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Inverter Training Manual PDF
Inverter Training Manual PDF
Training Manual
Prepared by
Solar Laboratory
01 Mac Dinh Chi St., 1 District
Ho Chi Minh City
SR Vietnam
CONTENTS
Page
LESSON 1
Since 1940 inverter has appeared and the first uses were in the Second World War.
This time together with a development of electronic lamps, the need of high DC
voltage had been requested. During the time of world war’s II when Navy Ships ran
on DC power only then DC source was urgently needed.
That time, the Invertor was Rotary Inverter. In fact this was a motor generator,
which could convert 12 VDC, 27 VDC, into
110 VAC, 220 VAC and it was only way to
convert DC voltage into AC voltage.
The most popular brand of that era was
Redi – Line. Over half of century passed but
Redi – Lines still appear in use in the country
- side around us. These rugged units were
quite reliable, strong enough and produced
AC voltage with a low efficiency about 50%.
The Rotary Inverter had many disadvantages
as very high start current of 20A – 30A and no
stable out put voltage. It also could not have
start up surge capacity, which limited applications of inductive loads as fan, pump,
compressor etc… Because of their quite high reliability, Blue Bird Rotary Inverter
still had been produced until the late of 1970’s and early 1980’s.
Trip-lite company founded in 1992 was the first produced a unique automobile
headlight, which has been Invented by Graham Tripped. Later, the product line
expanded to include Electronic Inverter. In that era, the early units used mechanical
vibrator to oscillate DC power into square waveform AC, the mechanic vibrator
when it oscillates which turning on and off continuously contact-points to make
square wave current. This kind of Inverter could response only one defined load and
short lifetime because of contact points easy damaged.
Solid-state semiconductor devices were born in middle of 20 century, which
supported to new generations of Inverte: Full –
Electronic Inverter in the early 1960’s. The solid-
state transistors replaced the mechanical vibrator,
which maintains longer lifetime of the unit. This
1
event declared a termination of Rotary Inverter Technology as well as mechanic
vibration system. Since this point, the motor – generators no longer produced
anywhere. Although that, unregulated square wave design of this kind Inverter could
not go over and many technical problems were still open as unstable output voltage,
no surge power, no frequency control etc…
This time Inverter could response only for resistive loads but they was not possible
to run reactive loads as motor, Ice – creamaker, pump, microware oven etc… These
weak points limited applications of Inverter and they had almost fallen in forgetting
of people.
Later on a design of frequency control was applied to allow a steady draw, which
had improved the time-by-time and formed modified sine wave, which is still very
popular for today.
On basic of this technology, Tripp lite has produced power Inverter, UPS devices
(Uninterruptible Power Supply). The company provides products in worldwide
market.
In 1979 Vanner inc. introduced the first 1000W sine modified wave Inverter
thanks to it’s parented power transistor drive technique. That time it was a big
achievement and subrising, because of an unheard efficiency of 87%. The first
application of this Inverter was used in ambulances. Few years later, the application
was expanded into various types of vehicles including remote television vans. After
that following the market request, product line expanded with 2200W and 3000W
Inverter.
After the world energy crisis in 1973, Renewable Energy Sources have been
mentioned and attracted energy policy markers. One of the urgent request was how
to produce high quality AC electricity from RE and one again the companies,
researchers, engineers have jumped in a competition of Inverter Technology.
During 1980’s there were two companies manufacturing Inverter in USA for the
world market: Heart interface and GTO Electronics. There were some others in
Europe and Asia but they were small. In 1986 Heart split off to form Trace
Engineering, which later became a famous Inverter manufacture in the world. The
Heart Inverter had a battery charger /converter built in and was the pioneer reached
highest efficiency that time over 90%. Another strong point of it’s specification was
the surge power had got three times.
In 1986 one of the Inverter models included a microprocessor control was
mentioned. On the technical point of view, we could classify that the first generation
Inverters used Metered Darlington Technology. This special circuit metered base
current to power a transistor proportional to load. The magnetic design increased
efficiency. Second – generation Inverters used FETs (Field Effect Transistors), since
FETs have almost no switching losses, efficiency was markedly improved.
In the last decade of 20th century, the Inverter Technology has strongly developed
with a big worldwide competition. In 1987 Exeltech was founded and manufactured
High Frequency Sin Ware Inverter. It claims the first redundant Inverter system,
“hot” swappable capability and modular design. This kind of Inverter do not used big
transformator that why they have quite small size, much lighter and convenience for
mobile application.
Stat-power Technologies Corporation head quartered in British, Columbia,
Canada was founded in 1988 also manufactured M.S.W Inverters using High
Frequency design. The company provided portable power for remote regions.
2
In 1990 IC (Integrated circuits) were applied which allowed the creation of
energy management system and microprocessor in Inverter Technology. The first
microprocessor controlled Inverter/Charger was introduced in 1993. The advantages
of M.S.W Technology are efficiency and relatively economical cost although that the
M. S. W Inverter however, still cannot run all kinds of loads because of poor peak
voltage regulation and the fact that the AC output is not a pure sin wave. Beside this,
M. S. wave Inverter also makes interference to loads in some cases.
Trace Engineering developed and patented improvements to the modified sine
wave technology in their sine wave series Inverter. While not a true sine wave, the
output is a multi – step approximation that
results in fewer load incompatibilities. The
charger is more efficient and results lower
AC. This sine wave series Inverter still has
several other features as including an
automatic generator start/stop, a battery
temperature sensor and three independency
set voltage relays. Trace Engineering has
covered big part of the global market that
why in South Africa the name “Trace” it
means “Inverter”
In 1995 Stat-power introduced a pure sine PV Series Inverter
wave Inverter/Charger using high
Frequency Switching Techniques, they were successful in producing a high output
charger with a power factor approaching “1”. This is almost not distortion at the DC
port in both Inverter and charger mode which could be viewed as a technological
milestone. Pure Sine Wave Inverter opens a new era and any limitation of use is
remained. Although that Pure Sine Wave Technology just in start, we expect a quick
development to sweep out some barriers as high cost, difficult to maintained etc…
and catching a potential world market. The Pure Sine Wave Inverters have given
good chance for grid – connected design as well as synchronous of several Pure Sine
Wave Inverter to increase power. We could say that since 1995 a “boom” of
competition for Inverter manufacturing. Millions solar roofs, thousands of wind
farms, micro-hydro projects which have requested big amount of Inverters. Thanks
to the revolution of Renewable Energy in world wide together with big
manufactures, a lot of new electronic companies as Steca, Leomics, AST, Zenit have
jumped in the exciting market. Nowadays appearing a variable service of Inverters
as Inverter for solar pump, for AC solar module for grid – connected use etc…
The smallest Inverter is one supplying for AC
module which size is only
108 x108 x30mm or 220x70x20mm. Output
power only 80W – 100W and catching an
efficiency of 94%. They are introduced by Trace
Engineering USA and OK service company of
Neither Land.
