SECTION I

Question 1. How are the state, market and social movements related to each other? Explain

Answer: For the first 20 years after independence, the state was in the lead role in all public welfare
works. The Nehru-Mahalanobis model of development also laid the target of all-round development of
the country, emphasizing the strong role of the king. There were many national and international
reasons for maintaining the state in a prominent role.

The market was dependent on the state for all its activities; the market had some freedom to work
within the purview of the laws and regulations. Overall, the market system was in a weaker state than
the state system. The market had no share in policy making and policy formulation.

When India became independent, India inherited a lot of problems along with independence. Some of
these problems were external and many were related to internal situation, the state had to bear the
responsibility of solving these problems. The country was divided with independence. After this
partition, many of the refugees had to come to India, Hindu-Muslim riots, merger of Indian princely
states and the problems of extreme poverty and illiteracy had to be successfully dealt with.

The path adopted for development and resolution of problems was successful, but the state's public
aspirations and was not able to meet the requirements. These conditions led to widespread public
dissatisfaction. A section of scholars and politicians began to question the competence of the state. They
argued that the state was not able to do so many tasks successfully. The market was supported as a
strong alternative to the state. Broadly economic reforms were implemented to give place to the market
system. Now the market has taken up the responsibility of doing everything that the state could not
succeed in doing.

Now the state became weaker than before and Bihar came into a better position than the state, the role
of the state as the performer of public welfare works began to be limited. The rise of intellectuals, non-
governmental organizations and voluntary organizations on a large scale after the Cold War and
especially after the collapse of the socialist camp further hurt the state's dominant role. Gradually, the
importance of these organizations as public welfare began to increase globally. Apart from the state,
now the market and non-governmental and voluntary organizations also became the actors of the work
related to public welfare. There are many differences among scholars regarding the rise of social
movements. A section of scholars believe that social movements started with the identity movements
that emerged after globalization. But this argument has no merit, because even before the beginning of
globalization, we see a collective action movement. In this way, it is not true that social movements
emerged after globalization. Yes, it is a matter of course that after globalization there has been an
increase in these revolutionary organizations.
From the beginning of the constitution, people started questioning the development and nation building
etc. A broadly ethnic, linguistic, ethnic and class movement arose. The state could not succeed in
meeting the aspirations and needs of the general public. Public could not get representation in state
institutions. After the state failed to fulfill the people's aspirations, the market took responsibility to do
everything the state could not do, but the market failed to meet the people's aspirations and failed to
deliver what it had promised As a result, the feeling of dissatisfaction in the house gradually started
coming home. Corruption and personal misuse of political institutions provided the situation with a
more favorable atmosphere for social movements. People's movements such as the Nava Nirman
Andolan and the entire revolution of Jai Prakash Narayan emerged in Gujarat. Opposition and non-
Congress parties organized and carried forward these mass movements. Until the 60s, mass movements
were organized by political parties. In the seventies, social groups, non-party or political parties played a
major role in organizing these mass movements.

Gail Amvet called these movements new social movements, because there was a lot of difference
between the earlier movements and these movements. The new movements had certain characteristics
that set them apart from the old movements. The issues raised by the new movements were related to
both the state and the market, while the issues raised by the old movements were particularly related to
the state, as it was the state itself which was guilty of ignoring these social groups and pushing them on
the path of mass movements. Since the market could not meet the aspirations of the people, the issues
of the new social movement were related to the market. The demands related to the market mainly
included issues like remunerative prices of agricultural produce and cheaper agricultural costs.

Scholars like Tom Bross believe that these demands have been raised even before, there is nothing new
in them. Movements arose in Rajasthan and Kerala against the theft of precious natural resources like
water by multinational companies making soft drinks. Public sector undertakings were largely privatized
in order to serve as marketist policies. Due to which those ventures went into private hands and millions
of workers working in those ventures became unemployed. In order to increase FDI in many enterprises,
the government sold its stake, leading to large scale layoffs. All these reasons gave rise to discontent
between the workers and government employees. These dissatisfaction later turned into a mass
movement.

