THE DARK AGES

 Transition period between fall of

the Roman Empire and beginning
of new kingdoms in Western
Europe.
CONFLICTS / WARS
DURING DARK
AGES
 THE BATTLE OF HASTINGS
(14 OCTOBER 1066 AD)
- Earliest big battle of the Dark Ages.
- One of the most significant wars due to
changes it brought across the English
throne.
 The battle had an impact on English
language, culture and law and marked
the early beginnings of the English
feudalism.
 King Edward of England died without
children to succeed him. His close friend
Harold Godwinson took over the throne but
this was met with opposition from
Edward’s cousin, William the Duke of
Normandy.
King Edward of England Harold Godwinson (c. William the Duke of Normandy
(1002/05 -1066) 1020-1066) (c. 1028- 1087)
Reign: 8 June 1042 – 5 Reign: 5 January – 14 Reign: 1066-1066
January 1066 October 1066
 Both men commanded armies
of around 7,000 men each.
 William defeated Harold.
 The English army - Made up of an infantry of
professional soldiers
 The Norman army - Composed of mercenaries
and nobles from Falders, Normandy, Brittany,
France and Italy.
 In the years immediately after the Battle of Hastings a
number of important historical events occurred:
- The construction of Normal castles in England
(including the Tower of London in 1073.)
- In 1086 William the Conqueror commissioned the
creation of the Domesday Book.
 DOMESDAY BOOK
Was the biggest and most detailed survey of the
ownership of land and livestock in not just England,
but all of Europe.
 THE BARONS WAR
(1263–1267)
 The next major war between King
Henry VIII and his barons.
 In 1261:
- Renounced the Provisions of
Oxford (1258) and the Provisions
of Westminster (1259).
-Reasserted his right to appoint
his own councilors.

King Henry III

 This act led to an uprising of the barons
 1263- they took to taking arms against their
king.
 However, in 1264 a decision made by Louis
IX of France as arbitrator favoured the King
rather than the barons Simon de Montfort
 The Hundred Years War
 A series of bloody battles took
place over a total period of 116
years.
 Between the French and the
English.
 BATTLES WITHIN THE HUNDRED YEARS WAR
INCLUDE:
 The Battle of Cadsand (1337)
 Naval Battle of Sluys (1340)
 Battle of Auberoche (1345)
 Siege of Calais (1346)
 Battle of Crecy (1346)
 Battle of Saint-Pol-de-Leon
(1346)
 Battle of La Roche-Derrien
(1347)
 Battle of Saintes (1351)
 Battle of Ardres (1351)
 Battle of Mauron (1352)
 Battle of Poitiers (1356)
 Battle of Auray (1364)
 Battle of Navarrette (1367)
 Battle of Montiel (1369)
 Battle of Chiset (1373)
 Siege of Harfleur (1415)
 Battle of Agincourt (1415)
 Siege of Rouen (1418-1419)
 Battle of Bauge (1421)
 Battle of Cravant (1423)
 Battle of Verneuil (1423)
 Battle of St.James (1426)
 Battle of Jargeau (1429)
 Battle of Beaugency (1429)
 Siege of Orleans (1428 – 1429)
 Battle of Patay (1429)
 Siege of Compiegne (1430)
 Battle of Gerberoy (1435)
 Battle of Formigny (1450)
 Battle of Castillon (1453)
 The rise of the Black Death and the
birth of Leonardo Da Vinci.
 Two years after the end of the
Hundred Years War the Wars of the
Roses began
 THE WARS OF THE ROSES
 The name ‘Wars of the Roses’ was given
because of the badges used by the two
opposing groups.
 The Lancastrians brandished a red rose
while the Yorkists were represented by a
white rose.
 A number of battles made up the Wars of the Roses, including:

 St.Albans (1455)  Ferrybridge (1461)  Tewkesbury (1471)

