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 ffLpff
LTL:Li-LcctThrkfreig
- SIM 11.
January 1997
Number 251
Volume 23
ISSN 0268/4519
PRIZE-WINNING PROGRAMS
40 Five prize-winning software pro-
grams from our July/August 1996
competition
APPLICATION NOTE
38 Electronic potentiometer DS1669
A Dallas Semiconductor application
AUDIO/VIDEO

;To 14 PROJECT: Battery -operated AF

preamplifier
Design by 1: Giesberts
COURSE
62 Hands-on electronics - Part 3
By Owen Bishop
COMPUTERS & MICROPROCESSORS

22 PROJECT: Dongle switch

Design by T. Will
FOCUS ON
48 Data sheets on CD-ROM
By our editorial staff
GENERAL INTEREST
32 PROJECT: Speed regulator for
model trains
Design by N. de Graaf
54 The small workshop
By L. Lemmens
58 PROJECT: Monitor to guard
fridge temperature
Design by H. Bonekamp
TEST & MEASUREMENT
26 PROJECT: Magnetic -field meter
Design by H. Bonekamp
MISCELLANEOUS INFORMATION
69 Data sheets
71 Electronics Online
82 Index of advertisers
39 In passing ...
82 Next month in Elektor Electronics
78 New products
9 News
79 Readers letters & Switchboard
72 Readei3' services
Copyrignt 1997 Segment RV

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Phone 01666 825 666 Fax 01666 825 141 email 100447.1124@compuserve.com
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44 Elektor Electronics 1/97

