Minar-e-Pakistan

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Minar-e-Pakistan
‫مینا ِر پاکستان‬

Location within Lahore

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General information

Status National Tower of Pakistan

Type Public monument

Location Lahore, Punjab

 Pakistan

Coordinates 31.5925°N
 74.3095°ECoordinates:  31.5925°N

74.3095°E

Construction 23 March 1960

started

Completed 21 October 1968

Height

Roof 70 metres (230 ft)[1]

Design and construction

Architect Nasreddin Murat-Khan

Structural A Rehman Niazi

engineer

Services engineer Mian Abdul Ghani Mughal

Main contractor Mian Abdul khaliq company

Minar-e-Pakistan (Urdu: ‫مینار پاکستان‬
ِ ) is a national monument located in Lahore, Pakistan.
 The tower was built between 1960 and 1968 on the site where the All-India Muslim
[2]

League passed the Lahore Resolution on 23 March 1940 - the first official call for a
separate and independent homeland for the Muslims of British India, as espoused by
the two-nation theory. The resolution eventually helped lead to the emergence of an
independent Pakistani state in 1947.

Contents

 1Design
o 1.1Structure
o 1.2Inscriptions
 2Symbolic importance
 3Construction
 4Gallery
 5See also
 6References
 7External links

Design[edit]
The tower reflects a blend of Mughal/Islamic and modern architecture.
The tower was designed and supervised by, Nasreddin Murat-Khan a Russian-born
Pakistani architect and civil engineer.  The foundation stone was laid on 23 March
[3]
1960. Construction took eight years, and was completed on 21 October 1968 at an
estimated cost of Rs 7,058,000. The money was collected by imposing an additional tax
on cinema and horse racing tickets at the demand of Akhtar Hussain, governor of West
Pakistan. Today, the minaret provides a panoramic view to visitors who can't climb up
the stairs or access the top, by means of an elevator. The parks around the monument
include marble fountains and an artificial lake.
Structure[edit]

The monument sits atop a plinth

The base is about 8 metres above the ground. The tower rises about 62 metres on the
base, the total height of the minar is about 70 metres above the ground. The unfolding
petals of the flower-like base are 9 metres high. The diameter of the tower is about 9.75
meters. The rostrum is built of patterned tiles, and faces Badshahi Mosque. The base
comprises four platforms. To symbolise the humble beginning of the freedom struggle,
first platform is built with uncut stones from Taxila, second platform is made of hammer-
dressed stones, whereas third platform is of chiselled stones. Polished white marble at
the fourth and final platform depicts the success of the Pakistan Movement.  Mr.
[4]

Mukhtar Masood, a prolific writer and the then–deputy commissioner of Lahore, was
one of the members of the Building Committee. Mian Abdul Khaliq and Company.
Services engineer Mian Abdul Ghani Mughal went on to build many other landmarks of
Pakistan including Gaddafi Stadium Lahore, City Hospital Gujranwala, Chand da Qila
By-Pass Gujranwala, Lords Hotel, and University of Punjab Campus Gujranwala
Inscriptions[edit]
At the base, there are floral inscriptions on ten converging white
marble Commemorative plaques. The inscriptions include the text of Lahore Resolution
in Urdu, Bengali and English, and Delhi Resolution's text, which was passed on 9 April
1946. On different plaques, Quranic verses and 99 names of Allah are inscribed
in Arabic calligraphy, whereas National Anthem of Pakistan in Urdu and Bengali,
excerpts from the speeches of Muhammad Ali Jinnah, in Urdu, Bengali and English,
along with few couplets of Allama Iqbal include the other important inscriptions. [4]

\
Tomb of Khan-e-Jahan Bahadur Kokaltash
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Tomb of Khan-e-Jahan Bahadur

Kokaltash

‫خان جہاں بہادر کوکلتاش‬

ِ ‫مقبرہ‬

Tomb of Khan-e-Jahan Bahadur Kokaltash

Location

Location Mohalla Ganj, Lahore, Punjab,

Pakistan

Geograp 31°33′34.74″N 74°21′59
hic
.57″ECoordinates:  31°33′3
coordina
4.74″N 74°21′59.57″E
tes

Architecture

Type Tomb

Style Indo-Islamic, Mughal

Complet c. December 1697–1698

ed
 Specifications

Dome(s) 1

Dome 30.1752 meters (99 foot)

dia.

(inner)

Material Bricks, marble

Tomb of Khan-e-Jahan Bahadur Kokaltash (Urdu: ‫خان جہاں بہادر کوکلتاش‬ ِ ‫ )مقبرہ‬is a 17th-

century tomb of a Mughal governor that is located in Mohalla Ganj, in the Pakistani city
of Lahore.