 Blore Heath (1459)
 Ludford Bridge (1459)
 Northampton (1460)
 Wakefield (1460)
 Mortimer’s Cross (1461)
 St Alban’s (1461)
 Towton (1461)  Bosworth (1485)
 Hedgeley Moor (1464)
 Hexham (1464)
 Edgecote Moor (1469)
 Losecoat Field (1470)
 Barnet (1471)
THE BATTLE OF BANNOCKBURN
JUNE 23RD AND 24TH 1314

Scotland’s war of independence against

the Kings of England Edward I and
Edward II that took place in Central
Scotland
Edward II
 Led the scot army, and
thereby convincing
Edward the II that he
would conquer Scotland.

Battle began
on June 23
King Robert of
Scotland
 THE BATTLE OF TOURS
(OCTOBER 10 732 AD)
 One of the most important battles in the Dark Ages.
 Marked by Charles Martel’s decision to inhibit Muslims
from invading Frankish Empire.
 The Spanish army led by Abd-er Rahman sought to make
headway to the city of Tours to besiege the Frankish
Empire.
 The Muslim retreated from the city of
Tours, Martel captured Abd-er Rahman.
 This battle was important for Christians
because if they lost, Muslims would have
taken over large parts of Europe.
 THE SIEGE OF
JERUSALEM
 In 11th century the Seljuk Turks gained
authority over Jerusalem
 This marked the beginning of the seven
crusades that saw the Christians’ wars against
the Muslims to get back Jerusalem.
 On July 1099, the Crusader reached
Jerusalem .
 The Crusaders were faced with the massive
Jerusalem wall.
 They created siege towers and then attacked
the city of Jerusalem.
 This first attack, launched from the
northern wall, was under Godfrey of
Bouillon and Baldwin, his brother.
 The second attack was launched from the
western wall.
 Only the governor and the royal guard
survived.

PHILOSOPHIES
MEDIEVAL PHILOSOPHY
 Construed as the philosophy of
Western Europe between the decline
of classical pagan culture and the
Renaissance.
 ‘Medieval philosophy’ -
Philosophy in Western Europe
during the Dark Ages
 Idea of “Middle Ages” – 15th Century
 Period between the decline of classical
pagan culture in Western Europe and what
was taken to be its rediscovery during the
Renaissance.
 Theoriginators of this idea
were thinking of the so called
“Latin West,” the area of
Roman Catholicism.
 Thisregion was culturally
separate from its neighbors.
 Medieval philosophy was
decisively influenced by ideas from
the Greek East, from the Jewish
philosophical tradition, and from
Islam.
 THE MAIN INGREDIENTS OF
MEDIEVAL PHILOSOPHY
 Here is a recipe for producing medieval philosophy:
 Combine classical pagan philosophy.
 Season with a variety of flavorings from the Jewish and
Islamic intellectual heritages.
 Stir and simmer for 1300 years or more, until done.
 THE AVAILABILITY OF GREEK TEXTS
 Until the twelfth and thirteenth centuries almost
all the original Greek texts were lost to the Latin
West, so that they exerted their influence only
indirectly.
 Theywere “lost” because very few
people could read them, since they
were written in the wrong
language.
 As the Western Roman Empire gradually
disintegrated, the knowledge of Greek all
but disappeared.
 Greek was effectively a dead language in
the West.
 PATRISTIC PERIOD
 Extends from the post-Apostolic authors to
either Gregory the Great (d. 604) or Isidore of
Seville (d. 636) in the Latin West, and to John
of Damascus (d. 74a9) in the Greek East
(Quasten [1950–86].
 “Patrology” or “patristics” - Study of
the “Fathers (patres) of the Church.”
 ‘Fathers’ in this sense means
“teachers.”
 SOURCES
 https://www.thefinertimes.com/middle-ages-battles
 https://www.thefinertimes.com/timeline-of-the-middle-ages
 https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/medieval-philosophy/#Ingredients
 https://www.britannica.com/topic/Western-philosophy/The-late-Middle-Ag
es