Badge of office[edit]

Constable of France sword, on display at the Musée de l'Armée at Les Invalides, Paris.

The badge of office was a highly elaborate sword called Joyeuse, after the legendary sword
of Charlemagne. Joyeuse was a sword made with fragments of different swords and used in the
Sacre of the French Kings since at least 1271. It was contained in a blue scabbard embellished with
royal symbol, the fleur-de-lis, in column order from hilt to point. Traditionally, the constable was
presented with the sword on taking his office by the King himself. [2]

Authority[edit]
After the abolition of the office of Sénéchal in 1191, the Connétable became the most important
officer in the army, and as First Officer of the Crown, he ranked in ceremonial precedence
immediately after the peers. He had the position of Lieutenant-general of the King within
the kingdom. The constable had under his command all military officers, including the
powerful maréchaux; he was also responsible for the financing of the army, and administering
military justice. The official name of the jurisdiction was la connétablie (the constabulary), which he
exercised with the assistance of the Maréchaux de France (Marshals of France). This paralleled
the Court of the Lord Constable, later called curia militaris of Court of Chivalry, which existed in
England at that time.[3]

Persons subordinate to the Constable of France[edit]

 Marshal of France (Maréchal de France). However, during exceptional times the Marshal of
France could be senior to the Constable, depending on the decisions of the King
 Colonel-general - a special category of general in the Royal French army, commanding all
the regiments of the same branch of service (i.e. Cavalry, Dragoons, Infantry et al.)
 General
 Lieutenant-general - the highest regular general officer rank of the French army to which a
career army officer could be promoted on the basis of seniority and merit, and not noble blood
 Maréchal de camp (literally (Military) Camp Marshal), not to be confused with Field Marshal)
- the lowest general officer rank, in later times renamed Major-général and equivalent to the
present-day général de brigade (brigadier-general)
 Porte-Oriflamme - a prestigious honorary position, not an army rank, which gave the right to
carry the King's royal banner (called Oriflamme) into battle
 Grand Master of Crossbowmen (Grand-Maître des Arbalétriers du Roi) who was in charge of
all archers in the army
 Grand Master of Artillery (Grand-Maître de l'Artillerie royale). From the beginning of the 17th
century, the Grand Master of the Artillery became a Great Officer of the Crown an immediate
subordinate of the King and was no longer under the command of the Constable.
NOT UNDER THE AUTHORITY OF THE CONSTABLE:

 The title "Lieutenant-general of the Realm" (Lieutenant général du royaume) was not a

military rank, but a royal appointment. It was bestowed by the King of France during times of
crisis (civil war, a severe illness of the King, war with other realms such as England etc.) on a
royal prince of the blood of his choice; who thus became the Commanding general of the entire
kingdom, in effect, with supreme command over the civil service, the army and even
the Connétable de France, until the moment the King chose to take back the supreme authority
in his own hands.[4]

Constables of France[edit]
Note that there are gaps in the dates as the position was not always filled following the demise of its
occupant.

Constables of the Kings of France[edit]

The Capétien Dynasty

 Baldric de Dreux, 20 May 1043–1069[5]

 Walter (Baldric's deputy), 1048[5]
 Alberic (Baldric's deputy), 1060
 Gauthier, 1069–1071
 Adelelme, 1071–1075
 Adam le Isle, 1075–1085
 Thibaut, Seigneur de Montmorency, 1085–1107
 Gaston de Chanmont, 1107–1108
 Hugues le Borgne de Chanmont, 1108–1135
 Mathieu de Montmorency (died 1160), 1138–?
 Simon de Neauphle-le-Chateau, 1165–?
 Raoul I de Clermont (died 1191), 1174–1191
 Dreux IV de Mello (1148–1218), 1194–1218
 Mathieu II le Grand, Baron de Montmorency (died 1231), 1218–1231
 Amaury de Montfort (died 1241), 1231–1240
 Humbert V de Beaujeu (died 1250), 1240–1250
 Gilles de Trasignies (died 1276), 1250–1276
 Humbert VI de Beaujeu (died 1285), 1277
 Raoul II de Clermont (died 1302), 1277–1302
 Gaucher V de Châtillon (1249–1329), 1307–1329
The Valois Dynasty