After landmassification, government jobs were reduced in PSUs by privatization. Dalit organizations
expressed concern as the number of reserved seats which were reserved for Dalits was reduced. This
hurt the purpose of social justice proposed by the Constitution. Dalits argued that since the number of
reserved seats in the government sector has come down, we should get reservation in the private sector
as well. These demands of the Dalit organizations were opposed by the industrial organizations. In these
movements, environmentalist movements also came to worry about the damage done to the
environment as a result of industrialization. In this way, we see that the inefficiency of the state created
a favorable environment for the social movement, both the market and the combined failure of both the
state and the market.
Question 2. Explain the effects of globalization on the labor and peasantry in India.

Post-globalization advocates a market-based system (which can be transformed into an integrated world
economic system) in place of the national view of the economy. Landscaping is a process that assumes
that the state should surrender its economic controlling powers to the market and progressively reduce
its binding powers. People of many countries are not satisfied with state-based development, hence the
criticism of the state has started everywhere. In India also, state-based public institutions could not
make any special development in the context of India and due to the deficit in them, the government
was proving impossible to run them. Hence, privatization was also encouraged in India. Disinvestment of
public sector companies and their ownership was handed over to private sectors so that the country can
progress. In the same context, India also became the country to adopt the process of globalization.
Globalization had the following impact on different sections of India:

Impact of globalization on the Farmer Class :

Due to globalization, there was a big change in the farmer policies already running in India to the
problem of farmers. Tensions between the developed countries and the developing and
underdeveloped countries of the world, including India, were also seen at the World Trade Organization
conferences and are currently continuing. Farmers of India believe that the rules and regulations of the
World Trade Organization are in favor of developed countries. The most difficult issue between
developed countries and developing countries is the subsidy given over fertilizers to farmers. Most poor
countries, including India, demand subsidy on fertilizers and seeds, given the condition and condition of
their farmers. While developed countries always oppose this, but developed countries give a lot of
subsidy to their rich farmers and if the price of grains comes down, they burn the fields. Therefore,
Indian farmers have to buy expensive seeds and fertilizers due to globalization. The problem of patent is
also very popular in the context of the farmers of India. Multinational companies are patting the crops of
paddy produced from the land of India like Basmati, Neem turmeric etc. After the patent, it is necessary
that the farmers have to buy their own seeds every year and they cannot use the remaining seeds of
their grains. Therefore, in this context, agitation was opposed by many non-governmental organizations
and farmers against liberalization in the agricultural sector, but with this, globalization has helped in
making farmers multi-blind. Now, through food processing and vegetable processing, farmers can keep
their products in the market for a long time. At the same time, investment has also been made in the
agricultural sector such as sugar, rice mills, food processing, flower cultivation and horticulture and due
to this, it has also increased the income of the farmers, but it is a bitter truth that all these benefits can
be extended to big farmers or rich Farmers have got, while small-scale farmers are committing suicide
due to lack of agricultural expenditure due to the wrath of globalization.

Impact of globalization on the working class:

Globalization has wreaked havoc on Indian education, skills and large workers and for this reason the
labor movement has also faced tough challenges. Privatization is an important contribution to this
process of landmassification. State ownership of public sector units is being eroded by privatization and
loss-making industries are either closed or disinvested and sold to private sectors. Due to both these
reasons, the jobs of the workers have almost lost their place. Now the recruitment of temporary
employees and workers in place of regular employees is going on in full swing. is . Hence, globalization
has proved to be merciless for unemployment workers. Workers are also at a disadvantage due to the
unanimous opposition by the labor unions to the new economic policies. The thinkers are of the opinion
that instead of opposing privatization of labor unions, workers We should focus on the interests of the
people, because privatization is an important fact today and no country remains untouched by it.

We should focus on the interests of the people, because privatization is an important fact today and no
country can remain untouched by this.

Question 5. What are the various reasons for the rise and development of regional movements in India?