 ELECTRONICS NOW AND TOMORROW
hi a short series of articles, starting this month, we will endeavour to present a broad overview of the direction electronics may be going
during the last few years of this century. When reading the articles, it should be borne in mind that many 'promising developments' have
failed to make it over the past ten years or so. You only have to think of the videophone (or picturephone), the digital audio tape (DAT) sys-
tem, the digital compact cassette (DCC), the Series 2000 video recorder, the Betamax video mantel; and the mini disc system. On the other
hand, the thermionic valve (or electron tube) and radio are making a comeback, while the compact disc (CD) has been a great success,
Information technology
According to many technolo-
gists, Information Technology
(a combination of computers
and telecommunications) is, or
will be, more significant than
any previous technological
revolution. IT pervades all sec-
tors of the economy: for in-
stance, it can improve the per-
formance of a tractor on a
farm; it can improve the de-
sign, manufacture and market-
ing of a car; it can provide a
medical diagnosis as well as
administration in health care.
During the past 20 years, the
global network of computers,
telephones and televisions has
increased its information -car-
rying capacity a million times
over. It is interesting to reflect
that in 1940, Thomas Watson,
then chairman of IBM, pre-
dicted a world market for
maybe five computers, while a
year earlier, the influential New
York Times stated that "televi-
sion will never be a serious
competitor for radio because
people must sit and keep their
eyes glued on the screen; the
average American family has
no time for this.'
Computing power doubles
every 18 months or so, in line
with Moore's Law. Today's
52,000 laptop is many times
more powerful than a SlOm
mainframe computer in the
mid -1970s. Then, there were
only about 50,000 computers in
the whole world; now there
are an estimated 140 million.
The USA has the largest com-
puter density per head of pop-
ulation (35 per 100), followed
by Australia (27/100), Canada
(25/100) and Britain (20/100).
Another factor is the stagger-
ing decline in the price of com-
puter -processing power, which
has fallen by an average of
around 30 per cent per year in
real terms over the past 20
years. Computer power is now
estimated to costa hundredth
of one per cent what it did in
the early 1970s. If cars had de-
veloped at the same pace as
microprocessors, a new car
would now cost typically S5
and do 250,000 miles to the gal -
Elektor Electronics
although its popularity is also waning ,urn
Ion (just over 90,000 km per
litre)
In 1843 Samuel Morse
(1791-1872) launched the era of
instant communication. when
the American Congress autho-
rized a telegraph line, first con-
ceived by him in 1837. between
Washington and Baltimore (at a
cost of 530,000). From then on,
things moved fast as govern-
ments and business concerns
saw the tremendous advan-
tages of the system. Within a
few years, there was a tele-
graph line between London
and Washington and by the late
1850s, many trading nations
were in telegraphic contact
with one another. The longest
telegraph cable (10,000 km )
was laid between London and
Calcutta by the early 1860s.
In 1960, a transatlantic tele-
phone cable could carry only
138 conversations simultane-
ously. Now, in 1996, a fibre -
optic cable can carry 1.5 million
conversations at the same time.
Another aspect of IT is that it
reduces communications and
transactions costs, helping mar-
kets to work more efficiently. A
three -minute telephone call be-
tween New York and London
now costs about 52; in 1930 it
would have cost more than a
hundred times as much in
today's prices. Pundits reckon
that in 10 years' time transat-
lantic video -phone call will cost
only a few cents an hour.
A contemporary of Morse,
Charles Babbage (1791-1871),
professor of mathematics at
Cambridge, spent most of his
life in developing a calculating
machine that could produce
and print mathematical tables
without error. His 'difference
engine', completed in 1833, was
used to compile tables of loga-
rithms from 1 to 108,000. His
'analytical engine was to be ca-
pable of executing any se-
quence of arithmetic instruc-
tions. Many of the basic princi-
ples of modern electronic com-
puters owe their origins to this
machine.
No medium has ever grown
as fast as the Internet. It already
has an estimated 50 million
1/97
users worldwide, with the tomers. Computers that can
number doubling each year. recognize speech have replaced
IT may prove environmen- telephone operators. ATMs (au-
tally friendly by reducing pol- tomatic teller machines) have
lution and congestion as people superseded bank tellers. Firms
tend to telework and teleshop, can shift jobs such as computer
which will make many car jour- programming or processing in-
neys unnecessary. It should be surance claims to lower -wage
recalled, however, that when countries on the other side of
the car was first introduced, it the globe. Nevertheless, in
was seen as an environmentally countries where IT is strong.
friendly alternative to the the USA, Japan and the UK,
horse-drawn carriage which at since 1980 total employment
the end of the last century was has risen by 24%, 17% and 9%
causing severe traffic jams in respectively, whereas in the Eu-
London and New York. ropean Union where IT is not
1T makes work more mobile nearly as strong, employment
in other ways, too. In some ser- has risen by only 2% (although
vices, sophisticated telecom- it should be borne in mind that
munications have replaced in the USA and the UK labour
physical contact with cus- mobility, as well the ability to
A Book for your Letter
The work of Marconi in proving that radio waves do not nec-
essarily travel in straight lines, which resulted in today's
world-wide radio communications networks, engendered a
fiery interest in many people to become radio amateurs. These
people were the forerunners of what are now called 'experi-
mentalist' and home constructor'. This army of amateur
constructors grew enormously with the advent of radio
broadcasting in the 1920s. It is hard to imagine today, but
then there was a widespread feeling that it was extravagant
and almost decadent to buy a ready-made radio receiver.
This feeling was taken advantage of by various manufac-
turers who started to market kits of parts. These kits
proved to be enormously popular; for example, Cossor
Radio (now part of Raytheon) in the period 1927-1936 sold
more than 750,000 kits of their popular radio receivers.
After the Second World War, home construction really
took off since finished electronic products were either not
available or too dear, but vast quantities of electronic parts,
surplus to the armed forces' requirements, flooded the
market.
Home electronic construction reached a peak during the
1970s and then started to tail off. This was partly due to the
fact that manufacturers had begun to realize that there was
a vast consumer electronics market waiting to be satisfied.
Other reasons were changes in the social life of most peo-
ple in the western world, resulting from a better standard
of living.
However, there are, no doubt, other reasons why home
electronic construction is declining although the interest in,
and use of, electronics is growing. If you feel that you can
point to some of these reasons, write to Elektor Electronics
(Publishing), P 0 Box 1414, Dorchester DT2 8YH, England,
outlining them in no more than 250 words. The five letters
that in our opinion most dearly set out additional reasons
will be published in this magazine and their writers will re-
ceive a free book from our library.
Do you subscribe to Elektor Electronics?
If not, consider the
advantages of a
subscription
You have the
convenience of having the
agazine delivered to your
home, and the peace of mind
that you will not miss any
issue.
An annual subscription
(post paid!) costs less than
the eleven individual issues.
You qualify for worthwhile
discounts on books and
CD-ROMs published by
Elektor Electronics
(Publishing).
From time to time,
subscribers receive a
special gift - for instance, with the
April 1997 issue, they will get a very useful poster
containing details of most current PC connectors.
Take out a subscription now by filling in the
special order form in the Readers Services
section towards the end of this issue.The
subscription rates for your part of the world
are shown on the reverse of the order form.
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Elektor Electronics 1 97
 accommodate change, is also
much greater than in Europe).
Telephones
In some East European coun-
tries it takes many years to get a
telephone line, which costs
many hundreds of dollars and
on top of that a bribe of a few
hundred dollars.
In western Europe and in
the English-speaking part of
the rest of the world, the GSM
mobile cellular communications
business is the fastest -growing
sector in the whole of the tele-
communications market. Since
a relatively slow start following
the opening of the first GSM
network in Europe in mid -1992,
the- subscriber base expanded
very rapidly during 1994 and
1995.
It is expected that by early
1997 the total installed digital
network base will exceed that
of all analogue technologies.
The user base at the end of 1997
is expected to be two and a half
times the size it was at the end
of 1995, and is projected to con-
tinue increasing to reach almost
58 million by the end of the
year 2000.
During 1995, GSM. mobile
services finally became univer-
sally available in most western
European countries, and com-
petitor GSM services, operated
by an independent supplier,
will also be available in those
countries early this year. Only
in Switzerland will there be
continued dependence on the
PTT and users will probably
have to wait another two years
before they can enjoy a com-
petitive alternative.
In addition, DCS-1800 ser-
vices are being extended, al-
though much more slowly. It is
likely that DCS-1800 licenses
will be awarded to existing
GSM operators in some coun-
tries such as Sweden, the
Netherlands and Italy (they al-
ready have in the UK), allowing
them to use extra spectrum in
congested urban areas.
The European Commission
deserves much of the credit for
the liberalization of the digital
mobile cellular market. Al-
though some countries, the UK,
Sweden and Denmark, have
taken a liberal view of mobile
cellular, it has taken intense and
continuing pressure by the EC
to persuade other governments
to free up this market
There are few suppliers of
digital cellular network infra-
structure products: Ericsson,
Motorola and Nokia dominate
' the market, with Ericsson the
Elektor Electronics
dear leader ith more than 50
per cent of the infrastructure
business.
The first of a new class of
global mobile telephone is
likely to come on to the market
in about eighteen months' time
as manufacturers start produc-
ing the new multi -mode hand-
set that can roam cellular fre-
quency bands around the
world. These dual -mode hand-
sets operate on 900 MHz and
1800 MHz.
Computers
In essence, a computer exists
merely to bring software to life
- and this task can also be ful-
filled by a network such as the
Internet. Although the network
computer announced in mid -
1996 by the American company
Oracle is not new - rather, it is
a development of a technology
designed in Britain in the 1980s.
Nevertheless, the NC appears
to have a bright future. Basi-
shifts the emphasis
cally, it
from the desktop to the net-
work. And, if you come to think
of it, the move from desktop to
network is not a matter of hard-
ware at all, but of software.
Software is really a strange, in-
tangible commodity that con-
sists of bits - binary digits or is
and Os if you like. These bits are
by themselves inactive, just like
our genetic code, and only
come to life when they are
placed in the right receptacle.
Whether that receptacle is a
network or a computer does
not matter at all.
Currently, one of the strik-
ing things when you go to a
computer hypermarket or a
computer show is that you
hardly see a 'normal' computer:
they have become multimedia
stations, fitted with modems
(28,800 or 36,600 bauds), and
telephone, answering machine,
fax, television, and more, built
in. Forget clocks of 100 or
150 MHz; these -new machines
quiver with 200 MHz or even
300 MHz clocks. It may be
called Multimedia, but in real-
ity it is Information Technology
entering the office or home.
Music & ideo recording
It may be a little too early to say
whether the Digital Video Disc
(or, as some say, the Digital Ver-
satile Disc) or DVD will mean
the end of the road for the CD,
CD-ROM and the VCR, but
there is no doubt that the new
disc is the most important piece
of consumer electronics since
the appearance of the video
cassette almost 25 years ago. It
1197
is highly unlikely to be a com-
mercial failure like so many de-
velopments in the past 10-15
years: Sony's Mini disc and Be-
tamax; Philips DAT (digital
audio tape) and DCC (digital
compact cassette); and the
videophone. Time will tell.
Pundits have no doubts:
they reckon that over the next
5-10 years the new technology
will almost certainly replace, if
not wholly then certainly
mostly, the video cassette, the
audio CD and the CD-ROM.
Certainly, by the time the first
DVDs are hitting the market
later this year or early next
year, depending on where you
are, the CD will be 15 years old:
they are no longer modern. Co-
lumbia/Tri-Star Home Video in
Hollywood is planning to re-
lease150 movies in DVD format
within the next year, 50 of them
to be available with the launch
of the DVD player in the USA
early this year.
It may be that although the
DVD will do well in computer
and video applications, where
the extra capacity is more than
welcome, music lover will de-
cide that having more than 25
times as much music on a disc
may not be what they want.
What is interesting, of
course, and this may even de-
cide music lovers that it is
worthwhile, is that both Sharp
and Toshiba have publicly
stated recently that they will
have a marketable, rewritable
digital video disc system in
about two years's time.
The semiconductor 780 nm
(infra -red) laser used in in cur-
rent DVD equipment has a
power output of around 5 rriW
At these levels, the current den-
sity within the cavity of the
laser is 2000 A. Sharp Laborato-
ries say that a rewritable system
will require a semiconductor
laser +ith seven times this out-
put. Work is, therefore, under-
way in their laboratories to pro-
duce red lasers with current
densities of 1000 A at 35 mW.
Other lasers under develop-
ment include blue and ultra -vi-
olet (635-650 nm). These will
eventually be used for disc sys-
tems with up to 8 Gbit of
storage capacity.
The next generation, high -
definition digital video that will
become standard in the early
part of the next century will
need an enhanced disc with
better capacity. A medium that
can store 15 Gbyte a side, or
three times the capadty of pre-
sent DVDs will be needed.
The increase in capacity will
call for a dramatically increased
data storage density. This can
only be achieved by decreasing
the wavelength of -the laser
beam that reads and writes
data on the disc. Therefore, re-
searchers at Toshiba's R&D
Centre have succeeded in
achieving a wavelength of
417 nm, more than enough to
meet the high -density demands
of high -definition video. The
laser is a blue -purple emitter
operating at 20 V with a thresh-
old current of 5 A.
Away from the DVD, sheet
music can be created on a home
computer and printed out or
published on the World Wide
Web. Sunhawk Corporation of
Seattle has developed Solero, a
Windows -based software that
not only lets users create their
own sheet music with their
computer, but also scan in exist-
ing printed -sheet music (using
any standard computer
scanner) so that it can be
edited on -screen and played
back via the computer or made
available on the World Wide
Web.
Electronic publishing
What effect will the Internet
have on a printed magazine
such as ours? In time, no doubt
many publications will be dis-
tributed mainly electronically.
Already, may scientific journals
are electronic, while the paper
ones are increasingly kept for
their archival value only. Paper
and distribution, which account
for a large slice of the cost of a
typical paper publication, will
vanish in cyberspace. Indeed,
the Internet gives many oppor-
tunities: global teach, speed, in-
teractivity, the ability to com-
bine text, sound and moving
images.
To say that electronic pub-
lishing has a bright future is not
to say that paper publishing
has none. No doubt, most
paper publications will find
ways of coexisting with the In-
ternet. It has been done before:
radio, far from being destroyed
by television as gloomy surveys
suggested 40-50 years ago, is
more profitable than ever, but
not as profitable as it would
have been without television -
[9750E31
Sources: BBC Music Magazine;
Byte; Der Spiegel; Internet
Advisor; L'Express; MacWorld;
New Scientist; The Economist;
The Times; Time.
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Elektor Electronics 1 97 13
 %* battery -operated
pre -amplifier part 1
a unit for purists