3
The larger pure sine Inverter has already built up to a of power of 20 KVA and
surge power 200% . It runs big advanced micro processor control with soft start. The
efficiency gets over 90%. Stable output voltage and frequency, full protection for
overload and short circuit, current mode control, automatic low battery shutdown to
protect battery, variable speed fan cooling. It’s
weight is 250 kg and could operates in poor
condition up to 450C and relative
AC Module Inverter humidity 95%.
The efficiency was low about 60%. Later on in short time the imported Inverters from Taiwan
AND South East Asia and Copy imported – Inverter covered quite small and poor market that
time there for Divu company also stopped their product.
4
A serious research and good design of Inverter has been done
by AST Company during 1986 – 1989. In 1990 AST Company
put it’s products in local market with two ranges: 300W and
600W sin modified wave Inverter with stabilizes output voltage
220V ± 5% and full – protection system.
Since 1995 thanks to open – door policy, the economic of
Vietnam going on fastly and Renewable Energy Sources as solar,
wind, micro hydro have strongly developed. One again Inverter
has become “hot” request for remote, mountainous regions as well as on Island and country side
A lot of electronic companies have put in market their Inverters as RoBo, Solar, Hansin
etc…. The common disadvantages of the Market – Inverter are poor quality, high stand by
current or low efficiency. AST company is still pioneer among them for quality and the
company has continuously done research and improved design and quality. AST is also leading
ahead in manufacturing UPS devices and Auto Stabilizations. The company networks have
distributors and agencies along the country and sell out 5000 products/month approximately.
Solarlab is a National Laboratory belongs to Vietnam National Center for Sciences and
Technologies. It is a pioneer and leader of PV development of Vietnam. To serve own activities,
Solarlab has researched on Inverter – Technology since 1990 and has Introduced the first “
SOLARSTAT” equipment in the Solar Station and Cultural House at Tam Thon Hiep District
HCM City in Vietnam end of 1990.
The SOLARSTAT kept “Industrial Model and Design” issued by Department of Invention and
Properties of Vietnam during 1992 – 1998. The SOLARSTAT is a
heart of Battery Charging Center
and Cultural House, It consists of
four Charging Channels by solar
modules and a built in sin square
Inverter of 300W. Later on,
Solarlab has continuously
developed and improved quality of
it’s Inverters with 500W and
1000W. The Inverters of Solar lab
manufactured specially for PV. SOLAR START
Applications that why the quality
and energy saving are priorities. The stand by current of Solarlab’s
Inverter usually was 2/3 of the market Inverter and high surge
power. During last 10 years. Solar lab put in operation about 60
Certification of Solar start SOLARSTAT along the country. In 1993 nine SOLARSTATs
were exported to Republic of Mali in Africa according cooperation
with FONDEM France and one SOLARSTAT was exported to Lao P.D.R in order of MOSTE
Vietnam in 1997. The SOLARSTATs provide electrical power for various PV. Applications as
Telecommunication repeaters, Satellite – Para ball Receiver – Transmitter Cultural Houses, Solar
House, and Local Radio Broadcasting Center etc…
In 1996 Solar lab designed a first High Frequency Inverter in Vietnam following a research
program funded by Sida Sweden. The product
was 50W only but it could not become a real
product because of lacking imported FETs
Since 1997, AST Company and Tectrans
Viet Enterprise has joined to design and
manufactured Smart product with the range of
300W, 500W and 1000W. For short time of 2
years, Smart 300, 500 and 1000 were
improved much good design and quality. It is front of Smart back of Smart
5
a Hybrid Power Supplied unit built in a power - full good sine modified Inverter. Surge power
gets 200% and unheard efficiency of 90% Full protection as well as UPS function guaranteed.
Frequency controlled, stabilized AC output voltage ± 5%, Hybrid Charging Control process and
Battery Metter System are very competitive advantages of the Smart product – line. Smart 1000
run all kinds of load as: water pump, photocopy machine, glass cutter etc… Especially it
response also fun, refregenerator too. 2000’s is a good start of the product -line of smart with 14
units were exported to Thailand, Philippine and Germany.
6
7
Grid-connected Inverter
8
REGIONAL TRAINING COURSE ON “INVERTER TECHNOLOGY” 16-20 OCTOBER, 2000 HCMC
LESSON 2
I. INTRODUCTION:
Smart 1000 is a Renewable Hybrid Power Supply Unit, which has manufactured by
AST electronic CO. & TECTRANS VIET Enterprise. It is an intelligent equipment, which
has many advantages and conveniences for Use.
The UPS function allows Smart 1000 can operates everywhere catching network.
Especially in the domain of communication and informatics applications the continuous
power all of time is very important fact. Which guarantee dropping out communication
signal and losing database.
On input source, Smart has a wide range of choice whatever: grid reconnected, Solar
module, Wind, micro hydro generator as well as Diesel generator… which makes Smart
becomes a power source everywhere and every time.
You know, solar radiating is everywhere in Vietnam and almost everywhere in the
world. Furthermore, Solar power is a renewable and infinite power. Therefore Producers of
Smart has designed Smart 1000 use solar power is a basic power source. Besides, others
renewable are Wind power, hydroelectric power has been used too.
Smart 1000 can use in mountainous, remote area as well as in island... In mountainous
where has much solar radiating and waterfalls you can use solar power and hydroelectric
power to charge battery and use other applications. In coastal region or island where have
much solar radiating and wind you can use solar power and wind power. With countryside
you can use solar power and diesel generator…
Now, in Vietnam Smart 1000 has used on cultural boats and health service boats.
