Math 306

Foundations of Mathematics I

Goals of this class

• Introduction to important mathematical
concepts
• Development of mathematical reasoning skills
• Study of formal proof techniques
• Discussion of applications

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 Outline of Topics
• Mathematical Logic
• Proof Techniques
• Mathematical Induction
• Set Theory
• Functions
• Relations

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 Logic
• Logic is study of abstract reasoning,
specifically,
concerned with whether reasoning is
correct.
• Logic focuses on
relationship among statements
as opposed to
the content of any particular statement.

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 Example
Sequence of statements:
1) All students take Math306.
2) Anyone who takes Math306 is a Math major.
3) Therefore, all students are Math majors.

If (1) and (2) were true,

then logic would assure that (3) is true.

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 Outline of logic topics
• Simple Statements
• Compound Statements
• Conditional Statements
• Quantified Statements
• Valid and Invalid Arguments for all
kind of statements

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 Logical Statements
Definition: A statement is a sentence that
is true or false but not both.

Examples: 3+5=8 (true statement)

Today is Friday (false statement)

Note: x>y is not a statement

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 Logical Connectives
For given statements p and q:

• Negation of p: ~p (not p)

• Conjunction of p and q: ( p and q)

• Disjunction of p and q: (p or q)

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Truth table for negation

p ~p
T F

F T

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Truth table for conjunction

p q

T T T
T F F
F T F
F F F
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Truth table for disjunction

p q

T T T
T F T
F T T
F F F
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 Statement form
• Expression made up of
statement variables (such as p,q)
and logical connectives;
• becomes a statement when
actual statements are substituted
for the variables.

Example:
(Exclusive Or)

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 Truth Table
for a Statement Form
Ex: Truth table for

p q ~p
T T F T F
T F F T F
F T T T T
F F T F F

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 Logical equivalence
• Statements P and Q are
logically equivalent:
if and only if
they have identical truth values
for each substitution of
their component statement variables.

Ex:

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 Verifying logical equivalence
Ex:

p q ~p ~q
T T F F T F F
T F F T T F F
F T T F T F F
F F T T F T T

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 Important Logical Equivalences
• Double negation:
• De Morgan’s laws:

Ex: negation of -5 < x < 7 is

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Tautologies and Contradictions
• Tautology is a statement form
which is true
for all values of statement variables.
E.g., is a tautology:
• Contradiction is a statement form
which is false
for all values of statement variables.
E.g., is a contradiction:

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 More Logical Equivalences
• Commutative laws:

• Associative laws:

• Distributive laws:

• Absorption laws:

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Simplifying Statement Forms

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