Contents

 1History
 2Structure
 3Conservation
 4Gallery
 5See also
 6References

History[edit]
Khan-e-Jahan Bahadur Zafar Jung Kokaltash served as Mughal Sūbehdar (governor) of
Lahore from 11 April 1691 – 1693. In mid of 1693, Emperor Aurangzeb Alamgir
dismissed him from this office. Four years later, Khan-e-Jahan died on 23 November
1697 in Lahore and buried the location of this tomb.
Historic evidences are obscure about Khan-e-Jahan. Historians have different views
about that who is buried here. Historian Kanhaiya Lal give remarks that he was
a Vizier and Umrā-ul-Umrā during the reign of Mughal Emperor Akbar and he died in
1602.  But in later Mughal History, we can find who is buried here?. He was a great
[1]

noble-man, named Khan-e-Jahan Bahadur Zafar Jung Kokaltash, during the reign of
Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb. Mostly historians disagree from Kanhaiya Lal's historic
remark. Historian Noor Ahmed Chishti have not written any view about Khan-e-Jahan
Bahadur in his "Tehqeeqt-e-Chishti", but only wrote about tomb's structure.[2]

The grave of Khan-e-Jahan was demolished in Ranjit Singh's Era. When the Sikh
Empire collapsed in 1849, and construction of Lahore Cantonment was in underway,
Some English chiefs converted this tomb into Dancing House.  It is one of the last
[2][1]

tomb, who built in the late era of Aurangzeb.

Structure[edit]
Present grave of Khan-e-Jahan Bahadur Kokaltash in tomb

The tomb was built in 1697–1698, After the death of Khan-e-Jahan. But certain years of
construction are unknown. It is built on an octagonal platform by bricks and marble. The
tomb is composed in octagon shape of architecture.
The grave was adorned with marble. In the early British India period, grave was
demolished, when the construction of Mian-Mir Cantonment was in underway.  The[1][2]

tomb has two-storey building, can reach to upper building via stairs.

Conservation[edit]
The mausoleum is protected under the Punjab Special Premises Act of 1975. The
present appearance is much denuded. In Indo-Pakistani War of 1965, most of southern
and eastern facade collapsed. The dome is now supported by a brick-pillar of modern
design. The Kalib-Kari (Muqarnas) of upper storey is also damaged.

Tomb of Ali Mardan Khan

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Tomb of Ali Mardan Khan

‫مقبرہ علی مردان خان‬
 View of the tomb from the gateway

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General information

Type Mausoleum

Architectural Mughal

style

Location Lahore, Punjab   Pakistan

Coordinates 31.5738°N

74.3633°ECoordinates:  31.5738°N 74.3633°E

Completed 1630s
 A view from the roof, with the gateway

The Tomb of Ali Mardan Khan (Urdu:‫ )مقبرہ علی مردان خان‬is a Mughal era tomb in the city
of Lahore, Pakistan that was built in the 1630s. [1]

Contents

 1Background
 2Architecture
 3Conservation
 4Gallery
 5References

Background[edit]
Ali Mardan Khan was a Kurd who first worked in the court of the
Persian Safavid ruler Shah Safi, before moving to the Mughal court.  The tomb is of
[2]

octagonal plan. [3]

He was experienced in the management of engineering works, especially the

construction of canals, and worked on many large projects in the Mughal territories in
modern Pakistan and Afghanistan. He was appointed as the governor
of Kashmir, Lahore and Kabul, then of the Punjab in 1639. Khan died in 1657 while
going to Kashmir. [3]

Though Khan was an engineer and courtier, he has come to be locally regarded as a
notable spiritual figure, and locals call the tomb Mardan Khan's durbar (shrine). The
grave is in a chamber below ground level, accessed by stairs, and has been decorated
by visitors as though it were a saint's shrine.
[3]

Architecture[edit]
The corners of the tombs once all had small domes.

The tomb is now in a semi-ruined state, lacking its decorations, though the main
structure is intact. This is in brick with a dome of 42 feet (13 m) in diameter above an
octagonal drum with iwans on each side. There are kiosks around the top of the drum.
The tomb stands on an octagonal podium, with each side 58 feet (18 m) at the edge. It
would have been originally decorated with stone facings and inlays (kashi kari), and
fresco paintings, some traces of which remain on the tomb. The two storey gatehouse
has retained much more of its decoration; originally there were perhaps four gateways.
The tomb would have stood in the centre of a paradise garden as other Mughal tombs
do. [3]

Conservation[edit]
The tomb is surrounded by railway property, and located in Mughalpura road (which
was earlier known as Vetman Road or Wheatman Road) which is from right from
the Grand Trunk Road.  Near the railway track on the road is a sign board where "MET-
[3]

1" is written, beyond which lies the gate through which people can access the tomb,
through a passageway. [

Tomb of Anarkali
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Tomb of Anarkali

‫مقبرہ انارکلی‬
 Location in Lahore

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Coordinates 31°34′43″N 74°21′50″ECoordinates: 

31°34′43″N 74°21′50″E

Location Lahore, Punjab   Pakistan

Type Mausoleum

Material brick

Completion date 1599 C.E., or 1615 C.E.

