Bi h ce ec ded i he LCR/fi al j dg e
(2) Thei a e , a ce da , de ce da , b he ( blic i e )
a d i e , he he he ela i hi be legi i a e - Ad i i b he fa he i a blic
illegi i a e, h a e li i g i he fa il h e a d i e / i a ha d i e i e
h de e d he head f he fa il f legal ig ed b he c ce ed a e
. Ab e ce f he f eg i g e ide ce: hall PROVE:
- O e a d c i e i f a f
Ca he fa il h e be ld, d a ed legi child
e c be ed? - E : ec da d c e : ba i al
- YES ided he e i c e f he aj i ce ifica e, ch l ec d , ecei f
f h e h a e li i g i he fa il h e e c.
( i - h gh g a dia /legal - O he ea all ed b he le f c /
e e e a i e) ecial la

IF he e i a i be eficia li i g/ a i g i he Sig ifica ce f A 172: a al be ed b a

fa il h e, ca i be ld/ a i i ed/alie a ed? illegi i a e child
- NO; e e if he e i dea h f he e h
c i ed he fa il h e A illegi i a e child hall be able e e he
- PERIOD: alie a e, ell a i i if he e i ec da d c ( a 2 A 172) e he
dea h f he e h c i ed he ec g i i a d/ ack ledg e f he c ce ed
fa il h e a e ;DURING THE LIFETIME OF THE CONCERNED
- Wi hi 10 ea f he dea h PARENT
- L ge e i d a l g a he e i a - D e ce he a f he c ce ed
i be eficia ae ; c e
- Re i i e :
1. Mi be eficia i RIGHTS OF A LEGITIMATE CHILD
e idi g i he fa il 1. Shall bea he a e f he fa he
h e; a d a. NOTE: REVILLA LAW: illegi child e
2. F ll de e de a e he a e f he fa he
he head f he b GR: e he a e f he
fa il f legal he
2. De a d f a e ; b he /
NOTE: PATRICIO V DARIO: e e if i e / a ce da
he e i a i be eficia li i g i he fa il h e; 3. S cce i al igh ; legi i e; al f ee
he i l ge de e de i he head f he fa il ; i
he i de e de hi fa he he head
ILLEGITIMATE CHILDREN
PATERNITY AND FILIATION

B A D C A 1 1
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A . 165. Child e c cei ed a d b ide a alid 120 da f he 300 da i edia el

a iage a e illegi i a e, le he i e ided ecedi g he bi h f he child
i hi C de. 2. Ph ical i ca aci f he h ba d ha e
e al i e c e i h hi ife
RIGHTS OF AN ILLEGITIMATE CHILD 3. h& li e e a a el ; e al i e c e i
1. Bea he a e f he fa he ; if he fa he i ible
ha l a il ack ledged ec g i ed 4. Se i ill e f he h ba d; ab l el
he child; i a blic d c e ; e ec ed a e e ed e al i e c e
ha d i e i e ig ed b he fa he 5. P ed ha f bi l gical he cie ific
( eed f c ceedi g f he ea , he child c ld ha e bee ha f
ec g i i ) he h ba d e ce A 164 a 2 (AI)
2. De a d f ae ; 6. Child e c cei ed h gh (AI) a ificial
3. S cce i al igh : legi i e; f he ha e i e i ai ; i e a h a ifica i a
f he legi child b ai ed h gh i ake, f a d, i le ce,
i i ida i d e i fl e ce
WHO CAN IMPUGN THE LEGITIMACY OF THE CHILD ***a ached he Bi h ce f child a d egi e ed i
GR: he fa he : all ed de he FC LCR: if a h a d a ified i ii g
I e ca e ; (ART 171) ***Vice f c e i ART INSEM:
- The hei f he fa he - Mi ake, f a d, i le ce, i i ida i
a. Fa he died; bef e he e i a i f d e i fl e ce
he e i d fi ed b la
i. Pe i d fi ed b la : (ART Who ma claim legitimac : (ART 173)
170) - The child a clai hi legi i a e
1. (1) e ea he filia i
i e f he bi h; Pe i d:
he ec di g f he - D i g he life i e f he child
bi h;if he fa he *** Ac i ill i e e e he a e he child
he hei a e e idi g die
i he a e ci - H e e , if he child die :
ici ali he e - D i g i i / a e f i a i : ca
ch bi h be c i ed b he hei f he child
ec di g k lace - Pe i d f 5 ea i hi hich
2. (2) ea ; if he i i e he ac i f he dea h f
fa he he hei he child
a e ill li i g i he *** hei a l c i e he ac i ; b i h ld
PH BUT i he be he child h i i ia ed he ac i f legi i ac
a e ci , i ce ***if i i ia ed; a d child died; hei ca
ici ali he e c i e ha ha bee a ed
he bi h ec di g
k lace DISTINGUISH LEGITIMATE FROM LEGITIMATED CHILD
3. (3) h ee ea he e
he fa he hei LEGITIMATED:
a e li i g ab ad - child b f edl ck (illegi i a e);
4. CONCEALMENT he ae ha e legal i edi e a
fa he hei : l ge each he ; a e b e e l a ied
ei d he each he (ART 177)
k ledge f he LEGITIMATE:
fa he hei (1,2 - Child c cei ed/ b d i g a alid a iage
3 ea ) (ART 170)
b. Fa he h ld die af e he fili g f P ced e:
he c lai ih ha i g 1. E ec e a affida i deed f legi i a i
de i ed he ef ; a he LCR:
c. child a b af e he dea h f he a. C e :
h ba d i. Bi h ce f child (bi h
ha e ed bef e a iage)
***REASON ha fa he a a i g he ii. Ma iage ce ifica e (c e
legi i ac a d a a he child: fa he la e af e he bi h)
d e a be e ba a ed a d idic led i he iii. N legal i edi e
c i b. Whe he l defec i he MINORITY
f he PARENTS- bel 18: child ca
(ART 166)GROUNDS TO IMPUGN THE LEGITIMACY OF be legi i a ed he ae g
THE CHILD a ied 18 ab e ​(RA 9858)
1. Ph ical i ibili f he h ba d ha e
e al i e c e i h hi ife; i hi fi

B A D C A 1 1
 18

***if he a he i e f he c ce i f he child I ca e h ba d a d ife j i l ad , e e

he e a a legal i edi e : he a e ca ad he illegi i a e /da gh e f he he ,
ha e he child legi i a ed j i a e al a h i hall be e e ci ed b he
e .
LEGITIMATED CHILDREN HAVE THE SAME RIGHTS AND
PRIVILEGES LIKE A LEGITIMATE CHILD*** Section 8. ​Who  May  Be  Adopted​. The f ll i g
a be ad ed:
ADOPTION (a) A e bel eigh ee (18) ea f age h
ha bee ad i i a i el j diciall decla ed
RA 8552 Domestic Adoption Act a ailable f ad i ;
Section 7. ​Who  May  Adopt​. The f ll i g a (b) The legi i a e /da gh e f e e b he
ad : he e;
(a) ​An Filipino citi en f legal age, i e i f (c) A illegi i a e /da gh e b a alified
f ll ci il ca aci a d legal igh , f g d al ad e i e hi /he a ha f
cha ac e , ha bee c ic ed f a ci e legi i ac ;
i l i g al i de, e i all a d (d) A e f legal age if, i he ad i ,
ch l gicall ca able f ca i g f child e , a aid e ha bee c i e l c ide ed a d
lea i ee (16) ea lde ha he ad ee, a d ea ed b he ad e ( ) a hi /he child i ce
h i i a ii a d ca e f hi /he i i ;
child e i kee i g i h he ea f he fa il . ​The (e) A child h e ad i ha bee e i l
req irement of si teen (16) ear difference e ci ded;
bet een the age of the adopter and adoptee ma (f) A child h e bi l gical ad i e a e ( ) ha
be ai ed hen the adopter is the biological died: ​P ded, ​Tha ceedi g hall be i i ia ed
parent of the adoptee, or is the spo se of the i hi i (6) h f he i e f dea h f aid
adoptee's parent; a e ( ).
(b) ​An alien ​ e i g he a e alifica i a
ab e a ed f Fili i a i al : ​P ded​, Tha *** a ad ee h e ad i ha bee e ci ded
hi /he c ha di l a ic ela i i h he a al be ad ed
Re blic f he Phili i e , ha he/ he ha bee GR: child c ef DSWD
li i g i he Phili i e f a lea h ee (3)
c i ea i he fili g f he a lica i EFFECT OF LEGAL ADOPTION DECREE:
f ad i a d ai ai ch e ide ce il he Section 16. ​Parental  Authority.​ E ce i ca e
ad i dec ee i e e ed, ha he/ he ha bee he e he bi l gical a e i he e f he
ce ified b hi /he di l a ic c la ffice ad e , all legal ie be ee he bi l gical
a a ia e g e e age c ha he/ he ha a e ( ) a d he ad ee hall be e e ed a d he
he legal ca aci ad i hi /he c , a d a e hall he be e ed he ad e ( ).
ha hi /he g e e all he ad ee e e Section 17. ​Legitimacy. The ad ee hall be
hi /he c a hi /he ad ed /da gh e : c ide ed he legi i a e /da gh e f he
P ded, F he , Tha he e ie e ad e ( ) f all i e a d e a da ch i
e ide c a d ce ifica i f he alie ' alifica i e i led all he igh a d bliga i ided b
ad i hi /he c a be ai ed f he la legi i a e /da gh e b he
f ll i g: ih di c i i a i f a ki d. T hi e d, he
(i) a f e Fili i ci i e h eek ad a ad ee i e i led l e, g ida ce, a d i
ela i e i hi he f h (4 h) deg ee f kee i g i h he ea f he fa il .
c a g i i affi i ; Section 18.  Succession​. I legal a d i e a e
(ii) e h eek ad he legi i a e cce i , he ad e ( ) a d he ad ee hall ha e
/da gh e f hi /he Fili i e; eci cal igh f cce i ih di i c i
(iii) e h i a ied a Fili i ci i e a d eek f legi i a e filia i . H e e , if he ad ee
ad j i l i h hi /he e a ela i e i hi a d hi /he bi l gical a e ( ) had lef a ill, he
he f h (4 h) deg ee f c a g i i affi i f la e a e a cce i hall g e .
he Fili i e;
(c) The g a dia i h e ec he a d af e he ***e i led f , l e a d ca e f ad e
e i ai f he g a dia hi a d clea a ce f ***INTESTATE SUCCESSION: eci cal cce i
hi /he fi a cial acc abili ie . de RA8552
H ba d a d ife hall j i l ad , e ce i he
f ll i g ca e : RESCISSION: ADOPTION
(i) if e e eek ad he legi i a e Section 19. ​Grounds  for  Rescission  of  Adoption​. ​
/da gh e f he he ; U eii f he ad ee, i h he a i a ce f
(ii) if e e eek ad hi /he he De a e if a i if e eigh ee (18)
illegi i a e /da gh e : P ided, H e e , ha ea f age b i i ca aci a ed, a
he he e ha ig ified hi /he c e g a dia /c el, he ad i a be e ci ded
he e ; a f he f ll i g g d c i ed b he
(iii) if he e a e legall e a a ed f each ad e ( ): (a) e ea ed h ical a d e bal
he . al ea e b he ad e ( ) de i e ha i g

B A D C A 1 1
 19

de g e c eli g; (b) a e he life f he c eli g f a acc edi ed c el i hi /he

ad ee; (c) e al a a l i le ce; (d) c ;
aba d e a d fail e c l i h a e al
bliga i .
(d) ha bee c ic ed f a ci e
Ad i , bei g i he be i e e f he child, hall
i l i g al i de;
be bjec e ci i b he ad e ( ).
H e e , he ad e ( ) a di i he i he ad ee
f ca e ided i A icle 919 f he ​Ci il C de​. (e) i eligible ad de hi /he ai al
Section 20. ​Effects  of  Rescission​. If he e i i i la ;
g a ed, he a e al a h i f he ad ee'
bi l gical a e ( ), if k , he legal c d f (f) i i a ii ide he e ca e
he De a e hall be e ed if he ad ee i a d a d gi e he ece a al al e
ill a i i ca aci a ed. The eci cal igh a d e a le all hi child e , i cl di g he child
a d bliga i f he ad e ( ) a d he ad ee be ad ed;
each he hall be e i g i hed.
The c hall de he Ci il Regi a ca cel he
a e ded ce ifica e f bi h f he ad ee a d (g) ag ee h ld he ba ic igh f he
e e hi /he igi al bi h ce ifica e. child a e b died de Phili i e la , he U.N.
S cce i igh hall e e i a i C e i he Righ f he Child, a d abide
ad i , b l a f he da e f j dg e f b he le a d eg la i i ed i le e he
j dicial e ci i . Ve ed igh ac i ed i i i f hi Ac ;
j dicial e ci i hall be e ec ed.
(h) c e f a c ih h he
INTER-COUNTRY ACT OF 1995 Phili i e ha di l a ic ela i a d h e
RA 8043 g e e ai ai a i ila l a h i ed a d
*** a f eig e a ch e: e he i e -c acc edi ed age c a d ha ad i i all ed de
ac a d he d e ic ad i la hi /he a i al la ; a d
***i e c ac : ced e i d e ide PH:
f fili g f he e i i il ad i dec ee i
g a ed b he c (i) e e all he alifica i a d e f
he di alifica i ided he ei a d i he
Sec. 5. C ii f he B a d. The B a d hall a licable Phili i e la .
be c ed f he Sec e a f he De a e a
e ffici Chai a , a d i (6) he e be be Supervised  Trial  Custody​. N e i i f ad i
a i ed b he P e ide f a e e able e hall be fi all g a ed il he ad e ( ) ha bee
f i (6) ea : P ided, Tha he e hall be gi e b he c a e i ed ial c d ei d
a i ed e (1) chia i ch l gi , (2) f a lea i (6) h i hi hich he a ie
la e h hall ha e a lea he alifica i fa a e e ec ed adj ch l gicall a d
egi al ial c j dge, e (1) egi e ed cial e i all each he a d e abli h a b di g
ke a d (2) e e e ai e f ela i hi . D i g aid e i d, e a a e al
-g e e al ga i a i e gaged i a h i hall be e ed i he ad e ( ).
child-ca i g a d lace e ac i i ie .
The c a i i f a
Sec. 9. Wh Ma Ad . A alie a Fili i
a ed ce he ial e i d if i fi d he a e be
ci i e e a e l e idi g ab ad a file a
i he be i ee f he ad ee, a i g he
a lica i f i e -c ad i f a Fili i
ea f he ed c i f he e i d. H e e , f
child if he/ he:
alie ad e ( ), he/ he c le e he i
(6)- h ial c d e ce f h ee e a ed
(a) i a lea e - e e (27) ea f age i Sec. 7 (b) (i) (ii) (iii).
a d a lea i ee (16) ea lde ha he child
be ad ed, a he i e f a lica i le he
If he child i bel e e (7) ea f age a d i
ad e i he a e b a e f he child be
laced i h he ec i e ad e ( ) h gh a
ad ed he e f ch a e :
e-ad i lace e a h i i ed b he
De a e , he ec i e ad e ( ) hall e j
(b) if a ied, hi /he e j i l file all he be efi hich bi l gical a e ( ) i
f he ad i ; e i led f he da e he ad ee i laced i h he
ec i e ad e ( ).
(c) ha he ca aci ac a d a e all
igh a d e ibili ie f a e al a h i de SUPPORT
hi a i al la , a d ha de g e he a ia e A . 194. S c i e e e hi g i di e able
f e a ce, d elli g, cl hi g, edical

B A D C A 1 1
 20

a e da ce, ed ca i a d a a i , in keeping
ith the financial capacit of the famil . GR: he fa he a d he he j i l e e ci e
a e al a h i e hei c child e
The ed ca i f he e e i led be ed - I ca e f di ag ee e ; he fa he deci i
efe ed i he ecedi g a ag a h hall i cl de ill e ail
hi ch li g ai i g f e fe i , ade - U le he e i j dicial deci i he
ca i , e e be d he age f aj i . c a
Ta ai hall i cl de e e e i g i g a d
f ch l, a df lace f k. A . 212. I ca e f ​absence or death of either
parent​, he a e e e hall c i e e e ci i g
a e al a h i . The remarriage of the s r i ing
THE FF: ARE OBLIGED TO SUPPORT EACH OTHER: parent shall not affect the parental a thorit o er
A . 105. the children​, le he c a i a he
(1) The e ; e be he g a dia f he e e
(2) Legi i a e a ce da a d de ce da ; f he child e . ( )
(3) Pa e a d hei legi i a e child e a d he
legi i a e a d illegi i a e child e f he la e ; *** ec d H W ill e e ci e a e al a h i
(4) Pa e a d hei illegi i a e child e a d he he child f he fi a iage: REASON he he i
legi i a e a d illegi i a e child e f he la e ; a d he a e f he c child;
(5) Legi i a e b he a d i e , he he f f ll - e e ci e a e al a h i ;legall ad
half-bl d he child e ; ill all he e e ci e
**illegi b a d i i cl ded i he li b a a e al a h i
be e i led
A . 213. I ca e f separation of the parents,
A . 199. Whe e e e e a e bliged a e al a h i hall be e e ci ed b he parent
gi e , he liabili hall de l e he designated b the Co rt. The C hall ake i
f ll i g e i he de he ei ided: acc all ele a c ide a i , e eciall he
(1) The e; ch ice f he child e e e ea f age, le
(2) The de ce da i he ea e deg ee; he a e ch e i fi . ( )
(3) The a ce da i he ea e deg ee; a d
(4) The b he a d i e . *** all he i ce e ill be all ed b he
c e e ci e a e al a h i
A . 201. The a f , i he ca e - If he child i le ha 7
efe ed i A icle 195 a d 196, hall be i - GR: he c d a d a e al a h i i
i he e ce ea f he gi e a d e ed he he ; le he c fi d
he ece i ie f he eci ie . c elli g ea de i e he he
- E . ea f de ial f a e al
*** e ha he gi e ha e gh e ce c d / a e al a h i
ea gi e - D g addic i , habi al alc h li ,
i a i , c icable di ea e ( ake
Wha eed h a f: e f he be i e e f he child)
- a li
- ae e f acc fb i e A . 214. I ca e f dea h, ​absence or ns itabilit
of the parents, s bstit te parental a thorit shall
Nece i ie f he Reci ie : be e ercised b the s r i ing grandparent. I ca e
- eed be ed ( i i , edical e c) e e al i e, he e de ig a ed b he c ,
aki g i acc he a e c ide a i
A . 202. S i he ca e efe ed i he e i ed i he ecedi g a icle, hall e e ci e he
ecedi g a icle hall be ed ced i c ea ed a h i .
i a el , acc di g he ed c i
i c ea e f he ece i ie f he eci ie a d he A . 215. N de ce da hall be ​compelled, i a
e ce ea f he e bliged f i h c i i al ca e, e if agai hi ae a d
he a e. g a d a e , e ce he ch e i i
i di e able i a c i e agai he de ce da b
PARENTAL AUTHORITY: e a e agai he he .
- S e al f all he bliga i f he
ae a d hei child e *** if he de ce da l ee e if agai hi
a e ; he a e all ed.
GR: Pa e al a h i ; a be e ced - XPN: a be c elled e if agai he
e e a fe ed e a il a ce da if ac a e di ec ed agai he
XPN: i ca e a h i ed b la : child (ab i g/ le i g he child; e al
1. Ad i ; ac ae d e i a el , i e ; he
2. G a dia hi e i f he child i i di e able he
3. O ha age child ea i g i i i e d f j ice)

B A D C A 1 1
 21

- Ma al be c elled e if agai All he ca e c e ed b hi a d he ecedi g

a he a e / g a d if he ffe e i d e a icle hall be g e ed b he i i f he
agai he he a e /g a d Ci il C de a i-delic .

