PRINCIPLES OF DEVELOPMENT PARAMETERS OF DEVELOPMENT

1. A continuous process from birth to maturity.
2. The sequence is the same in all children, but the rate varies from child to child.
3. Intimately related to the maturation of the nervous system.
4. Follows a cephalo-caudal direction.
1. GROSS MOTOR SKILLS – Pertains to body postures and large movements
2. FINE MOTOR AND VISUAL SKILLS – Manipulation, visual competence
3. RECEPTIVE LANGUAGE – Auditory competence in hearing and listening
4. EXPRESSIVE LANGUAGE – Use of language and speech
5. PERSONAL AND SOCIAL SKILLS – Competence in the organization of self,
increasing acceptance and satisfactory social stand

GROSS FINE MOTOR LANGUAGE PERSONAL AND SOCIAL

MOTOR SKILLS VISUAL SKILLS RECEPTIVE EXPRESSIVE SKILLS
- Lifts head momentarily to plane of - Watches person
1 body - Begins to smile (reflex)
MONTH - Follows moving objects accompanied by fine
- Head lag when pulled to sitting position movements
- Watches person and follows moving - Smiles and coos on social - SOCIAL SMILE:
2 - Raises head slightly farther from the objects up to 180o contact; Able to socially Reciprocal smiling due to
MONTHS surface imitation; Fosters healthy
- Most important sense used is vision interact at a limited degree
relationship
- PRIMITIVE REFLEX: Grasp reflex
- Waves arms symmetrically
- FINGER PLAY: Watches movements of own
hands before face
- Lies with head at midline - Can appreciate own hands - LOCALIZING SOUND:
- Vocalizing: “Ahh”
3 - In prone position, lifts head and upper - Visually alert Turns head and eyes towards and “Ngaa” - Midline play
MONTHS chest - CLASPS AND UNCLASPS HANDS: Both the sound to localize it
- Arms are extended hands are utilized to grab or reach objects
- Holds rattle for a FEW seconds only when
placed in hand
- Absence of hand preference: Normally
ambidextrous before 3 years old
- Lifts head and chest
- Head lag disappears: Head support
established
4 - Hands are unclenched/ open and grasping
MONTHS - Turns to prone but cannot go back to voluntarily
original position
- Enjoys sitting with FULL TRUNCAL
SUPPORT
- PALMAR GRASP: Passes and grasps toy from - Turns to mother’s voice but
- Rolls over (prone-supine) does not recognize her name - Laughs and squeals
hand to hand; While feeding, pats bottle at the
6 - Sits WITH support same time - Measure of hearing with - Babbling repeating
MONTHS - Looks at feet by raising head from the familiarity of voice; If syllables: “mama”
- CURIOUS: Visually insatiable
pillow unfamiliar, child will not turn and “baba”
- Shakes rattle easily
8 - IMMATURE PINCER GRASP: Uses two
MONTHS - Sits WITHOUT support fingers and thumb
- INFERIOR GRASP: Picks up small objects
- Object Permanence: Looks at fallen objects
- CRUISING: Pulls on to support to be able - Holds, bites and chews biscuits - Understands “no” and - Shouts - Imitation: Measures
9 - Tries to grasp spoon when fed language and cognitive
MONTHS to stand “bye” - Babbles loudly:
- IMITATION: Plays peek-a-boo and imitates hand skills
- ATTEMPTS to crawl to get an object - Listens “dad-dad” “mam-mam”
clapping
- MATURE PINCER GRASP: Uses index and
thumb
11 - WEIGHT BEARING: Stands ALONE and
MONTHS lets go of support
- Calling parents:
- Understand simple Mama and Papa
- CASTING: Drops and throws toys; Practice of instructions: “Bless” and - Jargons loudly:
12 - Walks ALONE Incomprehensible
object permanence “Say bye” - Pat-a-cake, bye-bye
MONTHS - May crawl up the stairs sounds since
- Knows and turns to own
vocabulary has not yet
name expanded and infant is
trying to communicate
 TYPES OF DEVELOPMENT
1. NORMAL- Typical, usual, regular and acceptable for age; Healthy and free of abnormality
2. DELAY – Development is not as advanced as it should be; Rate of development is usually unacceptable
3. DEVIATION – Development atypical to any stage level; Non-sequential over time
4. DISSOCIATION – Presence of discrepancies between streams of development

