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CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
In Nigeria today, it is not an over-statement to talk about the epileptic supply of electrical power. This has become the
order of the day such that many Nigeria now view these power outages as “Normal” and part of their daily life. A wide range
of factors have been identified for this problem. They include natural disasters, vandalism, maintainability and sustainability
and lack of local content. The problem of poor quality power supply cannot be properly addressed without a review of other
factors such as lack of political will to invest adequately in power sector, absence of replacement policy resulting in obsolete
equipment, unsustainable human capacity building and inadequate reward and remuneration system to motivate human
resources team to perform well.
According to the recommendation made by the Institute of Electrical Electronics Engineering (IEEE), the supplies that
should be available for use should be continuous, uninterrupted with constant frequency and within the load determine in
terms of voltage and current. These requirements have become even more relevant in view of the high sensitivity and
sophistication of modern technological equipment in use today.
The progress made in developing alternate source of energy over the last decades has shown that independent
power systems are not only possible but also very practical. In fact a wide variety of generating equipment is now available to
allow individuals take advantage of just any renewable source of energy, for number of reasons, however, most of these
system produce only direct current (DC) and often do so only at low voltages. Nonetheless, it is generally agreed that the
greatest and most useful form of current is the Alternating current (AC), since these exist in the vast majority of homes.
Therefore, there arises the need to able to convert Direct Current (DC) to Alternating Current (AC) that will be of a constant
frequency and also be used to power electrical circuits either in homes or in industries. Such electrical device is called
an INVERTER.
An inverter is a power electronics device or apparatus which converts direct current to alternating current, allowing
the direct current power from these generators to be used with ordinary a.c appliances and or mixed with the existing
electrical grid.
An inverter is an electrical device that converts direct current (DC) to alternating current (A.C); the converted A.C can at any
required voltage and frequencies, with the use of appropriate transformer, switching and control circuit. Inverters are
commonly used to supply A.C power from D.C sources such as panels or batteries.
This inverter is designed to provide uninterrupted 220volts a.c supply to the loads connected at its outputs socket. It provide
a constant a.c supply to the output socket even when the a.c mains supply is no longer available. When the a.c main supply is
available, it goes to the a.c mains sensor, relay and battery charging section of the inverter. This a.c mains sensor informs
the relay about the availability of a.c mains supply. When this relay receives a.c mains signals from the main supply, it directly
passes the a.c main signals to the inverter output socket.
The electrical inverter e.g. 5000watts or 5KVA, 220-240v, 50Hz, is high power electronic oscillator. It is also named
because early mechanical AC to D.C converters were made to work made to work in reverse and thus were “inverted” to
convert D.C to A.C. the inverter performs the opposite function of a rectifier.
Power factor = 0.8(all inverters have a power factor between 0.6 and 0.8)
In this project, a 5KVA D.C to A.C inverter will be constructed and analyzed. The primary objectives or undertaking this
project is for the following reasons:
1. To provide an uninterruptible alternative power supply that will be able to power the street light in the department of
electrical and electronics engineering building block.
2. To design an electrical system capable of producing power from a 12v D.C battery that will produce an output of
5000watts, 50Hz–240v which Will be used to drive electrical appliances.
3. To improve our understanding on simple electrical designs, building of electrical circuits and basic principle of operation
of inverter.
This project covers the design and construction of 5KVA, 220-240volts inverter with the following stages.
In general, an inverter system has many benefits and features such as:
The 5KVA, 220-240v, 50Hz inverter is constructed using the following components:
Resistors,
Capacitors,
Semiconductor diode
Transistors (MOSFET),
Integrated circuits (ICs)
Transformer
The MOFSET is the major component used in the inversion of Direct Current (D.C) to Alternating Current (A.C).
- Chapter one discuses a general introduction to the project. It gives us a background of the project. Helping us to see the
relevance of this inverter project in the world today. It also discusses the objectives of an inverter as well as its type
- Chapter two discusses the various literary review opinions and ideas that various authorities in the world of electronics,
discusses about the inverter system.
- Chapter three discuses a general description or the various components used in the construction of this project.
- Chapter five shows how the project was packaged and its conclusion.
SUMMARY
In this chapter, an inverter has been described and introduced. The relevance of an inverter system as well as its objectives
was also shown in this chapter one.