Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Communication Systems
Design
Telecommunication Systems
Objectives:
▪ Name & describe the components in conventional &
electronic telephones.
▪ Describe the characteristics of the various signals
used in telephone communication.
▪ State the general operation of a cordless telephone.
▪ Describe the operation of a PBX.
▪ Explain the hierarchy of signal transmission within the
telephone system.
18-1: Telephones
▪ The telephone system is the largest and most complex
electronic communication system in the world.
▪ The primary purpose of the telephone system is to
provide voice communication.
▪ It is also widely used for many other purposes
including facsimile transmission and computer data
transmission.
18-1: Telephones
▪ The original telephone system was designed for full-
duplex analog communication of voice signals.
▪ Today, this system is still primarily used for voice, but it
employs mostly digital techniques, not only in signal
transmission but also in control operations.
▪ The telephone system permits any telephone to
connect with any other telephone in the world.
▪ Each telephone must have a unique identification
code—the 10-digit telephone number assigned to
each telephone.
18-1: Telephones
The Local Loop
▪ Standard telephones are connected to the telephone
system by way of a two-wire, twisted-pair cable that
terminates at the local exchange or central office.
▪ As many as 10,000 telephone lines can be connected to
a single central office.
▪ The two-wire, twisted-pair connection between the
telephone and central office is referred to as the local
loop or subscriber loop.
▪ The circuits in the telephone and at the central office
form a complete electric circuit, or loop.
18-1: Telephones
18-1: Telephones
Telephone Set
▪ A basic telephone or telephone set is an analog
baseband transceiver.
▪ It has a handset which contains a microphone and a
speaker, better known as a transmitter and a receiver.
▪ It also contains a ringer and a dialing mechanism.
▪ The ringer is either a bell or an electronic oscillator
connected to a speaker.
18-1: Telephones
Telephone Set
▪ A switch hook is a double-pole mechanical switch that
is usually controlled by a mechanism actuated by the
telephone handset.
▪ When the handset is “on the hook,” the hook switch is
open, thereby isolating all the telephone circuitry from
the central office local loop.
▪ When a call is to be made or to be received, the
handset is taken off the hook, closing the switch and
connecting the telephone circuitry to the local loop.
18-1: Telephones
Telephone Set
▪ The dialing circuits provide a way for entering the
telephone number to be called.
▪ Most telephones use the dual-tone multifrequency
(DTMF) system.
▪ The handset contains a microphone for the transmitter
and a speaker or receiver.
▪ The hybrid circuit is a special transformer used to
convert signals from the four wires from the transmitter
and receiver into a signal suitable for a single two-line
pair to the local loop.
18-1: Telephones
18-1: Telephones
Standard Telephone and Local Loop
▪ The central office applies a −48 V dc over the twisted-
pair line to the telephone.
▪ When a subscriber picks up the telephone, the switch
hook closes, connecting the circuitry to the telephone
line.
▪ The frequency response of the local loop is
approximately 300 to 3400 Hz.
▪ Telephone wires are usually color coded: The tip wire is
green and usually connected to ground, and the ring
wire is red.
18-1: Telephones
Figure 18-4: Tip and ring designation on an old plug and jack.
© 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies
14
18-1: Telephones
Ringer
▪ The ringer in most older telephones is an
electromechanical bell.
▪ The ringing voltage supplied by the central office is a
sine wave of approximately 90 Vrms at a frequency of
about 20 Hz.
▪ In US telephones, the ringing voltage occurs for 1 s
followed by a 3-s interval.
18-1: Telephones
Transmitter
▪ The transmitter is the microphone into which you speak
during a telephone call.
▪ In a standard telephone, this microphone uses a carbon
element that effectively translates acoustical vibrations
into resistance changes.
▪ The transmitter element is in series with the telephone
circuit, which includes the 48-V central office battery
and the speaker in the remote handset.
18-1: Telephones
18-1: Telephones
Receiver
▪ The receiver, or earpiece, is basically a small
permanent magnet speaker.