North Indian has been a country with different culture and civilization. Due to this, many problems have
been encountered. One such problem is the regional movement. India has been facing this since
independence. Under this movement, many regions either want to secede from India or demand
autonomy. In this way, we will discuss here the causes of regional movement and its rise and
development.

In today's time, the regional movement is considered to be the most dangerous for the country and for
its unity and integrity. UnderUnder the regional movement, residents of a particular area consider
themselves superior to other people of the country and their economic work is done to prioritize social,
cultural and regionalism. This is a special movement for the creation of new states, because the political
interest of that region is also affected. In this way, we are referring to the factors that help in the rise of
regional movement. Geographical, human environment, historical, cultural, economic, political etc. have
played an important role in generating regionalism in India. In the present times the following factors
can be held responsible for generating regionalism. People belonging to a particular section have more
than one region in place of India on subjects like language problem, economic differentiation and
strengthening regional leadership. In India, under regionalism, there is a lot of emphasis on local
leadership rather than national leadership. There has always been an economic and political
confrontation between the states and the center of India. In India, the central leadership has been
challenged by the states and contempt of the central power is also included under this, things like non-
implementation of the ideas of the center are included.
In this way, the following are the reasons for the rise of regional movement in India. Political factor has
been most important in the rise of regional movement. This includes a confrontation or dispute
between the state and the states over an issue in the center and the state. These disputes bring
together several reasons to maintain a strained relationship. For example, which scheme or project
should be implemented in which state, such as financial assistance from the Center, demand for more
food by states, delimitation of states, dispute of river water etc. Regional political pressure groups
emerged to adopt their demands from the center, which gave rise to regional movement politics.

Economic factor has also played an important role in the development of regional movement, it has
played an important role in giving rise to the spirit of regionalism. There are many such provinces in our
country which have not been developed, that is, they have lagged behind in the pace of development,
so those provinces demanded to open industry businesses in their region. This demand is done only to
increase its growth. It is not taken into consideration whether the industry which they want to set up is
useful for their field or not. Industries can be planted only where all the raw materials of manufacture
are not available for them otherwise that industry will not be able to run, but there is more pressure by
the provinces that if the industry should be set up then the economic outlook of that industry has to be
abandoned. Along with political and economic factors, social and cultural factors also play a role in
regional movement or in giving rise to regionalism. Language, culture, living and other problems have
contributed to spread regionalism. At present, linguism has developed in different parts of the country,
which has given rise to separatist forces. A linguistic field or cultural field considers itself superior to
another region. This type of sentiment also plays an important role in making regionalism flourish and
cheerful. Due to this we see that a situation of conflict is arising in many areas of the country and
tension arises between the state and the center. To deal with this, the citizens will have to develop a
sense of nationalism, this national feeling film, Can be spread through radio, newspapers and magazines.
Under this, people should give detailed information about our glorious civilization and culture. The
regional political party should be banned simultaneously. In this way we can say that the regional
movement is generated by establishing self-identity and through political, economic and cultural and
social reasons, which can also be solved by eliminating this problem.

SECTION II

Briefly comment on each part of the following in about 250 words.

Question 8. (a) Working class movement

Answer: The workers' movement can be included in their movements demanding demonstrations,
protests, strikes by workers. These movements can also be in violent form to improve their living
conditions. The labor movement keeps the protests by the workers against the capitalists within
themselves. Labor movement by some workers of one industrial organization
Can also be run with your demands. Prior to 1947, all industrial activities in India were run by the British
government. All the companies in India were based on the trades of modern industry. The nature of
industries changed after the Industrial Revolution in England. India was no longer the only producer of
raw materials for Britain, modern industries started exploitation of Indian laborers. The capitalists used
to inhumanly treat the workers for their personal benefit. Now the workers were also kept as bonded
laborers after the First World War, the situation of the workers was further affected. After World War I,
events such as low wages to workers, longer work hours, increased exploitation of workers made
workers to oppose workers. Even before the First World War, workers had protested several times in
India, but the workers' demonstrations and protests were forcefully suppressed by the owners. The
condition of the plantation laborers was even more pathetic among the workers. The workers included
silent demonstrations, strikes, personal protests etc. for their rights.

