Atmospheric Environment 35 (2001) 5125–5130

Multilayer four-flux model of scattering, emitting

and absorbing media
Claude Roz!e*, Thierry Girasole, Anne-Gaelle Tafforin
Laboratoire d’E! nerge!tique des Syste"mes et Proce!de!s, UMR CNRS 6614, Universite! et INSA de Rouen, BP 08,
76131 Mont-Saint-Aignan Cedex, France
Received 15 September 2000; received in revised form 21 March 2001; accepted 7 April 2001

Abstract

Four-flux model allows to compute diffuse and collimated flux through a slab containing absorbing and scatter-
ing particles in an absorbing medium. An extension of this model is proposed so that the slab can be composed of
an arbitrary number of layers. Moreover, emission of the particles and of the surrounding matrix is taken into account.
r 2001 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.

Keywords: Multiple scattering; Thermal radiation; Emission; Absorption

1. Introduction decompositions have been proposed as follows:

Multiple scattering of light is commonly encountered
when the density of particles is high enough so that an
incident light wave interacts with more than one particle
before leaving the medium (van de Hulst, 1980;
Chandrasekhar, 1960). In some concrete cases, the
medium itself may be emitting. Then the deduction of
the radiation flux emerging from an object with a
general geometry is not simple and can only be solved by
the Monte Carlo methods (Girasole et al., 1998).
However, many studies are concerned with geometries
having some symmetries and specific methods can be
applied. For example, radiative transfer in the atmo-
sphere can be resolved by a semi-analytic method,
because of the stratification of the air above the earth. If
a reasonably wide area is considered, the problem to be
solved is quasi-plane. A classical method of resolution
is the N-flux model. It consists in decomposing the
flux crossing the studied medium in N contributions
corresponding to N scattering solid angles. Different
*Corresponding author.
E-mail address: roze@coria.fr (C. Roz!e).
one scattering flux (Hartel, 1940), two flux in opposite
directions (Schuster, 1905; Kubelka and Munk, 1931),
four flux (two collimated flux and two diffuse flux
in opposite directions) (Mudgett and Richards,
1971; Maheu et al., 1984; Maheu and Gouesbet, 1986),
six flux (Chu and Churchill, 1955). These methods
have the advantage to be numerically easy, in spite
of the restricted geometry. So, improvements
are continuously made (Vargas and Niklasson, 1997;
Vargas, 1998, 1989; Arancibia-Bulnes and Ruiz-Su"arez,
1998). In order to take into account some 3D
geometrical effects, a preliminary calibration can be
made by a Monte Carlo method (Czerwinski et al.,
2001).
The aim of the present paper is to generalize the four-
flux method of Maheu et al. (1984) and Maheu and
Gouesbet (1986) to the case where the medium is
composed of an arbitrary number of layers and to take
into account the own emission of particles and of the
surrounding medium.
Section 2 is devoted to a presentation of the four-
flux method under a matrix form with the
emission aspect. Section 3 is a generalization to the
multilayer case. Section 4 is the discussion and
conclusion.