▪ A diaphragm is physically attached to a coil which rests
inside a permanent magnet.
▪ Whenever a voice signal comes down a telephone line,
it develops a current in the receiver coil.
▪ The coil produces a magnetic field that interacts with
the permanent-magnet field.
▪ The result is vibration of the diaphragm which converts
electrical energy into acoustic energy that supplies the
voice to the ear.
18-1: Telephones
Hybrid
▪ The hybrid, sometimes called an induction coil, is a
device composed of several transformers that is used to
simultaneously transmit and receive on a single pair of
wires.
▪ The windings on the transformers are connected so that
signals produced by the transmitter are put on the two-
wire local loop but do not occur in the receiver and vice-
versa.
18-1: Telephones
Hybrid
▪ In practice, the hybrid windings permit a small amount
of the voice signal to occur in the receiver. This provides
feedback, called side tone, to the speaker so that she
or he may speak with normal volume.
18-1: Telephones
▪ All telephones contain some type of component or
circuit that provides automatic voice level
adjustment so that the signal levels are
approximately the same regardless of the loop lengths
of the two telephones connected to each other.
▪ The use of a rotary dialing mechanism produces what
is known as pulse dialing.
▪ A dialing system called TouchTone uses pairs of audio
tones to create signals representing the numbers to be
dialed.
18-1: Telephones
Electronic Telephones
▪ In the late 1950s, electronic telephones became
practical and today most telephones use integrated
circuits.
▪ Most multiple-line and full-featured telephones contain
microprocessors.
▪ A built-in microprocessor permits automatic control of
the telephone’s functions and provides features such as
telephone number storage and automatic dialing and
redialing that are not possible in conventional
telephones.
18-1: Telephones
Electronic Telephones: Typical IC Electronic Telephone
▪ Most functions of an electronic telephone are
implemented with circuits contained within a single IC.
▪ A TouchTone keypad drives a DTMF tone generator
circuit.
▪ An external crystal or ceramic resonator provides an
accurate frequency reference for generating the dual
dialing tones.
18-1: Telephones
Electronic Telephones: Typical IC Electronic Telephone
▪ A tone ringer is driven by the 20-Hz ringing signal from
the phone line and drives a piezoelectric sound
element.
▪ The IC contains a built-in line voltage regulator.
▪ An internal speech network contains a number of
amplifiers and related circuits that fully duplicate the
function of a hybrid in a standard telephone.
▪ A bridge rectifier provides a pulsating dc voltage.
▪ When the hook switch closes, the dc voltage is applied
around an RC circuit.
18-1: Telephones
Electronic Telephones: Microprocessor Control
▪ All modern electronic telephones contain a built-in
microcontroller.
▪ This microcontroller contains the CPU, a ROM in which
a control program is stored, a small amount of random
access read-write memory, and I/O circuits.
▪ The microcontroller, usually a single-chip IC, may be
directly connected to the telephone IC, or some type of
intermediate interface circuit may be used.
18-1: Telephones
Electronic Telephones: Microprocessor Control
▪ Functions performed by the microcomputer include:
▪ Operating keyboard
▪ Operating display (if included)
▪ Storing telephone numbers
▪ Automatic redialing
▪ Storing commonly called numbers
▪ Voice mail
▪ Caller ID feature
18-1: Telephones
Electronic Telephones: Voice Mail
▪ Voice mail, a feature previously called an answering
machine, is implemented on most electronic phones.
▪ The microcontroller automatically answers a call after a
preprogrammed number of rings and saves the voice
message.
▪ In modern phones, the voice message is digitized and
compressed and then stored in a small flash ROM
ready for replay.
18-1: Telephones
Electronic Telephones: Caller ID
▪ Caller ID, also known as the calling line identification
service, is a feature that is now widely implemented on
most electronic telephones.
▪ To make use of this service, you must sign up and pay
for it on a monthly basis.
▪ With this feature, any calling number will be displayed
on an LCD readout when the phone is ringing.