Parental A thorit o er
DEFENSES;
FOUNDLINGS/ABANDONED/NEGLECTED/ABUSED
- If i ca be ed ha e ha e e ci ed
Children
di a dilige ce f a g d fa he f he
- The head f ORPHANAGES CHILD REARING
fa il
INSTITUTION acc edi ed b he e g
age c
A . 223. The ​parents or, in their absence or
- N a a ic; hall de g SUMMARY
incapacit , the indi id al, entit or instit tion
JUDICIAL PROCEEDINGS FC
e ercising parental a thorit , ma petition the
proper co rt of the place here the child reside​ ,
SUBSTITUTE PARENTAL AUTHORITY
f a de idi g f di ci li a ea e e
- B h ae a e ab e / dead
he child. The child hall be e i led he a i a ce
f c el, ei he f hi ch ice a i ed b he
A . 216. I defa l f ae a j diciall
c , a d a a hea i g hall be c d c ed
a i ed g a dia , he f ll i g e hall
he ei he e i i e a d he child hall be hea d.
e e ci e b i e a e al a h i e he child
i he de i dica ed:
H e e , if i he a e ceedi g he c fi d
he e i i e a fa l , i e ec i e f he e i f
(1) The ​s r i ing grandparent, ​a ided i A . he e i i , he he ci c a ce a a ,
214; he c a al de he de i a i
e i f a e al a h i ad ch he
ea e a i a dee j a d e.
(2) The ​oldest brother or sister, o er t ent -one
ea f age, le fi di alified; a d
A . 225. The fa he a d he he hall j i l
e e ci e legal g a dia hi e he e f he
(3) The ​child's act al c stodian, o er t ent -one e a ci a ed c child i h he ece i
ea f age, le fi di alified. fac a i e . I ca e f di ag ee e , he
fa he ' deci i hall e ail, le he e i a
Whe e e he a i e a j dicial g a dia j dicial de he c a .
e he e f he child bec e ece a ,
he a e de f efe e ce hall be b e ed. Whe e he a ke al e f he e he a al
i c e f he ​child e ceeds P50,000, the parent
concerned shall be req ired to f rnish a bond i
SPECIAL PARENTAL AUTHORITY ch a a he c a de e i e, b le
A . 218. The ​school, its administrators and ha e e ce (10%) f he al e f he
teachers, or the indi id al, entit or instit tion e a al i c e, g a a ee he
e gaged i child a e hall ha e ecial a e al ef a ce f he bliga i e c ibed f ge e al
a h i a d e ibili e he i child g a dia .
hile de hei e i i ,i ci c d .
A e ified e i i f a al f he b d hall be
A h i a d e ibili hall a l all filed i he e c f he lace he e he child
a h i ed ac i i ie he he i ide ide he e ide , , if he child e ide i a f eig c ,
e i e f he ch l, e i i i i . i he e c f he lace he e he e
a a he e f i i a ed.
***e e h e h a e f legal age
The e i i hall be d cke ed a a a ecial
A . 129. Th e gi e he a h i a d e ibili ceedi g i hich all i cide a d i e ega di g
de he ecedi g A icle hall be principall and he e f a ce f he bliga i efe ed i he
solidaril liable for damages ca ed b he ac ec d a ag a h f hi A icle hall be hea d a d
i i f he e a ci a ed i . The ​parents, e l ed.
j dicial g ardians or the persons e ercising
s bstit te parental a thorit o er said minor shall The di ale g a dia hi hall be e el
be s bsidiaril ​ liable. le e ce he he child i de b i e
a e al a h i , he g a dia i a a ge , a
ae ha e a ied, i hich ca e he di a
The e ec i e liabili ie f h e efe ed i he le g a dia hi hall a l .
ecedi g a ag a h hall a l if i i ed
ha he e e ci ed he e dilige ce e i ed SUSPENSION OR TERMINATION OF PARENTAL
de he a ic la ci c a ce . AUTHORITY

B A D C A 1 1
 22

A . 228. Pa e al a h i e i ae e a e l :
(1) U he dea h f he a e ; ART 41: Decla a i fPe i e Dea h
(2) U he dea h f he child; ELe e :
(3) U e a ci a i f he child. 1. The e i ab e ce f 2/4 c i ea
2. P e e e ha a ell f ded belief ha
. 229. U le b e e l e i ed b a fi al he ab e ee e i dead
j dg e , a e al a h i al e i ae :
(1) U ad i f he child; ART 51: Deli e f Pe i e Legi i e he
(2) U a i e f a ge e al g a dia ; Legi i a e Child e
(3) U j dicial decla a i f aba d e f he Re i i e:
child i a ca e filed f he e; - The e i dec. f lli f a iage/
(4) U fi al j dg e f a c ee c a l e
di e i g he a c ce ed f a e al a h i ; ***c :f he deli e f he e i e legi i e

(5) U j dicial decla a i f ab e ce i ca aci ART 69:

f he e e e ci i g a e al a h i . GR: H&W hall fi he fa il d icile
- Di ag ee e ; C ill de e i e
When parental a thorit ma be s spended:
ART 73:
A . 230. Pa e al a h i i e ded GR: a f he e ca e e ci e a legi i a e
c ic i f he a e he e e e ci i g he b i e , fe i e e ih he c e f he
a e f a c i e hich ca ie i h i he e al f he e
ci il i e dic i (acce e al ). The a h i i XPN: he he e i bjec i f he he e
a a icall ei a ed e ice f he e al alid, e i a d al g d
ad a e f he ffe de .
***c : de e i e he bjec i i e ; a d if
*** a e al a h i ill be a a icall ei a ed he be efi acc ed he fa il bef e he
e ice f e al ad a e f bjec i
he ffe de - If he be efi acc ed bef e he bjec i ;
ACP/CPG liable
A . 231. The c i a ac i filed f he e - If af e : e a a e e f he e h
i a ela ed ca e a al e d a e al a h i did b ai c e ill be liable
if he a e he e e e ci i g he a e:
(1) T ea he child i h e ce i e ha h e ART: 96 Ad i i a i f he ACP
c el ; ART124: Ad i i a i f he CPG
(2) Gi e he child c i g de , c el ART 217: Pa e al A h i e he F dli g ,
e a le; Aba d ed, Neglec ed a d Ab ed
(3) C el he child beg; - T a fe he head f he ha age;
(4) S bjec he child all hi be bjec ed c eeded
ac f la ci i e . ART 223: Di ci li a ea e e he child
ART 225: J dicial B d e he e f he child
The g d e e a ed ab e a e dee ed - De e i ed b he c b le ha
i cl de ca e hich ha e e l ed f c l able 10% f he a al i c e f he child
eglige ce f he a e he e e e ci i g ART 239: Need f J dicial A h i a i beca e he
a e al a h i . SPS a e e a a ed de fac
If he deg ee f e i e a a , he - O e f he ha lef he c j gal h e;
elfa e f he child de a d , he c hall he ce aba d e ; f 3 h a d
de i e he g il a f a e al a h i i e e he c j gal d elli g
ad ch he ea e a a be e de - T a h i e: he e ie ha a be
he ci c a ce . e c be ed ld

The s spension or depri ation ma be re oked and IMPORTANCE OF THE SUMMARY JUDICIAL
the parental a thorit re i ed in a case filed for PROCEEDING:
the p rpose or in the same proceeding if the co rt - N a ial e
finds that the ca se therefor has ceased and ill - S b i d c ,c ac deed ha eed
not be repeated. be all ed, g a ed j diciall a h i ed
b he c
Permanent Depri ation: Parental A thorit - Affida i f he i e e ; a ea i c
A . 232. If he e e e ci i g a e al a h i c fi
ha bjec ed he child all ed hi be - DECISION IS IMMEDIATELY FINAL AND
bjec ed e al ab e, ch e hall be EXECUTORY ART 247
e a e l de i ed b he c f ch a h i . - A eal i all ed
- If agg ie ed b he l e c :
SUMMARY JUDICIAL PROCEEDINGS REMEDY R le 65 CA

B A D C A 1 1
 23

- If de ied: SC R le 45 A . 376. N e ca cha ge hi a e a e

- Fa il C /RTC ih j dicial a h i .

USE OF SURNAMES: A . 377. U ai fa a ea d a e a be

S a e ha a be ed b a he bjec f a ac i f da age a d he elief.
legi i a e/legi i a ed Child: - If l a a c ee a e/ e a e a be
- S a e f he fa he all ed; ided; i f he e
Illegi i a e Child: hich i c i i al i a e
GR: a e f he he
XPN: de REVILLA LAW; a e a e f he A . 378. The a h i ed la f l e f a he
fa he ; ided he fa he ha l a il ec g i ed e ' a e gi e a igh f ac i he la e .
he child
Legall Ad ed: A . 379. The e l e f e a e age
- U e he a e f he ad e a e i e i ed, ided i i d e i g d fai h
a d he e i i j hi d e . Pe a e
MARRIED WOMAN: a d age a e ca be ed.
A . 370.NCC: A a ied a a e:
A . 380. E ce a ided i he ecedi g a icle,
(1) He aide fi a e a d a e a d add he e hall e diffe e a e a d a e .
h ba d' a e,
***R a be : de ce da
(2) He aide fi a e a d he h ba d' a e J i :

(3) He h ba d' f ll a e, b efi i g a d CHANGE OF NAME:

i dica i g ha he i hi ife, ch a "M ." GR: all ed i h j dicial ac i
- H e e, de he ​CLERICAL ERROR LAW
When there s ann lment of marriage: (Ca etano La ) :
A . 371. I ca e f a l e f a iage, a d he - Sec 2 RA 9048, a cle ical g a hical
ife i he g il a , he hall e e he aide e efe a i ake c i ed i he
a ea d a e. If he i he i ce e, he ef a ce f cle ical k i i i g,
a e e he aide a e a d a e. c i g, a c ibi g i ga e i he
Ho e er, she ma choose to contin e emplo ing ci il egi e ha i ha le a d i c ,
her former h sband's s rname, nless: ch a i elled a e i elled lace
(1) The c dec ee he i e, f bi h, i ake i he e f da a d
h i he da e f bi h he e f he
(2) She he f e h ba d i a ied agai e he like, hich i i ible he e e
a he e . b i he de a di g, a d ca be
c ec ed cha ged l b efe e ce
DEATH of the HUSBAND he e i i g ec d ec d : P ided,
A . 373. A id a e he decea ed h ba d' h e e , Tha c ec i i l e he
a e a h gh he e e ill li i g, i acc da ce cha ge f a i ali , age, a f he
i h A icle 370 eii e.
- Sh ld i cl de VDA de - Cha ge f a e hall l e ai
- Ma al e e aide a e he fi a e ick a e NOT he
a e; l a c ec i f cle ical
LEGAL SEPARATION e
A . 372. Whe legal e a a i ha bee g a ed, - M be ed ha i i l
he ​ ife shall contin e sing her name and cle ical
s rname emplo ed before the legal separation​. - G LCR: ad i i a i e:
ci i e hi , bi hda e
A . 374. I ca e f ide i f a e a d a e , Sec 4 RA 9048 GROUNDS be all ed cha ge
he ge e hall be bliged e ch Fi a e:
addi i al a e a e a ill a id c f i . 1. a e i idic l
2. Na e i ai ed i h di h
A . 375. I ca e f ide i f a e a d a e 3. E e el diffic l ie
be ee a ce da a d de ce da , he d ce
"J i " ca be ed l b a . Ga d a d 4. T a id c f i
he di ec ale de ce da hall ei he : 5. Habi all i g a diffe e a e

(1) Add a iddle a e he he ' a e, PROPERTY

(2) Add he R a N e al II, III, a d . A . 414. All hi g hich a e a be he bjec f

a ia i a e c ide ed ei he :

B A D C A 1 1
 24

(1) I able eal e ; 1. I be he e f he la d,

(2) M able e al e . e e e b ildi g h lace he
achi e ch la d, b ildi g
IMMOVABLE PROPERTY e e e
2. The e be a i d k
A . 415. The f ll i g a e i able e : ha i de ake aid la d,
(1) Land, b ildings, roads and constr ctions of all b ildi g e e e
kinds adhered to the soil; 3. The achi e , ece acle
- I able b a e: ca be a fe ed i e i i ci al; e d
f e lace a he di ec l ee he eed f i d
- B ildi g h e a e eal e k
- T be c ide ed a i able 4. The achi e , ece acle
e : i e be i cide al;
1. I be ​adhered​ he il; a d be i ci al a d i di e able
2. M be ​permanent​ i c e GR: i be he e f he la d, b ildi g
e e e h lace he achi e , ece acle
(2) Trees, plants, and gro ing fr its, hile the are i e aid la d, b ildi g e e e ---- eal
attached to the land or form an integral part of an e
immo able; XPN: if l a e a le ee f he la d, b ildi g
- M be a ached he la d be e e e lace he achi e , ece acle
c ide ed eal e i e aid la d, b ildi g
- O ce ha e ed e e ed f he e e e --- e al e
g d; c ide ed e al e - XPN XPN: if af e he c ac f lea e ha
NOTE: H e/b ildi g, a be c ide ed bee e i a ed; he e i a ag ee e
e al e : CHATTEL MORTGAGE; l be ee he e la d, b ildi g
bi d he c ac i g a ie ; i h e ec e e e a d he e f achi e ,
he 3 d a ie a d he la ; ch a e ece acle a d i e ; ha he
c ide ed eal e ie : PROVIDED; he achi e hall be lef behi d be a f
h e he b ildi g i e a e i he la d, b ildi g e e e --- eal
c e a d a ached he la d e

(3) E er thing attached to an immo able in a fi ed (6) Animal ho ses, pigeon-ho ses, beehi es, fish
manner, in s ch a a that it cannot be separated ponds or breeding places of similar nat re, in case
therefrom itho t breaking the material or their o ner has placed them or preser es them
deterioration of the object; ith the intention to ha e them permanentl
- M be he e f he la d ha a ache attached to the land, and forming a permanent part
he of it; the animals in these places are incl ded;
- If e a a ed; he e ill b eaki g f he - Ele e be c ide ed eal e
a e ial de e i a i f he bjec / hi g 1. I e i f he e
e a e l a ach i he la d
(4) Stat es, reliefs, paintings or other objects for 2. Pe a e l a ached
se or ornamentation, placed in b ildings or on
lands b the o ner of the immo able in s ch a (7) Fertili er act all sed on a piece of land;
manner that it re eals the intention to attach them - M be ac all ed i he la d: a be
permanentl to the tenements; i ed i h he il
- O e a ache i e a e l
- Ma be e ed ih b eaki g (8) Mines, q arries, and slag d mps, hile the
de e i a i matter thereof forms part of the bed, and aters
- I e i f he e a ach he either r nning or stagnant;
e a e l - Whe c ide ed a eal e :
- If he i e al a e e e ac ed
***1-4 a e i able e b INCORPORATION; - O ce e ac ed a ied;
he i e i f he e a ach he he bec e e al
e a e l ; be e a e l fi ed e
1-4- a e al i able b a e
*** 5-8 Real P e ie b DESTINATION
(5) Machiner , receptacles, instr ments or
implements intended b the o ner of the (9) Docks and str ct res hich, tho gh floating,
tenement for an ind str or orks hich ma be are intended b their nat re and object to remain
carried on in a b ilding or on a piece of land, and at a fi ed place on a ri er, lake, or coast;
hich tend directl to meet the needs of the said - Ve el ; a be e al e : ca be
ind str or orks; ed f e lace a he
- Ele e ; be c ide ed a eal e - HOWEVER: beca e f al e; a d ba ed
CC, c ide ed a eal e

B A D C A 1 1
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A . 421. All he e f he S a e, hich i

(10) Contracts for p blic orks, and ser it des and f he cha ac e a ed i he ecedi g a icle, i
other real rights o er immo able propert . a i ial e . (340a)
- N he d c; b a i a gible a d i alie able A . 422. P e f blic d i i , he l ge
igh e he e i e ded f blic e f blic e ice, hall
- P blic C ac , Ea e e a d Se i de: f a f he a i ial e f he S a e.
Real P e (341a)

***Real P e b ANALOGY; b e e ed i i A . 423. The e f i ce , ci ie , a d

b CC ici ali ie i di ided i e f blic e
a d a i ial e . (343)
MOVABLE PROPERTY
A . 424. P e f blic e, i he i ce ,
A . 416. The f ll i g hi g a e dee ed be ci ie , a d ici ali ie , c i f he i cial
e al e : ad , ci ee , ici al ee , he ae ,
(1) Th e able ce ible f a ia i f ai , blic a e , e ade , a d blic
hich a e i cl ded i he ecedi g a icle; k f blic e ice aid f b aid i ce ,
(2) Real e hich b a ecial i i f ci ie , ici ali ie .
la i c ide ed a e al e ;
(3) F ce f a e hich a e b gh de c l All he e e ed b a f he i
b cie ce; a d a i ial a d hall be g e ed b hi C de,
(4) I ge e al, all hi g hich ca be a ed ih ej dice he i i f ecial la .
f lace lace i h i ai e f he eal (344a)
e hich he a e fi ed. (335a)
A . 425. P e f i ae e hi , be ide he
A . 417. The f ll i g a e al c ide ed a a i ial e f he S a e, i ce , ci ie ,
e al e : a d ici ali ie , c i f all e bel gi g
(1) Obliga i a d ac i hich ha e f hei i ae e , ei he i di id all c llec i el .
bjec able de a dable ;a d (
(2) Sha e f ck f ag ic l al, c e cial a d
i d ial e i ie , al h gh he a ha e eal OWNERSHIP
e a e.
A . 427. O e hi a be e e ci ed e hi g
TWO TEST: Real or Personal Propert igh .
1. Test of E cl sion​: if he hi g, bjec /
e i i cl ded i he e eai - O e f he hi g, bjec / e : FULL
de ART 415 i e al e ATTRIBUTES OF OWNERSHIP
2. Test of Description​: if he hi g, bjec - Righ e j
/ e ca be a fe ed f e lace - Righ e
a he ill ca e i j da age - Righ di e
he hi g, bjec e he - Righ ab e
i able hich i i a ached-- e al
e Right to Enjo and Dispose:
A . 428. The e ha he igh e j a d
PROPERTY IN RELATION TO THE PERSON TO WHOM di e f a hi g, i h he li i a i ha
IT BELONGS h e e abli hed b la .

A . 419. P e i ei he f blic d i i f Right to Reco er from an holder:

i ae e hi . (338) ART 428 ( a . 2) The e ha al a igh f ac i
A . 420. The f ll i g hi g a e e f blic agai he h lde a d e f he hi g i de
d i i : ec e i .
-HOWEVER; he e ha e he igh
(1) Th e i e ded f blic e, ch a ad , ec e , ide if he hi g, bjec / e ;
ca al , i e , e , a d b idge c c ed be clea l ide if
b he S a e, ba k , h e , ad ead , a d he f - de e d he e gh f
i ila cha ac e ; e ide ce; he eak e f he e ide ce f he
defe da
(2) Th e hich bel g he S a e, ih bei g
f blic e, a d a e i e ded f e blic Right to e cl de:
e ice f he de el e f he a i al A . 429. The e la f l e f a hi g ha
eal h. (339a) he igh e cl de a e f he e j e
a d di al he e f.