Smart 1000 has been exported to some countries in ASIA. For example: Thailand,
Philippine … and it’s going to export to Germany on next time. It expect a big market
future thanks its advantage
2.1 Description
Mobile independent hybrid power station for 12V DC and 110/230V AC, 50 Hz,
built-in mains charge (AC 230 V) and solar charger regulator (DC 12V) for solar modules
up to 500Wp (40A) charging capacity, DC/AC inverter (modified sine wave) with rated
9
power capacity: 1000 W (surge power capacity = 2000 W), built-in uninterrupted power
supply (UPS) device for safe supply during power cuts, multiple connections for 12V DC
power charging systems (wind, hydro, generator), main and battery voltage indicator,
charging current indicator, system protection for low and overload, 12V DC mains
adaptor, switch-able 1.5–3–4.5–6 –7.5–9–12V, 1 cigarette lighter socket for 12V DC and 4
AC safety sockets for 110/230V, system mounted in a roller rack in ready-to-use
performance for direct connection of 12V DC battery bank (180Ah – 400Ah); weight
without battery bank ≈ 30 Kg.
Smart 1000 is a mobile intelligent hybrid power supply and control unit for AC and DC
appliances in home, offices and remote dwellings. It’s an AC power source for anytime
and everywhere
Smart 1000 is an ideal and unique equipment for reliable energy supply in isolated area
with selected and approved components, guaranteeing: high power quality, high reliability,
quiet operation, multiple possibilities.
Smart 1000 is a ready-to-connect unit, simple to install, easy to use and requires no
maintenance. Charging power sources for Smart 1000 are besides grid or generator - a set
of two qualities certified solar modules in combination with a sophisticated and highly
efficient wind generator.
Smart 1000 is capable of supplying power for: Lighting, Refrigeration, Air
Conditioning, House hold Appliances, Tools, Communication Equipment, Radio, TV,
Video, Computer, Charging Facility for DC source, etc.
Smart 1000 is used with Power sources Renewable Energies: Solar Module 100Wp-
300Wp, Wind power Air 403, Micro Hydro Gurgler PT02 (150W-300W), Grid 220V, and
Generator 500W-3000W.
Hybrid Power Station is a hybrid power supply uses different sources of renewable
energies. The equipment consists of three parts as following:
Charger Regulator
Storage System U.P.S / Inverter
* Solar & Grid
12V / 220 VAC
* Power
For Loading:
- TV
12 VDC - Lighting 220V 50Hz(60Hz)
- Computer
- House appliances
Fig
ure 1: The Block Scheme of Hybrid Power Station
10
The charging process of Charger Regulator for Solar and Grid is built in. And the
Generator, Micro Hydro, Wind had the control charging regulator themselves.
The full protection system allows the equipment auto-operates to against most of
troubles keeping high reliability of the equipment.
§ Energy charging
The charging of Hybrid Power Station can be applied with many variable kinds up to
local conditions such as Grid, Diesel Engine, Micro Hydro, Wind or Solar Generator. We
can use single or Hybrid Energy Power at the same time for charging. However, the most
important charging principle is a total charging current must not to be over a limit of:
30Amax for H.P.S Smart 1000
The user should read carefully the catalogues when charging with Wind, Micro Hydro
before connecting into H.P.S Smart 1000.
TECTRANS-VIET is willing supply Synchronous Renewable Energy Sources such as
Solar, Wind, Micro Hydro sources that are suitable with the equipment Smart
For charging we must connect in exactly positions. Grid connects to AC-in, Solar into
Solar-in, Wind or Micro Hydro into Wind/ Hydro-in, Generator into Generator in. The
important note is a right connection to ⊕ and of DC sources. For Grid charging, turn on
AC power contact to Charger.
§ Use DC power:
To use DC power, turning on the contact DC power ON, lighting indicator indicates
12V DC is on DC-out. When Battery voltage gets lower than 10.5V, empty indicator
lighting on and DC source auto cutting off to protect Battery Bank. When the Battery Bank
is full charged, DC source will auto Reset (or press Reset button).
DC source can also supply from contact cigarette in the backside, note follow correct
pole ⊕ and printed in equipment.
§ Use AC power:
The UPS/ Inverter provides a continuing power of 500W or 1000W with voltage
220V AC ± 5% 50Hz (or 60Hz) for: TV, Video, Lighting, Computer use. Surge power is
1000Wmax with and 1500Wmax with Smart 1000 SS in 5 seconds. Inverter supplies AC
110V - 220V with Sine modification waveform. So, when use H.P.S for running motors
which have high inductive characteristic, please carefully ask expert about the equipment.
When the Smart connects to a Grid power, AC source connected directly with
network. If the AC source suddenly interrupts the UPS function will be auto-change to
Inverter within 1 second.
When AC source disconnect by overload or short circuit, please check carefully and
repair to be sure troubles overcame, and turn off AC contact then turn on, AC source will
be reset.
When using with invertors, the loading must turning on slowly to avoid suddenly
heavy loading for Smart.
11
§ Indication systems:
§ Protection systems:
220V AC
220V AC UPS Driver and
OUTPUT
INPUT controller Tower
Solar Regular
V DC Diesel source DC Store battery AC
AC
INPUT Ampere Overcharge Bank 12V DC Transformer Ampere
Wind/M. hydro Amper
Meter Protection 100/200 Ah inverter Meter
Rectifier e
DC
Charging indicator 12state
Battery
Voltage
AC
Voltage
110V AC
OUTPUT
system Indicator system Meter Meter
2.2.2 Block function
• Solar regular, Diesel source, Wind / M-hydro block: there are energy charging sources,
the charging of Hybrid power station can be applied with many variable kinds up to local
conditions such as Solar, Diesel, win and Micro Hydro.
• Charging indicator system block: include Leds such as Solar Power Led, Generator
power Led… to indicate energy charging and charging state. For example: Solar Power
Led lighting if charging by Solar Modules, Generator power Led lighting if charging by
Diesel generator…
• DC Ampere meter block: show current charge for battery.
• Overcharge Protection block: Overcharge Protection.
• Battery state indicator system: include Leds to indicate Battery state. When battery is
full, the FULL LED will be lighting. When voltage of battery is low the LOW LED will be
lighting…
• DC voltage meter: display battery voltage.
• Store battery bank block: Battery bank from storage systems capacity 100/200Ah
• Low voltage disconnection block: disconnect to load when battery is Low voltage
• Oscillator 50 Hz block: change DC voltage input to 50Hz potential pulse.
• Ejection controller protection block: against overload and short circuit on outside
• Driver and power amplifier block: control power amplifier to amplify 50Hz potential
pulse before it goes into transformer. To intensify output capacity
• Transformer Inverter block: change 50Hz potential pulse to 110/220V AC output
• AC voltage meter: display AC voltage output.
• UPS controller block: control UPS mode. When the Smart connects to a grid power, AC
source connect directly with network. If AC source suddenly interrupts the UPS function
will be auto-change to Inverter within 1 second.