18-1: Telephones
Electronic Telephones: Line Interface
▪ Most telephones are connected by way of a thin
multiwire cable to a wall jack.
▪ An RJ-11 modular connector plugs into the matching
wall jack.
▪ The wall jack is connected by wiring inside the walls to
a central wiring point called the subscriber interface. It
is also known as the wiring block or modular
interface.
▪ The subscriber interface is a small plastic housing
containing all the wiring that connects the line from the
telephone company to all the telephone wires in the
house.
© 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies
29
18-1: Telephones
18-1: Telephones
Cordless Telephones: Cordless Telephone Concepts
▪ A cordless telephone is a full-duplex, two-way radio
system made up of two units, the portable unit or
handset and the base unit.
▪ The base unit is wired to the telephone line by way of a
modular connector.
▪ It receives its power from the ac line.
▪ The base unit is a complete transceiver. It contains a
transmitter that sends the received audio signal to the
portable unit, and receives signals transmitted by the
portable unit and retransmits them on the telephone
line.
18-1: Telephones
Cordless Telephones: Cordless Telephone Concepts
▪ The base unit contains a battery charger that
rejuvenates the battery in the handheld unit.
▪ The portable unit is also a battery-powered transceiver.
▪ Both units have an antenna.
▪ The transceivers in both the portable and the base units
use full-duplex operation.
18-1: Telephones
18-1: Telephones
Cordless Telephones: Frequency Allocations.
▪ The FCC has set aside four primary frequency bands
for cordless telephones:
1. 43 to 50 MHz
2. 902 to 928 MHz
3. 2.4 to 2.45 GHz
4. 5.8 GHz.
▪ Most of the newer phones use the 900- or 2.4- GHz
bands.
▪ The phones are programmed to automatically seek a
channel pair with no activity and minimum noise.
Figure 18-17: BORSCHT functions in the subscriber line interface at the central office.
© 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies
37
18-3: Facsimile
▪ Facsimile, or fax, is an electronic system for
transmitting graphic information by wire or radio.
▪ Facsimile is used to send printed material by scanning
it and converting it into electronic signals that
modulate a carrier to be transmitted over the
telephone lines.
▪ Since modulation is involved, fax transmission can
also take place by radio.
18-3: Facsimile
▪ With facsimile, documents such as letters,
photographs, line drawings, or any printed information
can be converted into an electrical signal and
transmitted.
▪ Facsimile uses scanning techniques that are similar to
those used in TV.
▪ A scanning process is used to break a printed
document up into many horizontal scan lines which
can be transmitted and reproduced serially.
18-3: Facsimile
18-3: Facsimile
How Facsimile Works
▪ Today’s modern fax machine is a high-tech electro-
optical machine.
▪ Scanning is done electronically and the scanned signal
is converted into a binary signal.
▪ Digital transmission with standard modem techniques is
used.
18-3: Facsimile
How Facsimile Works
▪ The transmission process begins with an image
scanner that converts the document into hundreds of
horizontal scan lines.
▪ Many techniques are used, but they all incorporate a
photo- (light-) sensitive device to convert light variations
along one scanned line into an electric voltage.
▪ The resulting signal is then processed in various ways
to make the data smaller and faster to transmit.
18-3: Facsimile
How Facsimile Works
▪ The signal is sent to a modem where it modulates a
carrier set to the middle of the telephone voice
spectrum bandwidth.
▪ The signal is then transmitted to the receiving fax
machine over the public-switched telephone network.
▪ The receiving machine’s modem demodulates the
signal that is then processed to recover the original
data.
▪ The data is decompressed and printed out.
18-3: Facsimile
18-3: Facsimile
▪ Most fax machines use charge-coupled devices
(CCDs) for scanning.
▪ A CCD is a light-sensitive semiconductor device that
converts varying light amplitudes into an electrical
signal.
▪ Data compression is a digital data processing
technique that looks for redundancy in the transmitted
signal.
▪ Every fax machine contains a built-in modem that is
similar to a conventional data modem for computers.