Doctrine of Self Help:

B A D C A 1 1
 26

A 429 ( a 2)F hi e, he a e ch
f ce a a be ea abl ece a e el - If f d e hi g la d:
e e a ac al h ea e ed la f l h ical - GR: Bec e he e
i a i ai f hi e . - XPN:
Re i i e : 1. Mi e al a d a al e ce : e
1. The e i i a i ai f i he a e ba ed he Regalia
e D c i e
2. The i a i ai i la f l 2. Hidde T ea e:
3. The e / la f l e ; ha he - Ca he e c c a hi g ab e hi
igh la d?
4. Ca l e ea able f ce - GR: Ye
defe d e el - S bjec la ea e e ; igh
5. A he i e f ac al h ea e ed i ai ae ial a iga i
la f l i a i
*** a e el i a i e e ih hel Right to Hidden Treas re
- If i a e ac al: ​DISPUTABLE A . 438. Hidde ea e bel g he e f he
PRESUMPTION OF OWNERSHIP: la d, b ildi g, he e hich i i f d.
- ac al/ h ical a e ial e i f
e ; clai f e hi Ne e hele , he he di c e i ade he
- O e eek j dicial i e e i e f a he , f he S a e a f i
- Ca e e ci e D c i e f bdi i i , a d b cha ce, e-half he e f hall be
elf hel all ed he fi de . If he fi de i a e a e , he
hall be e i led a ha e f he ea e.
***O i e f D c i e f Self Hel :
Doctrine of State of Necessit If he hi g f d be f i e e cie ce f he
1. I i e da ge he ac al ffe ed a , he S a e a ac i e he a hei j ice,
e hich hall be di ided i c f i i h he le
2. A eed i e fe e a he e a ed.
a e ch da ge ( e f he e
ca e e he e f i e fe i g - If e f he la d a d al he fi de : ill
f hi e ) ge all
3. A d ha da age he e i g ea e - If he e : IF ITS b cha ce ​(ART 439
ha f he e a h dde a d de f e ,
Obliga i : e e , he ec b ec , he 
- I de ifica i f he al e f he hi g lawful  ownership  of  which  does  not 
de ed appea​r​. ) k - FINDER: ill ge f
he ea e a d he e
Right to enclose or Fence o n real propert - If e l ee:
A . 430. E e e a e cl e fe ce hi la d - GR: ill l ge ag eed age
e e e b ea f all , di che , li e dead ala ie
hedge , b a he ea ih de i e - XPN:if he e i a ag ee e ge a
e i de c i ed he e . ha e he hidde ea e
- If a e a e ; ill ge a hi g; a be
Right of Compensation: E propriation (Eminent ec ed f e ei g f he e
Domain) f a he e ih hi /he c e
A . 435. N e hall be de i ed f hi e - If he hidde ea e i f i e e ARTS
e ce b c e e a h i a df blic e a d a d SCIENCE; he a e ill ge a d a f
al a a e fj c e ai . j al e

Sh ld hi e i e e be fi c lied i h, Right to Accession

he c hall ec a d, i a e ca e, e e A . 440. The e hi f e gi e he igh b
he e i hi e i . acce i e e hi g hich i d ced he eb ,
hich i i c a ed a ached he e , ei he
S rface Rights of the Lando ner a all a ificiall .
A . 437. The e f a a cel f la d i he e
f i face a d f e e hi g de i , a d he ca Acce i : e e hi g d ced he eb a ached
c c he e a k ake a la a i he e ei he a e l a ificiall
a d e ca a i hich he a dee e, ih - N a de f ac i i g e hi
de i e e i de a d bjec ecial la
a d di a ce . He ca c lai f he Basic Principles in ol ed in Accession:
ea able e i e e f ae ial a iga i . 1. Acce f ll he i ci al
- Ma e ca a e, c c ake a 2. The i i c ai f he
la a i la d; b SUBJECT TO bjec ; if i ci al i e a a ed f he
LAW AND ORDINANCES

B A D C A 1 1
 27

acce he e ill be a b a ial i j i he b ildi g, la i g

he hi g (e dia d a d g ld i g) i g
3. He h i GF hall be e ible b hall - REASON: ill i c ea e
be e ali ed: he al e f he la d
a. The e i BF hall be e ali ed; a - PRINCIPLE: SOLUTIO
f da age he e i GF INDEBITI- e hall
b. If b he BF= e ali e ; b h hall be be j l e iched
c ide ed i GF a he e e e f
4. SOl i I debi i; e hall be j l a he
e iched a he e e e f he he 2 . La d e a ell he la d e c ached
;
3 Kinds - P ided: he al e f he la d i
1. Acce i I d ial c ide abl e ha he al e f
2. Acce i Na al he b ildi g, ee a d c
3. Acce i i h e ec able e - If he al e f he la d i
e ha he al e f he
ACCESSION INDUSTRIAL b ildi g, ee a d c ;
A . 448. The e f he la d hich a hi g FORCED LEASE be ee he
ha bee b il , la ed i g d fai h, hall a ie ; g e ed b e
ha e he igh a ia e a hi he k , a d c di i ag eed
i g la i g, af e a e f he i de i b he a ie he el e
ided f i A icle 546 a d 548, blige he - If he ca ag ee:
e h b il la ed a he ice f he la d, COURT ill de e i e
a d he e h ed, he e e . H e e, he e a d
he b ilde la e ca be bliged b he c di i f he
la d if i al e i c ide abl e ha ha f he f ced lea e
b ildi g ee . I ch ca e, he hall a
ea able e , if he e f he la d d e Rights of the B ilder in GF:
ch e a ia e he b ildi g ee af e 1. Righ f ei b e e :
e i de i . The a ie hall ag ee he a. Nece a a d ef l e e e (ART
e f he lea e a d i ca e f di ag ee e , he 546&548) i c ed i he b ildi g,
c hall fi he e he e f. la i g a d i g
2. Righ f Re e i il f ll aid; il a d
Wh i a la d e i GF: le he b ilde i GF ha bee aid f he
- O e h d e k he b ildi g, la i g ece a a d ef l e e e
a d i g; a d if he k , he bjec 3. Righ b he la d e c ached ;
he e a. P ided: he al e f he la d i
c ide abl e ha he al e f
Wh i a b ilde i GF: he b ildi g, ee a d c
- O e h b ild , la a la d i. If he al e f he la d i
hich he k a d belie e bel g hi e ha he al e f he
B if he k ha he la d d e bel g hi : b ildi g, ee a d c ;
BUILDER IN BAD FAITH FORCED LEASE be ee he
a ie ; g e ed b e
If both the b ilder and o ner are in GF: a d c di i ag eed
- The la ill ec b h b he a ie he el e
- B he la d e ha a efe e ial igh ii. If he ca ag ee: COURT
ill de e i e he e a d
What is the preferential right gi en to the c di i f he f ced lea e
lando ner?
- The igh ake a ch ice: Rights of the lando ner in GF; b ilder in BF
- REASON: la d e i he i le h lde A . 449. He h b ild , la i bad fai h
- PRINCIPLE: acce f ll he i ci al he la d f a he , l e ha i b il , la ed
ih igh i de i . (362)
Rights and Obligations of the lando ner in GF
1. Righ a ia e he b ildi g; a A . 450. The e f he la d hich a hi g
c el he b ilde , la e e gi e ha bee b il , la ed i bad fai h a
he b ildi g, ee c (ART 448) de a d he de li i f he k, ha he
- P ided: ha he la d e ill a la i g i g be e ed, i de e lace
i de i (ART 546 &548) hi g i hei f e c di i a he e e e f he
- Righ ei b e e e h b il , la ed ed; he a
he a f he B ilde , c el he b ilde la e a he ice f he
la e a d e :​necessar la d, a d he e he e e . (363a)
and sef l e penses i c ed

B A D C A 1 1
 28

A . 451. I he ca e f he ecedi g a icle , ***

he la d e i e i led da age f he PRINCIPLE:
b ilde , la e e.( ) I all i :
- The i a ia e ill
A . 452. The b ilde , la e e i bad fai h i a a icall ;bec e he e f he
e i led ei b e e f he ece a e e e all ial de i
f e e ai f he la d. - HOWEVER; i d e ecl de a he
e i ac i i g e hi i ch all ial
Rights of the lando ner in GF to a b ilder in BF de i ; ba ed he ac i i i e e c i i
1. Righ a ia e; ha ha bee b il ,
la ed a d ***
a. N eed a f i de i T e e a he e f bec i g he
b. B ilde ha a da age e f he all ial de i :
2. C el e al de li i f ha e e - Ha e he e e ed, ea ed a d
ha bee b il , la ed ; a b ilde egi e de he T e S e
e e e - If al ead ha e i le; e ca ge i
a. B ilde ha a da age - BU if egi e ed, i ca ecl de
3. Sell he la d e c ached ; ​e en if the a he e f i g ch all ial
al e of the land is e ceedingl more than de i
the al e of the b ilding, trees or crops
a. B ilde ha a da age IF ALLUVIAL DEPOSIT; FORMS IN THE MIDDLE OF THE
RIVER, FORMING AN ISLAND:FLOATABLE & NAVIGABLE
Right of the b ilder in BF to the lando ner in GF RIVER
1. Righ ei b e e ; ece a e e e - Ri e bel g he a e; he ef e he
f he e e a i f he la d i la d f i g i a a igable a d fl a able
a. PRINCIPLE: SOLUTIO INDEBITI i e al bel g he S a e
BUT IF THE RIVER IS NON-NAVIGABLE &
ACCESSION NATURAL: NON-FLOATABLE
1. All i - If i he iddle: ill g each e f
2. A l i he e ea he i la d
3. Aba d ed i e bed - If ea e a he ; ch i he e f he
i la d; bel g he i a ia e ea e
All i m: he i la d
-T e e ; all ial de i i he
la d f a he beca e f he cha ge i he A lsion
c e f he i e - T e ; beca e f he cha ge i he
Re i i e : c e f he i e ; he e i ​s dden and
1. S il de i i g ad al a d i e ce ible; abr pt ​ eg ega i f la d bel gi g e,
2. The ca e i he c e f he i e a d a ed a he
3. The i e c i e e i
4. The i c ea e i c a a i el li le Wh i he e f he la d hich i a ed
a he ?
Effec : - The e f he la d eg ega ed e ai
- The Ri a ia O e ih h he all ial e hi f he la d;
de i a ache ; ill be c ide ed he - PROVIDED; he ill a e hi e hi i hi
e f he all ial de i --i fac 2 ea
- E e if he i a ia e ha he e - HOW: e e i; e el
i al ead a all ial de i ; he i clai i , a d b i g he eg ega ed
fac bec e he e la d back hi e

If cc ied b a he e : i he c ce fa TREES UPROOTED

e: - The e f he ed ee hall clai i
- Cha ac e i ic f e i i he c ce fi i h6 . (c di i i e a )
fa e: a i e i e hi - Bef e e i g he ed ee
- O e a d b i g i back he e
- P blic e i hi 4 ea
- C i - Wh 4 ea ? Beca e he
- Ad e e ee a e al ead e e ed
- Peacef l f he g d aki g i a
- i e ed e al e ; e ca
M DE f ac i i g e hi : Ac i ii e l ea e i GF i hi 4
Pe ci i ea
- Bec e he e f he all ial
de i Abandoned Ri erbed

B A D C A 1 1
 29

- Ri e be ee e ie ; i e cha ged - If ai i g; c l e, i i g : he b a d he
i c e; a e i g he la d f a he ca a , he e, he a e : ACCESSORY;
Re i i e : he k: PRINCIPAL
1. The cha ge i he i e i dde /ab
2. The e i h a i e e i Test to Determine the Principal and the Accessor
3. T al aba d e f he g 1. The i ci al i hich he he i
a ached i c a ed a a a e
Wh ca a ail f he aba d ed i e bed? e fec i
- P efe e ial igh gi e he e ih a. E . The G ld i g i he i ci al;
hich he e c e a e ; aki g hi Dia d e i he acce
l a f hi e 2. The i ci al i he e f e al e ha
- The ef e he ca a ail f he aba d ed he he
i e bed i i he a ea ha he l 3. The i ci al ha f g ea e l e

The he la d e ; h did l e a f hi
la d; h i ea he aba d ed i e bed QUIETING OF TITLE
- If he he e h l a f hi la d - Ac i ; he he e i a cl d d b
d e a a ail f he aba d ed e i le a i ee he ei ; he
i e bed; he he la d e a a ail he he e i a d c e , i e , deed,
aba d ed i e bed; a d a he al e f he e c b a ce a ceedi g
la d ha he e ha l - S eb d clai i g a he e
e ; he e i a cl d beca e he e i
ACCESSION WITH RESPECT TO MOVABLE PROPERTY a he d c e , deed e c b a ce
a ceedi g hich a ea be alid
3 Kinds a d effec i e hile i h a d i fac ,
1. Adj c i i alid, i effec i e, idable a d
2. Mi e e f ceable; hich i ej dicial
3. S ecifica i he i le
- I i a ii e ceedi g: l affec he
Adj nction e i li iga i ; d e g be d he
- T able hi g ; bel gi g diffe e e ie ; l he a ie
e ; a e i ed f a i gle bjec (e - C ill ac i e j d h gh
dia d i g) blica i
- PRINCIPLE: acce f ll he i ci al - The egi e ed e i he
PLAINTIFF/ e h ha legal i le/
Mi t re e i able i le; be eficial e hi
- T hi g f he a e diffe e ki d a e - Need be i e i f he
i ed c f ed each he ; he d e
e ai hei a e (e 3 i 1) - P e i i i a i
- CO-OWNERSHIP e l he he e i a i e c i ibili f he ac i ; if he
i e lai iff i i e i ; he igh
file he ac i i i e c i ible
Righ f he C - e i h e ec he i e: - If i e i : he igh
- The i e bel g he c - e i file he ac i a
i f he VALUE f he igi al e c ibe
a e ial - 10 ea di a
- BUT if he c - e i la e ha he e c i i ; 30 ea
e all ha e; i hall be e ec ed e a di a

Specification:
- O l e hi g; f i cha ged CO-OWNERSHIP
a f ed - The e i c - e hi if he e i e e al
- PRINCIPLE: acce f ll he i ci al e
- The i ci al i he ke - The e i a di ided hi g/ igh
- E . Bake ( i ci al) aki g cake
f fl , egg a d a e Re i ie :
- If he ke i i GF: he ke 1. Objec f he hi g/ igh hich i di ided
a ac i e b ha a he al e 2. Each c - e i e i led l hi ideal
f he a e ial he e f he ha e
a e ial ed
- If i BF: l e he e hi g a d ha *** D /e a a hibi he a ii f he
a he e f he a e ial a d e i hi 20 ea
a da age
GR: e al ha i g

B A D C A 1 1
 30

1. C lida i / e ge f l e f he
Rights of the co-o ners c - e f he i e e f he he
1. F ll e hi f hi a ; di ided ha e 2. De ci l f he e c - ed
2. O e hi e he f i be efi 3. Ac i i i e P e c i i i fa f a 3d
a. If ag ic l al la d: i h e ec e e e ac - e ( e dia i )
ha e /f i 4. Pa i i e aj dicial
3. Ma alie a e, a ig gage hi ideal a. Ba ed he ag ee e f he
ha e a ie; le e e i e
a. O l ideal; beca e he e a b. If c - e d ag ee; he
a ii e JUDICIAL a i i
4. Ma be S b i ed b a he e he
e j e f he a Period to terminate Co-O nership
a. XPN: if e al igh a e i l ed; - Ba ed he ag ee e f he a ie = 10
he c - e a bjec ea
5. Legal Rede i - Ba ed he hibi i f he d
a. A e f he c - e a legall e a = 20 ea
edee he a ; e e a - Sale f he hi g i c
a ge f e ei g he
e Acq isition b Prescription:
b. PERIOD: 30 da f i e ice GR: c e ca ac i e he h le e b
f he elle e c i i ; a l g a ec g i e he c - e hi
6. Righ e ce i e e XPN: Re dia i fc - e hi
a. Wi h e ec he a e a d
e e e he ca c ib e Ele e f alid Re dia i :
7. Righ de a d Pa i i 1. The e dia i g c - e ake k
a. de a dable ; ca e c ibe he he c - e ; ha he i e dia i g
b. UNLESS: igh f e dia i he c - e hi (clai i g)
Consent Req irement 2. The e id f e dia i a d he k ledge f
- Need b ai c e a a ac i he he c - e f ch e dia i
ha ill be d e he c - ed e be clea a d c i ci g
3. M e he e i he c ce f
If ac i f EJECTMENT: e
- A e f he c - e a i i ia e a a. C i , ad e e, eacef l, e ,
ac i f ejec e blic
- HOWEVER: be i i ed b a c - e
i behalf a d i fa f he c - e hi ***if all ele e ae c lied; e ci i ill
a l all he c - e
If ac f PRESERVATION
- O l e ill be all ed i i ia e Ho to pre ent rep diating co-o ner; to not be
- Ac f e e a i ; ece a e ai the o ner of the entire propert
e e de e i a i l f he e - Di e he e dia i
- Ca c el c ib i ; e e if he - C - e hi ill e i
c - e ee ified f he ac ***if di ed; he e dia i g c - e ill
bec e he f ll e f he e i e e
If ac f Ad i i ai
- C e e i ed: Fi a cial aj i Partition can be demanded b an of the co-o ners
- D e i l e ac f al e a i ; e at an gi en time e en itho t reason:
h ld be cha ged Right to demand partition:
- C ac f lea e i a ac f ad i i ai ; GR: i e c i ible
a i i g a a age f he e i al XPN: e dia i
a ac f ad i i a i ; eed a a al
f he c - e h ha e c lli g Instances hen Partition is NOT ALLOWED
i ee he c - e e 1. P hibi ed b he c - e hi
a. B ag ee e : c ac al
If ac f Al e a i c - e hi
- Need a i c e f all he 2. P hibi ed b he e a d : e i d 20
c - e ea
- Al e a i i e a e 3. P hibi ed b la
- Selli g, c e i g he la d i a ac f a. Wha c - e hi ca be
c ea i a i i ed e a j diciall : ACP;
- C e a be e e ed i liedl j dicial a i i i all ed d i g
alid a iage
Termination of Co-o nership 4. P e h e legal a e i all ed b
la

B A D C A 1 1
 31

a. La Doctrine of Constr cti e Possession:

5. P e ha ill e de e iceable f i - F a l ga ei a e iall cc i g he
i e ded e e ; e i de c l
a. Re : legal a i i
b. e . Ca
i. Gi e he ca e f he
c - e ; a ha e f he
he
ii. O ell if ca ag ee
h hall be gi e

POSSESSION
- H ldi g f he hi g he e j e
- P e i i a e i a he
- P e i i he c ce f a e
h lde
- Ma be e i GF BF
P e i i a a ib e f e hi ; a be i
e i b e f he e
*** e a be a e a

Wh i a e i GF:
- O e h d e ha e a ice he
defec f hi i le hi a e f ac i i i
f he ale

R les on Possession as a Fact

GR: e hall be i e i f he a e
hi g a he a e i e
XPN:
- C - e
- P e i i diffe e c ce de
diffe e dec ee
- O e a a e ; he he a a
e a /le ee/ f c a (b h i
e i f he e )
-
Who ill be preferred in case there is Disp te/
Conflict:Possession (ART 538)
1. O e h i e e l i he e i f he
e
2. If he e a e e : he e l ge i
e i (fi e )
3. If a he a e i e: he e h e e
i le e he e
4. If b h ca e e i le: he C ill
de e i e

Possession of Mo able Propert i Eq i alent to Title

ART 559 (applicable onl to personal propert )
A . 559. The possession of mo able propert
acq ired in good faith is eq i alent to a title.
Ne e hele , e h ha l a able ha
bee ​ nla f ll depri ed thereof ma reco er i
f he e i e i f he a e. ​( eed
a he e e e )

If he ​possessor f a able l hich he e

ha bee la f ll de i ed, ha a​cq ired it in
good faith at a p blic sale​, he e ca b ai
i e ih ​reimb rsing the price paid
therefor​.