1352-2310/01/$ - see front matter r 2001 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
PII: S 1 3 5 2 - 2 3 1 0 ( 0 1 ) 0 0 3 2 8 - 4
5126 C. Roze! et al. / Atmospheric Environment 35 (2001) 5125–5130
2. Single layer: reflectances, transmittances and emissive
power
We consider a slab (of infinite lateral extent) limited
by planes ðOÞ (z ¼ 0) and ðZÞ (z ¼ Z) which define
a finite thickness, embedding discrete particles. The
incoming light, incident on plane ðOÞ; is composed of a
collimated beam and a semi-isotropic diffuse radiation.
Distances between particles are large enough that only
nondependent scattering occurs. Then, the whole radia-
tion field at location z (Fig. 1) is modelled as constituted
of four parts:
* a collimated beam of flux Ic propagating to negative
Z;
* a collimated beam of flux Jc propagating to positive
Z;
* a diffuse flux Id propagating to negative Z;
* a diffuse flux Jd propagating to positive Z:
The radiative transfer equation reads in this case as
follows, for an elementary layer of width dz (Maheu
et al., 1984):
dIc
¼ ðk þ sÞIc ;
dz
dJc
¼ ðk þ sÞJc ;
dz
dId
¼  zsIc  ð1  zÞsJc þ e½k þ ð1  zÞsId
dz
 eð1  zÞsJd  ekS;
dJd
¼ ð1  zÞsIc þ zsJc þ eð1  zÞsId
dz
 e½k þ ð1  zÞsJd þ ekS;
where
* k is the absorption coefficient and s is the scattering
coefficient per unit of length of the medium. Both are
determined by the Lorenz–Mie theory. In the case of
an absorbing and emitting matrix, the optical
Fig. 1. Geometry of a single slab.
behaviour of the medium can be approximated by an
efficient absorption coefficient which is the sum
of the absorption coefficient of the matrix and the
absorption coefficient of the particles, calculated by
the Lorenz–Mie theory.
* z represents the forward scattering ratio equal to
the energy scattered by a particle in the forward
hemisphere over the total scattered energy at
location z: If Iðz; mÞ is the intensity of radiation at
location z in the z positive direction at angle y ¼
arccos m; then,
R1 R1
dm0 0 Iðz; m0 Þpðm; m0 Þ dm
z ¼ R 10 R1 : ð5Þ
0 0 0
0 dm 1 Iðz; m Þpðm; m Þ dm
The backscattering ratio is ð1  zÞ: Here, a single
forward scattering ratio is defined. A more accurate
method would be to define specific forward scattering
ratios for the collimated beam and for the diffuse
radiation, as proposed in Duntley (1942). Moreover,
particular coefficients can be introduced for the z-
positive propagative flux and the z-negative propa-
gative flux.
* e is the average crossing parameter. It is defined so
ð1Þ
that, when the diffuse light crosses a length dz; the
average path length is e dz: If Iðz; mÞ is the intensity of
ð2Þ radiation at location z in the z positive direction at
angle y ¼ arccos m; then,
R1
Iðz; mÞ dm
e ¼ R 10 : ð6Þ
ð3Þ 0 Iðz; mÞm dm
This coefficient is equal to 1 for collimated beams and
is equal to 2 for a semi-isotropic diffuse flux. Here, a
single average crossing parameter is defined, but one
ð4Þ could replace it by two specific coefficients: one for
the forward hemisphere and one for the backward
hemisphere.
Wang et al. (1989) propose an expression for e
computed for a Henyey–Greenstein phase function with
the asymmetric coefficient g and a given optical depth.
Vargas and Niklasson (1997) propose analytical expres-
sions to compute eðzÞ and zðzÞ: Here constant values are
assumed.
By using these coefficients, zs is the forward scattering
coefficient for a collimated radiation, ezs the forward
scattering coefficient for a diffuse radiation, ð1  zÞs the
backward scattering coefficient for a collimated radia-
tion, eð1  zÞs the backward scattering coefficient for a
diffuse radiation, and ek the absorption coefficient for a
diffuse radiation.
The last terms in Eqs. (3) and (4) have been added to
take into account the emission of the elementary layer of
width dz; with the generic notation S:
The flux Ic ; Id ; Jc and Jd are spectral quantities. The
emission flux of a layer of elementary width dz in the
 C. Roze! et al. / Atmospheric Environment 35 (2001) 5125–5130 5127