When it came to the labor movement, the workers had started raising their voice against their
exploitation, they used to agitate or protest on issues like low pay, lack of proper working environment
for work. Workers used to stop work collectively as a protest, that is, they went on collective leave and
workers left the workplace to protest against their exploitation. The workers used to run their
movement but their movement could not be done on a large scale. He did not have any association to
spread the movement on a wide scale. If we talk of working unions in India, then the first working union
can be considered as 'Madras Labor Union' formed in 1918.

Modernity in the economy and industrial modernity had brought modernity in the mind of the working
class too. The working class was now incorporating issues like education and health in their demands.
Political parties in India had started to think that now the establishment of unions for the labor
movement Necessary.

Workers' organizations were now on the market. Workers also started a strike on the rise in the price of
goods in the market. The workers now began to realize that their role in the industry was not only that
of the worker but of the associate, hence the workers started demanding bonus for themselves on
increasing the prices of goods. The incident demanding the bonus was done by the workers of
Ahmedabad. These workers had started a movement with the demand for bonus, in this movement
Mahatma Gandhi had supported the workers, now the workers' movement started gaining momentum,
but these movements were on a small scale and soon ended the freedom

Their contribution was negligible with reference to. The leaders of India's freedom movement now
began to feel that the workers' movement could also be used for the freedom of India. The Congress
party took steps in this direction and 'AITUC' was formed in 1920. After the formation of 'AITUC'
(Workers' Union of India), the workers began to feel that now the workers are centralized and their
movement and voice can be heard at all India level.
 Circumstances outside India also influenced the labor movement, such as Russia's revolution, World
War I and World War II. After Russia's revolution, trade unions got more enthusiasm. The condition of
the workers became miserable due to the First World War. But the Russian Revolution inspired them to
fight for their rights, the workers, influenced by the Russian Revolution, had started carrying out their
movements more extensively. The Second World War also influenced the workers' movements. The
workers were now in a position to include government war policy in their talk. As industries continued
to develop and with the awakening of politics in India, the era of modernization continued, after the
labor independence, the government adopted the policy of industrial development.

There was a need to get the support of both the classes so that the industrial development would not be
hindered. The working class tried to play the role of a mediator between the two. Jana Sangh was
formed in 1952 by the ideology of Jana Sangh Supporting laborers formed the Bharatiya Mazdoor Sangh
(B.M.S.) in 1955. AITUC split in 1970.

The Indian Union of Workers' Union (CITO) was established after partition. CITU has attached itself to
the Indian communist Party (Marxist). In this way, the workers' movement continued between the
division of unions and alliances with parties. After the sixties came the phase of economic recession, due
to economic recession many workers became unemployed. Workers were facing economic problem.
The problems of these unemployed workers had reached a critical situation. The old labor organizations
were not able to solve this problem. At this time, Shiv Sena was born in Maharashtra. It was the Shiv
Sena that established the trade union called 'Bharatiya Kamgar Sena'. The 'Indian Workers Army' drove
the workers out of the economic downturn, but this union divided the workers. This division took place
between Maratha and non-Maratha workers. The Indian Workers Army believed that the problem of the
economic slowdown was due to external workers in Maharashtra. This union said that the outside
workers should leave Bombay and only workers of Maharashtra could get employment in Bombay.
Differences between the Shiv Sena and the communist associations began to grow on this issue. This
movement of Shiv Sena created a gap between the laborers of Maharashtra and other states which
continues till today.