220V AC IN
RELAY 1
220/50v
K A
IN
1k
TRANS
C1815 Vcc
470/0.5w RELAY 2
Gate
5k6
OUT
1K
1k
13
+B
SW
MAIN CIRCUIT
LM317
3.3/1W 10/5W 10/5W D613
3 2 Vcc
Vin +Vout
100/100v
ADJ
6k8
470k
220/50v
A1013
560
1
6k8 220/50v
6k8
2k2
9v
6k8
10
5k
6k8 103
103
3v
18v
15k
1MF
TS
1MF
C1815
2k2
15k
103
10MF 15V
2k2
C1815
6v
R6
100MF 100
1K
(60N06 * 6)
A1015
4054
R1 10
R6
100
(60N06 *6)
4054
100MF 1K
A1015
10
4054
4M/250v
R1
Main circuit contains Power supply circuit and associate circuits to apply power and
associate other circuit together.
14
An oscillation at 12800 Hz was created IC 555 on pin 3 and conducted to pin 1 of IC
4520. After that, it will be divided to have a signal with 800 Hz frequency. This signal was
send pin 9 and on output at pin 14 we have a signal with 50 Hz frequency.
Then it will be modulate to have DR1, DR2 signals. They are conducted to two
amplifier-powers. Each one contains six mosfet-transistors (60N06). They were in parallel
together. DR1, DR2 signals drive two amplifier-powers to have a sine signal with 50 Hz
frequency. Amplifier-powers’ outputs were conducted to primary coil of transformer and on
secondary coil we have a 220/110V AC.
15
50HZ800HZ
10K
4
TRIG
R
CVolt
68K
1 8
GND VCC
THR
DIS
GND
Q
GND
555
CAP
3
POT1
U? VCC
3K9 104 DIODE
RES1
10
9
470K
13
12
CAP 10K
8
DIODE
2
1
U?D
LM324
U?A
EN
CLK
5K6 14 4520
Q3
Q2
Q1
Q0
10K DIODE 220K
GND GND
6
5
4
3
U?
U?
SCR
15
10
LED DIODE 4.7MF ZENER3
6
9
VCC GND
VCC
U?B 220K U?B
EN
CLK
OSC CIRCUIT
LM324 4520
10K
Q3
Q2
Q1
Q0
7
14
13
12
11
U?
DIODE
100K
U?B
6V
MC4558
47K DIODE 103
3K3 470K
6V
7
2
3
1
U?A
A 4 8
4 11
6
ELECTRO1
DIODE LM393
LM324
1
U?B
3
LM393
47K
104
GND 103
6V
10K 220K
7
68K 103 U?
VCC
10K
13
12
2
6V
22K 5K6
U?A U?D
4011 4011
47K 10K
GND
U?
3
11
POT1
VCC U?B U?C
RES1
4011 4011
4
10
RES1
222 222 RES1
16
2.3.3 Transfer circuit
Function of this circuit is to transfer between inverter and UPS mode. In circuit we
used OP-AMP LM339 makes comparing circuit to detect signal from grid electricity. Duty
of this circuit control relay 1 and relay 2 to decide automatically supply energy to load from
grid electricity or Inverter. Transistor A1013 will control charging battery from grid
electricity.
TRANSFER CIRCUIT
IN/LINE
VCC
120K
2K2
820K 1K
5K6
0.47MF
103 DIODE CHARGE
1M
5K6
C
1K5
VR01
B 9
7 14
COMPARE 1 8
6 DIODE U? 800HZ
680K 5K6 10K
2K2 33K 22K LM339 A1015 NPN
10MF
TS LM339
10MF
39K
22K
33K
2K2
220K
2K7
VCC GND
10K
3
PLUG
VR02
A C1815
5 5K6
2 VCC
4 NPN
50hz LM339
104
5K6
U?
10K
10K VCB
12
6V 9 CAP 13
C
51K 10 10
B
2 11 330K 10K
A
10K
0.47MF
U?A 220K 3
4K7
Z1
4 5
Z Z0 GND VCC GND
4
1 DIODE
104 Y1
15 2
Y Y0 U?B
LM324
22MF 13 5 U?
X1 GND
14 12 7
GND X X0
6
4053 LM324
DIODE
6V
D
2K2/1.2W
12
BD1 223 104 14 VCC
13
47K
1K
BD2
C
100K 100K 10
8
9
GND
10K
51K LM324
DIODE
Showing operation state of system by leds. In this circuit, we used OP-AMP LM339
compare input signals with correlative reference signals. They will control leds when input
signals change.
4007
DISPLAY CIRCUIT
+B
10MF
1.5K
TS Charging
GRID
1MF 3V
10K
10K
1.5k
17
3
TS Full
5
TS 10K 2
4
LM339
1.5k
6V
12
TS Normal
1.5K
Normal
.5k
2.3.5 DC and charging control circuit.
Function of this circuit is to control charge for battery. It can cut off overload and
overcharge state.
When voltage of battery is low, A1015 transistor will active to control charging for
battery.
When battery is full on LM393’s output has a signal to control C1815 transistor on
pin B and this transistor active to supply 12V DC to load. At the time, it cut off charging for
battery.
DIODE
CHARGE CONTROL CIRCUIT SCR
PLUG B-
1K5
PLUG 47MF U?
1K5 DIODE
DIODE 2K2 PLUG
220MF A1013
3K3
SCR U?
9V RES1 TRANS3
PLUG GND GND
4K7
GND
GND
1K/1W DIODE TRANS3
33K
LM324 C1815
330K
LM324
U?
GND
3K9 3K3 VCC GND 33MF DIODE
1
GND
100K
33K
U?A
3
8K2
1
47MF
10K
2K2
PLUGDIODE 2
LM324 DIODE GND
PLUG 47K
11
LED
50K
39K
15K
33K
GND U?
2.4 Circuit board.
All circuits of Smart were divided into several small circuit boards. It is easy to fit
and repair. Include:
- Main board.
- Osc board.
- Transfer board.
- Charge board.
- DC out board.
- Display board.
- AC charge board.
19
2.4.2 OSC board.
It contain oscillator and divide circuit to create a signal at 50 Hz frequency.
20
2.4.3 Transfer board.
It contains transfer circuit.
21
2.4.4 Besides, we have some circuit boards. For example: charge board, DC out board,
Display board and charge board.