positive z-direction reads as * rZde ; coefficient of reflection for the diffuse radiation
Z p=2 flowing inward to the slab at ðZÞ;
dz
k Ib ðl; TÞ2p sin y cos y dy; ð7Þ * r0di ; coefficient of reflection for the diffuse radiation
0 cos y
flowing outward to the slab at ðOÞ;
where kdz=cos y is the emission coefficient of the layer in * r0de ; coefficient of reflection for the diffuse radiation
the direction y; equal to the absorption coefficient as flowing inward to the slab at ðOÞ:
stated by Kirchhoff’s law, if local thermodynamic
The flux Ic ðZÞ inside the layer at the plane ðZÞ is the
equilibrium prevails. Then,
sum of the transmitted external incident collimated flux
2 IcZ through the interface and of the reflected outgoing
SðlÞ ¼ Mb ðl; TÞ; ð8Þ
e flux Jc ðZÞ: This can be written as
where Mb is Planck’s black body power per area unit, T Ic ðZÞ ¼ ð1  rZ Z Z
c ÞIc þ rc Jc ðZÞ: ð15Þ
is the temperature of layer dz: Section 4 will discuss the
significance of e by introducing a limit case. Similar relations follow for diffuse and collimated flux at
The matrix form is a concise writing for system ð1–4) plane ðOÞ or ðZÞ:
dI% Id ðZÞ ¼ ð1  rZ Z Z
de ÞId þ rdi Jd ðZÞ; ð16Þ
¼ A% I% þ A% 0 ; ð9Þ
dz
Jc ð0Þ ¼ ð1  r0c ÞJc0 þ r0c Ic ð0Þ; ð17Þ
where I% is the vector ½Ic ; Jc ; Id ; Jd T : The solution is
expressed in terms of eigenvalues and eigenvectors of the Jd ð0Þ ¼ ð1  r0de ÞJd0 þ r0di Id ð0Þ; ð18Þ
matrix A% as follows:
where is the incident diffuse flux on plane ðZÞ; Jc0 is
IdZ
Ic ðzÞ ¼ C1 exp½ðk þ sÞz; ð10Þ the incident collimated flux on plane ðOÞ and Jd0 is the
incident diffuse flux on plane ðOÞ: Using the simplified
Jc ðzÞ ¼ C2 exp½ðk þ sÞz; ð11Þ
radiative transfer equations (10)–(13), constants
C1 ; C2 ; C3 and C4 are then deduced.
Id ðzÞ ¼ C1 a1 exp½ðk þ sÞz þ C2 a2 exp½ðk þ sÞz
pffiffiffiffiffiffi pffiffiffiffiffiffi Knowing the incident flux on the layer, we want to
þ C3 exp½ A1 z þ C4 a3 exp½ A1 z þ S; determine the outgoing flux ðIc0 ; JcZ ; Id0 ; JdZ Þ which can be
ð12Þ written as
Ic0 ¼ ð1  r0c ÞIc ð0Þ þ r0c Jc0 ; ð19Þ
Jd ðzÞ ¼ C1 a2 exp½ðk þ sÞz þ C2 a1 exp½ðk þ sÞz
pffiffiffiffiffiffi pffiffiffiffiffiffi
þ C3 a3 exp½ A1 z þ C4 exp½ A1 z þ S; JcZ ¼ ð1  rZ Z Z
c ÞJc ðZÞ þ rc Ic ; ð20Þ
ð13Þ
Id0 ¼ ð1  r0di ÞId ð0Þ þ r0de Jd0 ; ð21Þ
where
JdZ ¼ ð1  rZ Z Z
di ÞJd ðZÞ þ rde Id : ð22Þ
A2 A3
a1 ¼ ; a2 ¼ ;
A1  ðk þ sÞ2 A1  ðk þ sÞ2 It is usual to express these flux in terms of global
pffiffiffiffiffiffi reflectances and transmittances of the layer, defined by
A4  A1
a3 ¼ ð14Þ * collimated reflectance of the collimated flux on plane
A5 ðOÞ: R0cc ;
and A1 ¼ e2 k½k þ 2ð1  zÞs; A2 ¼ s½zs þ esð1  zÞþ * diffuse reflectance of the collimated flux on plane ðOÞ:
kzðe þ 1Þ; A3 ¼ sðe  1Þðk þ sÞð1  zÞ; A4 ¼ 4e½kþ R0cd ;
sð1  zÞ and A5 ¼ esð1  zÞ: C1 ; C2 ; C3 ; and C4 are * diffuse reflectance of the diffuse flux on plane ðOÞ:
constants to be determined by the boundary conditions R0dd ;
at the limits ðOÞ and ðZÞ of the layer. * collimated transmission of the collimated flux: Tcc ;
If each layer has its own optical index, which is * diffuse transmission of the diffuse flux from plane ðZÞ
different from the neighbouring layers, reflections occur 0
to plane ðOÞ: Tdd ;
at each interface between layers. We define the following * diffuse transmission of the collimated flux from plane
coefficients: 0
ðZÞ to plane ðOÞ: Tcd :
* rZc ; coefficient of reflection for the collimated flux at Similar coefficients are also defined for interface ðZÞ
the face ðZÞ; (superscript Z instead of 0). The emission of the layer is
* r0c ; coefficient of reflection for the collimated flux at added to the diffuse flux and is characterized by the
the face ðOÞ; quantities M 0 (emerging from interface ðOÞ) and M Z
* rZdi ; coefficient of reflection for the diffuse radiation (emerging from interface ðZÞ). We note that because the
flowing outward to the slab at ðZÞ; neighbouring layers do not necessarily have the same
5128 C. Roze! et al. / Atmospheric Environment 35 (2001) 5125–5130

optical index (different temperature or composition), the ð1  r0di Þ

reflection coefficients are not necessarily the same at M0 ¼ ð1  a3 ÞS½ðrZ
di  1Þð1 þ a3 Þ
D2
interfaces ðOÞ and ðZÞ ðr0c arZ c ; etc.), breaking the p ffiffiffiffiffiffi
symmetry of reflectance, transmittance and emission þ ð1  a3 rZ di Þ expð A1 ZÞ
pffiffiffiffiffiffi
coefficients (R0cc aRZcc ; etc.). þ ða3  rZ di Þ expð A1 ZÞ; ð33Þ
If we know incident flux IcZ ; IdZ ; Jc0 and Jd0 ; outgoing
flux are computed by where
0
D1 ¼ exp½ðk þ sÞZ  rZ
c rc exp½ðk þ sÞZ; ð34Þ
Ic0 ¼ R0cc Jc0 þ Tcc IcZ ; ð23Þ
pffiffiffiffiffiffi 0
D2 ¼ expð A1 ZÞð1  a3 rZdi Þð1  a3 rdi Þ
JcZ ¼ Tcc Jc0 þ RZ Z
cc Ic ; ð24Þ pffiffiffiffiffiffi 0
 expð A1 ZÞða3  rZ di Þða3  rdi Þ: ð35Þ