If the labor movements are seen after independence, then these movements achieved significant
success in the 1970s. In this decade, many leaders emerged for the labor movement who kept
themselves away from the union and political parties. Such as Ila Bhatt, Datta Samanta, A.K. Rai and
Shankar Guha Niyogi. All these leaders provided many forums for the workers. In these forums, the
Working Women Forum (Madras), Ama Organization (Orissa), Kerala Dinesh BD (Kerala), Technology and
Development Committee (Himachal Pradesh), Kagad Kacha Patra Kashtakari Panchayat (Maharashtra)
were prominent in these organizations and forum workers' movements. The workers used to help.
These forums also helped in improving the condition of the workers. This period was also a great success
for the movements run by the Indian trade union. This period is also called the golden age of success of
the labor movements, in 1974, the major labor organizations of the country jointly organized the rail
movement. INTUC did not support the workers in this movement. Seeing the labor movements, the
government made a compromise between the management and the workers, but the agreement could
not be reached. Due to the stubborn attitude of the anti-labor policies of the government, the workers
could not keep their movements for long. The workers had to end the movement.

After Independence, there was one class in the working class of the country and that class was the
farming working class. The peasant working class started its movement on its own. Later the peasant
laboring classes started getting the support of the leftist parties. In the early eighties, agrarian labor
agitated in areas of western Uttar Pradesh. He did this movement for pay and food. In this movement,
workers of both Hindu and Muslim classes had started the movement together, during the movement
these workers were also persecuted, but their spirits were not broken. This movement was successful
due to the unity and militant side of the workers. Such protests were called in the name of James Stock
'daily protest method' in Gujarat. This movement was done by the brick laborers near Vadodara near
Gujarat, this movement could not be successful, but the workers here established a working union and
indicated to continue their movement in future.

Regarding the movement of the working classes after independence in India, H.I. Rudolph and S.H.
Rudolf estimates that this movement used to occur in limited quantities. Due to the low population of
organized labor in India, these movements also affected the small population. The leaders of the trade
union also did not take care of the interests of the working class due to their profit, the leaders of the
labor organizations also had a hand in the discouragement of the labor movements, but the labor
movements were sometimes so effective that the government had to bow down in front of them.

(B) Narmada Bachao Andolan

Answer - The Narmada Bachao Andolan started in protest against the Sardar Sarovar Project to be built
on the Narmada River in Gujarat. This movement has emerged as the biggest movement related to
saving the ecological environment of India at the present time.

Narmada Bachao Andolan started in 1991. When the Sardar Sarovar Project was launched. The Sarkar
Sarovar Project has been in dispute since its proposed time. 37000 hectares of land was drowned in the
construction of the project, 11000 hectares of forest was to be submerged in water. Along with this,
about 250 grams in which about 1 lakh people lived, those villages would also be drowned in water.
These things were realized at the time of the design of the project, there was also the possibility of
seismic events due to the construction of the project, but the project got green light by looking at the
needs of Gujarat Sardar Sarovar Project was being built on the Narmada River in Gujarat. Madhya
Pradesh, Maharashtra and Gujarat were impacting all three states due to the construction of this
project. Initially there was a dispute in these three states, the project was handed over to the Narmada
Dispute Tribunal in 1969 to settle these protests and disputes. The Narmada Dispute Tribunal
considered the problems of the three states and gave its final verdict after 10 years. According to the
verdict, the three states agreed to bear its profits and losses on a proportional basis. The Sardar Sarovar
project again came under controversy when the Forest Department objected to it. Now the project went
to the Forest Department. In 1980 the project faced the 'Forest Conservation Act'. The project stayed
there for 8 years. It again got the green flag in 1991.

When the Sardar Sarovar Project started in 1991, the World Bank and other foreign investors also
showed interest and invested their money in this project. After the project started, the local people
started opposing it. The project was related to building a dam on the Narmada River. Jo by becoming the
project. The protest started due to not paying much attention to the rehabilitation of lakhs of people
who were being displaced. This protest took the form of the movement which came to be known as
"Save Narmada" movement. The agitators of the Narmada Bachao Andolan had said that the creation of
this project would create many problems such as submerging hundreds of square areas of the natural
ecosystem would result in disturbances in environmental degradation and ecology.

Due to the construction of a dam on the river Narmada, there will be water logging on it, due to water
logging, there will be chaos in the lower rocks located there. Due to this, the chances of earthquake in
this region will increase. Displacement of tribes living in that area due to water logging on a very large
land area due to the construction of Sardar Sarovar.