Dedicated to Either Sahib-i-Jamal Begum, or Anarkali

The Tomb of Anarkali (Urdu: ‫ )مقبره انارکلی‬is an octagonal 16th

century Mughal monument in Lahore, capital of the Pakistani province of Punjab.
 Contents

 1Background
 2History
 3Architecture
o 3.1Cenotaph
 4Conservation
 5References

Background[edit]
The tomb of Anarkali is located on the grounds of Lahore's Punjab Civil Secretariat
complex near the British-era Mall, southwest of the Walled City of Lahore. It is
considered to be one of the earliest Mughal tombs still in existence, and is considered to
be one of the most significant buildings of the early Mughal period.  The building is
[1]

currently used as the Punjab Archives, and public access is limited.

History[edit]
Construction of the tomb dates to either 1599 C.E., or 1615 C.E. [2]

The tomb was said to be built by the Mughal Emperor Jehangir for his love Anarkali, as
per legend, was caught by Emperor Akbar for exchanging glances with Jehangir, at the
time known as Prince Saleem. Anarkali was reportedly a concubine of Emperor Akbar,
and this action reportedly enraged the Emperor Akbar so much, that he had Anarkali
interred alive in a wall. When Prince Saleem ascended the throne and took the name
"Jehangir," he is reported to have ordered the construction of a tomb over the site of the
wall in which Anarkali was reportedly buried. [2]

Eighteenth-century historian Abdullah Chagatai reported that the tomb was not the
resting place for Anarkali, but instead for Jehangir's beloved wife Sahib-i-Jamal Begum.
 Many modern historians accept the credulity of this account.  The building is currently
[2] [1]

used as the Punjab Archives, so access to the public is limited.

During the time of the Sikh Empire, the tomb was occupied by Kharak Singh,  and later [3]

was further desecrated by its conversion into the residence for the wife of General Jean-
Baptiste Ventura, who was employed in the army of Ranjit Singh.  The tomb was then
[1]

converted during the British Raj into clerical offices in 1847 before repurposing the tomb
into the Anglican St. James Church in 1851, and later regarded as Lahore's "Protestant
Cathedral."  In 1891, the church congregation was relocated, and the tomb was
[4]

repurposed as the Punjab Record Office. [1]

The occupant's cenotaph was removed when the tomb was repurposed into a church.
When the building no longer served as a church, the cenotaph was placed at the site of
the former altar, and not at the original site of the cenotaph.
[1]

Architecture[edit]
The structure's foundation are in the basic shape of an octagon, with alternating
measurements of 44 feet and 30 feet for each side with semi-octagonal towers at each
corner. The structure is also topped by a double-dome, and is one of the earlier
examples of such a dome from the Mughal era. The dome rests upon 8 arches, each
measuring 12 feet 3 inches. [1]

The large arches in the sides of the building were once open in typical Mughal fashion,
but were blocked off by the British. [3]

The building is today covered in whitewashing. It was reportedly once surrounded by a

garden.  The building is currently used as the Punjab Archives, so access to the public
[3]

is limited. [1]

Cenotaph[edit]

The richly carved cenotaph is made of white marble.

The white marble cenotaph features carvings with the 99 names of Allah, and was
described by 19th-century historians as "one of the finest pieces of carving in the
world." [5]

In addition to the 99 names of Allah, the cenotaph is inscribed with a Persian couplet
written by the Emperor Jehangir which reads: "Ah! could I behold the face of my
beloved once more, I would give thanks unto my God until the day of resurrection." [1]

Conservation[edit]
The tomb is listed on the Protected Heritage Monuments of the Archaeology
Department of Punjab. [6]

References

Baradari (building)
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Baradari also Bara Dari (Urdu: ‫ )بارہ دری‬is a building or pavilion with twelve doors
designed to allow free flow of air. The structure has three doorways on every side of the
square-shaped structure.
Because of their outstanding acoustic features, these buildings were particularly well-
suited for mujra dance or courtesan dance performances by the noble courtesans .
They were also well-suited for live performances and private concerts by various
musicians and poets in front of the ruling kings of the time. They were also valued for
their fresh air during hot summers of India. Bara in Urdu/Hindi means Twelve and the
word Dar means 'door'. Baradaris were also often used to host religious congregations,
particularly in the Muslim communities (like Friday and Eid prayers).

Baradaris[edit]

Hazuri Bagh Baradari Lahore, Pakistan

Some of the historic baradaris are Taramati Baradari,  Hazuri Bagh Baradari,

[1]

 Goshamal Baradari, Baradari at Palace of Man Singh I at Amber Fort Jaipur. etc.

[2]