This preamplifier is
intended for those
audio enthusiasts
who are interested in
only the best. Its dis-
crete design pro-
duces distortion fig-
ures that are mea-
sured in tenthou-
sandths of a per cent
(the remainder of its
specification looks
very good, too!).
Moreover, bearing in
mind that in certain
areas the mains sup-
ply voltage is not as
pure as it should be.
the preamplifier is
powered by recharge- The design of high - Dyed-in-the-wool audio enthusiasts
able NiMH batteries. end audio equip-ment is then seek enhancement in psycho -
typified by the continual striving for acoustic matters such as solid silver
In this first of a two- the best possible quality. In the high - connecting cables, gold-plated connec-
end design world, bass boost net- tors and bizarre units to treat CDs. The
part article, the pre- works, equalizers and impressive dis- sense of such matters is a topic of argu-
amplifier proper will plays are not contemplated. In fact,
such ancillary facilities are considered
ment among themselves and ques-
tionable to outsiders. Certainly, they
be described. The undesirable. The only aspect that is of cannot be measured or made arcade.
importance is the quality of the signal A more tangible means of enhanc-
second part, to be processing. This quality is the be all ing the performance of an amplifier is
published next and end all as far as real audio enthu- the eradication of all aspects that, out-
siasts are concerned: no concessions side the normal signal path, may affect
month, will deal with are given or asked for. Only true qual- the performance. One of those aspects
the specially ity is worthy of the name hi-fi.
A difficulty arises when the specifi-
is the mains supply. In many countries,
this is far from stable, while interfering
designed battery cations of an amplifier are so good that spikes and other undesirable facets are
the designer is testing at the limits of the rule rather than the exception_ This
charger. his measuring equipment. Real justifies the assumption that it must be
improvements are then not possible or, possible to improve the amplifier's per-
Design by T. Giesberts in any case, cannot be measured. formance by powering it not from the

Al4 Elektor Electronics 1/97

mains but from a battery. This assump-
tion has been put into practice in the
present preamplifier. The mains volt- r
input selector preamplifier
age is used solely to operate the bat- I
tery charger and this only when the I -I> I

I .-00_b 0 I I
delay
4
amplifier is switched off. 0_3
-01
I I
lx batt-
I I I
detection
THREE SECTIONS ? I I

The design of the preamplifier proper -{)O I I

is not really spectacular. True, the fact I I I

that no integrated circuits are used in I I I balance volume

the signal path is conspicuous but L .J L _J

nothing special. The exemplary good r
porn.a. off - charger on
specifications are nothing new because
power en - chimer oft
they have been achieved in earlier pre- power CO charger
amplifiers. The property that
differentiates the present pre- Figure 1. Block dia-
amplifier from its predeces- gram of the battery -
automatic
sors is that these specifications operated AF preampli- charger
are allied with battery opera- fier. Only the upper
tion. two sections are dis-
The block diagram of the cussed in this article.
preamplifier in Figure 1
shows that it may be divided
into three sections, each of which is
housed on a discrete printed -circuit 12x
NIL1H- cell
board.
The input selector is a passive stage
which needs little comment. After all, T
a six -position selector is a familiar sight -r mrnm power supply II