Rehabilitation of displaced and their cultural heritage will also be destroyed. But in the argument of this
project, the government also put forward its sides like Gujarat faced severe drought for four consecutive
years till 1985-1988. If this project is formed then the drought conditions here can be avoided.

With the construction of the project, water will be available in plenty for electricity, irrigation and
drinking. In this project, proper arrangements will be made for rehabilitation of the displaced.Due to all
these benefits, the Supreme Court also cleared the project.

The leadership of Narmada Bachao Andolan is today in the hands of Megha-Patekar (Samaj Sevi). Megha
Patekar also went on hunger strike for several days with the displaced. He has drawn the attention of
the entire country to matters related to environmental ecology. Today a developing country like India
needs projects like Narmada Valley. Issues such as environmental pollution resulting from these
projects, balance of ecology, displacement of local people and many cultural heritage also need to be
considered.

Question 10. (a) Difference in backward class movement in North and South India

Before North-North India, the backward united in South India, due to this the change in the situation of
backward in South India took place much earlier. In South India, they unitedly got reservation in jobs
and they started participating in social movement as well. In South India, the backward class movement
was mainly against the Brahminical system. In South India by ethnicization

The backward class questioned the Brahminical system and tried to bring the Dalits forward. In South
India, the backwardness tried to adopt the rituals and practices of the upper castes, due to which their
conditions improved. In North India, an organization called Arya Samaj did the work of mobilizing the
backward by the Arya Samaj. Dasha is credited with improving North India.

It was told by the Arya Samaj that a person is determined not by birth but by karma. Through Christoph
Zafarlo in his book India-Silent Revolution: The Rise of the Low Castes in North Indian Politics, it was due
to ethnography and Sanskritisation that the backward class first became active in South India while
North India became active at a later stage.

In South India, there was a backward movement against Sanskritization. Thus, backward government
jobs in South India found in institutions, that too by reservation. After that he also changed the
Brahminical dominance. Other backwardness in South India was given reservation only in the sixties. In
1921, the reservation process started in South India. To end the Brahminical system, the king of Mysore
decided to give reservation to the backward in government jobs.

Since the post-independence period, there was constant pressure on the government by the backward
class community, due to which the states of South India formed the Backward Classes Commission,
which benefited the backward and also improved their conditions.

The improvement in the status of backward classes in North India started late, because the backward
classes in this area move towards Sanskritisation.

Were growing. Here, unlike South India, the trees began to find their base among the upper castes and
these people started adopting the rituals and rituals of the upper castes.

Scholars have described the difference between North and South in the following way.

The Brahmins were more numerous in South India, so they had a monopoly on the lower castes. While
not only Brahmins came under the upper castes in North India, but also Rajputs, Vaishyas or Kayasthas,
their authority over the lower castes was divided differently.
The Brahminical system was challenged by the Arya Samaj in North India or it can be said that
reforming . Backward class castes were told by Arya Samaj to increase their association with the upper
castes and make themselves decent by wearing janeu. The Arya Samaj was brought back to those who
had renounced Hinduism.

In North India, reservation for backward classes was arranged in the seventies. Against Brahminical
system in South India. The movement was led by Periyar. The basis of this movement was that the
natives of India are not Brahmins but Dravidians.

Through the movement, he wanted to end the dominance of Brahmins in political, social, economic and
education. Under the self-respect movement, he condemned the order of labor, boycott of Brahmins in
rituals and marriages etc.

MC Raja was made the president of the Adi Dravid Mahasabha in 1916 and in 1928 he chaired the All
India Depressed Classes Conference. He was a Dravidian thinker, the process of backward reform in
North India started late. Even in Western India, the tree was already united with North India, Jyotiba
Phule formed the Truth Researcher Society in Bombay in 1973. Their aim was to unite the Dalit and
backward classes. The Satya Shodhak Samaj also succeeded in uniting the backward and the Dalits.
Phule said that the upper castes, who came from outside, are called Aryas, the original inhabitants of
this place are untouchables, Dalits and backward. According to Phule, the upper castes subjugated the
lower castes and asserted their authority over them.