Id0 ¼ R0cd Jc0 þ R0dd Jd0 þ Z Z

Tcd Ic þ Z Z
Tdd Id þM ; 0
ð25Þ Coefficients from the other side of the layer
Z
RZ Z Z Z Z
cc ; Rcd ; Rdd ; Tcd ; Tdd ; M are simply obtained by
0 0 0 0 replacing superscript 0 by Z in the preceding relations.
JdZ ¼ RZ Z Z Z Z
cd Ic þ Rdd Id þ Tcd Jc þ Tdd Jd þ M : ð26Þ

Using conditions (19)–(22), the reflectance and trans-

mittance coefficients and the emissive flux are deduced as 3. Multilayer medium
follows:
It is very interesting to generalize the computation of
rZ ð1  r0c Þ2 exp½ðk þ sÞZ multiple light scattering for a material constituted by n
R0cc ¼ c þ r0c ; ð27Þ
D1 layers of infinite extent (Fig. 2).
In a layer i; the outgoing flux are described as
ð1  r0c Þð1  rZ
cÞ functions of the incident flux by
Tcc ¼ ; ð28Þ
D1 IcZ ði þ 1Þ ¼ Tcc ðiÞIc0 ði  1Þ þ R0cc ðiÞJcZ ði þ 1Þ; ð36Þ

ð1  r0di Þð1  r0c Þ pffiffiffiffiffiffi IdZ ði þ 1Þ ¼ Tcd

Z
ðiÞIc0 ði  1Þ þ Tdd
Z
ðiÞId0 ði  1Þ
R0cd ¼ ½ða3  rZ
di Þ expð A1 ZÞ
D1 D2
þ R0cd ðiÞJcZ ði þ 1Þ þ R0dd ðiÞJdZ ði þ 1Þ
ðrZ
c exp½ðk þ sÞZða2  a1 a3 Þ
þ M 0 ðiÞ; ð37Þ
þ exp½ðk þ sÞZða1  a2 a3 ÞÞ
pffiffiffiffiffiffi
þ ð1  a3 rZ
di Þ expð A1 ZÞ
Jd0 ði  1Þ ¼ Tcd
0 0
ðiÞJcZ ði þ 1Þ þ Tdd ðiÞJdZ ði þ 1Þ
0 0
ðrZ
c exp½ðk þ sÞZða1  a2 a3 Þ
þ RZ Z
cd ðiÞIc ði  1Þ þ Rdd ðiÞId ði  1Þ
þ exp½ðk þ sÞZða2  a1 a3 ÞÞ þ M Z ðiÞ; ð38Þ
þ ð1  a23 ÞðrZ Z
c ðrdi a2  a1 Þ þ ðrZ
di a1  a2 ÞÞ; ð29Þ
Jc0 ði  1Þ ¼ Tcc ðiÞJc0 ði þ 1Þ þ RZ Z
cc ðiÞIc ði  1Þ; ð39Þ
ð1  r0di Þð1
 r0de Þ where i þ 1 represents the neighbouring layer in negative
R0dd ¼ r0de þ z-direction and i  1 represents the neighbouring layer
D2
pffiffiffiffiffiffi in positive z-direction (Fig. 2). The outgoing flux of a
½a3 expð A1 ZÞð1  a3 rZ
di Þ
pffiffiffiffiffiffi layer enter the neighbouring layer, then the following
Z
 expð A1 ZÞða3  rdi Þ; ð30Þ

0
0 ð1  rZ
di Þð1  rc Þ
Tcd ¼
D1 D2
pffiffiffiffiffiffi
½ða3  r0di Þ expð A1 ZÞðrZ c ða1  a2 a3 Þ
pffiffiffiffiffiffi
þ ða2  a1 a3 ÞÞ þ ð1  a3 r0di Þ expð A1 ZÞ
ðrZ
c ða2  a1 a3 Þ þ ða1  a2 a3 ÞÞ
þ ð1  a23 ÞðrZ 0
c ðrdi a1  a2 Þ exp½ðk þ sÞZ
þ ðr0di a2  a1 Þ exp½ðk þ sÞZÞ; ð31Þ