22
23
24
2.5 Technical specification.
25
REGIONAL TRAINING COURSE ON ‘INVERTER TECHNOLOGY” 16 -20 October, 2000 HCM City Vietnam
LESSON 3
More and more technologies, or circuit designs have involved in the quest for creating
higher power AC from low voltage DC sources. This lesson will examine some design
techniques in which we already done.
The following technologies are based on low frequency switching of the low DC
voltage, applying the DC pulses to a step- up transformer. Two common technologies are
the PUSH_PULL technology is suitable for production of Square and Modified Square
ware and sine-ware outputs.
The block diagram of a low frequency transformer based inverter is shown below.
12VDC 12VAC
Low frequency 120VAC
Low frequency AC Loads
BATTEY Transistor Transformer
Switches
(Push-pull or Bridge)
26
Transformer
Trasistor Switch
Battery
Negative
Battery AC Output
Poaitive Square Wave
Battery
Negative
Trasistor Switch
Figure 2.
The basic theory of a Push-Pull design is as follow: the top Switching transistor
closed and causes current to flow from the battery negative through the up-half primary
transformer to the battery positive. This action indices a step-up voltage on the secondary
side of the transformer. (See figure 4A). After a period of time, the switch Flip-Flop.
The top switch opens and then the bottom switch closes allowing current to flow in the
appositive direction. (See figure 4B) This cycle continues and higher AC voltage is
obtained from secondary port of the transformer.
The Turn radio of transformer decides the output voltage, the more turns on
secondary side, the higher voltage is obtained.
(Figure 4A + 4B).
Transistor Switch Closet
Battery negative Battery negative
induced curent
CurentFlow
Battery positive
AC output AC output
Square wave Square wave
Battery positive
CurentFlow
induced curent
Battery negative
Battery negative
Figure 4A Figure 4 b Transistor Switch Closet
The major problem with the Push-Pull approach is that the current in the transformer
has to susdely reverse directions. This cause a large reduction in efficiency as well as
potential for large transients, thus degrading the waveform, Another drawback is the
transformer that require for the Push-Pull design must have two-primaries,
The output pulse is directly related to battery voltage Since the radio of transformer is
fixed, any charge in battery voltage would effect the peak output voltage .for square
wave, RMS voltage is equal to peak voltage and as a result power output is depended on
battery voltage.
Finally, most square wave inverters have mediocre efficiency (typical about 80 %)
and the idle draw is relatively high.
The addition of an extra winding in the transformer along with few other parts allows
output of a MODIFIED SQUAREWAVE (often referred to as a modified SINE-WAVE
by marketing types) while still utilizing a push-pull technology)
Pulse height equal to battery
voltage times the turn radio of
the output transformer and
dependent on battery voltage
27
170Vol Peak
120VAC RMS
Figure 5 Modified Square Wave and Off-Time.
The switching cycle is identical to that described in the section on square wave
inverters, except for one additional step .In the switching cycle, another step is added
which clear out the transformer reducing the problems associated with the suddeed
change in current direction. This is accomplished by the off time shorting winding shown
in figure 6 .As one switch opens and before the second switch closes, the switch across
the shorting winding closes, effectively removing the current from the transformer. This
would be like slowing a car to stop and then shifting to reverse, much better than the
situation mentioned previously. Off-time shorting provides a better zero crossing of the
waveform, which equates to better zero crossing of the waveform, which equates to better
ability to operate electronic devices. Improved efficiency and lower total harmonic
distortion of the waveform are other benefits.
Several manufactures accomplish off –teme shorting by placing a solid –siste switch
directly across the AC output lines. This approach works, however the switch is not
isolated from the AC output line, and as a result it is subject to abuse from transients,
which can be caused by reactive loads (I.e. electric motor) Utilizing a shorting winding in
the transformer is preferable due to the isolation provided from the AC output
Transistor Switch
Battery negative
Battery positive
AC output
Square wave
Transistor Switch
Figure 6 Push-Pull
The major advantage to a modified square wave is the ability to regulate RMS
voltage by means of varying the pulse width, and off-time period. The pulse width
variation method of regulation is referred to as pulse width modulation or PWM
The idea behind RMS regulation is to keep the area inside the wave from equal at all
times (figure 7A). Since the peak voltage, or pulse height is a product of battery voltage
and the transformer ratio, when the prak* voltage increases the area inside the pulse will
increase if the pulse width remains the same. With a square wave inverter, nothing can be
28
affected about this increasing RMS voltage. But PWM control allows the width of the
pulse to be narrowed, thus maintaining a constant area in sine the waveform (Figure 7 B)
Peak voltage
Peak voltage
Peak voltage
120VAC RMS
Changing of pulse –width accomplished by controlling the on and off time of the
transistor switch. Realistically, there is a point where the zero time is no longer presented
as the pulse –width is increase and essentially a square wave is present. Beyond this, the
RMS voltage becomes unregulated.
Modified square wave inverters are great improvement over square wave types they
offer good voltage regulation, lower total harmonic distortion and better overall
efficiency. Electric motors operate much better from a modified square wave and most
electronic equipment will operate with less problems
Nowadays on the market there are several types of Inverter using SCR or transistor.
Some type are using transformation, some not using transformation.
Example: The type using SCR gives high efficiency, impulse – resistance capacity
is higher but the exciting cut – off under heavy power is more complicate and it
involves an over current during the starting that make SCR unable to cut – off. The
output impulse is not sinusoidal; getting a sinusoidal impulse will make high loss in
the filter. The type-using transistor is limited by output power but the circuit is more
simple and is easy to operate. It unable to give a good impulse, bad efficiency at the
line polarity, good impulse at the on – off polarity. The types not using transformation
29
have disadvantage in low output power and high cost, due to not using transformation
the current loss is low under the not – loading condition.
30
Fig. 1 Block scheme of an Inverter
The actual Inverter scheme is showed below: Oscillator creating Q1, Q2. IC 4047
with capacitor C1 and adjustable resistor VR1 creates an impulse with frequency of
100 Hz at position 13 and then this frequency will be divided into 50Hz at position
10, 11.
Single circuit stabilizer consists of: Amplifier IC 4081 and transistors Q7, Q8,
Q9, Q10.
To create an impulse with amplitude is that enough for the excitation cascade.
To control the impulse amplitude of the single stabilizer, a voltage of 10V is
taken from transformation, and then via a rectifier is passed to the position 9 and 10
(U 2). The amplifier takes signal from 7 gives to 2, 6 (U 3). By this way the impulse
amplitude giving to the stabilizer is stable. Excitation cascade of power transistor is a
31
transistor H 1061. Power transistors are connected by Darlington type, each side
consist of three transistor s 3055 with a disturbance protection
Output transformation is winded such as suitable for the voltage of 12V or 24V.