960094 - 11
in many amplifiers. L J
The preamplifier proper consists of
an input buffer, balance control, vol-
ume control, amplifies stage, and a
relay that obviates annoying ofoff
clicks and acts as a detector of the bat -

Test results A
_EFAULT 11411.W.) n FRE-COM

Signal-to-noise ratio P2 max 108 dBA

(at 1 V rm.s. output) P2 min 106 dBA
THD+N at 1 kHz and 1 V rm.s. output 0.00070%
0.1
(bandwidth 22 kHz)
Channel separation 1 kHz >92 dB
20 kHz >67 dB
Crosstalk 1 kHz <-107 dB ne)
20 kHz <-84 dB
Input impedance 23.6 K2
Output impedance 100 Si
Tape -out impedance 500 SI
Sensitivity for 1 V rm.s. output 260 mV
Bandwidth DC to 200 kHz to it
Maximum input voltage 4.5 V rm.s.
Maximum output voltage 5.5 V rm.s.
EC CEFAIiT 111Pue.&) rs
Current drain 21 mA SO=
5.010/
All tests were carried out with a supply voltage of ±8 V &WOG
(batteries fully charged) and the relevant inputs termi- l0000 ii,d70111 Ff
nated by a 560 SI impedance. 20020
Figure A shows the THD+N characteristics for two in
hii it
dissimilar inputs. The upper curve pertains to an input of
1 DX0

no
ii
2 V rm.s., and the lower one to an input of 260 mV rm.s. -1 WO
In both cases, the output was 1 V rm.s. and the band-
410
width was 80 kHz. It is clear that the differences between
3200
the two are very small; the respective distortion figures t,1 I
4'1 1,-1
i
LI
-10:0
were 0.0014% and 0.0012%. .1
-ENO
Figure B shows the frequency response of the pream-
plifier. Note that this is entirely in accord with the speci- 1: 1:0 111 10:t 2Car
fied bandwidth: the upper cut-off frequency is exactly 011501 TS

200 kHz

Elektor Electronics 1/97 15

 eery voltage.
The circuits are designed to operate
from a symmetrical supply of ±7.2 V,
which is provided by twelve NiCd bat-
teries or twelve NiMH batteries.
The third section contains the
power supply, consisting of the twelve
batteries and a microprocessor -con-
trolled charger. A three -position switch
selects one of two operating positions
or an emergency position.
In position 1, the power to the
preamplifier is switched off and the
batteries are being charged. In posi-
2 R1
Sta
A
L 0
Figure 2. The input
selector circuits,
together with the
input and output
sockets, are housed
on a discrete printed -
PRE OUT
K15
circuit board.
tion 2, the charger is switched off
and the preamplifier is powered by
the batteries. In position 3 - an
emergency position for use only
when the batteries are flat - power
is supplied to the preamplifier and
the batteries are being charged. In
practice, position 3 may never be
used, since the preamplifier can
operate from the batteries for up to
.50 hours, while charging flat batter-
ies takes only 2-3 hours.
When the preamplifier is not being
used, the batteries are kept fully
charged. When the fast charging
process is over, the charger automati-
cally goes on to trickle -charging. More
about this in Part 2_
A 16
THE CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
Although some ICs are used for spe-
cial functions of the preamplifier, the
signal processing circuits are all dis-
crete designs. Moreover, virtually all
components used are standard parts,
so that availability of them should not
cause undue difficulties.
The circuit of the input selector is
shown in Figure 2. There is not much
that needs to be said about this,
because it is limited to a rotary switch,
a number of resistors, and 12 input
sockets. Switch S1 provides a choice
K7
u for input signals of a few volts to be
KB
0a
K9
Sib
K10
12
RIO
0a
K11
RII
0a
K12
R12
TAPE OUT
K14 RT4
Rile -117z:: I-0
t7 y
ii,pm
PRE OUT
K16
960094 13
between six inputs at line levels which
in practice is more than sufficient.
The input selector is housed on its
own printed -circuit board together
with output sockets K15 and K16, and
tape out buses K13 and K14.
The diagram of the electronic cir-
cuits of the preamplifier is shown in
Figure 3. This contains the complete
stereo circuits: those for the right-hand
channel in the top half and those for
the left-hand channel in the lower half.
In the following description, reference
will be made to the right-hand chan-
nel only.
The input buffer is formed by
stages T1 -T7. Potentiometers P1 and P2
are the balance and volume controls
respectively.
Stages T8 -T are amplifiers. Circuit
IC1 is a servo control for offset com-
pensation. The combination of IC3 and
relay Ref provides switch -on delay (to
obviate on/off clicks) and -supply volt-
age detection.
BUFFER
Since there is a practical limitation to
the number of batteries that can or
should be used, a battery supply nec-
essarily means that -the -supply lines
are low. In the present circuit, the
level is .±7.2 V. Because of this low
level, amplification of the signal takes
place only after the balance and vol-
ume controls. This makes it possible
processed.
It is dear from the foregoing that
the buffer stage preceding the balance
and volume controls is little more than
a sophisticated emitter -follower. Cas-
cading two emitter -followers, T1 -T3
a and T,_ -T4, renders the input and out-
put of the buffer stage theoretically off-
set -free to make direct coupling pos-
sible. In practice, it is necessary for the
pairs of emitter -followers to be prese-
lected on the basis of identical ampli-
fication factor and U r, and to be ther-
mally coupled.
The direct current operating point
of the buffer, which is operating in
Class A, is provided by current sources
T5 and T6. The references for these
R5
sources are Di and D,, the current
through which is held constant by T17.
To further minimize any drift, the cur-
rent sources and the diodes are ther-
mally coupled.
High frequency interference is sup-
pressed by a low-pass filter, R1 -C1, at
the input of the buffer stage. The out-
put of the buffer stage is not only
applied to the balance and volume
controls, but is also used as the
tape -out signal.
AMPLIFIER SECTION
As for other parts of the circuit, a low
supply voltage and minimum current
drain were important design parame-
ters for the amplifier stages.
Obviously, the design is totally
symmetrical The input circuits are
formed by two complementary differ-
ential amplifiers, Ts -T1.1, each of which
is provide with a discrete- current
source, T12 and T. In view of the
required stability, transistors pairs
L -T, and T10rT11 are thermally cou-
pled. To keep the offset low, it is desir-
able for the transistor pairs to be pres-
elected on the basis of (near)identical
specifications.
The outputs of the differential
amplifiers drive push-pull stage
Ti.5-T16, which in turn actuates the out-
put stage.
Because of the low supply voltage,
Elektor Electronics 1/97
the output stage is a compound one, amplification is x1700, and the open -
a kind of darlington, which produces loop bandwidth is about 2 kHz.
an amplification of about X1.7. This Since even with matched transis- Figure 3. The AF pre-
gain gives the other stages rather more tors the symmetry of the amplifier will amplifier consists of
room to operate, and ensures that the never be 100 per cent, offset compen- a buffer and an
peak output voltage is all but equal to sation is provided by a servo -control, amplifier separated
the supply voltage. which is based around precision low - by the balance and
The quiescent current of the output voltage micropower op amp ICI. The volume controls. Cir-
stage is held constantby intercoupling low current drain of 20 pA and the low cuits IC1 and IC2
T-21 and T, 7 via 'zener transistor' input offset of typically 0.13 mV make form a servo control
Tr-Tts. The zener voltage, and conse- this op amp particularly suitable for circuit for offset
quently the quiescent current (about this application. compensation. The
2 mA), is set with P3. Any offset voltage present at the circuit based on IC3
Combinations R18 -C10, output is amplified and fed back via and Ref is a switch -
Rm.-CIF, and capacitor C16, are com- to the base of T9 -T11. The actual
on delay and supply
R.
voltage detector.
pensating networks. The open -loop offset at the output of the preampli-