 Raoul I of Brienne, Count of Eu and Guînes (d. 1344), 1329–1344

 Raoul II of Brienne, Count of Eu and Guînes (died 1350), 1344–1350
 Charles de la Cerda (died 1354), 1350–1354
 Jacques de Bourbon, Count of La Marche, (1319–1362) 1354–1356
 Walter VI of Brienne (c. 1304–1356), 1356
 Robert Moreau de Fiennes (1308–1372), 1356–1370
 Bertrand du Guesclin (1320–1380), 1370–1380
 Olivier IV de Clisson (1336–1407), 1380–1392
 Philip of Artois, Count of Eu (1358–1397), 1392–1397
 Louis de Sancerre (1341–1402), 1397–1402
 Charles d'Albret, Comte de Dreux (died 1415- Agincourt), 1402–1411
 Waleran, Count of Saint Pol (died 1415), 1411–1413
 Charles d'Albret, Comte de Dreux (died 1415- Agincourt), 1413–1415
 Bernard VII, Count of Armagnac (died 1418), 1415–1418
 Charles II, Duke of Lorraine (1365–1431), 1418–1424
 Humphrey Stafford, 1st Duke of Buckingham (1430)
 John Stewart, 2nd Earl of Buchan (c. 1381–1424), 1424
 Arthur III, Duke of Brittany (1393–1458), 1425–?
 John Talbot, 1st Earl of Shrewsbury (1384/1390–1453), 1445–1453 (appointed by Henry VI
of England in his position as King of France)
 Louis de Luxembourg, Count of Saint-Pol[6] (1418–1475), 1465–?
 John II, Duke of Bourbon (1426–1488), 1483–1488
The Valois Angoulême Dynasty

 Charles III, Duke of Bourbon (1490–1527), 1518–1523

 Anne de Montmorency, Grand Maitre de France (1492–1567), 1538–1567
The Bourbons

 Henri I de Montmorency (1570–1621), 1593–1621

 Charles d'Albert, duc de Luynes (1621), 1621
 François de Bonne, duc de Lesdiguières  (1543–1626), 1622–1626
First French Empire[edit]
During the Consulate regime (1799-1804), the deposed Bourbon dynasty, through the Comte
d'Artois, allegedly offered Napoléon Bonaparte, at that time First Consul of the Republic, the title of
"Constable of France" if he would restore the Bourbons as Kings of France. Bonaparte declined the
offer. However, in 1808, Emperor Napoléon I (since 1804) did himself appoint the Grand Dignitaries
of the French Empire (Grands Dignitaires de l'Empire Français), among them his younger
brother Louis Bonaparte, (in 1806 King of Holland by decision of his brother) as Constable,
and Marshal of the Empire Louis Alexandre Berthier, the French Army Chief of Staff and Prince
of Neuchâtel as Vice-Constable. Both titles were of a purely honorific nature, and disappeared with
the Napoleonic regime's fall.

Movies[edit]
If I Were King, 1938, with François Villon (played by Ronald Colman), who was appointed by Louis
XI, King of France (played by Basil Rathbone) to be Constable of France for one week.
Various versions of Shakespeare's play Henry V depict Constable Charles d'Albret, Comte de
Dreux, who was appointed by Charles VI of France and was killed in the Battle of Agincourt (1415).
He is played by Leo Genn in the 1944 film, by Richard Easton in the 1989 film, and by Maxime
Lefrancois in the 2012 film. In the 1944 film he dies in personal combat with King Henry. In the 1989
film he is depicted as falling from his horse into the mud (historical tradition holds he was drowned in
the mud due to the weight of his armour, disabled by having his horse fall on him). In the 2012 film
he is shot by a longbowman after stabbing the Duke of York in the back in woodland away from the
main battle.