Voltage at the outlet is 110V and 220V; the power must reach the range of 300W ÷
500W
A regulator for adjusting the output voltage is available here. There is also a
batteries protection circuit for the case of overload and voltage drop lower then 11V.
Voltage for the power cascade (6) is feeded directly because of heavy current.
Voltage for the oscillator and blocks 1,2,3,4,5 is given from the relay.
The protection circuit controls relay winding. As the voltage becomes lower
than 11V. The control transistor will cut – off the voltage to the relay, so the blocks
1,2,3,4,5 will not operate, in consequence the Inverter will stop working.
To make the Inverter work again, it needs to charge the battery and push the
SET button for feeding the relay. When the relay is energized, it’[s contacts will be
closed, so block 1,2,3,4,5 will be energized and it make the Inverter work again.
32
33
REGIONAL TRAINING COURSE ON ‘INVERTER TECHNOLOGY” 16 -20 October, 2000 HCM City Vietnam
LESSON 4
I. INTRODUCTION:
High frequency inverter is another approach to creating higher power AC from low
DC voltage. The name HIGH FREQUENCY refers to the speed at which the transistors
switch on and off.
II. OPERATION:
This type of inverter creates low DC voltage from battery power through a transistor
switching stage to change it to AC square wave and then apply it to a high frequency
step-up transformer (which made-up of by Ferrite core) to creates high AC voltage. Now,
this high AC voltage is then be rectified (change back to DC), apply to a low frequency
switcher (H-BRIDGE) creates Utility power AC.
High Low
High High 170VDC AC
Battery Frequency Frequency 120VAC
Frequency Frequency Load
12VDC Transistor Transistor
Transforme Rectifier
Switches Switches
r
High frequency inverters may be either modified square or sine wave output.
Drawbacks to the high frequency approach are poor source ability for starting motors
and other reactive loads, and the fact that there is transistor switches on the AC output
which are not isolated from the AC load. Transients, which may be created by reactive
loads, can cause failure in the output transistors. Additionally in general the battery
negative is not isolated from the AC outlet neutral in a High Frequency inverter.
The transistor-switching configuration is a H-BRIDGE switch layout with the
transformer replaced the high voltage power supply, often utilizing a fly back
configuration (Figure 12). The high voltage switcher takes a low voltage DC input and
produces a higher voltage DC output. The positive and negative ends of the high voltage
supply are then alternately connected to the AC output lines by the bridge and output is
pulse width modulated. This provides excellent voltage regulation.
.
Transistor Switch Transistor Switch
170Volts HighVoltage 35
0 Volts AC Output
Switcher Modified Square Wave
+ -
Figure 2: HF Inverter with H-BRIDGE Technology
The voltage being switched in a HF inverter is the high voltage DC .In a low
frequency transformer based H-BRIDGE; the low voltage from the battery was switched
through a transformer. Off time shorting is provided in the high frequency approach by
closing the two transistors across the AC output on the Zero volt side of the high voltage
switcher. Remember, the switcher must off-time short between switch changes.
The three figures below show the states of the switches in one cycle of the high
frequency inverter. Since the H-BRIDGE switcher has already been discussed only a
graphic depiction of the output switch states and current flow is shown.
Figure 3, 4,5
Transistor Switch
Curent flow
+ -
Transistor Switch
Battery Positive
Battery Negative
Figure 3
AC
Output
Transistor Switch
+ -
Transistor Switch
Battery Positive
Transistor Switch AC
Output
Battery Negative
36
170Volts HighVoltage 0 Volts
Switcher
The main advantage behind frequency switchchers is the very light in weight and
physical size is small.
Disadvantages of HF inverters are poor surge ability due to the characteristics of the
switching power section supplying the bridge (limits their usage to motor load) Lack of
isolation between the transistor and AC loads makes them very vulnerable to transients
caused by reactive loads since there is no transformer to isolate and act as a “ flywheel “
to oppose fast changes in output current. HF inverter exhibits high idle current because
the high voltage switcher runs constantly and this also often causes interference with
TV’s radios. etc.
Just as with modified square wave and square wave output inverters, multiple
approaches and topologies have deloped to produce sine wave output inverters. These
inverters are desirable in that they will run loads more like the utility grid. The downfall
is complexity and expense in building some types of this inverter. A Sine wave is shown
in figure 14 along with several key points of the waveform.
The Ferro-resonant sine wave output inverter takes advantage of the inductive
characteristics of certain transformers. An inductor is a coil of wire that has the ability to
store energy and to oppose changes in current within a circuit. An inductor acts like a
magnetic “ Flywheel “. In other words if voltage is suddenly applied to inductor, the
inductor will react by attemping to slowdown the resulting current rise. Conversely, if the
current is already flowing through the inductor and is suddenly removed, the inductor
will reacts by releasing it stored current and attempt to stop the current from going to
zero. (The electromotive field force of inductor expands and collapses) As the result the
fall time of the current is prolonged. This reaction acts to impede the changes in current.
Unfortunately, inductance causes the transformer to have a relatively low efficiency
(Typically about 50%) and the waveform is very sensitivity to loads
37
II. 4. 1 Circuit description:
B3 340v
Q5
Q3 B5
R1
B4
+12V +12V
T1
Q1
~ Q4
R2 Q6
B1 - +
+ B6 B7
Q2 ~
100
385vw
B2 0v
R
B8
B1-Boäkích ñoâ
i
B4,B5,B6,B7,Boäkích coå
ng caù
ch l i
II. 4. 2 Feedback voltage;
B8-Boäsinh soù
ng xung vuoâ
ng ñi eà
u chæ
nh
B2-Boäkhuyeá
ch ñaïi quaùdoø
ng
B3-Hoà
i tieá
p caù
h li
The voltage divider which is consists of R1 = 1.2 M ohm and R2 = 3.3 K ohm
are used to control the current of high voltage DC from the converter and to
energized the operation amplifier IC5a. This OP-AMP energizes IC 4 (opto-
coupler). This IC4 isolates the output voltage from input and energizes IC3b -
another OP-AMP IC5b (inside LM358) s not used.
- Trim pot VR1is used to adjust DC from IC4 in order to have high voltage out.
