TRANSISTOR COMMON-BASE CONFIGURATION

PHYSICS INVESTIGATORY PROJECT

Name: Joydeep Naskar

Class: XII- Science
Roll:
School: Kendriya Vidyalaya,
IIM Joka
Session: 2015-16
 INDEX
S. No. Title
1 Acknowledgement

2 Certificate

3 Introduction
Experiment
-Aim
4 -Materials required
-Observation
-Result

5. Bibliography
 Acknowledgement
I would like to thank the CBSE, for providing me the
opportunity to carry out this investigatory project. I also take
this opportunity to express my sincere gratitude to my
Physics teacher, Mr. Arindam Ojha, PGT Physics
(Contractual), for guiding me and imparting a sound base of
knowledge pertaining to this topic which ensured the
successful completion of this project. I would also like to
thank him for unending assistance to enable completion of
the exercise.
 CERTIFICATE
This is to hereby certify that the
original and genuine investigatory
project has been completed sincerely
and satisfactorily by Joydeep Naskar
of class XII – Sc. KendriyaVidyalaya
IIMJoka, Kolkata, regarding his
project titled “To study the effect of
various solutes on the elevation of
boiling point of water” as per the
CBSE practical work requirement for
the session 2015-2016.

Teacher’s Signature Examiner’s Signature

A transistor is a three terminal active device. The terminals are
emitter, base, collector. In CB configuration, the base is common to
both input (emitter) and output (collector). For normal operation, the
E-B junction is forward biased and C-B junction is reverse biased.
In CB configuration, IE is +ve, IC is –ve and IB is –ve.
With an increasing the reverse collector voltage, the space-charge
width at the output junction increases and the effective base width
‘W’ decreases. This phenomenon is known as “Early effect”. Then,
there will be less chance for recombination within the base region.
With increase of charge gradient within the base region, the current of
minority carriers injected across the emitter junction increases. The
current amplification factor of CB configuration is given by,
                                    α= ∆IC/ ∆IE

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
AIM:
1. To observe and draw the input and output
characteristics of a transistor connected in
common base configuration.
2. To find current gain (α) of the given
transistor.

MATERIALS REQUIRED:
1. A pnp Transistor
2. Regulated power supply (0-30V, 1A) and a 3-V battery
3. Voltmeter (0-30V)
4. Ammeters (0-50mA)
5. 2 high resistance rheostats
6. Connecting wires
 PROCEDURE:
INPUT CHARACTERISTICS:
1. Connections are made as per the circuit diagram.
2. For plotting the input characteristics, the output voltage V CE is kept
constant at 0V and for different values of V EB note down the values of
IE.
3. Repeat the above step keeping V CB at 2V, 4V, and 6V. All the
readings are tabulated.
4. A graph is drawn between VEB and IE for constant VCB.

OUTPUT CHARACTERISTICS:

1.  Connections are made as per the circuit diagram.

2.  For plotting the output characteristics, the input IE is kept constant at
10mA and for different values of VCB, note down the values of IC.
3.  Repeat the above step for the values of  IE  at 20mA, 40mA, and
60mA, all the readings are tabulated.
4.  A graph is drawn between VCB and Ic for constant IE
 OBSERVATIONS:
1. Least count of voltmeter Vi = 0.1V
2. Range of voltmeter Vi= 0-5 volts
3. Zero error of voltmeter Vi= No error
4. Least count of voltmeter V0 = 0.1V
5. Range of voltmeter V0=0 to 5V
6. Zero error of voltmeter V0= No error
7. Range of milli-ammeter= 0-50mA
8. Zero error of milli-ammeter= No error

Table for input characteristics

Sl. Base-emitter Emitter current IE (mA) for
voltage VEB(V)
No VCB= 0V VCB= -2V VCB= -4V
.
1 2.5 0 0 0
2 3.0 0 0 0
3 4.2 0 0 0
4 4.6 5 6 9
5 4.8 20 21 26
6 4.9 38 48 Out of range

Table for output characteristics

Sl.Base-collector Collector current IC (mA) for
voltage VCB(V)
No IE=5mA IE=10mA IE=20mA
.
1 0 4.5 9.0 19.0
2 1 5.0 9.0 19.5
3 2 5.0 9.0 19.5
4 4 5.5 9.5 19.5
5 5 5.5 9.5 19.5
6 6 5.5 9.5 19.5
7 7 5.5 9.5 19.5
8 8 5.5 9.5 19.5

Table for transfer characteristics

Sl.Emitter current IE Collector current IC (mA) for
(mA)
No VCB= 0V VCB= -2V VCB= -4V
.
1 0 0 0 0
2 5 5 5 5
3 6 6 6 6
4 7 7 7 7
5 8 8 8 8
6 10 10 10 10

CALCULATIONS
RESULT
1. The input, output and transfer characteristics are shown
in the adjoining graphs.
2. The current gain, α
=
3. The voltage gain, Av =

PRECAUTIONS
1. The supply voltages should not exceed the rating of the
transistor.
2. Meters should be connected properly according to their
polarities.

SOURCES OF ERROR
The transistor may be faulty.
 BIBILOGRPAHY

Various books and websites were referred while

making this project:
1) Physics Textbook for class XII, Part-I, NCERT
2) Physics Laboratory Manual for class XII, NCERT
3) Wikipedia.org
4) ConnectUEdu
5) Youtube.com