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ees El C1.3

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HU.. 1.2

Eiektor Electronics 1197 17,

 ANCHOR SURPLUS Ltd
The Cattle Market Depot
Nottingham NG2 3GY
Tele: +44 (0115) 986 4902
FAX: +44 (0115) 986 4667
We are SOLE appointed UKImporters and Distributors for PAN'TECH CCD Cameras.
ALL items are BRAND NEW and come with a No -Quibble "back to base" 12 Month Guarantee.
Fora LIMITED PERIOD we are teaming up with ELEKTOR to give it's readers a
SPECIAL OFFER on ALL CCD PRODUCTS.
ALL Prices INCLUDE VAT and DELIVERY to UK Postcode addresses.
(Overseas customers please contact us before placing an order)

Here is a sample ofthe available stock...

A -721-S Micro Camera 32mm x 32mm x 23mm... normal price £85 OFFER PRICE..£75
A -721-P Micro PIN -HOLE Camera 32mm x 32mm x 18mm..normal price £85.. OFFER PRICE £75
A -921-S Micro Camera with AUDIO 30mm x 30mm x 23m m..normal price £95.OFFER PRICE £85
A-1211 C/CS Mount Camera 110mm x 60mm x 60mm.. nonnal price £99..OFFER PRICE £89
A-521 "Cubic"Cased Micro Camera..43mm x 48mm x 58mm..normal price £99..OFFER PRICE £89
A-6001 High Resolution COLOUR Camera (420 lines) 0.45 lux..0 / CS Mount
normal price £210 ....OFFER PRICE £185
Outdoor Camera Housings. Extruded Aluminium.. normal price £45.... OFFER PRICE £35
Camera Switchers..1 to 8 cameras.. normal price £85 .... OFFER PRICE £75
QUAD -1 B/W Multi Processors..offering 2 x 4 picture in picture..digital freeze_sequencing..
time / date generator..on screen readout..normal price £275 ...OFFER PRICE £255
QUAD -2 COLOUR Multi Processor...like QUAD -1 but FULL COLOUR operation
. normal price £695 ...OFFER PRICE £645
Auto Record Controller...enables standard VHS recorder operate like a "time lapse deck"..
(allows unattended operation)..normal price £75 ...OFFER PRICE £65
Infra Red Illuminators for "Total darkness Surveillance".normal price £125...OFFERPRICE £1 10
Scanners.. allow 350° PAN...Automatic or Manual...normal price £105..OFF ER PRICE £95
Camera Mounting Brackets.... Plastic or Metal ....£5.95
C/CS Mount Lenses..Premium 3.6mm..£22.50 Superior 8mm...£27.50
Brief Specifications:
All B/W cameras less than 0.1 lux sensitivity ... CCIR Video Output lv p/p into 751
270,000 pixel resolution..1/3" CCD element giving 320 TV Lines
Models A -721-S / A -921-S I A-521 complete with fitted 3.6mm 125 element adjustable lens
Model A -721-P complete with fitted 3.6mm F4 Pinhole lens.
Models A-1211 and A-6001 use C/CS lenses which are NOT Included in the price.(see above)
Automatic Shutter. 1/50th second to 1/100,000 second..Auto Electronic Iris
12V DC operation @ 100mA...Operating temp -20°C to +90°C @ 95% RH..Weight 30igns
Full details of our entire range of CCD cameras and associated equipment can be found in our
CAMERA CATALOGUE... Please send a 48p Stamped Addressed A4 Envelope marked
CAMERA CATALOGUE or REQUEST a catalogue when you order.
OPEN 6 Days a Week VISA
Mon - Fri 9am - 6pm...SAT 8am - 4pm