- Voltage DC from VR1 is amplified by IC 36 and feed through differential
amplifier IC! Across Diode D8 to control the trigger PWM of mosfets when
DC voltage is over +340v, energized voltage decrease, pulse-width increases
until output voltage is corrected.
38
- Notice that 12V is not feed to IC5 and HV of IC4 because HV of IC4 is
needed to be free. There fore these pins are supplied an isolated DC voltage by
Transformer T2. This transformer is energized at frequency of 1 MHz through
C=. 0047 Mf by Q 15 + Q 16 .The secondary of TX T2 is rectifier by bridge
D20 –D23 (1n4148) and filtered by 0,1 Mf. Output voltage is regulated by
zener diode ZD7 = 12V before supply to IC4 and IC5.
The drain pins of inverter DC – IC3a controls DC. It controls the dropping
voltage across R=430 M ohm that is connected between Q1 + Q2 and negative port
(0V). IC3a amplifier this dropping voltage by 391 and only small amount voltage
drops across resistor just before over current happen. The output of IC 3 is feed Ed
back to pin 16 of IC 1 through diode D7. This would stop the comparator voltage of
IC3 when the current over 30A.
In the push-pull class of inverter, there would be stand off time, if not the mostfet
or power transistor would short. This action can easily happen because 2 mosfet can
open at same moment. The comparator of stand off time at pin 4 controls the output
of the push-pull at pin 9 & 10 occur at the same time by delaying the output when
one pin are low from the other.
The standoff time increases when the first charge to start first C =10 Mf
between 13, 14 and 4 discharge. This action causes the stand off time 100 % at pin 9
and 10.When capacitor charges through R=47k to ground, standoff time discharge
to ground level. To prevent the over-voltage of the battery, it is necessary to keep
the level of pin 2 of IC1 at low. Check the voltage of battery by a voltage divider
10K –12K when the voltage of battery below 10V, the output port of 9 + 10 is close
to turn off the circuit.
100mf
Q4 BUK655 Q6 BUK655
100 X 100
pf 220k 220k pf
560 560
pf pf
560 560
39 pf pf
As mentioned above 4 mosfet are connected in “ H “ figure through HV. Mosfet
Q Q3 - Q4 - Q5 - Q6 are trigged by the trigger of analog transformer to isolate
from low voltage, the gate trigger of Q3 is include transformer T3, Diode Ñ + D10,
Transistor Q7, Zener diode ZD3, R = 220 Ohm and capacitor C = 100 mf.
To energize Q3, the frequency of 1 Mhz is apply to primary of T3, The output
voltage from secondary ports are rectified by Diode D and filtered by C = 100 mf.
The DC output is fed back through D1o to gate of Q3. When Zener diode ZD8
zener at 15V of gate Q3 -- then T3 open. .
To de-energize Q3, 1Mhz signal is turn off, but this action is not fast enough.
Q7 operates - Capacitor 100 Mfd charges through 220 K – until base of Q7 turn
below 0.7 v to the Emitter -- Q7 rapidly opened to ground the capacitor voltage of
gate Q3 to turn it off immediately.
The supply voltage is 12 VDC from the battery through Fuse 30A is connected
directly to transformer T1. The low path is connected to switch S1 and resistor 10
Ohm; Capacitor 2200 mf in parallel with supply path is used to regulate the current
to inverter. One LED in parallel with supply is to inform the power supply is on and
remember LED must be in series with resistor 2.2K Ohm.
This document s include:
- Schematic diagram of Inverter
- PC board for assembling.
40
REGIONAL TRAINING COURSE ON ‘INVERTER TECHNOLOGY” 16 -20 October, 2000 HCM City Vietnam
LESSON 5
I. INTRODUCTION.
Design idea: For creating a standard AC source from 12VDC is quite complicated
with several requirements such as: Stable voltage, low coefficient of distortion, and no
drop – power and high conversion efficiency. Transmitting energy from DC source
with frequency 0Hz into AC 50Hz. It could not use line near method but it must carry
by high frequency more than 20kHz then on output it is filtered to get energy 50Hz.
42
1. Block of scheme:
Feedback
Modulator
2
3
Oscillator creating
Waveform
standard sine
correction
signal 50Hz
6
Driver
4 5
Oscillator creating
trigger pulse 20Khz
Low voltage 9
Protector
Overload
Feedback
Output 7
10 8 Amp -power
220V/50Hz
Indicator Filter
1
Battery 12V
43
- Block 8: 50Hz filters, filtering high frequency signal into frequency signal
50Hz which be feedback to block 3 for recorrection of waveform.
- Block 9: Disconnecting power when getting any trouble as overload, low
voltage, short circuit to protect inverter.
- Block 10: Indicator indicating all working states of inverter.
Operation of the blocks are controlled by waveform on output of each.
2. Design:
a. Analog method:
The circuit use two IC 1458 to create sine function the first gate create
square wave 50Hz, two following gates create triangle wave from square wave
and calibrate incorrect wave form. The fourth gate amplifier signal to combine
isolated resistance output.
The circuit design is simple, devices are easy to find out competitive price.
Although that, accurate of circuit is not high and it needs to use Bi – power
source crested standard sine. The balance of passive elements is very difficult.
b. Digital method:
44
BoÄPHAÙ
T SOÙ
NG KIEÅ
U BÖÔÙ
C
Vcc
4 8
3 5 14
D Q 2 7
D Q
10 13
D Q
11
D
7 ¼
¼ ¼ ¼
6 7555 4042 4042 4042 4042
Q
2 8 4
IC 555 oscillates to create startup pulse (ck). Out put gate F.F using
responding resistance to pull up getting step wave. It is called step wave
creative circuit. After that, they are carried out to calibrated circuit them we
have standard sine
U U
t t
R1
Vi op-am
R2 V out
There are many designs to do power amplifier. The most important for
designer is getting optimum design which must follow the devices appearing on
the market. We propose some schemes for choice
Unfiltered Filtered
Output Output
Filter
45
With this scheme, which gives high quality of waveform, high transmitting speed
waveform has not been split of in channels. It requests transistor devices Bi–pole,
which can stand in high voltage.
Unfiltered Filtered
Output Output
Filter
Speed of change has shape of half – bridge but output waveform was
channel split off. This circuit is well for big power range, allowing using lower
voltage devices and saving energy. But UPS devices are suitable for this circuit
3.2 Modulator and channel splitting off (see above principle diagram)
46
IC1 recorrects step wave form to become standard sine wave 50Hz. IC2 takes
out feed back signal from load to reference and compensate with standard sine
signal then creating distortion sine wave as following chart:
IC 3 Osculate to create triangle pulse high frequency 20kHz. This signal goes
together detective sine wave into IC4 IC5 to modulate and channel splitting of A
and B channels which driver 2 power amplifying channels.
