Subject Incharge : Prof.

Chhaya Patil
Academic Year : 2020-2021
Class / Div : TE / B
Sem : V
Date : 12/10/2020

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 • Rotor Dynamics:
Critical speed of single rotor, undamped and damped

Balancing:
Static and Dynamic balancing of multi rotor system,
balancing of reciprocating masses in In-line engines,
V-engines (excluding other radial engines)

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  In applications like : IC. engines, reciprocating compressors and reciprocating
pumps, the reciprocating parts are subjected to continuous acceleration and
retardation.
 Due to this continuous acceleration and retardation, the inertia force acts on the
reciprocating parts which is in a direction opposite to the direction of acceleration.
 This inertia force is disturbing force or unbalanced dynamic force acting on the
reciprocating parts.
 Hence, the balancing of the reciprocating parts or masses means eliminating,
partially or completely the effect of inertia force by using suitable balancing
masses.
 The balancing of reciprocating masses is divided into following areas :

1.Balancing of Reciprocating Masses in Single Cylinder Engine

2. Balance of Reciprocating Masses in Multi-Cylinder Inline Engines
3. Balance of Reciprocating Masses in V-Engines
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  Balancing of Reciprocating Masses in Single Cylinder Engines

The balancing of reciprocating masses in single cylinder engine involves :

 Determination of unbalanced forces (inertia forces) due to

reciprocating parts.
 Balancing of the unbalanced forces by convenient method.

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  Hence, the unbalanced force due to reciprocating mass is given by,
Fu = Fp+ Fs

Where,
 Fp = Primary unbalanced force
Fs = Secondary unbalanced force

 The unbalanced force or inertia force Fu acts along the line of stroke and its
direction is opposite to that of the acceleration of reciprocating mass.

 Thus, in reciprocating engine mechanism, the unbalanced force consists of two

parts:

Primary unbalanced force (Fp)

Secondary unbalanced force (Fs)
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  Primary unbalanced force (Fp)
 Fp = mω2 r cos ɵ is termed as the primary unbalanced force and is due to the
S.H.M. of the reciprocating parts

 The primary unbalanced force is maximum when ɵ = 0° or 180 i.e. twice in one
rotation of the crank.

 Secondary unbalanced force (Fs)

Fs = mω2 r [ cos 2ɵ/n] is termed as the secondary unbalanced force and is due to
the obliquity of the arrangement.

 The secondary unbalanced force Is maximum when ɵ = 0, 90, 180 and 360 i.e.
four times in one rotation of the crank

 Thus, the frequency of secondary unbalanced force is twice as that of the primary
unbalanced force 8
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  Primary unbalanced force (Fp)
 Fp = mω2 r cos ɵ is termed as the primary unbalanced force and is due to the
S.H.M. of the reciprocating parts

 The primary unbalanced force is maximum when ɵ = 0° or 180 i.e. twice in one
rotation of the crank.

 Secondary unbalanced force (Fs)

Fs = mω2 r [ cos 2ɵ/n] is termed as the secondary unbalanced force and is due to
the obliquity of the arrangement.

 The secondary unbalanced force Is maximum when ɵ = 0, 90, 180 and 360 i.e.
four times in one rotation of the crank

 Thus, the frequency of secondary unbalanced force is twice as that of the primary
unbalanced force 9
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  However, the magnitude of the secondary unbalanced force is 1/n times
that of the primary unbalanced force. Therefore, in case of low or
moderate specd engines, the secondary unbalanced force is small and 1s
generally neglected. But in case of high speed engines, the secondary
unbalanced force is taken into account

 It is important to note that, In a single cylinder reciprocating engines, all

reciprocating and rotating masses are in the single plane. Hence, for
complete balance only 1orces (primary and secondary) have to be
balanced and there 1s no unbalanced couple.

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  The unbalanced force due to reciprocating mass varies in magnitude
but constant in direction (along the line of stroke),
while the unbalanced force due to rotating mass is constant in
magnitude ( m ω2) but varies in direction.

 Therefore a single rotating mass can not be used to balance a

reciprocating mass completely.

 However, a single rotating mass can be used to partially balance the

reciprocating mass..

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 Q. Explain why only a part of the unbalance force in reciprocating
mass is balanced by revolving mass. Derive the resultant unbalance
primary force it c% balancing is achieved.

 in case of low or moderate speed engine, the seconaary

unbalanced force is small and hence can be neglected.
The primary unbalanced force acting on the reciprocating
engine is given by,
Fp = mω2r cos ɵ

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  The primary unbalanced force ( m ω2 r cos ɵ) may be treated as the
component of centiugal force along the line o stroke produced by an
imaginary rotating mass m placed at crank pin C as shown in Fig . 12.8.3

 Hence, the balancing of primary unbalanced force ( m ω2 r cos ɵ) is

considered as equivalent to the balancing of component of centrifugal
force along the line of stroke, due to mass 'm' which is placed at crank pin
"C",

 This can be achieved by attaching a balancing mb at radius rb

diametncally opposite to the crank as shown in Fig. 12.8.4.

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 1. Effect of balancing mass(mb)

 The balancing mass mb produces centrifugal force mb ω2 rb as shown in Fig.

12.8.4. This centrifugal force has Two components
(i) mb ω2 rb cos ɵ (along the line of stroke)
(ii) mb ω2 rb sin ɵ (perpendicular to the line of strike)

(i) mb ω2 rb cos ɵ
 This component of centrifugal force due to balancing mass mb along the line of
stroke and is in opposite direction to that of the primary unbalanced force
( mω2 r cos ɵ)
 this component is responsible for balancing the primary unbalanced force,
 The primary unbalanced force is completely balanced for all angular position if
mb ω2 rb cos ɵ = mω2 r cos ɵ
mb rb = m r
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1. Effect of balancing mass(mb)

(ii) mb ω2 rb sin ɵ (perpendicular to the line of strike)

 This component of centrifugal force due to balancing mass mb perpendicular to

the line of stroke.

 This is the unbalanced force perpendicular to the line of stroke, produced due to
balancing of primary unbalanced force ( Fp)

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2. Partial balancing ot primary unbalanced force

 If the primary unbalanced force Fp to be completely balanced, then mb rb = mr

 In such case, the maximum unbalanced force perpendicular to the line of stroke is
mω2r which is same as the maximum primary unbalanced force.

 Thus, the effect of the above method of balancing is to change the direction of
maximum unbalanced force from that along the line of stroke to that perpendicular
to the line of stroke.

 In practice, a compromise is achieved by balancing only a portion of the primary

unbalanced force, The balancing mass mb placed diametrically opposite
to the crank pin is such that,
mb ω2 rb cos ɵ = c mω2 r cos ɵ
mb rb = c m r where c < 1 17
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