B A D C A 1 1

CIVIL LAW NOTES
Part 2
USUFRUCTUARY
Naked Owner:
- The one who is the owner of the property
held in usufruct; he allows another
person to:
- Possess the property
- Make use of the property
- Enjoy the fruits of the property
Limitation of the Usufructuary:
- Cannot change the object; must preserve
the form and substance of the object of
the usufruct
- (Remember: Usufructuary is not the
owner of the property; he must return
the property to the naked owner after
the termination of the contract of the
Usufruct)
Obligations of the Usufructuary:
-Before
1. To make an inventory and to assess the
condition of the immovables and the
movables
- This is important If there is
dispute as to the termination of
the usufruct, and return to the
naked owner: to show the
condition of the property
2. To give a bond or security
- Important: to answer for any
damage or injury caused to the
property
- GR: the bond or security must be
in the form of money
- XPN: CAUCION JURATORIA
- if usufructuary cannot give
money bond or security: a
caucion juratoria may be
given by the usufructuary
-During
1. To take good care of the property with
the diligence of the good father of a
family.
- (Remember: he is not the owner of the
property; therefore he must preserve it,
and must take care of the property.)
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32
2. To make necessary repairs for the
preservation so that the object will not
deteriorate and will not get lost.
a. HOWEVER for URGENT
EXTRAORDINARY REPAIRS: the
naked owner shall pay for it
3. Must notify the naked owner of the need
of urgent extraordinary repairs
- Notification requirement is
needed because the naked owner
is not in the possession of the
property
- IF AFTER NOTIFICATION the naked
owner FAILS to undertake the
urgent extraordinary repairs:
Usufructuary may pay for it
subject to REIMBURSEMENT by the
naked owner
4. Must notify the naked owner if there is a
prejudicial act or untoward act being
committed by a third person;
- Because the naked owner is not in the
possession of the property, therefore
he must be notified
- If the usufructuary did not notify
resulting to damage or injury to
the object itself; Usufructuary
SHALL BE LIABLE for the damages
-After
1. To return the object to the naked owner
in the same condition when he receive
the property; minus the ordinary wear
and tear
2. To indemnify the naked owner if there is
damage or injury to the object of the
usufruct; based on the fault or
negligence of the usufructuary
- XPN: if the damage is caused by a
fortuitous event: usufructuary is
not liable
- Art 1174: no one is liable
for a fortuitous event
- However: if there is
negligence or fault on the
part of the usufructuary
and there is damage:
Usufructuary shall be liable
for the damages to the
naked owner
Caucion Juratoria

- An alternative, if the usufructuary is so
poor that he cannot give the bond in the
form of money or property.
Requisites:
1. There must be a court petition
a. Who must file: The usufructuary
must file
2. There is a court approval
-A sworn promise made by the
usufructuary that he will take good care of
the property with the diligence of a good
father of a family and later on return it to
the naked owner
3. Delivery of the thing: Based on Humanity or
Necessity
- There is need to deliver the house or
furniture for the use of the usufructuary
- Also the need to deliver the implements
for the vocation of the usufructuary
***Because of the expediency and the necessity,
the need to deliver the above mentioned
properties to the usufructuary even if he only
gives a CAUCION JURATORIA
Limitation (Caucion Juratoria) Usufructuary:
- Cannot lend or lease the property to a
third person;
- Because if he does: it only means
he does not need the property;
remember: Caucion Juratorisa is
based on NECESSITY and
HUMANITY
EASEMENT
- an easement is only over REAL or IMMOVABLE
PROPERTY (no easement over personal property)
SERVIANT ESTATE: the immovable property
burdened by the easement
DOMINANT ESTATE: the immovable which enjoys
the use of the easement
2 owners:
1.Serviant Estate Owner: the owner of the
immovable which is burdened by the easement
2. Dominant Estate Owner: the owner of the
immovable which enjoys the easement
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***there is limitation on the rights of the
Serviant Estate Owner; and there is benefit that
is enjoyed by the Dominant Estate Owner
Characteristics of an Easement:
1. REAL RIGHT:
***Distinguish from Personal right: only
enforceable against the parties (plaintiff
and defendant: while the REAL RIGHT:
enforceable against the world (in rem)
2. IN rem
3. an easement is imposable only in Real
Property; and imposable in another’s property
(cannot have an easement in own property)
4. it is the limitation to the rights of the serviant
estate owner
5. gives benefit to the dominant estate owner
6. easement is only given based on the needs of
the dominant estate owner
7. Inherent in the serviant estate owner
8. Non-possessory: the serviant estate owner
does not lose possession or ownership over the
serviant estate
9. Possession and ownership is not transferred to
the dominant estate owner
10. Intransmissble
11. Indivisible
12. Perpetual
How Easement is Acquired:
- An easement may be acquired: either by
TITLE or by TESTATION
- If TiTLE: does not mean only a
document/instrument: TITLE means law
or any juridical act which allows the
dominant estate owner to make use of
the easement
- Juridical Acts:
- Legal Easement
- By Contract: agreement of the
parties; voluntary or conventional
easements
- Donation
- Will or Succession
- Prescription: period: 10 years
- 10 year-period reckoned:
- determine whether the easement
is positive or negative
- POSITIVE: ex. Easement of Light and
View:

- When the opening is made on the
party wall/ or the opening was
made on the dominant estate’s
wall which extends to the serviant
estate’s property line
- 10 year period shall be counted
from the TIME OF THE OPENING
(within 10-year period Serviant
can still close the window, can
still object on the opening, and
can even construct a higher wall
that will impede the light and
view of the dominant)
- HOWEVER, after the lapse of the
10 year-period from the time of
the opening; serviant can no
longer close the window:
Dominant neighbor has already
acquired an easement of Light and
View; a positive easement
- NEGATIVE: ex. Easement of Light and
View
- When the opening of the window
was made on the wall of the
dominant estate owner which
does not extend to the serviant
owner’s property line
- 10 year-period is counted from
the issuance of the
FORMAL/NOTARIAL PROHIBITION
- until and unless the issuance of
the FORMAL/NOTARIAL
PROHIBITION the serviant may still
close the window at any given
time
- when the neighbor (dominant) has
issued FORMAL/NOTARIAL
PROHIBITION; within 10 year-
period from such issuance may
still close the window, and may
still object to the opening and
may construct higher wall that
may impede light and view
- HOWEVER after the lapse of the
10 year-period after the issuance
of the Formal or Notarial
Prohibition; the serviant can no
longer close the window; the
neighbor (dominant) has already
acquired the easement of light
and view
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- Reason why there is a need to
wait for the issuance of the
formal/notarial prohibition: the
neighbor (dominant is
technically/essentially the
neighbor (dominant) is prohibiting
the serviant to do what the
serviant owner can legally do had
there been no easement
*****If easement is apparent and continuous: may
be acquired either by title or by prescription
- When it is apparent: when there is a
visible sign to show that an easement has
been constituted
- EX. Easement of Light and
View (APPARENT)
- When the window that has
been opened by the
Dominant Estate Owner on
the party wall; on his own
wall which does not extend
to the property
- Easement of Right of Way;
the gate is always open to
allow the Dominant Estate
owner to make use of the
property as their right of
way (no grasses on the
pathway; which leads to
the conclusion that is
used)
- When is it continuous; if the use of the
easement does not depend of the acts of
man: it is incessant
- Ex. Easement of Light and
View: continuous: because
there is an opening; a
clear glass separating two
owners, can see each other
even if it is night time,
light is coming in; it is
considered a continuous
easement
- ***Easement of Right of Way is
NOT CONTINUOUS; because it
depends on the acts of man; if
nobody is stepping on the right of
way, then nobody is using it;
therefore it is not continuous
 35

REMEMEBER: Apparent or Continuous Easements congruent to the the point

can be acquired either by TITLE or least prejudicial to the
PRESCRIPTION serviant estate; the right
of way should be
If the easement is apparent but discontinuous, established to the POINT
or not apparent and continuous, or its not LEAST PREJUDICIAL to the
apparent and discontinuous: only ACQUIRED BY serviant estate
TITLE never by PRESCRIPTION 5. The claimant must be the owner of the
real property or one who must have a
Easement of Right of Way real right thereto
:when one person or group of person or a class - If there is a contract of
of person or a large number of person is allowed lease on that real
by the Serviant owner to pass through his property; and the period is
property more than one year; then
- usually through line or path only the LESSEE has the real
- not allowed to use whatever path they right over that property;
would like to use; there is a specified may demand legal
path or line that may only be used as a easement of right of way
right of way - Or; owner of the property
which is isolated or
Ex. One has an access to the public road but has enclosed; right to ask legal
noticed that public road may be reached faster, easement
and easier when through the neighbor’s 6. Claimant must not have any fault with
(serviant) property respect to his isolation; must not be the
- VOLUNTARY/CONVENTIONAL Easement of cause of his own isolation
Right of Way: y agreement of the parties 7. There must be payment of INDEMNITY;
- - COMPENSATION given to the
- LEGAL EASEMENT of Right of Way (ART. serviant estate owner
649 CC) BASIS of the compensation:
- Requisites must be present; so in - If the passage is permanent:
a court action; one may compel VALUE is placed to the area as a
another (serviant) to grant the right of way
legal easement of the right of - The bigger the area used;
way; by court order the higher is the
REQUISITES: compensation paid to the
1. The property is isolated or enclosed by other serviant estate owner; plus
estate; damage suffered
3. No adequate outlet to the public highway (damage: when serviant
or to the main road owner must allow the
4. The need is absolutely necessary for the dominant to use his
use of the dominant estate owner right of property)
way for the commutation or his own use - If the passage is merely
4. The right of way must be constituted at temporary: Value of the area will
the pint least prejudicial to the serviant not be paid; but only Damage
estate caused to the serviant estate
i. – GR: the right of way must
be the shortest way to the Extinguish Legal Easement of Right of Way (ART
public highway or to the 655)
main road - When there is an OPENING OF A NEW
ii. XPN: if the shortest way is ROAD which joins the dominant estate
not compatible; not
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- An ACCESS given to the dominant estate
to the public highway or to the main road
- Such ACCESS is ADUQUATE AND
CONVENIENT to the dominant estate
owner
Easement of Lateral and Subjacent Support
***remember: surface rights of land owner: as an
owner of parcel of land; may excavate on his
own property:
- Restriction: cannot excavate: if will
deprive (cause damage or injury)
adjacent buildings and adjacent lands
with sufficient lateral and subjacent
support (building might collapse)
NUISANCE
Define: any act, business, establishment which
upon one:
- Injures the health and safety of others
- Offends the senses
- Shocks and defies morality
- Prostitute houses, drug dens: are
nuisance per se; they can be
summarily abated under the
undefined rule on necessity: there
is no need for notice and hearing
(existence itself is enough, no
need to prove their actual act or
consequences of the act)
- Impede the free flow of traffic in a public
street or in a body of water
- Impair the use of property
2 classifications of Nuisance
***based on their injurious effect
I. PUBLIC NUISANCE
-they affect the a large number of group of
people; although the damage to individual
may not be equal
**REMEDIES: (cumulative not exclusive)
Public Officer:
1. Prosecution under RPC or any local
ordinance; public officer shall file the
action
2. Civil Action
GR: initiated by the Mayor
XPN: if the Mayor does not commence a
civil action; A PRIVATE PERSON may file
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civil action PROVIDED the nuisance is
specially injurious to himself
3. Extrajudicial Abatement:
GR: determined by the district health
officer
XPN: Private Person: if nuisance is
specially injurious to himself;
1. demand to the owner of the nuisance
or the lawful possessor of the nuisance to
abate it by himself;
2. the Demand must be rejected; upon
rejection must go district health officer,
accompanied by the local police (once
complied, the Priv person may now abate
the nuisance)
HOWEVER: the value of the destruction
does not exceed 3,000php, if exceeded,
may be liable for damages to the owner
of the alleged nuisance
b. And if proved that it was NOT A
NUISANCE: liable to the owner or
to the lawful possessor
II. PRIVATE NUISANCE
- Only affects private rights; or one person
or very few persons
REMEDIES:
1. Civil Action
2. Extrajudicial Abatement
Classification: Based on Nature
I. PER SE
- it is always a nuisance; regardless of its
surroundings, location or circumstances
- the mere existence is enough- can be
summarily abated under the undefined rule of
Necessity
- no need for notice and hearing
ex. Rabid dogs, red district, drug dens
II. ACCIDENS
-it is not always a nuisance; becomes a nuisance
because of its location, surroundings or
circumstances
- must be proved that it is a nuisance through its
act or consequences of its act
- there must reasonable notice and hearing (DUE
PROCESS)
- to allow the owner of the property that
his property is not nuisance
- Ex. Factory, business endeavor

Doctrine of Attractive Nuisance
-one who maintains in his premises dangerous
instrumentalities or implements, which will
attract children in play
- “children in pay”- no discernment of the
possible injury
- liable when the child is injured even if the
child is a trespasser
- because of the attractive nuisance the child
enters the premises and was injured; owner
failed to exercise diligence of a good father of a
family to prevent the injury
Ex. Tree house
Exception: Attractive Nuisance
Bodies of water; such as swimming pool, lagoon
or fish pond
- PROVIDED; no additional unusual or
artificial feature that will also attract the
children in play on that particular body of
water
- IF ADDED UNUSUAL ARTIFICIAL FEATURE:
- covered in the doctrine of
attractive nuisance; the owner
will be liable for the damage and
injury caused
- Ex. Adding lights or toys on the
swimming pool; becomes an
attractive nuisance
DONATION
Donor: a person gives a thing or a right to
another person who must accept the thing or the
right
Donee: person who accepts the thing or a right
***acceptance is an important component in
donation inter vivos; without acceptance there
can be no valid, binding or perfected donation
inter vivos
When is there a perfected Donation Inter Vivos?
- At the time that there is knowledge on
the part of the donor that there was an
acceptance by the done (not by the
acceptance of the done alone)
- At that particular time; the donor loses
ownership of the property being donated,
the done becomes the owner of the
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property, at the time of the perfection of
the donation
I.Simple Donation:
- no reason at all the transfer of the property
from the donor to the done except the
generosity or liberality of the donor
II. Remuneratory Donation:
-there is a reason to give the gift to the done:
1. merits of the donee
ex. A ring given to a niece who graduated
suma cum laude;
2. services rendered by the donee to the donor,
which does not constitute a demandable ___:
ex. A ting given to the maid for the
faithful and long service rendered to the family
III. Conditional or Modal Donation
-the value of the thing donated is more than the
value of the burden
- the value of the burden imposed on the done is
lesser that the value of the thing donated
Ex. A ring given to the maid worth
5000php, but in exchange of her bracelet worth
50php
IV. Onerous Donation
-the value of the thing donated is lesser or
equivalent to the value of the burden
- onerous donation is not governed by the law on
donation but by LAW ON CONTRACTS
Ex. A ring given to maid, but in exchange
to give the donor one of her property or
equivalent to the value of the ring or more than
the value.
Essential Elements for a Valid Donation
1. Capacity of the donor to make the
donation
- Test of Capacity: at the time of the
perfection of the donation; when there is
already a knowledge on acceptance of
the done (BOTH the capacity of the
Donor and the Donee shall be tested)
2. Donative intent
- Donor must have the intention to donate
knowing fully well that it will decrease or
lessen his patrimony or resources
- NOTE: there is no commensurate
compensation: when donor donates he

loses his property in favor of the done: no
equivalent compensation
3. Acceptance by the done
- Important in donation inter vivos
- No need for acceptance in donation
mortis causa PROVIDED there is no
express REPUDIATION of the inheritance
- Preseumed that the legatee or
devisee have accepted
inheritance even there is no
express acceptance
4. Delivery
- Whether ACTUAL or CONSTRUCTIVE
- Actual: car delivered
- Constructive: key delivered (Tradicion
Symbolica)
- Constructive delivery must ripen
into actual delivery
5. Compliance with the formalities required
under the law
- Failed to comply: INVALID
Formalities (Donation)
Donation Inter Vivos (Personal Property)
1. Donation can be done orally or in writing:
HOWEVER if ORALLY: there must be a
simultaneous delivery of the personal
property or delivery of the document
evidencing the donation
2. The value of the personal property is worth
more than 5,000php; the donation and the
acceptance must be in writing otherwise
VOID
Donation Inter Vivos (Real Property)
1. Must be in a PUBLIC INSTRUMENT; specified
in it the property being donated and the
charges/burden imposed on the done if any
2. Acceptance by the Donee: acceptance must
also be in a public instrument either on the
same public instrument (deed of donation) or
separate public instrument
- Note: Better to do in the same deed of
donation; to give knowledge on the part
of the donor; hence there will be a
perfected contract
3. If the acceptance of the done is in the
separate public instrument: INFORM THE
DONOR
- If in the same deed of donation; no need
for separate public instrument
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Donation Mortis Causa
***must comply with the formalities of valid will
***either a Holographic will (Art. 810, 812-814)
or a Notarial will (Art. 804-806)
Distinguish Donation Inter Vivos from Donation
Mortis Causa
the -DIV: as soon as there is knowledge on the part
of the donor of the acceptance of the done; the
donor loses his property;
-DIV takes effect during the
lifetime of the donor; donor is not the
owner of the property, therefore he
cannot alienate, sell the same property
-DMC: only becomes effective upon death of the
donor
-Donor becomes Testator (Will) or
Decedent(Without will)
-Transmission of the successional
rights at the moment of death of the
testator
- during the lifetime of the
testator he can still sell or alienate the
property being donated
-DIV: pure generosity or liberality of the donor
-DMC: in contemplation of death; donor makes a
will; if the testator/decedent does not die,
there is no transmission of successional rights
- DIV :GR: once there is an acceptance (donee)
and knowledge (donor): IRREVOCABLE
XPN: on the Grounds provided by law
-DMC: during the lifetime of the testator the will
is revocable or ambulatory (REVOCATION: by
implication of law, by overt act, and by another
will, codicil or any other will executed)
-DIV: valid even if the donor survives the donee;
but the donor and donee must be both alive and
capacitated at the time of the perfection of the
donation
-DMC: VOID if the donor (testator or decedent)
survives the donee: includes legatee or devisee;
GR: cannot inherent if survived by the donor
XPN: right of representation
***if there is an impairment of the legitime
(which will be reduced first)