A 18 Elektor Electronics 1i97

 fier is, therefore, minimal in all cir-
cumstances.
RELAY STAGE
As mentioned before, any on/off
switching clicks and other noises are
suppressed through the use of a relay,
Rel. It is noteworthy that the relay
contacts are not, as usual, in series
with the output signal; here suppres-
sion is obtained by short-circuiting the
signal to ground. This has the advan-
tage that the relay contacts are not in
the signal path during normal opera-
tion and, therefore, cannot adversely
affect the signal quality. Resistor R48
ensures that the short-circuiting has no
detrimental effects on the amplifier.
It is also worth noting that the relay
is not of the usual kind, but a bistable
type. Such a relay needs a pulse of
only a few milliseconds to be actuated:
this prevents unnecessary current
drain.
The relay has two isolated -wind-
ings, of which one is- used to actuate
the make contact, and the other to
Comparator IC has a threefold
function: (1) it provides a delay at
switch -on; (2) it acts as a detector of
the supply voltage, and (3) it provides
rapid suppression of the output volt-
age when the preamplifier is switched
off.
In essence, functions (2) and (3) are
identical since in both the relay
switches over as soon as the supply
voltage drops below about 12V To this
end, the potential at junction R90-Rsq,
which is derived from the supply line,
is compared with the reference voltage
provided by D11. This diode is a spe-
cial micropower reference type that
needs la current of only 10µA. The
feedback provided by R8 and R89
ensures smooth operation of the com-
parator around the toggle voltage.
Delayed switch -on is provided by
C50. At switch -on, this capacitor must
be charged via D13 before IC3 toggles.
Diode D13 ensures that the potential at
junction R90 -R91 drops immediately
the supply voltage decreases. The
capacitor is discharged via diode DI,
that something is amiss with one of
the batteries or that the charger is
faulty. The delay time may be short-
ened by lowering the value of C50 to
some extent.
DISPLAY
To obtain an indication that the pre-
amplifier is switched on, low -current
diode D14 may be energized via R. If
this is desired, the resistor should have
a value of about 6.8 ku It is also pos-
sible to obtain an indication via
optoisolator IC4, with which the state
of the batteries can be displayed in two
colours. An advantage of the optoiso-
lator is that it draws a current of only
tiA from the batteries. In this case,
the value of R96 should be 1 Mil; the
LED is energized directly by the
charger supply line.
The on off indication, as well as the
construction and the operation of the
charger, will be further discussed in
Part 2 which is intended to be pub-
lished in the February issue.
196000,4-11

reset the relay. when the supply voltage approaches

Transistors T45 and T46 function as
pulse -shapers. The switching pulse
originates in the very brief charging
current of C51 or C. Which of these
capacitors will be charged depends on
the output state of IC3..
0 V.
The value of C50 gives a delay time
of 10-15 seconds, depending on the
supply voltage. This time is inversely
proportional to the supply voltage. A
very long delay therefore indicates

CONSTRUCTION GUIDELINES
The value of a resistor is indicated by a colour code as follows.
Elektor Electronics (Publishing) does not provide parts and components
other than Pais. front panel foils and software on diskette or ic (not nec-
essarily for all projects). Components are usually available form a number
of retailers - see the adverts in the magazine.,

Large and small values of components are indicated by means of one of

the following prefixes :
color 1st digit 2nd digit mutt. factor tolerance
E feu) a (alio) = 10-13
P (petal = MI5 f (lemm) = 10-15 black 0
T Iteral p (pito) = HY" brown 1 1 X 101 *1%
red X102 ±2%
(gip) = 109 n (nano) = 10-9 2
M (mega) = 106 p (micro) = 10-6 orange 3 3 x103
k (kilo) = 103 m (milli) = 10-3 yellow 4 4 X104
h (halo) = 102 c (centil = 10-- green 3 5 X105 ±0,5%
da (decal = 101 d (decil = 10-1 blue 6 6 x106
violet 7 7

In some circuit diagrams. to avoid confusion, but contrary to IEC and as grey S

recommandations, the value of components is given by substituting the rel- white 9 9

evant prefix for the decimal point. For example. gold x11)-1 ±5%
3k9 ---- 3.9 ki2 4A7 =, 4.7 AF sihr - x10-2 -±11.K
none ±20S -
Unless otherwise indicated, the tolerance of resistors is -±-5% and their rat-
ine is 1,6-1/2 watt. The working voltage of capacitors is 2: 50 V. Examples:
brown -red -brown -gold = 120 S2, 5%
yellow -violet -orange -gold = 47 ks2, 5%
In populating a PCB, always start with the smallest passive components, that
is. mire bridges, resistors and small capacitors: and then lc sockets. relays. Faultfinding. If the circuit does not work, carefully compare the populated
electrolytic and other large capacitors, and connectors. Vulnerable semi- board with the published component layout and parts list. Are all the com-
conductors and ICs should be done last. ponents in the correct position? Has correct polarity been observed?? Have
the powerlines been reversed? Are all solder joints sound? Have any wire
bridges been forgotten?
Soldering. Use a 15-30 W soldering iron with a fine tip and tin with a resin If voltage levels have been given on the circuit diagram. do those mea-
core (60/40) Insert the terminals of components in the board, bend them sured on the board match them - note that deviations up to ± l0 from
slightly, cut them short, and solder wait 1-2 seconds for the tin to flow the specified values are acceptable.
smoothly and remove the iron. Do not overheat. particularly when solder- Possible corrections to published projects are published from time
ing ics and semiconductors. Unsoldering is best done with a suction iron to time in this magazine. Also. the readers letters column often contains
or special unsoldering braid. useful comments/additions to the published projects.

Elektor Electronics 1/97 19,

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Elektor Electronics 1/97
 POWER AMPLIFIER MODULES -TURNTABLES -DIMMERS - . . . NI - - 4'
LOUDSPEAKERS -1S INCH STEREO RACK AMPLIFIERS SERVICE. LARGE (A4) STAMPED FOR CATALOGUE +

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OMP/MF 100 Mos-Fet Output power 110 watts
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.3d8. Damping Factor >300, Slew Rale 451/1uS.
T.H.D. typical 0.002%. Input Sensitivity 500mV. S.N.R.
-110 dB. Size 300 x 123 t 60mm.
PRICE C40.85 - C3.50 P&P

