Name: Bade, Saint J O.

Date: 9/28/2021
Program: CE_1g_ce7 Score:

Activity 2.3 Elementary Mathematical Logic

I. Given p and q, express the following compound propositions as a sentence: p: 𝑛2 + 1 is an
even number. q: 𝑛 is an odd integer.

1. ~𝒑 𝑛2 + 1 is not an even number.

2. ~𝒑 ∨ 𝒒 𝑛 2 + 1 is not an even number or 𝑛 is an odd integer.
3. 𝒑 ∧ ~𝒒 𝑛2 + 1 is an even number and 𝑛 is not an odd integer.
4. 𝒒 → 𝒑 If 𝑛 is an odd integer, then 𝑛2 + 1 is an even number.
5. ~𝒑 ↔ ~𝒒 𝑛2 + 1 is not an even number if and only if 𝑛 is not an odd integer.

II. Complete the following truth table and supply necessary columns to create tautology,
contradiction, and logically equivalent propositions.
tautology contradiction logically equivalent
𝒑 𝒒 𝒓 𝒑→𝒒 𝒑∧𝒒 (𝒑 ∧ 𝒒) ⟷ 𝒓 ~𝒓 𝒓∨~𝒓 ~𝒑 𝒑∧~𝒑 𝒑↔𝒒 ~𝒒 ~ (𝒑 ↔ 𝒑 ↔ ~𝒒
𝒒)

T T T T T T F T F F T F F F
T T F T T F T T F F T F F F
T F T F F F F T F F F T T T
T F F F F T T T F F F T T T
F T T T F T F T T F F F T T
F T F T F T T T T F F F T T
F F T T F T F T T F T T F F
F F F T F T T T T F T T F F

III. Determine the truth value of each of these statements if the domain consists of all integers.
State your reason.

1. ∀𝑥, (𝑥 2 > 𝑥)
Solution: “∀𝑥, (𝑥 2 > 𝑥)” is not true for all integers because, (1)2 > (1) is false. Thus, ∀𝑥, (𝑥 2 >
𝑥) is false and x=1 is a counterexample.
𝑦
2. ∃ 𝑦, (𝑦 < 2 − 1)
𝑦
Solution: “∃ 𝑦, (𝑦 < 2
− 1)”, but when you plug in numbers from y < −2, it makes the
𝑦
statement true. Thus, ∃ 𝑦, (𝑦 < 2
− 1) only becomes true when y= (−∞, −2)
3. ∀𝑦, (𝑦 2 ≠ 𝑦)
Solution: “∀𝑦, (𝑦 2 ≠ 𝑦)” is true for all integers except when y is equal to 0 and 1, because
(0)2 ≠ 0 and (1)2 ≠ 1 makes it false.
4. ∃𝑥, 𝑦, (4𝑥 > 5𝑦) where 𝑥 < 𝑦
Solution: “∃𝑥, 𝑦, (4𝑥 > 5𝑦) where 𝑥 < 𝑦” is not true for all integers because there are no values
in the domain that can satisfy the statement.

5. ∀𝑥, 𝑦, (𝑥𝑦 > 0) where 𝑥 = 𝑦

Solution: “∀𝑥, 𝑦, (𝑥𝑦 > 0) where 𝑥 = 𝑦” is true for all integers except when (x) and (y) are
both equal to 0 because (0)(0)> 0 makes it false.