1. Donation mortis causa-legacy/devise or
share of the instituted heir
2. Donation inter vivos (last to be reduced)
But if after reducing DMC there is still an
impairment of the legitime of the compulsory
heirs; DIV shall be reduced
-DIV: Right to dispose the donated property is
upon the Donee; for he becomes the owner of
the property; when there is already a perfected
donation
- Donee has the full attributes of
ownership
- May donate, sell or destroy the property
-DMC: during the lifetime of the testator; he
retains the ownership of the property
- the testator may sell or alienate
or donate the same property
NOTE: If there is DOUBT: declare it is DIV; to
have an owner ;the donee becomes the owner if
there is a perfected donation
Void Donations
1. Bet. Parties who are guilty of adultery or
concubinage at the time of the donation
(whether DIV or DMC)
2. Bet. Parties who are guilty of the same
criminal offense in consideration thereof
- Conspirators who are donating to each
other in consideration of the offense they
committed together
3. Given to a public officer, or to his wife,
his child or descendant
- Gift may be accepted and not void if it is
not by reason of public office; but if it is
by reason of public office, Donation is
VOID
4. Husband and wife during a valid marriage
cannot donate to each other EXCEPT
moderate gifts, during times of family
rejoicing (FC ART 87) *** also applied to
common law relationships even if not
validly married to each other
Grounds to Revoke A Donation
GR: DV cannot be revoked
XPN:
1. Birth, Adoption or the Reappearance of
the first child of the donor within 4 years
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- But if the donor donates usually, even if
there is a second or third child etc. the
he can afford to donate some of his
properties
2. Non-fulfillment or Non-compliance of any
of the conditions included in the Deed of
Donation; within 4 years from the non-
fulfillment
3. Unjustifiable Refusal to Support the
Donor: when legally or morally boud to do
and capable to support
Grounds for Reduction of Donation
1. Donor fails to reserve sufficient money or
property for his own maintenance or for
his own dependent relatives; at any given
time Donor can go to court for reduction.
2. Fails to reserve sufficient money or
property to pay existing debts; within 4
years for the perfection of the donation;
creditor can also go to court for the
reduction of the donation to the extent of
is credit
3. Inofficious Donation: if the donation
exceeded the money or property that can
be given by will (free portion); if the
donation exceeded the free portion it
becomes inofficious; within 5 years after
the death of the donor, the compulsory
heirs can go to court for the reduction of
an inofficious donation and impairing their
legitimes.
4. Birth, Adoption and Reappearance of the
first child of the donor: within 4 years
from the BAR of the first child of the
donor
Acts of Ingratitude; which may REVOKE Donation
- Donee must be committing the acts of
ingratitude personally against the donor
1. If the donee shall commit any offense
against the person, honor or property of
the donor, his wife or his own dependent
children under his parental care
2. Impute against the donor any criminal
offense or any act involving moral
turpitude; even if it can be proved
XPN: offense was against the donee or his
wife or his own children; donation shall
not be revoked
 40

3. Unduly refuses to support the testator or transmitted upon his death to another or others,
the donor when the donee is can and is either by his will or by operation of law.
able to do so.
***period: one year from the knowledge of the Elements of Succession
act committed by the donee against the donor 1. Mode of acquisition of property, rights
and obligations
Original Modes of Acquiring Ownership 2. Transfer from one person to another
1. By occupation a. Transferor: decedent/testator
2. By intellectual creation b. Transferees: heir, legatees or
Derivative Modes of Acquiring Ownership devisees
1. Donation Inter Vivos - Distinguish Heir from Devisee or Legatee
2. Succession - An heir inherits whether there is a
3. Prescription will or no will at all; whether
-by the lapse of time; another person testamentary or intestate
occupies the property in the concept of succession
an owner, therefore he becomes the - Devisees and legatees only inherit
owner of the property through acquisitive under testamentary succession
prescription - An heir may inherit an entire
- ordinary acquisitive: 10 years inheritance; when he is the sole
- extraordinary: 30 years heir; BUT only inherits aliquot or a
4. Tradicion/ delivery portion of the inheritance if there
- Contract of sale only gives title is other heirs
- It is DELIVERY/ TRADICION which - In PRETERITION; the voluntary
transmits ownership from the seller to instituted heirs will not get any
the buyer inheritance; because it annuls the
Different Kinds of Delivery: institution of heirs if there is
1. Actual: actual delivery preterition.
2. Constructive: ex. Delivery of public - HOWEVER, the devise or
instrument legacy shall also be
3. Tradicio Symbolica; (keys) restricted, PROVIDED, the
4. Tradicio Longamanu: by merely pointing legacy or devise is not
on the property that the buyer is buying officious of it does not
from the seller impair the legitime;
5. Tradicio Brevimanu: buyer is already in therefore the legatees and
the possession of the property but in the devisees may still get the
different concept (lessee/usufructary- gifts given to them
owner) **no need to delivery NOTE: LEGATEE: Personal
6. Tradicio Constitutum Posesisorum: the property; DEVISEE: Real
previous owner remains in the possession property
of the property; not as an owner (owner- 3. Transfer through death
lessee/usufructuary) 4. Either by will or by operation of law
7. Quasi Tradicio: Negotiable document of a. WILL: Testamentary Succession
title, listing all the goods, means delivery b. NO WILL: Intestate/Legal
of those goods particularly listed Succession
c. Partly by will, and by law: Mixed
SUCCESSION Succession
Definition: ART. 774 5. Property, Rights and obligations must be
-a mode of acquisition by virtue of which the transmissible
property, rights and obligations, to the extent of PROPERTIES
the value of the inheritance of a person are GR: all properties are
transmissible PROVIDED they can
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be appropriated and within the NOTE: who pays for the obligation/debts of the
commerce of man testator?- the estate of the decedent/testator is
XPN: Testamentary Succession oblige under the law to pay for the
ART. 793 there is limitation: obligation/debt of the testor/decedent
i. A. only those properties
owned and possessed by WHEN IS THERE TRANSMISSION OF SUCCESSIONAL
the testator at the time of RIGHTS?
the making of the will shall Art. 777: The rights to the succession are
pass to the heir, legatee or transmitted from the moment of the death of
devisee the decedent.
ii. XPN XPN: if the testator -at the moment of death
expressly included in his
will that even the after Art 777 Elements
acquired properties shall 1. There must be death
transfer to the heir, a. Two kinds of death: actual and
legatee or devisee; shall presumptive
be respected i. – when there is absence as
RIGHTS provided under the law:
***NOT ALL RIGHTS ARE TRANSMISSIBLE: ORDINARY absence period
marital rights (personal right), of 10 years to open the
acknowledgment of an illegitimate child succession
(personal right), right to support of an ii. –ART 390;for all intents
illegitimate child (personal right) and purposes a person who
EXAMPLES OF RIGHTS WHICH ARE disappear for a period of
TRANSMISSBLE: 7years (whereabouts
- Right to enforce the execution of unknown) will be
a document PROVIDED that the considered dead
contract is VALID and iii. XPN: wait for 10 years
ENFORCEABLE under ordinary absence
- Right to continue a lease contract (for opening succession)
PROVIDED that there is NO iv. –EXTRAORDINARY absence:
PROHIBITION in the continuation period:4 years;
of the lease contract v. - when the person
- Right to continue a legitimate disappeared when he is
case initiated by the testator or already 75 years old
the decedent; whether for above, period is 5 years
UNLAWFUL DETAINER OR *** as a mere presumption it can be
FORCEABLE ENTRY rebutted upon stronger evidence:
OBLIGATIONS: REAPPEARANCE
- All obligations are transmissible ***effect: the person presumptively dead
PROVIDED there is NO PROHIBITION based REAPPEARED can recover all the
on law, nature of the obligation and on properties distributed; in the condition
the stipulation of the parties the properties may be found, no right to
- HOWEVER ART 774: limitation on the income, fruits, and rent, because the
obligation that can be transmitted to the distribution to the heirs, legatees and
heirs: devisees was made in good faith
- The obligation must not exceed 2. the property, rights and obligations MUST
the value of the inheritance; if BE TRANSMISSIBLE
the obligation exceeds the value 3. there must be EXISTENCE, CAPACITY and
of the inheritance, it cannot be WILLINGNESS to inherit on the part of the
transmitted to the heirs heir, legatee or devisee
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- EXISTENCE: the heir, legatee or devisee
must be alive at the time of the opening
of succession; or even if he is only
CONCEIVED may also inherit PROVIDED
he’ll be born in accordance with ART 41
FC ***if the conceived child/ fetus has an
intrauterine life of 7 mos; must be alive
when completely delivered from the
maternal womb; HOWEVER if the
conceived child/fetus has an intrauterine
life of less than 7 mos.; must be alive
when completely delivered from the
maternal womb and must survive within
24 hrs., otherwise cannot inherit
- CAPACITATED: must not be among those
enumerated under ART 1027, 1028 &
1032 CC
- ART 1027: undue influence or
improper influence
Art 1027:
(1) The priest who heard the confession of the
testator during his last illness, or the minister of
the gospel who extended spiritual aid to him
during the same period;
(2) The relatives of such priest or minister of the
gospel within the fourth degree, the church,
order, chapter, community, organization, or
institution to which such priest or minister may
belong;
(3) A guardian with respect to testamentary
dispositions given by a ward in his favor before
the final accounts of the guardianship have been
approved, even if the testator should die after
the approval thereof; nevertheless, any
provision made by the ward in favor of the
guardian when the latter is his ascendant,
descendant, brother, sister, or spouse, shall be
valid;
(4) Any attesting witness to the execution of a
will, the spouse, parents, or children, or any one
claiming under such witness, spouse, parents, or
children;
(5) Any physician, surgeon, nurse, health officer
or druggist who took care of the testator during
his last illness;
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(6) Individuals, associations and corporations not
permitted by law to inherit.
-
ART 1028: public policy/public
morality
Art. 1028 in re Art 739:
The following donations shall be void:
(1) Those made between persons who were
guilty of adultery or concubinage at the time of
the donation;
(2) Those made between persons found guilty of
the same criminal offense, in consideration
thereof;
(3) Those made to a public officer or his wife,
descendants and ascendants, by reason of his
office.
In the case referred to in No. 1, the action for
declaration of nullity may be brought by the
spouse of the donor or donee; and the guilt of
the donor and donee may be proved by
preponderance of evidence in the same action.
- ART 1032: unworthiness
Art. 1032: The following are incapable of
succeeding by reason of unworthiness:
(1) Parents who have abandoned their children
or induced their daughters to lead a corrupt or
immoral life, or attempted against their virtue;
(2) Any person who has been convicted of an
attempt against the life of the testator, his or
her spouse, descendants, or ascendants;
(3) Any person who has accused the testator of a
crime for which the law prescribes imprisonment
for six years or more, if the accusation has been
found groundless;
(4) Any heir of full age who, having knowledge of
the violent death of the testator, should fail to
report it to an officer of the law within a month,
unless the authorities have already taken action;
this prohibition shall not apply to cases wherein,
according to law, there is no obligation to make
an accusation;
(5) Any person convicted of adultery or
concubinage with the spouse of the testator;

(6) Any person who by fraud, violence,
intimidation, or undue influence should cause
the testator to make a will or to change one
already made;
(7) Any person who by the same means prevents
another from making a will, or from revoking
one already made, or who supplants, conceals,
or alters the latter's will;
(8) Any person who falsifies or forges a supposed
will of the decedent.
- WILLINGNESS: a person may repudiate his
inheritance if the inheritance has already
been vested; the testator or decedent is
already dead
- HOWEVER; if
renouncing/repudiating
inheritance at the time the
testator/decedent is still alive:
not allowed considered as
renunciation of future
inheritance; if the succession is
not yet opened; no right to inherit
yet, therefore cannot renounce or
repudiate future inheritance
Will
-an act whereby a person complying with the
formalities of law is permitted to control to a
certain extent the distribution of his estate to
take effect upon his death
Characteristics of making a will
1. Statutory Right; only given by law, civil
code
2. Unilateral Act of the testator; no need
for the consent of the beneficiaries
3. Solemn/Formal Act
4. Animus Testandi; at the time of making
of the will
5. Capacitated to make a will
a. Legal age
b. Sound mind
6. Strictly Personal Act of the testator
7. Effective Mortis Causa; effective only
upon death of the testator
8. Revocable/ambulatory; at any given time
during the lifetime of the testator, he
can revoke his own will
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9. Free from any vice or defect of consent;
there must be no fraud, no mistake, no
undue/improper influence, no
intimidation, no violence at the time of
the making of the will
a. JOINT WILLS are note recognized
in PH
10. Disposes of the Testators estate only to a
certain extent/degree;legitime cannot be
included in a will, reserved by law to
compulsory heirs
Ambiguity
1. Patent/Extrinsic Ambiguity (Will)
-ambiguity on the face of the will; therefore
cannot distribute the estate
Ex. “I give to some of my relatives, some of my
properties.”
2.Latent/Intrinsic Ambiguity
-on the face of the will, there is no defect;
HOWEVER; upon investigation, there are five
sons/ there is a green car but not Honda Civic
Ex. “I give to my son, my green Honda Civic
Car.”
***whether patent /latent ambiguity; it shall be
cured upon examination of the will, admit only
written declarations of the testator, but not
oral.
ART. 793: Property acquired after the making of
a will shall only pass thereby, as if the testator
had possessed it at the time of making the will,
should it expressly appear by the will that such
was his intention.
GR: only inherit properties those which are
owned and possessed by the testator during the
time of the making of the will.
Ex. In the year 2000: “I give my all my
cars to X.”
Year 2000- testator has 5 cars; 2003,
testator died, he has 10 cars
XPN: when the testator expressly provided in his
will that even the AFTER ACQUIRED properties
will be given to legatee
Ex. “I give to X all my cars, and all that I
may have acquired after death.”
What law governs the EXTRINSIC VALIDITY of the
will:

as to TIME:
(extrinsic=formalities/solemnities)
- Law existing at the time of the execution
of the will
As to PLACE
- ART 17 (1) Lex Loci Celebrationis; law of
the place of the execution of the
document
- XPNs:
- Art 17 (2) if done in the PH
Consulate in another country
(follow PH law)***embassy is the
extension of PH sovereign
territory
- Joint Wills;(both Filipinos); not
recognized even if valid abroad
- XPN: Joint will (both
foreigners) are recognized
- But if in PH; not
recognized; it is against
public policy
- ARTS 815-819
815: When a Filipino is in a foreign country, he
is authorized to make a will in any of the forms
established by the law of the country in which
he may be. Such will may be probated in the
Philippines.
- Fil abroad, as to extrinsic validity of the
will as to place; follow the law of the
place where he made the will (lex loci
celebrationis)
816: The will of an alien who is abroad produces
effect in the Philippines if made with the
formalities prescribed by the law of the place in
which he resides, or according to the formalities
observed in his country, or in conformity with
those which this Code prescribes.
- Foreigner abroad; as to place,
solemnities and formalities: follow
national law, law of his domicile and the
law of the place where it is executed (lex
loci celebrationis) and law of PH
817: A will made in the Philippines by a citizen
or subject of another country, which is executed
in accordance with the law of the country of
which he is a citizen or subject, and which might
be proved and allowed by the law of his own
country, shall have the same effect as if
executed according to the laws of the
Philippines.
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- Foreigner in PH; follows national law and
PH laws; being his domicile and plae of
execution (lex loci celebrationis)
- 818-819: Joint wills
What law governs the INTRINSIC VALIDITY
(distribution of the estate by the testator or
decedent)
As to PLACE
1. ART 16 (2)
- GR: ART 16 (1): Lex rei sitae; follow the
law where the real or personal properties
are situated
- XPN: ART 16 (2): Order of succession,
Amount of successional rights and
Intrinsic validity of the testamentary
provisions (OAI) follow the national law
of the person whose succession is under
consideration, regardless of the nature of
the property involved, and the place or
where the properties are located
2. ART 1039
- Legal capacity of the heir to inherit:
follow the national law of the decedent
As to TIME:
Art 2263: the law existing at the time of death
of the testator/decedent
Soundness of Mind
-at the time of the making of the will the
testator is aware of 3 matters: (NPC)
1. Nature of the estate that is being disposed of
- cannot include the property of
neighbor; or the whole property in the CPG if
testator/decedent is married, only separate
property or share
2. Proper objects of bounty
- blood relatives: IF MARRIED legitimate
children, spouse, and illegitimate child if any; IF
NOTMARRIED parents, or bros and sis instituted
NOTE: under testamentary succession;
may institute any other person not related to
the decedent/testator upon a valid will.
3. Character of the testamentary act
- will is essentially effective only upon
mortis cause; for there will be a transmission of
successional rights
Sanity is presumed
 45

ART 800: The law presumes that every person is -a married woman may give by will her separate
of sound mind, in the absence of proof to the property and her share in the CPG or her share
contrary. in ACP

The burden of proof that the testator was not of

Formalities of a valid NOTARIAL WILL
sound mind at the time of making his
dispositions is on the person who opposes the Art 804
probate of the will; but if the testator, one 1. -Must be in writing; and executed in the
month, or less, before making his will was language known to the testator himself
publicly known to be insane, the person who
maintains the validity of the will must prove that Art 805
the testator made it during a lucid interval. 2. -every will (except holographic will) must
be subscribed at the end thereof by the
GR: the law presumes that the testator
testator himself or the name of the
possesses sound mind
testator written by other person in his
XPN: Insanity: the one who alleges that the
presence and under his express direction
testator is not of sound mind at the time of the
***another person may write the name of the
making of the will; must PROVE it conclusively
testator provided under 2 conditions:
before the court
- In the presence of the testator
XPN XPN: if one month or less before the
- Under his express direction
execution of the will; the testator is publicly
known to be insane or has been judicially
3. Witnesses: At least 3 credible witnesses
declared insane: the one who maintains the
-must sign the will; attest the due
validity of the will must prove that the testator
execution of the will
executed the will during a lucid interval
4. All the pages of the will must be
numbered correlatively in letters located
NOTE: However, when the testator being
at the upper portion of the will
capacitated upon making the will thereafter
***acceptable to write roman, Arabic
becomes incapacitated, insane after making the
numerals or letters
will; WILL IS VALID
5. The testator and the 3 credible witnesses
- Supervening Incapacity is immaterial; the
must also sign in the left hand margin of
TEST is at the time of the making of the
all the pages of the will except the last.
will the testator is capacitated of legal
6. There must be an attestation clause
age and of sound mind
- Mandatory Statements in the Attestation
If at the time of the making of the will the
Clause:
testator is incapacitated (not of legal age,
- Number of pages upon the will
unsound mind)
was written
- Supervening Capacity if Immaterial; the
- The fact that the testator signed
will is VOID
the will in the presence of the 3
***THE CAPACITY OF TESTATOR: shall be
credible witnesses
material at the time of the making of the will
- The fact that 3 credible witnesses
signed the will in the presence of
Married Woman
the testator and of one another
Art 802-803
- ***all must be in the attestation clause;
Art. 802
otherwise VOID; therefore the will is also
-a married woman may execute a will even
VOID
without the consent of her husband/ even
without judicial authorization