OMP/MF 200 Mos-Fet Output power 200 watts

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THE RENOWNED MXF SERIES OF POWER AMPLIFIERS .3d8. Damping Factor >300. Slew Rate 50V1uS,
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MXF600 (300W ÷ 300W) MXF900 (450W 1 450W) 110 dB. Size 300 x 155 x 100mm.
AU. POWER RATINGS R.U.S. INTO 4 OHMS, BOTH CHANNELS DRIVEN PRICE C84.35 - C4.00 P&P
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Leal controls Dui/United oreolt settei* XI.R connectors Standard 775a1V inputs Open and short aim t OMP/MF 300 Mos-Fet Output power 300 watts
proof * Latest Mos-Fets far stress tree power delivery into virtually any load * High slew rate * Very l-. R.M.S. Into 4 ohms, frequency response 1Hz -100KHz
ifistimbee * Alumunizn cases s 1.11F6.32 A MXF900 tan cooled wan D.C. loudspeaker and thermal protection -3dB, Damping Factor 300. Slew Rate 60ViuS.
USED THE WORLD OVER IN CLUBS, PUBS, CINEMAS, DISCOS ETC.
T.H.D. typical 0.001%. Input Sensitivity 500mV. S.N.R.
-110 dB. Size 330 x 175 x 100mm.
SIZES- MXF200 W19' aH3I.' (2U)+131
MXF400 W 19" MS.,' (3U)s1112" PRICE 081.75 - C5.00 P&P
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MXFS00 W19":115! a" (3U)11:114..'' OMP/MF 450 Mos-Fet Output power 450 watts
PRICES:- MXF200 C175.00 MXF400 C233.85 R.M.S. kilo 4 ohms, frequency response 1Hz - 100KHz
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SPECIALIST CARRF-R DEL 61240 EACH T.H.D. typical 0.001%, Input Sensitivity 500mV, S.N.R.
-110 d13. Fan Cooled. D.C. Loudspeaker Protection. 2
61' I "..):tri<1.-1 d4:140W15W.VNYek eV/ 461: tetzi--airri Second Anti.Thump Delay. Size 38S x210 x 105mm.
PRICE C132.85 - C5.00 P&P
MAP/MP 1000 Mos-Fet Output power 1000 watts
R.M.S. into 2 ohms. 725 watts R.M.S. into 4 ohms,
frequency response 1Hz - 100KHz -3dB, Damping
Factor 300. Slew Rate 75V/uS, T.H.D. typical
0.002%, Input Sensitivity 500mV. S.N.R. -110 dB. Fan
Ad,anced 3 -Way Stereo Active Cross -Over. housed in a IS' a 1U Cate Each channel has three level controls: Cooled. D.C. Loudspeaker Protection. 2 Second
sass. risk, A top. The re-moss:Ole Irani las ra alias, access lo the programmatte Da. salaries to 'dust the Anti -Thump Delay. Size 422 x 300 x 125mm.
cross -over trequency. Bass -Mid 25.36031300Hz. 1.513/SKliz. an at 240 per !.:lic Bass invert switches
o.n each bass chime( Nominal 77SeriV input/044ra Fatly compatible with OUP rack 2' er and modules. PRICE C259.00 - C12.00 PAP
Price £117.44 - £5.00 P&P NOTE: MOS-PET MODULES ARE AVAILABLE IN TWO VERSIONS.
STANDARD INPUT SENS 500rnV. IMMO WIDTH 100KMa.
---184.141IF10111.,It.44.141.14.1rEralrb9. * ECHO & SOUND EFFECTS* PIC fFROFESSIONAL EQUIPMENT COMPATIBLE). INPUT sews
775mV. SAND WIDTH 000)5,. ORDER STANDARD Mete.
STEREO DISCO MIXER wag 2 a 7 band
L & R gra..Vic e5ua::3ra win bar graph
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FEATURES, including Echo with repeat & AVAILABLE, INCLUDING CABINET FITTINGS, SPEAKER
speed control, DJ Me with talk -over GRILLES, CROSS-OVERS AND HIGH POWER, HIGH