GROSS FINE MOTOR LANGUAGE PERSONAL AND

MOTOR SKILLS
- Extremely energetic
- Walks, run, stops and starts with
ease
2 - Walks up stairs (1 foot at a time)
YEAR - Able to climb to furniture, sit at table
OLD - Appreciates depth of stairs
- Attempts to thro and kick
- Tends to misjudge sizes and
distances
- Motor skills are well-established
and proficient
- Walks upstairs (alternating feet)
3 (not palmar grasp)
- Stands on one leg MOMENTARILY
YEAR
OLD - Begins to ride tricycle
- Throws and catches ball
- Can relate size of own body to
opening and spaces
- Climbs ladders and trees
- Walks and runs skillfully
- Goes up and down the stairs easily
4 - Hops
YEAR - Balances on one leg FOR A FEW
OLD SECONDS
- Expert tricycle rider
- Increased skill in ball games
- Turns at sharp corners
- Enjoys exhibiting motor skills
- Hopping, skipping with alternate
5
feet
YEAR
OLD - Dancing, sliding, swinging and
playing ball games
- Skillful in various sports
VISUAL SKILLS
- Builds a towers of 6-7 cubes
- PALMAR GRASP: Holds pencil in
preferred hand (shaft towards the
point)
- Able to draw circular, scribble
and dots
- Handedness is determined
- Enjoys picture books
- Turns pages singly
- -Builds a tower of 8-9 cubes
- Holds pencil in conventional way
- Cuts with scissors
- Copies circles, draws a man
- Enjoys painting with large brush
- Attracted to threads and beads
- Builds a tower of 10 or more
cubes
- Holds and USES pencil in
adult fashion
- Matches and names 4 primary
colors
- Copies cross and some letters
- Draws man with head, leg, trunk and
recognizable house
- Good control in writing and
drawing with pencils
- Copies square
- Writes at least 10 letters; a few
spontaneously
- Can draw many pictures
- Names 4 primary colors and
matches 10-12 colors
- Counts fingers on one hand
RECEPTIVE EXPRESSIVE SOCIAL SKILLS
- Hands and names - Spoon feeds without spilling
familiar objects - Puts on shoes
- Uses 50 or more words - Verbalizes toilet needs in reasonable time
- Understands many words and 2 word sentences - Imitates domestic activities
- Enjoys doing little errands - Intelligible to family - Make believe activities
- Carries out simple - Puts 2-3 words together - Constantly demands mother’s attention
instructions - Jargon is disappearing - Defends possessions (no sharing)
- Increased vocabulary - ECHOLALIA or repetition - Tantrums
of words is appearing - PARALLEL PALY: Plays near children but do not play with
- Talks to self continuously them
as he plays - No understanding of need to modify
- Speech is well-developed, fairly clear but - Eats with spoon and fork
persistent infantile phonetic patterns and
unconventional grammatical forms - Dry through the night
- Listens eagerly to stories - Make believe friends
- Keeps surroundings clean
- Extensive vocabulary
- Carries simple conversations - Washes hands
- Gives full name, age and sex - Floor play with bricks, boxes and trains
- Ask W questions: What, who, where? - Girls often talk to dolls
- 3 word sentences - Boys play with tools cars and engines
- Describes present activities and past experiences
GENERAL BEHAVIOR: More amenable, affectionate and
- Still talks to self in long monotonous monologues confiding; joins other children in make-believe; Shows
- Counts up to 10 or more affection to younger sibling; Shows appreciation of need to
- Knows several nursery rhymes defer satisfaction of wishes to future
- Eats SKILFULLY with spoon and fork
- Speech is grammatically correct - Can undress and dress
- Few infantile phonetic substitutions - Aware and attend to toilet needs
- Listens and tells stories of recent events and - Dramatic, make-believe play and dress-up
experiences - Likes companionship with other children
- Gives full name, age and home address - Brushes teeth and washes hands
- Ask Questions: Why, where, how?
- Constructive out door building with available materials
- Completely intelligible to everybody
GENERAL BEHAVIOR: More independent, verbal
- Enjoys fantasy stories, confuses fact and fantasy
impertinence (pilosopo); Alternately cooperative and
- Begins to count objects by words and touch
aggressive with playmates and adults; Concern for siblings;
- Counts up to 20 Sympathy for playmates in distress; Appreciates past
present and future; Understands taking turns and sharing
- Speech is fluent (Grammatically and
phonetically correct) - Use of knife and fork competently
- Defines concrete nouns - Undress and dress alone
- Understands 4-5 step commands - Stills enjoys dress up and make believe
- Givens full name, age, birthday and home address - Goes on simple errands and help around the house
- Loves to read and tell stories - Washes and dries face and hands
- Enjoys jokes and riddles
GENERAL BEHAVIOR: More sensible, controlled and
- Definite sense of humor independent, Comprehends need for order and tidiness;
- Names coins and colors; Names part of the day Appreciates meaning of clock time in relation to daily
- Appreciates similarities and differences program; Plays companionably with other children but
chooses friends; Shows understanding for the needs of
- Counts 20 or more
other people; Protective toward younger children and pets
- Sings, rhymes and jingles