Art 806
Art. 803
7. the will must be acknowledged before a
notary public

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- the testator and the 3 credible witnesses
must acknowledge the will before a
notary public
- GR: when doc is notarized; it becomes a
public instrument; binding in rem
- XPN: notarized will is not a public
instrument; even if notarized it is a
private instrument
- REMEMBER: notary public does not need
to keep a copy of the will and send it to
the clerk of court where he has his
notarial commission
Formalities for Especially Handicapped Testator
Art 807
-testator is deaf-mute
Requirement:
1. Comply with Arts. 804, 805 and 806
2. Comply Art 807; testator must designate
two persons to read his will and later on
communicate the contents of the will to
the deaf-mute testator in whatever
practicable manner
***Practicable manner: sign language
Art 808
-Blind Testator
Requirement:
1. There must be two readings of the will:
first reading must be done by one of the
credible witnesses;
2. Second reading, to be done by the notary
public before whom the will was
acknowledged or subscribe with
***Two readings: to protect the interest of the
blind testator
Holographic wills
Arts 810-814
Define: it is a will that is entirely written, dated
and signed by the hand of the testator
Advantages of Holographic will
- Easy and simple to make
- May be executed in Ph or abroad and can
be probated in ph
- No need to comply with any formalities
(no witnesses required)
Disadvantages
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- Forger can easily copy signature and
handwriting of the testator
- Because there is no witness required;
cannot ascertain whether of not the
testator is still of sound mind at the time
of the execution of the holographic will;
or if there was a vice in the consent at
the time of the making of the will (fraud,
undue influence, intimidation or
violence)
As to the validity of the Holographic will the
legal basis Art. 810
Art. 810 a person may execute a holographic will
which must be entirely written, dated and
signed by the hand of the testator himself. It is
subject to no other form and may be made in or
out of PH and need not be witnessed
As to the Different Dispositions:
Art. 812: the dispositions written below the T’s
signature must be dated and signed by him; to
make them valid
Art. 813 when a number of dispositions are
signed without being dated; and the last
disposition has a signature and date; such date
validates preceding, whatever be the time of
prior dispositions
Art. 814 in case of any insertion, cancellation,
erasure or alteration; the testator must
authenticate the same by his full signature
***all the provisions in the holographic will must
be signed and dated (812)
- If there are provisions in the will signed
but not dated; VOID dispositions
- If the last disposition has a signature and
a date: EFFECT: it validates all earlier
dispositions signed but not dated
regardless when they were executed
(813)
- Any correction/ alteration must be
authenticated by the full signature of the
testator (814)
Art. 811: In the probate of the holographic will;
it shall be necessary that at least one witness
who knows the handwriting and signature of the
testator explicitly declare that the will and the

signature are in the handwriting of the testator.
If the will is CONTESTED, at least three of such
witnesses shall be required.
CODOY V CALUGAY: Mandatory to present at
least to present at least three witnesses and
must declare to the court that they know the
handwriting and the signature of the testator,
and indeed the will was written, dated and
signed by the hand of the testator.
*** if there are no 3 competent witnesses:
REMEDY: present EXPERT WITNESSES; if the
court deems it necessary
In the Probate of the holographic will; it is
MANDATORY TO PRESENT the HOLOGRAPHIC
WILL; either the original, photocopy or the
duplicate of the original. Material evidence in
the probate is the holographic will itself:
- If cannot produce the original, photocopy
or the duplicate: the court must disallow
the probate of the holographic will
Art. 818-819 (Joint Wills)
Art. 818 Two or more persons cannot make a will
jointly, or in the same instrument, either for
their reciprocal benefit or for the benefit of a
third person
-the testators are disposing their properties
(both) jointly; using one document which they
signed
-Joint will and reciprocal will VOID
***IF RECIPROCAL WILL BUT NOT JOINT WILL:
VALID (of different document)
Witnesses to Will
Art. 820-821
Art. 820: any person:
- Of sound mind
- Of the age of 18 years or more
- Not blind, deaf or dumb
- Able to read and write
-may be a witness of execution of will in Art.
805
Art. 821 disqualified from being a witness to a
will
- Not domiciled in PH
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- Convicted of falsification of a doc,
perjury or false testimony
***should be of final judgment
***conviction of those crimes mentioned: are for
the integrity of the witness not to tell a lie
***domicile in PH so that the court may
call/compelled to testify during the probate of
the will
***shall not be blind, deaf or dumb: senses are
need to witness what is happening at the time of
the execution of the will
Test of capacity of the witness:
Art. 822: at the time when they are witnessing
the execution of the will; the witness must be
capacitated
- The supervening incapacity of the witness
is immaterial, the will remains VALID
- However; if the are incapacitated at the
time of the execution of the will; the
supervening capacity s immaterial; will
remains VOID
Effect if there is a Devise/Legacy Given to a
Witness
Art. 823: if a person attests the execution of a
will to whom or to whose spouse, or parent or
child, a devise or legacy is given by such will;
such devise or legacy shall be VOID; UNLESS
there are three, other competent witnesses to
such will. However, such person so attesting
shall be admitted as a witness as if such devise
or legacy had not been made or given.
- If there are only 3 competent witnesses
and one of the 3 was given a
legacy/devise; then there will only be
two witnesses; then the gift given is
ineffective
- BUT if there are other 3 competent
witness other than the witness who has
been a given a gift; the legacy/devise if
VALID; because there are other 3
witnesses who can attest to the dues
execution of the will as provided by the
law.
Codicil
Art.825: a codicil is an supplement or addition to
a will, made after the execution of a will and
annexed to be taken as a part thereof, by which
 48

any disposition made in the original will is the express direction and in
explained, added to or altered. the presence of the testator
***if the original will and the codicil are 4. subjective phase must be
incompatible to each other: codicil will prevail: completed: overt act
it is presumed that the codicil contains the 5. at the time of the overt act;
latest intention of the testator, and has validly the testator must have the
revoked the provisions of the original will capacity to make a new will
***BUT if the orig will and the codicil only ***always remember that the law favors testacy
supplements, explains the provision of the orig rather than intestacy
will: both can be used and enforced
***DOCTRINE OF DEPENDENT RELATIVE
Revocation of Wills REVOCATION
- At any given time during the lifetime of -This is the doctrine of dependent relative
the testator; T may revoke his own will; revocation. The failure of a new testamentary
will is essentially revocable or disposition upon whose validity the revocation
depends, is equivalent to the non-fulfillment of
ambulatory (Art 828)
a suspensive conditions, and hence prevents the
revocation of the original will. But a mere intent
Art. 830 (Modes of Revocation) to make at some time a will in the place of that
1. By implication of LAW destroyed will not render the destruction
a. A change in the nature of the conditional. It must appear that the revocation
property; change in the status is dependent upon the valid execution of a new
b. Ex. Legal separation, preterition, will. (MOLO V MOLO)
- it will be presumed that the T prefers the old
act of unworthiness, loss and sale
will rather than intestacy
of property being given
- where the act of destruction is connected with
2. By some will, codicil, or other writing
the making of another will so as fairly to raise
executed as provided in case of wills;
the inference that the T meant the revocation of
a. Ex. Two or more wills; the will
the 1st will to depend upon the efficacy and
done on the latest date will
validity of the 2nd will, the revocation shall be
prevail; presumed that the will
CONDITIONED and DEPENDENT upon the validity
executed by the T on the latest
of the 2nd will and if, for any reason, the 2nd will
date has validly revoked the
intended to be a substitute is INOPERATIVE and
earlier will; HOWEVER the
it remains in full force and effect.
revoking will must be validly
executed will
Implied Revocation
b. To validly revoke; only an
Art. 831: Subsequent wills which do not revoke
intrinsically valid will can revoke;
the previous ones in an express manner, annul
if the second will was not validly
only such dispositions in the prior wills as are
executed, it cannot validly revoke
inconsistent with or contrary to those contained
the previous will
in the later wills.
c. CASE: MOLO V MOLO
- The express revocation of the impliedly
3. By overt act: burning, tearing, cancelling
revoking will shall revive the impliedly
or obliterating the will with the intention
revoked will
of revoking it, by the testator himself, or
by some other person in his presence,
Express Revocation BUT New Will Inoperative
and by his express direction.
Art. 832: A revocation made in a subsequent will
a. Requisites:
shall take effect, even if the new will should
1. there must be an overt act
become inoperative by reason of the incapacity
enumerated under the law CC
of the heirs, devisees or legatees designated
2. Intention to revoke
therein, or by their renunciation.
3. done by the testator himself;
or done by other person under
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- Once there is an express revocatory
clause; it takes effect immediately
- When on the new will; the heir, legatee
or devisee repudiated, making the second
will ineffective; the revocatory clause
will still take effect
- BUT when there will be no other heir in
the will becoming ineffective: then
INTESTATE succession will be followed
- Note further: that one who
repudiate in the will shall be
presumed to have repudiated in
the intestate succession
Art. 833 a revocation of a will based on a false
cause or an illegal cause is null and void
- Ex. When A has been instituted as sole
heir; but because of the false story that A
has been convicted; T executed a second
will making B the sole heir
- A shall inherit under Art 833, based on
false cause
Recognition of Illegitimate Child
Art. 834: the recognition of an illegitimate child
does not lose its legal effect, even though the
will wherein it was made should be revoked
- Even the latest will validly revoked the
old one, it does not affect the
recognition of the child in the earlier
will.
- As an illegitimate child being voluntarily
recognized can now intervene in the
settlement of the estate; he has not only
proved the filiation; he was voluntarily
recognized; which is not testamentary
disposition ; (not vitiated by any vice)
Republication of Wills
- Making an ineffective will effective again
- When does the will become ineffective:
- Void as to form
- Validly revoked
Express Republication (void as to form)
-may re-execute the will; copy all the contents
of the will, in another document and comply
with the provision of the law to make it valid.
(Art. 835)
Republication by Codicil (validly revoked)
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-to republish a revoked will is by executing a
codicil ***IMPLIED REPUBLICATION (Art. 836)
-declaring that the revoked will is the last will
and testament
Express Revocation
Art. 837: If after making a will, the testator
makes a second will expressly revoking the first,
the revocation of the second will does not revive
the first will, which can be revived only by
another will or codicil.
- The express revocation of the expressly
revoking will shall not revive the
previously revoked will
- The only way to revive the previous will
is to re-execute the will or execute a
codicil reviving the revoked will
otherwise the will will remail revoked
Probate of Wills
Art. 838 No will shall pass either real or personal
property unless it is proved and allowed in
accordance with ROC.
The testator himself may, during his lifetime,
petition the court having jurisdiction for the
allowance of his will. In such case, the pertinent
provisions of the Rules of Court for the
allowance of wills after the testator's a death
shall govern.
The Supreme Court shall formulate such
additional Rules of Court as may be necessary
for the allowance of wills on petition of the
testator.
Subject to the right of appeal, the allowance of
the will, either during the lifetime of the
testator or after his death, shall be conclusive as
to its due execution.
- TESTATE ESTATE OF PILAPIL: providing in
the T’s will “not to be presented in
court”
- SC:held, the provision shall be
considered not written; therefore
null and void
-No one can prevent the court to take
cognizance of the probate, and to hear and
decide probate cases
-PROBATE COURTS: RTC and MTC depending on
the gross value of the estate; courts of

concurrent jxdn which may hear and decide
probate cases
-Probate proceeding is a proceeding IN REM;
binding against the entire world
-Limited Jxdn of the probate court- only with
the intrinsic validity of the will
- questions (intrinsic)
1. was this the last will and testament executed
by the T
2. was there due compliance with the
formalities required under the law
3. was there absence of vice or defect of
consent at the time of the execution of the will
4. was there testamentary capacity on the part
of the T
***if all the answers are YES the court must allow
the will; testamentary succession will be
applicable; provisions of the will of the testator
shall be followed
- If there is an answer that is NO: the court
must disallow the will: and intestate
succession will be applicable
Institution of Heirs
Art. 840: Institution of heir is an act by virtue of
which a testator designates in his will the person
or persons who are to succeed him in his
property and transmissible rights and
obligations.
How heir is instituted:
GR: only applies to the free portion; no need to
institute compulsory heirs to their legitimes
(redundancy)
XPN: Voluntary Heirs shall be instituted with
respect to the free portion
***Heir; using first name, nick name or last
name: if unknown: may use description
personae; HOWEVER if two or more persons can
answer to the same name or description: no one
among the heirs shall inherit
a. Unknown person: somebody who
cannot be identified; using the
will or any extrinsic evidence:
cannot inherit
b. Portion allotted to the unknown
person will be distributed to the
legal heirs; not by will but by
intestate succession
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Heirs Instituted Without Designation of Shares
Inherit in Equal Parts
Art. 846 Heirs instituted without designation of
shares shall inherit in equal parts.
Ex: T instituted his 3 bros as heirs
***bros are not compulsory heirs; but if T has no
compulsory heir; T may institute his bros;
Estate: 3M ----1M each brother
XPN: protection of the legitime of the
compulsory heir
(1)Ex. T instituted his son A, and bros X
and Y; Estate is 6M
Legitime: 3M; FP: 3M
A- 3M +1M
X- 1M
Y- 1M
***A becomes both compulsory heir (entitled
to his legitime) as well as a voluntary heir
(instated by his own father)
(2) Ex. T instituted his wife S, legi son A
and F, friend (***even stranger can be an heir)
estate 12M
Legitime: 6M; FP 6M (3M disposable FP)
A- 6m (1/2 net hereditary estate) +1m (dfp)
S- 3m (1/4 NHE; from FP) +1m (dfp)
F- 1M (dfp)
Collectively Instituted Deemed Individually
Instituted
Art. 847: When the testator institutes some heirs
individually and others collectively as when he
says, "I designate as my heirs A and B, and the
children of C," those collectively designated
shall be considered as individually instituted,
unless it clearly appears that the intention of
the testator was otherwise.
Ex. (1) T institute friends X and Y
(individually)and 2 sons(collectively) of Z; estate
6m
6m/4 each instituted heirs will get 1.5m each
(2) T instituted 3 sons, and friends X and Y;
estate 300m
sons:legitime 150M; FP: 150m
A- 50m +30m
B- 50m +30m
C- 50m +30m
X- 30m

Y- 30m
Brothers/Sisters of Full and Half-Blood
Art. 848: If the testator should institute his
brothers and sisters, and he has some of full
blood and others of half blood, the inheritance
shall be distributed equally unless a different
intention appears.
***the law presumes that the T loves both
whether full or half equally if T did not include
amount of inheritance
**TS: Art. 848 (equal sharing)
IS: Art. 962 (half-blood ½ share of the full-
blood)
Simultaneous
Art. 849: When the testator calls to the
succession a person and his children they are all
deemed to have been instituted simultaneously
and not successively.
Ex.(1) T (no compulsory heir) instituted X, friend
and children of X: A and B; Estate 3m
***1M each (X, A and B) simultaneously not
successively
(2) same facts: but X is the son; A and B sons of
X heirs to the whole estate, or the whole free
legitime 1.5m (leaving FP 1.5M)
X: 1.5 m + 500k
A: 500k
B: 500k
False Cause
Art. 850 The statement of a false cause for the
institution of an heir shall be considered as not
written, unless it appears from the will that the
testator would not have made such institution if
he had known the falsity of such cause.
Ex. Instituted niece X, for being cumlaude;
GR: X will still inherit; consideration is the
generosity and/or the liberality of the testator
XPN:prov states: T likes honor graduate:
being the intention of the testator; X will not
inherit
Art. 851: If the testator has instituted only one
heir, and the institution is limited to an aliquot
part of the inheritance, legal succession takes
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place with respect to the remainder of the
estate.
Ex: T(no compulsory heir: institute best friend X
giving ½ property. Estate 10M
X: 5M
***discovered bros survived: legal succession will
govern: bros will get 2.5M each
***will must be followed; partly by will partly by
law: MIXED succession
Art. 851 (par.2) The same rule applies if the
testator has instituted several heirs, each being
limited to an aliquot part, and all the parts do
not cover the whole inheritance
Ex. Estate 160K: A, B and C heirs; giving ¼
respectively
***ABC will get 40k each; leaving 40k
***then discovered two children of predeceased
bros of T: two children will get 20k each
- if there is a will; then give by will, and
follow
Art. 852: If it was the intention of the testator
that the instituted heirs should become sole
portion, as the case may be, and each of them
has been instituted to an aliquot part of the
inheritance and their aliquot parts together do
not cover the whole inheritance, or the whole
free portion, each part shall be increased
proportionally.
Ex. Instituted friends A:1/3, B: ¼, C:1/4; and
only ones who shall inherit; estate 120k
***legal heirs are not allowed to inherit
following will: should: A:40k, B;30k, C:30k =100k
***share should be increased proportionally
A: 48k, B: 36k, C:36k
Art. 853: If each of the instituted heirs has been
given an aliquot part of the inheritance, and the
parts together exceed the whole inheritance, or
the whole free portion, as the case may be,
each part shall be reduced proportionally.
Ex: 60:30:40:20= 150K (estate 120 K)
***reduced proportionally
formula: aggregate amount

x share
amount distributed
Preterition
Art. 854: The preterition or omission of one,
some, or all of the compulsory heirs in the direct
line, whether living at the time of the execution
of the will or born after the death of the
testator, shall annul the institution of heir; but
the devises and legacies shall be valid insofar as
they are not inofficious.
If the omitted compulsory heirs should die
before the testator, the institution shall be
effectual, without prejudice to the right of
representation.
Ex.
(1) In re Will of Leodegaria Julian: husband
omitted in the will of testatrix
- no preterition in the case at bar:
preterition applies only to compulsory
heirs in the direct line (whether direct
ascending/descending)
(2) father omitted in a will and legit children
instituted as heirs
- no preterition; the father is not a primary
compulsory heir; a secondary compulsory heir; in
fact the existence of the legit children excludes
the legit parents, and are not entitled to the
legitime, and may not also be instituted as an
heir in the FP
(3)illegit daughter was given a legacy but was
not instituted as heir
- no preterition; pretrition occurs only when
there is a total omission in the inheritance;
HOWEVER if the legacy is less than the legitime
that should be given, then a COMPLETION OF
THE LEGITIME shall be done
How Estate shall be Distributed if PRETERITION
Exists:
***IF THERE IS PRETERITION;shall annul the
institution of the heir; and presume that there is
intestacy
Ex.
(1) T has legit sons A and B; A was instituted as
sole and universal heir; Estate of 1M and legacy
100K was given to friend F
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- preterition is present in this case: then shall
automatically annul the institution of the heir;
even without judicial action
- Art 855: The share of a child or descendant
omitted in a will must first be taken from the
part of the estate not disposed of by the will, if
any; if that is not sufficient, so much as may be
necessary must be taken proportionally from the
shares of the other compulsory heirs.
***legitime is not given by will; law gives the
legitime
Distribute: estate 1M
Legitime:Legit child: ½ net hereditary estate FP:
500k
A: 250k ;B: 250k (+200k each from the FP)
F: 100k (provided not inofficious)
***IS: no need to get legitime and FP
Assume legacy F: 700k (becomes inofficious)
Legitime: A and (250k each)
Legacy: 500k(reduced; entire FP given; not 700k
which will impair the legitime of the legit
children)
NOTE: the FP is subject to the absolute control
of T; provided there is a valid will; may be given
to anyone capacitated to inherit
Voluntary/Compulsory Heirs Who Die or are
Incapacitated or Renounce Inheritance
Art. 856: A voluntary heir who dies before the
testator, transmits nothing to his heirs.
Ex. Voluntary Heir:died ahead of the
Testator=son of the voluntary heir has NO RIGHT
OF REPRESENTATION
Art 856 (par 2)A compulsory heir who dies before
the testator, a person incapacitated to succeed,
and one who renounces the inheritance, shall
transmit no right to his own heirs except in cases
expressly provided for in this Code.
Ex: Compulsory Heir, died ahead, incap/
renounces:=
T: legit children A (has LC X and Y; and died
ahead of T), B and C : estate 9m
Legitime of LC: 4.5M; FP: 4.5M
B: 1.5M + 2.25M (FP)
C: 1.5M + 2.25M (FP)
A(+)Right of representation as to legitime:X&Y
X:750k
Y:750k