Other backward classes in North India were reformed in comparison to South India because backward
classes got reservation facilities in South India much earlier, whereas in North India government facilities
reached after some interval. The people of South India had united long ago to demand their rights and
against the Brahminical system, whereas in North India this process started late, so the situation of the
backward of North India improved late.

(B) Environmental movement in cities.

Post-environment literally means neighborhood or neighborhood - external conditions affecting the

growth and development of human, animals or plants, working conditions and living conditions etc. . In
the race of development, man does not pay attention to those things on whose destruction he is doing.
If we see destruction, then man destroys his environment and ecology for development. When a man
starts to understand about destruction, then he wants to stop that destruction. This idea can be seen in
the context of the eco-ecological movement.
The environmental movement, the destruction that was being caused by environmental pollution, was
done to prevent the destruction. This movement was done keeping in mind the conditions of imbalance
in the ecology. If we talk about the environmental movements in the cities of India, then this movement
Factories created after environmental pollution were made keeping in mind the factories for
development were set up, but these factories were set up around the cities yesterday. Urbanization was
encouraged due to these factories. The amount of toxic gases in the atmosphere increased. Yesterday
the dust of the factories destroyed the life of man. While the dirty water coming out of the factories
started polluting the water, in order to solve all these problems, environmental movements were also
run in the cities, in the context of the rights given by the constitution in the environmental movements
run in the cities of India. In this context, the city of Delhi can be taken as an example. The city of Delhi is
counted among the major polluted cities of the world. The contribution of heavy vehicles running here
was the highest in Delhi's pollution. The common man had to face a lot of problems due to these
vehicles being driven by diesel and the smoke emanating from it. Then after hearing a PIL, the court
directed the Delhi government that all the vehicles would have C.N.G. Gas should be made mandatory.

The pollution level of Yamuna river in Delhi has also increased very high. From time to time,
environmentalists have also been agitating for the cleaning of the river Yamuna. A master plan has also
been prepared to make Yamuna river clean. In order to make the city of Delhi pollution free, the
Government also banned the Kal factories, slaughterhouses etc. in Delhi, and directed them to be taken
out of the city. With the relocation of these factories, the workers here became unemployed and they
also opposed it, which had turned violent. But due to the orders of the government and the Supreme
Court, an attempt has been made to clean the environment in Delhi by removing them. Today, pollution
has reduced in the city of Delhi. Like the city of Delhi, many cities in India through such movements

It has attracted the attention of the world and has also made people aware of the environment. If we
look at the movement in the cities, after the gas leak incident in the Union Carbide multinational
company of Bhopal, the movement related to environment was also started in Bhopal for a long time.
This movement was done by the people affected by the Bhopal gas tragedy and the heirs of those killed
in the tragedy.

The latest example of environmental movement was also seen in Agra city. Agra city which is known as
Taj city. There were many Kal-Factories present around the Taj Mahal, from the so-and-so gas
emanating from the Kal-Factories, the white Taj Mahal was beginning to show yellowness. The attention
of environmentalists attracted him, he started a movement. Presently, these factories have been
removed from the vicinity of the Taj Mahal. In the city of Agra itself, there was talk of changing the
direction of flow of river Yamuna in the name of Taj Project. Changing the flow paths of the Yamuna
would cause many environmental problems. Environmentalists and local people agitated against the
change of flow direction of Yamuna. Public interest litigation (P.I.L.) was filed in the Supreme Court. The
court ordered the closure of the project.
The environmental movements of cities in India were different from the movements being carried out in
far-flung areas, these movements were run by intellectuals, environmentalists, environmental
advocates. These environmental movements were associated with constitutional rights and rights of life,
human beings cannot live happily without protecting the environment. If our environment is pure and
clean, human life will be better and happier. At the same time, the next generation of us will also live
happily along with development with the help of sustainable development.