0  
0 ð1  rZ
di Þð1  rde Þ
Tdd ¼ 1  a23 ; ð32Þ
D2 Fig. 2. Relation of one layer with the neighbouring layers.
 C. Roze! et al. / Atmospheric Environment 35 (2001) 5125–5130 5129

relations hold:
IcZ ði þ 1Þ ¼ Ic0 ðiÞ; IdZ ði þ 1Þ ¼ Id0 ðiÞ; ð40Þ

JcZ ði þ 1Þ ¼ Jc0 ðiÞ; JdZ ði þ 1Þ ¼ Jd0 ðiÞ: ð41Þ

It is obvious that there are also relations between
reflection coefficients at the interfaces. System (36)–(39)
can then be written as
Ic0 ðiÞ ¼ Tcc ðiÞIc0 ði  1Þ þ R0cc ðiÞJc0 ðiÞ; ð42Þ

Id0 ðiÞ ¼ Tcd

Z
ðiÞIc0 ði  1Þ þ Tdd
Z
ðiÞId0 ði  1Þ
þ R0cd ðiÞJcZ ðiÞ þ R0dd ðiÞJdZ ðiÞ þ M 0 ðiÞ; ð43Þ

Jd0 ði  1Þ ¼ Tcd
0
ðiÞJc0 ðiÞ þ Tdd
0 0
Jd ðiÞ þ RZ 0
cd ðiÞIc ði  1Þ
0
þ RZ Z
dd ðiÞId ði  1Þ þ M ðiÞ; ð44Þ

Jc0 ði  1Þ ¼ Tcc ðiÞJc0 ðiÞ þ RZ 0

cc ðiÞIc ði  1Þ: ð45Þ
It appears that the flux vector ðIc0 ðiÞ; Id0 ðiÞ; Jd0 ðiÞ; Jc0 ðiÞÞ
Fig. 3. Nondimensional heat flux rate q=sT 4 in an isothermal
leaving a layer and entering the next one is the solution slab.
of a linear system of 4 n equations which can be easily
solved with a classical algorithm.

there is no reflection at the interface of the layer. The

4. Discussion
We consider first the very simple case of a single layer
of depth Z bounded by black walls at zero temperature,
with a gas inside, without particles. The absorption/
emission coefficient of the gas at wavelength l is k and
its optical index is 1: Using Eq. (33) to determine the flux
emitted in the limit s-0; the following expression is
found:
2 0.924 and e at 1.7.
M 0 ¼ Mb ðl; TÞ½1  expðekZÞ: ð46Þ
e Fig. 3 shows the comparison of the local radiative
Here, the nonisotropic emission of the slab is taken
into account through coefficient e; which in this case can
be exactly calculated by comparing the preceding
equation with the exact analytic value of M 0 (see
Modest, 1993):
M 0 ¼ Mb ðl; TÞ½1  2E3 ðkZÞ;
where E3 is the exponential integral of order 3. In the
case of a very small optical depth (kZ-0), if the flux is
nearly isotropic: e ¼ 2 and the following classical
formula is obtained (Modest, 1993):
M 0 ¼ Mb ðl; TÞ½1  expð2kZÞ:
In order to estimate the accuracy of the expression of the
emissive flux calculated by relation (33) when scattering
occurs, we consider now the problem of a single layer of
gas with particles at a constant temperature T bounded
by black walls at zero temperature and the results are
compared to exact solutions calculated by series expan-
sion (Modest, 1993). The optical index of the gas is the
same of the surrounding air and is equal to 1, so that
optical index of the particles is m ¼ 2  i and their
radius is r ¼ 5 mm: The entire cloud has a density
number of 1010 particles=m3 and the Mie calculations
are carried out for the typical wavelength of l ¼
3:1416 mm; giving a size parameter of x ¼ 2pr=l ¼ 10:
Under these assumptions, the radiative properties of the
particles are the absorption coefficient 0:8307 m1 and
the scattering coefficient 1:073 m1 : An equivalent
asymmetric coefficient is evaluated at g ¼ 0:8189; z at
heat flux rates in the isothermal slab calculated by the
present four-flux method and an exact one (Modest,
1993) for optical length t0 ¼ 0:1; 1:0 and 10:0: The
difference between the curves is negligible, leading to the
conclusion that our model is a good approximation.
Moreover, it takes into account collimated and diffuse
ð47Þ flux, reflection coefficients at interfaces and a multilayer
monodimensional geometry.
Uncited Reference
ð48Þ Modest and Azad, 1980
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