***Rightof representation is available to legitime
but not to FP
NOTE: TS: legitime first (when heirs instituted)
IS: equal shares
Fideicommissary Substitution
Art. 863: A fideicommissary substitution by
virtue of which the fiduciary or first heir
instituted is entrusted with the obligation to
preserve and to transmit to a second heir the
whole or part of the inheritance, shall be valid
and shall take effect, provided such substitution
does not go beyond one degree from the heir
originally instituted, and provided further, that
the fiduciary or first heir and the second heir are
living at the time of the death of the testator.
Requisites:
1. there must be a valid will
2. there is a first heir: FIDUCIARY heir: with
obligation to preserve and transmit the
property to the second heir
3. the second heir : FIDEICOMMISSARY HEIR
4. heirs must be one degree related to each
other
5. heirs must be alive at the time of the
death of the testator (opening of the
succession; or must be conceived or born
under Art. 41
6. the fideicommissary substitution must
not burden the legitime (art. 864)
7. fideicommissary substitution must not be
conditional
*** both the heirs inherits from the T: they
inherit simultaneously
- both acquired ownership over the
property
Enjoyment of the Property is Different
- the second heir; cannot manage and
administer the property (acts as a naked
owner)
- the first heir; manages and administers;
has the possession, use and fruits of the
property: (acts as usufructuary)
Obligation imposed on the First Heir: to deliver
and transmit the property in favor of the second
heir
- no right of alienation/disposal given to
first heir
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When 1st heir deliver to 2nd heir:
GR: the will must provide for the period
XPN: no period: automatically upon the death of
the 1st heir the property redounds to the benefit
of the 2nd heir
***1st heir may deliver the prop even without
period if he believes that the 2nd heir can
manage the property
What if 2nd heir died ahead of 1st heir: the heir
of the 2nd heir inherits the property (because
both 1st and 2nd heir inherits simultaneously)
- even if the 2nd heir died ahead; he can
transmit such right to his own heir;
therefore his legal heir can receive the
property upon the death of the 2nd heir
What if 1st heir died ahead:
- Fideicommissary substitution is complete;
therefore the property will automatically
be transmitted to the 2nd heir; upon the
death of the 1st heir
What if the 2nd heir died ahead of the testator:
- No valid fideicommissary substitution:
EFFECT: nullity of the fideicomissary
substitution, shall not prejudice the heir
initially instituted; shall be considered
simple institution of the heir; that there
was no fideicommissary substitution
instituted
Reserva Troncal
Art. 891: The ascendant who inherits from his
descendant any property which the latter may
have acquired by gratuitous title from another
ascendant, or a brother or sister, is obliged to
reserve such property as he may have acquired
by operation of law for the benefit of relatives
who are within the third degree and who belong
to the line from which said property came.
Origin-from ascendants or half/full blood
brother or sister (property came from)
Propositus- descendant who acquired the
property gratuitously (donation inter vivos,
mortis causa)
- there must be no exchange of money

Reservor- ascendant who acquires the property
by operation of law
- By operation of law: intestate succession,
or by legitime
- If FP not applicable
- There must be no exchange of money
Reservatarios- relatives belonging to the line
where the property came from; they must be
related to the propositus within the 3rd degree
(max. limit)
- Subject to the rule of proximity; the
nearer relative excludes everybody
- 3rd degree shall be counted from the
propositus
- technically the reservatarios are
inheriting from the propositus; however;
the property was given to the other line
Requisites
1. the propositus must have no issue or no
descending line
2. the propositus must die without a will
3. property will go up to the other
ascendant(of different line) by operation
of law
- upon death of the reservoir; property will
go back to the line of the origin
(reservatarios)
FS: retains property within one family
RT: retains property within one line
- even if the property has been
transmitted momentarily to the other
line; automatically, even without judicial
action, as soon as all the requisites have
been complied, the property shall be
reverted back to the line where it
originally came from
Reservatarios- must be both related to the
origin (must belong to the line where the
property came from) and the propositus
(within 3rd degree)
Obligation imposed to the Reservor
-to preserve and transmit the property in
favor of the reservatarios
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FS: no right of disposal or alienation given to
the 1st heir
RT: during the lifetime of the reservoir; he
has a full attributes of ownership
(Remember: Reservor acquired the property
by operation of law; therefore he inherited
the property) ***Sucession def. a mode of
acquisition; reservoir acquired ownership
over the property
- even if there are Reservatarios present,
alive, capacitated and willing to inherit;
they cannot compel the Reservor during
his lifetime to deliver the property to
them; they must wait for the DEATH of
the Reservor; the succession is
inchoate(an expectancy) upon death of
the reservoir, that is the only time that
the property will be reverted back to the
reservatarios
Assume: Reservor has sold the property during
his lifetime(Note: Reservor has full attribute of
ownership)
Ex. Ascendant donated a real property to
the propositus;TCT in the name of
propositus. Propositus died without an
issue and no will, the property goes to
another ascendant; making the TCT in
the name of the Reservor, no
encumbrance, no reservation annotated
in the TCT .
***the reservor; has an obligation to annotate
within 90 days form the time has been received;
if failed to do so; the reservatarios may compel
for the annotation, to protect their own rights
and interest
- then the buyer bought the property
without knowing of the defect. Title is in
the name of the Reservor (Mirror
Doctrine: Buyer can just look at the title,
no need to inquire further)=considered a
buyer in GF. Reservor died, prompting
the Reservatarios to claim the property
Who has a better Right: the buyer in GF has a
better right; under the law the rights and
interests of the buyer in GF shall also be
protected; HOWEVER because the Reservatarios
has also right in the property (had it not been
sold)
REMEDY (Reservatarios):

(1)Reservatarios can go against the estate of the
Reservor and claim the monetary value of the
property OR
(2) claim damages from the assurance fund (fund
set up by the govt so that if there is any damage
in the registration of the real property, a person
may claim damages from it)
If: Reservor annotated the reservable character
of the property on the TCT
- buyer becomes in BF (there has been a
constructive notice that the property is
reservable in character)
Better Right: Reservatarios
REMEDY (Buyer in BF)
(1) the Buyer in BF can go against the estate of
the Reservor and claim the monetary value of
the property; for there has been an unjust
enrichment
(2) claim damages from the assurance fund (fund
set up by the govt so that if there is any damage
in the registration of the real property, a person
may claim damages from it)
Condition Not To Marry
Art. 874: An absolute condition not to contract a
first or subsequent marriage shall be considered
as not written unless such condition has been
imposed on the widow or widower by the
deceased spouse, or by the latter's ascendants or
descendants.
Nevertheless, the right of usufruct, or an
allowance or some personal prestation may be
devised or bequeathed to any person for the
time during which he or she should remain
unmarried or in widowhood.
- Absolute prohibition not to contract a
first or subsequent marriage is VOID; it is
against public policy
- No one can prevent another from getting
married by executing a will; it is
considered as not written
When does the Condition not to Marry Valid:
-when the decedent/testator imposed such
condition to the surviving spouse; it becomes
VALID
EXs.
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(1) Institutes friend F on a condition not to
marry X: VALID; only a relative condition and not
an absolute condition
-an absolute condition will
provide that one shall not marry; and not
only to a particular person
(2)institute husband as sole heir on the condition
that he shall not remarry: VALID it is the wife
who imposed the condition upon the surviving
spouse
-the husband will only inherit the
legitime:**legitime is always given by
law, even if the husband violated the
condition, he cannot be deprived of his
legitime
- can only be deprived of the free
portion
-the only way one can be deprived
of legitime is through a valid
disinheritance
(3)institute wife and give all properties, and she
shall not remarry: VOID
- there is no “condition” included
MORETE V DELA SANTA
- There is no “condition” included in the
will, it is a mere statement, and can be
considered as an order; condition can
never be presumed, it must be worded on
the will.
Disposition Captatoria
Art. 875: Any disposition made upon the
condition that the heir shall make some
provision in his will in favor of the testator or of
any other person shall be void.
Ex. I institute my friend as sole heir, to my
estate of 10M on the condition that he will also
institute me as sole heir to all his properties in
his own will
- NULL AND VOID; making the will a
bilateral act (making a will is a unilateral
act)
- Depriving the heir to be instituted
Distribution of the Legitime
Compulsory Heirs/Children/Descendants
Art. 887 The following are compulsory heirs:
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(1) Legitimate children and descendants,
with respect to their legitimate parents
and ascendants;
(2) In default of the foregoing, legitimate
parents and ascendants, with respect to
their legitimate children and
descendants;
(3) The widow or widower;
(4) Acknowledged natural children, and
natural children by legal fiction;
(5) Other illegitimate children referred to
in article 287.
allow a person to deprive compulsory heirs of
legitime; the law gives legitime
- The only way by which one can deprive
his compulsory heirs is through a VALID
DISINHERITANCE
- With or without a will; legitime will be
given
- First money or property given to the
compulsory heirs
- Compulsory heirs may also get from the
free portion
GR: institution of heirs is from the free portion
-legitime is given by law, no need to include in
the will

Compulsory heirs mentioned in Nos. 3, 4, LC/ LP/IC/IP: Surviving alone= ½ NHE (divided
and 5 are not excluded by those in Nos. 1 among them)
and 2; neither do they exclude one
another. SS:
- Alone= ½ NHE
In all cases of illegitimate children, their
- Marriage in articulo mortis (died within 3
filiation must be duly proved.
mos of the same illness or injury already
The father or mother of illegitimate children of existing at the time of marriage)= 1/3
the three classes mentioned, shall inherit from NHE
them in the manner and to the extent - Articulo mortis HOWEVER, parties are
established by this Code. already cohabiting for 5 years or more= ½
NHE
Art. 888: The legitime of legitimate children and - If SS gave cause for legal separation= O
descendants consists of one-half of the
legitime and FP
hereditary estate of the father and of the
mother.
1 LC and SS
The latter may freely dispose of the remaining - LC= ½ NHE
half, subject to the rights of illegitimate - SS= ¼ NHE
children and of the surviving spouse as
hereinafter provided. 2/more LC and SS
- LC= ½ NHE divided among them
Two Kinds of Compulsory Heirs
- SS= equal share of one LC
1. Primary
2. Secondary
LC and IC
- LC= ½ NHE
Married Testator: Compulsory Heirs:
- IC= ½ of the share of the LC
- Legit children
- Surviving spouse
***pls check other provisions
- Illegit child (if any)
EX.
Single Person Compulsory Heirs:
(1) SS, LC (W), IC and LP
- Parents
- LC= ½ NHE
- SS= ¼ NHE (taken from FP)
Concept of Legitime: not any of anger,
- IC= ½ of the share of the LC (FP)
vindictiveness, animosity, or resentment can
10M:
Legitime: 5M FP:5M
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***the presence of LC excludes LP
***legally adopted child will also exclude LP
(2) SS, LC(2), AC, IC (2)
- LC 1&2 + AC= ½ NHE
- SS= equal to the share of each of the LC
-IC= ½ of the share of each LC
***if there are excess in FP= becomes disposable
FP
- If the testator executed a will, may give
it to anyone capacitated to inherit
- Cannot give inheritance to the paramore,
under art 1028 (donations to those guilty
of adultery/ concubinage)
- BUT if there is a will or did not provide
for the distribution of the excess: then
such excess will be distributed by IS
following the same proportion
***if there is no provision on the will for the
excess, APPLY IS; do not leave any property
inactive or stagnant (purpose of Succession)
Legitimate Parents/Ascendants
Art. 890: The legitime reserved for the
legitimate parents shall be divided between
them equally; if one of the parents should have
died, the whole shall pass to the survivor.
If the testator leaves neither father nor mother,
but is survived by ascendants of equal degree of
the paternal and maternal lines, the legitime
shall be divided equally between both lines. If
the ascendants should be of different degrees, it
shall pertain entirely to the ones nearest in
degree of either line.
Ex.
(1) LP, GP
- only LP will get the inheritance (legitime)
NHE: 100K
LP: ½ NHE (50k/ 25k each)
***if the father is dead: only the Mother will
inherit
- Rule of Proximity
- No Right of Representation in the direct
ascending line; the right is only available in the
direct descending line
***in the collateral line; right of representation
is only available to a child of a predeceased or
incap bro/sis of the decedent
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(2) LP, GP, GGP
***both parents are dead; cannot inherit
anymore
- Only GP of both line will get legitime but
not GGP
NHE: 100k
GP: both line (paternal and maternal will get
25K) / ½ NHE= 50K
***if GF died the GM will inherit all: GGF will not
inherit (Rule of proximity & No right of
Representation in the direct ascending line)
Formula NHE
Art 908: To determine the legitime, the value of
the property left at the death of the testator
shall be considered, deducting all debts and
charges, which shall not include those imposed
in the will.
To the net value of the hereditary estate, shall
be added the value of all donations by the
testator that are subject to collation, at the
time he made them.
Property left at the time of death
( - ) Debts and Charges
(+ ) Collatable donations (inter vivos)
NHE
*** if the inter vivos donation exceeded what can
be given by will (FP); then it shall be reduced; it
cannot impair the legitime of the compulsory
heir
GR: Inter vivos Donation given to a compulsory
heir is considered as an advance to their
legitime
XPN: if the testator expressly included in
his will, that the inter vivos donation to
the compulsory heir shall not be
deducted from his legitime (Inter vivos
donation coming from the FP)
***if inter vivos donation is given to a STRANGER:
will be imputed to the FP; charged against the
FP
Ex.
(1) estate 1M DEBT:200K
A= ID 200K
 58

B= ID 100K the person disinherited; but the devises and

F (FRIEND= ID 100K legacies and other testamentary dispositions
shall be valid to such extent as will not impair
the legitime.
1M- 200K= 800K
- EFFECT: annul the institution of the heir
IDs= 400K but only to the extent of the prejudice to
NHE= 1.2 M the the ineffectively disinherited heir:
only the legitime will be given: but not
Distribute: FP
Legitime: 600K FP: 600K - HOWEVER the devises or legacies
A= 300K (-200K ID)= 100K (+250k) included in the will provided they
are not inofficious and they do not
B= 300K (-100K ID)= 200K (+250k)
impair the legitime are also
F= 100K (from FP) respected
Excess= 500K FP (if the testator did not execute
a will; or even if he did, he there is no provision Ineffective Disinheritance:
with respect to the excess of 500K= the legal - No ground mentioned in the will/ not a
heirs (intestate succession) will get the excess lawful ground/ if lawful but not proven
to be true and existing
Disinheritance
Ex.
Art. 915: A compulsory heir may, in consequence (1)
of disinheritance, be deprived of his legitime, A: sole heir (instituted)
for causes expressly stated by law. B: Omitted (preterition)
C: disinherited
Requisites of a Valid Disinheritance - Ground: found guilty of an attempt
against the life of the T (there must be
1. There must be a valid will
conviction)= VALID DISINHERITANCE =he
2. There must be a ground (expressly) gets nothing
included in the will. ***when preterition exist: annul the institution of
3. The ground must be lawful the heir; and as if there was an intestacy
a. If child: Art 919
b. If parent: Art 920 Estate: 900K (equal share)
c. If SS: Art 921 A= 450K
B= 450K
***ground is exclusive
(2)
4. Ground must be proved true and existing A: sole heir (instituted)
***burden of proof: other heirs; if it is disputed B: Omitted (preterition)
by disinherited heir C: disinherited
5. There must be no reconciliation between - Ground married X: not lawful ground
the disinheriting testator and the ***ineffective disinheritance and preterition
disinherited heir - Annul the institution of the heir;
6. The disinheritance must be total and not Estate: 900K
conditional Legitime: 450K FP: 450K
7. The disinherited heir must be clearly A: 150k + 225K
identified in the will B: 150k +225K
***if all the elements/reqs are present: C: 150k (not entitled to FP)
EFFECT: the validly disinherited heir gets ***note: intention of the testator is to give the
nothing; no legitime no FP heir disinherited nothing; but the law gives the
legitime since the ground is not lawful
HOWEVER Art. 918: Ineffective Disinheritance
Disinheritance without a specification of the (3)
cause, or for a cause the truth of which, if X: disinherited- no reason (invalid)
contradicted, is not proved, or which is not one Y: disinherited- not taking care of T when
of those set forth in this Code, shall annul the hospitalized (invalid)
institution of heirs insofar as it may prejudice
Z: disinherited- living as a male prosti (VALID)
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Estate: 900K
Legitme: 450K FP: 450
X: 225K L + 225 FP
Y: 225K L + 225 FP
Z: 0
*** why include FP even if there is ineffective
disinheritance (which only entitles them to a
legitime)? –no provision on the will on how to
give the excess or balance in the estate
- The estate has an excess, when there is
no provision as to the excess, it will still
be given to the heirs, by operation of law
(we apply IS) : partly by will, partly by
operation of law; legal heirs are still
entitled of the share, the only one not
entitled is the one who has a valid
disinheritance
Reconciliation
Art. 922: A subsequent reconciliation between
the offender and the offended person deprives
the latter of the right to disinherit, and renders
ineffectual any disinheritance that may have
been made.
EFFECT:
- If there is a reconciliation it deprives the
testator from making a disinheritance
- Even if a disinheritance was made
already it becomes ineffectual
EX.
T disinherited a son who tried to kill him, and
was convicted; when X son was released he
stayed at his father T house until death of T.
The will was never changed (with the
disinheriting clause) or did not execute any doc
condoning the offense; leaved together
harmoniously
***Note: if the person is unworthy the T shall
execute a written document condoning the
offense- unworthy heir may still inherit
- X will still be able to inherit, because of
reconciliation
- Disinheritance if ineffectual
- X will inherit: only legitime, no share
from the FP; unless he is the sole heir
and nobody will inherit, intestate
succession will apply
Reconciliation may be expressed or implied
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Art. 923: The children and descendants of the
person disinherited shall take his or her place
and shall preserve the rights of compulsory heirs
with respect to the legitime; but the
disinherited parent shall not have the usufruct
or administration of the property which
constitutes the legitime
Ex.
Estate 1M; A and B are sons of T; C son of A;
B was instituted as heir and A was disinherited
for unjust refusal for support T during T’s
lifetime
- A is validly disinherited; son C has the
right of representation and will succeed
in the place of A (only legitime)
Legitime: 500k FP 500K
B: 250K +500K FP
C: 250K (even C is a minor; A will not have the
right of enjoyment of the usufruct; and also
admin of C’s money)
***the right of representation will only be
applied on the legitime but not to the FP
Legacy and Devise
***anything can be given by the T as a legacy or
devise
Legacy: personal property
Devise: Real property
Art. 930: The legacy or devise of a thing
belonging to another person is void, if the
testator erroneously believed that the thing
pertained to him. But if the thing bequeathed,
though not belonging to the testator when he
made the will, afterwards becomes his, by
whatever title, the disposition shall take effect.
Ex.
T gave X in a will executed in 2007 a legacy of
2005 Mitsubishi car; which he thought belonged
to him, but in reality with A. On T’s death 2009,
will X get the car?
- X will not get the car
- The legacy is VOID
- Cannot compel the esate to buy the car;
it was an erroneous belief from the T
- “you cannot give what you do not have”