P = 1000W (if overload 1500W, Inverter stands 1.5s and overload to 2000W to be
50ms)
Stable frequency f = 50Hz ± 0.5%
47
REGIONAL TRAINING COURSE ON ‘INVERTER TECHNOLOGY” 16 -20 October, 2000 HCM City Vietnam
LESSON 6
I. INTRODUCTION:
Designing with the support of computer has developed so long, it assists us to save
much of time. Design with the support of computer reach the high exactness if being done
by hand it is very difficult to reach, it is the tool for quick design. One of the works,
which the electronic worker should do well, is to draw the printed circuit board to weld
and install all kinds of electric circuit. If having to do this work in craft there will be a lot
of restrains. Presently there have been a lot of software running on computer which can
be in charge well this work.
The software which are used to design the electronic circuit there are many,
normally they combine in couple to be a group that is Orcad/SDT for Schematic design
tool called SDT, to be used commonly with Orcad/PCB to compare and create the
premise for Orcad/PCB when establishing the Printed Circuit Board called PCB. It
means that Orcad/PCB will base on the draw of Orcad/SDT to design automatically
the circuit lines, location of the accessories in order later to give a printed circuit board
in the preeminent manner.
It can stipulate the names of the following software:
- Software: PROTEL-AUTOTRAX OF AUSTRALIA.
- Software: CIRCUIT MAKER which is the computer program for drawing -
design - imitation of the electric circuit running on WINDOWS.
- ULT CAP SCHEMATIC DESIGN TOOL.
- ULT PAK of Lab Center.
- SMART.
- QUICK ROUTE running on the media of Windows.
- Easy Professional with the sub-program.
* Pulsar for imitation.
* Analyzer for analysis and imitation of the linear circuit.
* Z match for analysis of the Smith diagram in high frequency.
There are a lot of software lists, but we collect Orcad due to the following reasons:
- Orcad imported into Vietnam so long, there are many users therefore it has been
propagated widely.
- There are so many software in the market, easily for set-up.
50
--
- Orcad does not require about the structure of machinery. It can run on IBM, PC
XT, AT Computer or relevant circuits suitable with IBM.
In the field of electricity and electronics the software of ORCAD for designing
electronic circuit, this software settles for two basic matters for making the electric
drawing that is Orcad STD-Schematic Design Tool and designing Orcad PCB Printed
Circuit Board but this software is just in the form of drawing with a preeminent design
to automatically run the networks to connects the accessories with each other.
In order to calculate the design of the electronic circuit we should use further
PSPISE. It has the effect to settle the mathematics for circuit theory.
Capacity of Orcad is also very strong:
- To have capacity for automatic and manual design.
- To have a big library.
- It can be revolving and symmetric partially.
- It can be elastic the connecting wire and bus when moving the objectives.
- It can move and wipe the objectives or blocks.
- It can carry out repeating the orders quickly.
- It can display the squared net.
- There are 05 launching levels.
- The user can foist over 100 adding-up orders.
- Not to limit the classified drawings.
- It can display directly the directories of library.
- Statement can set up in horizontal line and it can set up in vertical line.
- It can print on the paper of size from A to E and there are a lot of particulars you
will refer further.
For the old software Orcad running in the environment DOS therefore if wanting to
use it we should study some orders, nowadays we have had Orcad running in the
environment of Windows therefore the use is easier.
II. DESIGN:
We will use the software to draw Electronic Circuit: Orcad/SDT in order to carry
out drawing 01 simple Inverter.
In order to be able to draw the electric circuit of Inverter by computer we should
understand function and usage of the orders in menu:
Again
Block
Conditions
Delete
Edit
Find
Get
Hardcopy
Jump
Library
Macro
Place
51
--
Quit
Repeat
Set
Tag
Zoom
After appearance in the left corner of the screen a menu board is arranged to
lengthwise. There are three ways to develop the orders in Menu as follows:
1- To press the key of the initial character of that order.
2- To use the arrow key to move the light bar to the order which we want to call and
press Enter key.
3- To use MOUSE to move the arrow and order which we want to call and to click
the left knot of MOUSE.
4- A lot of main orders in Menu with the subordinate orders and various effects.
From subordinate Menu, when wanting to return main Menu, press ECS key until main
Menu re-appears (or to click the right knot of Mouse).
3 4
1 2a 5a 6a
LOAD
2b 5b 6b
52
--
Block 1: Multi-harmony oscillator or oscillator outputting a rectangular 50 Hz
impulse.
Block 2: Single circuit stabilizer, used to create an impulse amplitude for each half-
period of excitation. It is possible to control amplitude by means of
feedback from block 3, 4.
Block 5a, 5b: Excitation cascade for the power output transistor.
Block 6a, 6b: Power transistors, connected depending on the out put power.
Block 7: Consists of under-voltage and over current protections and an accumulator
charger.
In order to create two signals of opposite phases for frequency 50Hz we have
more various ways, we can use the oscillating circuit to combine between transistors
and accumulator, inductive wire, resistance, or usage of IC 555, but these circuit
should be settled in stability the complex frequency therefore I see that we can use
IC4047 to make the oscillating circuit and also dividing frequency, we have the
signal in the position 13 with frequency 100Hz divided into 50Hz to position No.:
10 and 11 but opposite with the remaining phase. So, in order to draw the said
circuit we commence the following steps:
Step 1: Drawing IC
VCC
Y
Y
U1
9 1
RST 2
1
RX
5k
1 VR1
CX
+ .33
3 C1
RCC 10k
13 12 R1
OSC RET 8
11 +T 6
Q -T 4
10 AST 5
Q AST
1
Y + .1
4047
1 C2
Y
1
Y
Step 2: To draw resistor, rheostat:
53
--
a- From main Menu to call Get
b- From the dialog line to type into Resistor or R and Enter. The screen appears
the symbol of resistor and subordinate menu
c- To use mouse or arrow key to move the symbol to location where needing to
locate and pressing P key, the symbol will change the color in case wanting to
rotate the symbol we press R key (Routate) to rotate the symbol and to press P
key for location
d- To move cursor out the location to call continuously the other accessories. To
press ESC key to escape and Enter to call main Menu.
Step 3: To draw Vr
56
--