Art. 931: If the testator orders that a thing
belonging to another be acquired in order that it
be given to a legatee or devisee, the heir upon
whom the obligation is imposed or the estate
must acquire it and give the same to the legatee
or devisee; but if the owner of the thing refuses
to alienate the same, or demands an excessive
price therefor, the heir or the estate shall only
be obliged to give the just value of the thing.
Ex.
T in his will” I give to my friend X 2002 honda
civic car owned by A”. On T’s death, will X get
the car?
- There is no doubt in the mind of the
testator that the car was indeed owned
by A (from 930: erroneous belief that T is
the owner of the thing he is giving away)
- It was an order by the testator to his
estate to acquire the car, and give it to
X; by whatever legal means
- 2 circumstances when the car cannot be
given to X:
1. when the A (owner) does not want to
sell the car
2. he wants to sell the car, but he
demands an excessive or
unconscionable price (should be only
the just and reasonable value of the
car)
Art. 932: The legacy or devise of a thing which
at the time of the execution of the will already
belonged to the legatee or devisee shall be
ineffective, even though another person may
have some interest therein.
If the testator expressly orders that the thing be
freed from such interest or encumbrance, the
legacy or devise shall be valid to that extent.
Art. 933: If the thing bequeathed belonged to
the legatee or devisee at the time of the
execution of the will, the legacy or devise shall
be without effect, even though it may have
subsequently alienated by him.
If the legatee or devisee acquires it gratuitously
after such time, he can claim nothing by virtue
of the legacy or devise; but if it has been
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acquired by onerous title he can demand
reimbursement from the heir or the estate.
Ex. T is giving a prop already owned by the
friend
T executed a will executed in Dec 2006: I give
to my friend X a honda civic car, 2005 model,
red, with plate no. RAC123
If(at the time of the execution of the
will) X is already the owner of the car, will the
legacy be still effective on Ts death in 2007?
- Legacy is NOT EFFECTIVE; at the time of
the making of the will the legatee was
already the owner of the gift being given
to him
- There is no more generosity or liberality
existing
If X sells the car to another person and later on
upon the death of the testator; is the legacy still
effective? (another person is now the owner of
the car)
- VOID: the reckoning point at the time of
the making of the will; that the person at
the time being given with the gift is
already owner of the particular thing
- The subsequent alienation is immaterial
- Even there will be a subsequent
reacquisition by gratuitous title is
immaterial
- X will not get anything from the estate of
the testator
- HOWEVER if he was able to reacquire the
thing by ONEROUS title and paid money
coming from his own pocket; the right of
legate is to be REIMBURSED from the
estate of the testator, amount paid to be
able to acquire the car
Ineffective: Legacy and Devise
Art. 957: The legacy or devise shall be without
effect:
(1) If the testator transforms the thing
bequeathed in such a manner that it does not
retain either the form or the denomination it
had;
(2) If the testator by any title or for any cause
alienates the thing bequeathed or any part
thereof, it being understood that in the latter
case the legacy or devise shall be without effect

only with respect to the part thus alienated. If
after the alienation the thing should again
belong to the testator, even if it be by reason of
nullity of the contract, the legacy or devise shall
not thereafter be valid, unless the reacquisition
shall have been effected by virtue of the
exercise of the right of repurchase;
(3) If the thing bequeathed is totally lost during
the lifetime of the testator, or after his death
without the heir's fault. Nevertheless, the
person obliged to pay the legacy or devise shall
be liable for eviction if the thing bequeathed
should not have been determinate as to its kind,
in accordance with the provisions of article 928.
Circumstances:
1. If the T transforms the thing and the
thing does not retain its form or nature
Ex. Agricultural land transformed into a
subdivision: devise becomes ineffective
2. T alienates the thing except with the
right of repurchase
Ex. T gave a legacy X of his own car,
executed in 2013, in 2014 T donated car
to mistress (VOID); when T died X legatee
claims his right to the car
- NO more right; the act of
alienation made by the testator is
an act that makes the legacy
ineffective
- XPN: if there is a right of
repurchase
***if instead of donating; T sold the car to
another person; with a consideration; with right
of repurchase
- X becomes entitled to the legacy:
the alienation is with
consideration; not yet final, T
reserved the right to repurchase;
during the lifetime of T or even
after his death T’s estate was
able to reacquire the property:
(buyer’s ownership is not yet
final)
3. The thing bequeathed was lost during the
T’s lifetime or after the death of the T
BUT without the heir’s fault
Ex. a house was given to a devisee; later the
house was burnt without fault of the heir/ a
legal loss, the land was expropriated in favor
of the govt
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Art. 934: If the testator should bequeath or
devise something pledged or mortgaged to
secure a recoverable debt before the execution
of the will, the estate is obliged to pay the debt,
unless the contrary intention appears.
The same rule applies when the thing is pledged
or mortgaged after the execution of the will.
Any other charge, perpetual or temporary, with
which the thing bequeathed is burdened, passes
with it to the legatee or devisee.
Ex. The will reads:
“1. To X, I bequeath my diamond ring worth
50K which is pledged with Monte de Piedad;
2. To Y, I devise my 250 sq.m. lot located in
San Pedro, Laguna which is mortgaged with
PNB; 1M
3. To W, I devise my 500 sq.m. lot located in
Quezon City burdened by an easement of right
of way in favor of A;
4. To Z, I devise my 180 sq.m. lot located in
Bulacan over which a usufruct for 5 years has
been constituted in favor of B.”
-the properties are encumbered
-The provisions of the will are VALID; the T
remains the owner of the property
- as long as the T remains the owner of the
property; T can give them away by will
- the properties shall be given to the devisee or
the legatee the properties free from debt
- estate of the testator must pay for the debt
- servient property shall be given with the
easement (right of way is perpetual; it is a real
right in favor of A
- usufruct must be respected only until 5 years it
becomes a real right (Note. Usufruct may be
terminated by the will of the parties)
Legacy of Credit
Art. 935: The legacy of a credit against a third
person or of the remission or release of a debt of
the legatee shall be effective only as regards
that part of the credit or debt existing at the
time of the death of the testator.
In the first case, the estate shall comply with
the legacy by assigning to the legatee all rights
of action it may have against the debtor. In the
second case, by giving the legatee an
acquittance, should he request one.

In both cases, the legacy shall comprise all
interests on the credit or debt which may be due
the testator at the time of his death.
Ex. X is the debtor of T in the amount of
P100,000.00. T made a will on Jan. 1, 2007
which reads: “I give this credit of P100T to my
friend A.” On Dec. 25, 2014, X paid P25T to T. T
died on Feb. 14, 2016. How much can A collect
from debtor X as his legacy?
- A can only get 75K from X the debtor;
because 25K has already been paid during
the lifetime of the T
- It will be onerous on the part of the
debtor to be compelled to pay the whole
amount
***the intention of the T is to give 100K, may get
the remaining 25K from the estate; but from the
debtor only 75K
Condonation:
Art. 936: The legacy referred to in the preceding
article shall lapse if the testator, after having
made it, should bring an action against the
debtor for the payment of his debt, even if such
payment should not have been effected at the
time of his death.
The legacy to the debtor of the thing pledged by
him is understood to discharge only the right of
pledge.
Ex. X is the debtor of T in the amount of 1M: will
executed in 2013 reads:
“I condone/remit the debtor’s debt of 1M;
however during the lifetime of T; he filed a suit
in court for the credit of X” On T’s death, is the
legacy still effective?
- Legacy is not effective: the T was the
one who went to court and demanded for
the payment of the debt. A judicial
demand
- But if extrajudicial demand; legacy
cannot be revoked
Art. 937: A generic legacy of release or
remission of debts comprises those existing at
the time of the execution of the will, but not
subsequent ones.
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Ex. D is the debtor of T in the amount of P1M;
P200K and P500K which he incurred from T in
a span of 10 years. In 2013 T made a will
saying: “I remit all the debts owed to me by D”.
In 2014, D again borrowed several times from
T in the amounts P300K; P150T and P25K. On
T’s death in, D claims that all his debts have
been remitted.
- Debts during the lifetime of the T are the
ones which are only remitted (1M, 2ooK
and 500K) only these debts are the one
existing at the time of the execution of
the will
- Subsequent debts are not included at the
time of the making of the will
Legacy to Creditor
Art. 938: A legacy or devise made to a creditor
shall not be applied to his credit, unless the
testator so expressly declares.
In the latter case, the creditor shall have the
right to collect the excess, if any, of the credit
or of the legacy or devise.
Ex.
T owes C P1M. In his will executed, T said: “I
give C a legacy of P1M in cash”. How much
will C get on T’s death?
- 2M; because the legacy given to the
creditor cannot be applied to the debt
of the T
GR: legacy cannot be applied to the credit
Suppose T said: “I give C a legacy of P1M in
cash to be applied to my credit”. On T’s death,
how much will C get?
- 1M; it was expressly stated in the will
of the testator that the 1M shall be
applied to the credit (not as legacy but
payment)
XPN: when the T has expressly stated in his
will that it should be applied to the credit
Art. 939: If the testator orders the payment of
what he believes he owes but does not in fact
owe, the disposition shall be considered as not
written. If as regards a specified debt more than
the amount thereof is ordered paid, the excess
is not due, unless a contrary intention appears.

The foregoing provisions are without prejudice
to the fulfillment of natural obligations.
Ex. T executed a will : I believe I owe X 1M,
hence I order my estate to pay him
Effect:
-if T did not owe X 1M: the provision is
considered not written
-if T really owes X 500K: X will only be paid
500K (unjust enrichment)
Legacy for Education
Art. 944: A legacy for education lasts until the
legatee is of age, or beyond the age of majority
in order that the legatee may finish some
professional, vocational or general course,
provided he pursues his course diligently.
A legacy for support lasts during the lifetime of
the legatee, if the testator has not otherwise
provided.
If the testator has not fixed the amount of such
legacies, it shall be fixed in accordance with the
social standing and the circumstances of the
legatee and the value of the estate.
If the testator or during his lifetime used to give
the legatee a certain sum of money or other
things by way of support, the same amount shall
be deemed bequeathed, unless it be markedly
disproportionate to the value of the estate.
Effect:
GR: legacy for education last; until the legatee
reached 18 years
XPN: may continue: in order the legatee may
finish, professional, vocational or general
course: PROVIDED; legatee pursue his course
diligently
Legacy for Support
GR: last until the lifetime of the legatee
XPN: testator provided for the period
**if amount has not been fixed (legacy
educ/support)
- fixed by social standing of the legatee
and other circumstances
- and the value of the estate
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Intestate Succession
When is there an Intestate Succession?
Art. 960 Legal or intestate succession takes
place:
(1) If a person dies without a will, or with a void
will, or one which has subsequently lost its
validity;
***no will, void will, or revoked will
(2) When the will does not institute an heir to,
or dispose of all the property belonging to the
testator. In such case, legal succession shall take
place only with respect to the property of which
the testator has not disposed;
***when the will does not institute an heir
or not all the property of the T are distributed
by will; which all the properties shall be
distributed to legal heirs by IS
(3) If the suspensive condition attached to the
institution of heir does not happen or is not
fulfilled, or if the heir dies before the testator,
or repudiates the inheritance, there being no
substitution, and no right of accretion takes
place;
(4) When the heir instituted is incapable of
succeeding, except in cases provided in this
Code.
***one will be incapable of succeeding if
falls under Art. 1027 (undue influence),
1028(public policy/morality) and
1032(unworthiness)
Legal Heirs under IS
1. legit and illegit relatives
- no distinction whether descending or
ascending or collateral
***limitation: Rule of Proximity: the nearer
excludes everybody else(degrees is important)
2. in default of the legit and illegit: the SS
will also inherit
3. in default of natural persons: the state
will also inherit (escheat proceedings:
initiated by the SOLGEN)
Reqs. For Escheat:
a. no will
b. no debts
c. no natural person belonging to the
family of the decedent

***Under TS: even a stranger may inherit; the T
may institute such stranger as one of the heirs of
the FP
BUT in IS:
GR: there must be a blood relationship; must be
related by consanguinity applying the Rule on
Proximity (the nearer excludes the father
relative)
XPN: only two persons may inherit from the
decedent under who are not related by blood:
1. SS
2. Legally adopted child (legal fiction of the
legally adopted child becomes a relative)
Rules under IS
1. Rule of Proximity: nearer relative
excludes the father relative (important
to know the no. of degrees of
relationship)
2. Preference Between Lines (if both of the
same degrees): the direct descending line
id preferred over the direct ascending
line and the collateral line
3. In default of the direct descending line:
the direct ascending line is preferred
over the collateral line
4. GR:Relatives of equal degree inherit on
equal parts/shares
XPN: a. half blood bros/sis only inherit;
half share of the full blood bro/sis of the
decedent
b. Right of representation:
- The one lower in degree is raised
in the degree of the one he
represented; therefore he
becomes nearer to the decedent
5. Iron Barrier/Curtain:
Art. 992: An illegitimate child has no
right to inherit ab intestato from the
legitimate children and relatives of his father
or mother; nor shall such children or
relatives inherit in the same manner from
the illegitimate child.
- The prohibition is reciprocal the illegit
relative cannot inherit from the
legitimate relative and the legitimate
relative cannot also inherit from the
illegitimate relative
6. Double share among collaterals: if bro
and sis of the decedent concur, or exist
together with the nephews and the
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nieces of the decedent; ***the bro/sis of
the decedent inherit double the share of
the nephews and the nieces (Reason:
bro/sis inherit per capita or individually;
whereas the nephews and nieces inherit
per stirpes or as a group: as they only
represent their predeceased or
incapacitated parents; they get half of
the share of the bros and siss of the
decedent)
Under TS: computation: will need to get legitime
first and then FP to the instituted heirs
Under IS: DIVIDE THE ENTIRE ESTATE EQUALLY
among those who are existing at the time of
death of the decedent
XPN:
- When there is legit children
concurring with the illegit
children: (do not divide the entire
estate equally among them):
satisfy the legitime first;
legitimacy is favored under the
law (legit: ½ NHE; illegit ½ of the
legitime of the legit)
- When legit children concurring
with SS: consider SS as 1 child
Principles both in TS and IS; However applied
under IS:
(1) Accretion
Art. 968: If there are several relatives of the
same degree, and one or some of them are
unwilling or incapacitated to succeed, his
portion shall accrue to the others of the same
degree, save the right of representation when it
should take place.
Ex. A, B, C are legitimate brothers of D who died
without a will; A predeceased the decedent;
estate is P9M
***bros are legal heirs if they are the nearest
heir of the decedent; bros should be all alive,
capacitated and willing to inherit
= 3M each brother
BUT A predeceased D:
B and C will get 1.5M each coming from the 3M
of A

Requisites of Accretion:
1. there are 2 or more heirs called to the same
inheritance
2. there is a vacancy in one share because one
predeceased, incapacitated or repudiation
3. then that vacancy will accrue to co-heirs in
equal shares
***available whether TS or IS
However: Accretion shall NOT BE APPLIED if
representation is proper
(ISREY): all available under TS
- Institution
- Substitution
- Representation
- Accretion
Available in IS:
1. Representation
2. Accretion
- (if representation is applicable, accretion
shall not be applied)
Representation:
-a legal fiction in law; whereby the one lower in
degree is raised to the level and the degree of
the one represented; therefore the
representative becomes nearer to the decedent
rather than farther
***niece and nephew: 3 degrees; if bro/sis
predeceased the decedent: when niece and
nephew represent; they are raised to the level
and degree of the decedent’s bro/sis, hence
they become second degree relatives.
- There representative must also be
qualified to inherit to be able to be the
representative
GR: the right of representation is available in
the direct descending line; (never available
in the direct ascending line)
- With respect to the collateral line; it is
only available to a child of predeceased
or incapacitated bro/sis of the decedent
Ex. D had sons A, B and C; A’s son X and Y; D
died with revoked will; and was not able
execute a valid will (estate 900K)
***assume A, B and C are all alive, capacitated
and willing to inherit
***should be divided equally legal heirs
300K each
***what if A died predeceased
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- No accretion; because there is a right of
representation; hence
- 300K will go to X and Y; 150K each
Representation will be applied when one
predeceased or incapaciatated:
- such predecease ad incapacity is
involuntary upon the heir; beyond the
heir’s control
However if it is REPUDIATION
Art. 977 Heirs who repudiate their share may not
be represented.
*** if A repudiated the inheritance
- A cannot be represented by X and Y
- One who repudiate cannot be
represented
***then ACCRETION shall be applied
***then the share A will accrue to his co-heirs in
equal shares
- Repudiation is voluntary upon the heir;
therefore the heir is prejudices as well as
his representative
NOTE:
- If predeceased and incapacity:
REPRESENTATION
- If repudiation: ACCRETION
Right of Representation: If Ascending line
Ex. D died in 2003; D’s father F died ahead of D;
GF wants to represent D’s father in the
inheritance (10M)
- GF is not allowed to inherit
- Only the mother of D will get the 10M
- By Rule of proximity
- No right of representation in the
direct ascending line
Right of Representation if Collateral Line:
- The right of representation is available
only with respect to a child of a
predeceased or incapacitated bro/sis of
the decedent
Ex. X (A son) 1998+, B 1997+and Y (C son) 1999+
are bros of D 2000+; estate is 10M:
- proximity rule
- right of representation is available only with
respect to the child of a predeceased or
incapacitated bro/sis only; therefore not
available to the child of the niece or nephew of
the decedent

Repudiation of Inheritance
Art. 969: If the inheritance should be
repudiated by the nearest relative, should there
be one only, or by all the nearest relatives
called by law to succeed, should there be
several, those of the following degree shall
inherit in their own right and cannot represent
the person or persons repudiating the
inheritance.
Ex. (1..2M)D had 3 sons A.B and C
A had 2 sons W and X
B; son Y
C: son Z
*** If all the heirs of equal degree repudiated the
inheritance
- W, X, Y and Z will inherit: in their own
right, because there is no right of
representation; one who repudiated his
inheritance has no right of representation
- Each will get 300K
***if C only repudiated inheritance:
- A and B will inherit; one who repudiate
cannot be represented
- 600k each
- W, X and Y cannot inherit because of the
rule on proximity
***if A, B and C predeceased
- W, X, Y and Z will inherit; by right of
representation;
- First give the share of the represented
sons A, B and C (400K each)
- W and X (200k each
- Y (400K)
- Z (400K)
***If A predeceased
- B;400K
- C: 400K
- ***they inherit per capita/individually
their own share
- W and X (200K)
- ***they inherit by right of representation:
per stirpes or per group
One who repudiates cannot be represented BUT
HE WHO REPUDIATES MAY REPRESENT HIM
WHOSE INHERITANCE HE HAS RENOUNCED
Art. 976: A person may represent him whose
inheritance he has renounced
Art. 977: Heirs who repudiate their share may
not be represented.
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Ex. D (2002) 20M:sons A (2001) and B: 10M
A had sons X and Y
Y had son Z
***succession A will be opened ahead; because
he died first
***when A died Y repudiated
- therefore Z cannot represent
- only X will inherit 10M
- - because of Y’s repudiation; Z cannot
represent to the inheritance
***D succession
- A cannot inherit for he is already dead
- There is a right of representation
- Y can represent A
- Both X and Y
Children Inherit in Their Own Right
Art. 979: Legitimate children and their
descendants succeed the parents and other
ascendants, without distinction as to sex or age,
and even if they should come from different
marriages.
An adopted child succeeds to the property of the
adopting parents in the same manner as a
legitimate child.
Art. 980: The children of the deceased shall
always inherit from him in their own right,
dividing the inheritance in equal shares.
***divide the estate equally among the children
***children inherit in their own right: whether
they come from different marriages; regardless
of their ages and even sexes (different
marriages: may only divide among children if the
decedent is the common parent)
Legit Children with Illegit Children
Art. 983: If illegitimate children survive with
legitimate children, the shares of the former
shall be in the proportions prescribed by article
895.
***protect the legitime first of the legitimate
child and of the SS
- CC: ½ NHE
- SS: ¼ NHE
- IC: (GR: ½ of share of LC) if insufficient:
the remaining must be divided among
themselves
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***whatever remains in the FP after satisfying

the legitime of the SS; will then be given to
the IC even if the proportion of ½:1 will not
be applied
***if there is still an excess after satisfying all
the share: shall divide according to the
proportion

Iron Curtain/Barrier
Art. 992: An illegitimate child has no right to
inherit ab intestato from the legitimate children
and relatives of his father or mother; nor shall
such children or relatives inherit in the same
manner from the illegitimate child.

Ex. X: legit A: illegit B

-if A dies without descendant with B as only
surviving relative, will B inherit from A?
-NO; Iron Curtain/Barrier applies, which
prevent them from inheriting from each other ab
intestate

***the illegitimate child cannot inherit ab

intestato from legitimate relative of his own
father/mother; Iron curtain/barrier existing
between them; they are not allowed to inherit
reciprocally from each other

Rights of Illegit Children

Art. 902: The rights of illegitimate children set
forth in the preceding articles are transmitted
upon their death to their descendants, whether
legitimate or illegitimate.

Ex. On notes

***illegit cannot inherit ab intestate from the

legitimate relative of his own father/mother

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