<IP
switch, 6 Channels with individual faders FREQUENCY BULLETS AND HORNS, LARGE (A4) S.A.E.
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Sound Effects. Useful combination of the (60p STAMPED) FOR COMPLETE LIST.
following inputs, 3 turntables (nuig), 3 McKenzie and Fane Loudspeakers are also available.
mica, 5 Line tor CD, Tape, Video etc.
Price C144.99 £5.00 P&P SIZE:482 s 240 r. t 2Ornm
4riiifiIRIVI4sq:1.--1.7.Esitel:101/I.1 ALL EMINENCE UNITS 8 OHMS IMPEDANCE
8' 100 WATT R.M.S. ME8-1 00 GEN. PURPOSE. LEAD GUITAR. EXCELLENT MID. DISCO.
Join the Piezo revolution! The law dynamic man (no voice crAI) ci a Pie:a tweeter produces an imwoved PRICE 032.71 - C2.00 PAP
Intra RES. FREQ. 72Hz, FASO. RESP. TO MOIL SENS 97103.
response with. lower distortion level than ordinary dynamic tweeters As a crossover is not required
10' 100 WATT R.M.S. ME10-100 GUITAR, VOCAL KEYBOARD. DISCO. EXCELLENT MID.
Leese Lints can be woes to grist/Eng speaker aysicius of up to 100 watts (more if two are put in series. FREE PRICE C33.74 C2.50 PAP
RES. FREO. 71Hz, FREQ. RESP. TO 7KHz, SENSS/da.
EXPLANATORY LEAFLETS ARE SUPPU ED WITH EACH TWEETER,
10' 200 WATT R.M.S. MEI 0-200 GUITAR. KEYED. DISCO, VOCAL EXCELLENT HIGH POWER MID.
TYPE 'A' (KSW11335A) 3' round with protective wire mesh_ Ideal for RES. FREO. 65Hz. FREQ. RESP. TO 3.5KHL SENS SSW). PRICE 043.47 - C2.50 PAP
bookshelf and medium sized Hi-Fi speakers. Price C4.90 - 50p PAP. 12" 100 WATT R.M.S. MEI 2.100LE GEM. PURPOSE. LEAD GUITAR. DISCO. STAGE MONITOR.
TYPE 'B' (KSN1005A) 3%" super horn for general purpose speakers. RESTA E0. 49Hz. FRED. RESP. TO 6KHz. SENS 10048. PRICE 035.64 - C3.50 PAP
disco and PA. systems etc.. Price 05.99 - 50p P&P. 12' 100 WATT R.M.S. ME12-100LT (TWIN CONE) WIDE RESPONSE. PA. VOCAL STAGE
TYPE 'C' (K5141016A) 2'45' wide dispersion horn for quality Hi-Fi sys- MONITOR. RES. FREO 42Hz. FREO. RESP. TO 10KHz. SENS WIS. PRICE C35.67 - C3.50 PAP
12" 200 WATT R.M.S. Al E12-200 GEN. PURPOSE. GUITAR. DISCO. VOCAL EXCELLENT MID.
tems and quality discos etc. Price 06.99 - 50p P&P. RES. FRED. 5513z_ FREQ. RESP. TO SKHz, SF -NS 98dB. PRICE C46.71 - C3.50 PIP
TYPE '0' (KSN1025A) 2'46' wide dispersion horn. Upper frequency 12" 300 WATT R.M.S MEI 2-30043P HIGH POWER BASS. LEAD GUITAR. KEYBOARD. DISCO ETC.
response retained extending down to mid -range I2K11.1). Suitable for high RES. FREQ. 47Hz, FREO. RESP. TO SKID. SENS 103dB. PRICE 070.19 - C3.50 PAP
1..se E
quality Hi-Fi systems and quality discos. Price £9.99 - 50p P&P. 15' 200 WATT R.M.S. MET 5-200 GEN. PURPOSE BASS. INCLUDING BASS GUITAR.
TYPE E (KSH1038A)3,." horn tweeter with attractive silver finish trim. RES. FREO. 4610. FREQ. RESP. TO SKIHz, SENS 99dI3. PRICE 050.72 - C4.00 PIP
Suitable for FITFi monitor systems etc. Price 05.99 50p P&P. 15" 300 WATT R.M.S. MEI 5-300 HIGH POWER BASS. INCLUDING BASS GUITAR.
RES. FREQ. 3913z. FREQ. RESP. TO 3KHz. SENS 10348. PRICE 073.34 - C4.00 PAP
- LEVEL CONTROL Combines. on a recessed mounting plate. level control
and cabinet input jack socket.13515.5mm. Price £4.10 - 50p P&P. It
ALL EARBENDER UNITS 8 OHMS (Eacsot ESA 5.1 a Eat .% wtki.ft an tamad = 4 AB ohm)
IT7rappriqUalr" BASS, SINGLE CONE, HIGH COMPLIANCE, ROLLED SURROUND
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-tie range otairty IP."`F.:-.r a ,tn. tile advanta.,-etittne
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s:ester Ci--4,-31057 Bath mode` UliteeSasso Quality RES. FREQ. 4180. FREQ. RESP. TO SK Hz. SENS. MS. PRICE 013.65 - C2.50 PAP
12- cut aluminum boudspasters wits %acmey fared grilles_ wide dispien 10. I DOWATT 0310-100 BASS. HI -Fl. STUDIO.
cczaDrst directivity horns: extruded aluminium corner protection and sMet RES. FREQ. 35Hz. FREQ. RESP. 'CO 3KHz., SENS 9548. PRICE 030.39 - C3.50 PAP
Ca'i corners ccrrotirricinteo with hears duty tAa..-k iter.er ire. The em.rosuris 12' 1 00WATT 0312.100 BASS. STUDIO. HI -Fl. EXCELLENT DISCO.
ltted assundard lop hats tar optional loiutcpeater stases RES. FREO. 25Hz. FREQ. RESP. TO 3 ICHz. SENS 934B_ PRICE 042.12 - C3.50 PAP
FULL RANGE TWIN CONE, HIGH COMPLIANCE, ROLLED SURROUND
POWER RATINGS QUOTED IN WAITS RMS FOR EACH CABINET 5.' 60WATT E85-60TC (TWIN CONE) HI-FI, MULTI -ARRAY DISCO ETC.
FREQUENCY RESPONSE FULL RANGE 45Hz 20KHz ABS. FREO. 6314z. FREO. RESP. TO MHz, SENS 92dB. PRICE £9.99 - i21.00 PAP
ibIFC 12-100WATTS (100dB) PRICE C159.00 PER PAIR Ery' 60WATT EB6-60TC (TWIN CONE) HI -Fl. MULTI -ARRAY DISCO ETC.
lb/ FC 12-200WATTS (100dB) PRICE C175.00 PER PAIR RES. FREE). 34Hz. FREO. RESP. 702001z. SENS 9448. PRICE 010.99 1.00 PAP
13' 60WATT 038-60TC (TWIN CONE) HI -Fl. MILTI-ARRAY DISCO ETC.
54E2.4LriTCAF.T.'ER 05i 1120.: PER PAIR
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OPTIONAL STANDS PRICE PER PAIR C49.00 10" 60WATT E8 1 0.60TC (TWIN CONE) HI -Fl. MULTI ARRAY DISCO ETC.
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150 WAITS (75 - 75) Stereo. 1501, PROVEN TRANSMITTER DESIGNS INCLUDING GLASS RBRE
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250 WATTS (125 - 125) Stereo. 255W COMPLETE WITH CIRCUIT AND INSTRUCTIONS
Bridged Mono 3M TRANSMITTER 211Itz UAW CONTROLLED PTI4TE5.001/41L
400 WATTS (200 - 200) Stereo. 407W TEXTORIUNCE P1.Ir32 LP TO 3BLE4 SIPPLY ,c UV
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0 LAA ALL POWERS INTO 4 OHMS FM MICRO TRANSMITTER Iv,' mixt VATLICAP TUNE) COW -Elf NMI
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SEM itIN06.10:40To. STEM s lSr. SUPPLY SY BATTERY.
PHOTO: awns TRANSMITTER

PRICES: 150W 049.99 250W 099.90

400W C109.95 P&P C2.00 EACH
high A lose level Inputs * L & R level
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B.K. ELECTRONICS
1/3 POSTAL CHARGES PER ORDER £1.00 MINIMUM, OFFICIAL
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Elektor Electronics 1 97 21

temporarily disconnects obnoxious printers
Software suppli-
ers have
adopted a num-
ber of different
systems to pro-
tect their prod-
ucts against ille-
gal copying. The
dongle (also
written as 'don -
gal') is a user-
friendly solution
which acts a
kind of 'key'
plugged on to
the printer port
connector. sit-
ting between the PC and
the printer. In some
cases, a printer con-
nected like that but oth-
erwise switched off may
cause strange effects in-
side the dongle. Discon-
necting the printer or
switching it on then ap-
pears to be the only al-
ternative to keep the
software going. The don-
gle switch presented
here solves the same
problem quickly, auto-
matically, and in a much
more elegant way.
Design by T. Will
A22
dongle
Software protection is always a rather
arbitrary mattet Arguably, a software
supplier has every right to protect his
product against illegal use. On the
other hand, the licensed user may rea-
sonably expect the product to function
without being hindered by the copy
protection. In principle, the dongle is
an acceptable and (usually) trouble -free
solution. Once installed on the printer
port, this electronic key becomes invis-
ible to the uses In actual fact, the main
program checks the presence of the
dongle at certain intervals. If the device
is found, the software simply continues
to operate. If the dongle is not found at
the expected location, the program
stops functioning, and becomes use-
less. An additional advantage of a don-
gle is that it is a portable key. If you
have it in your pocket, unauthorized
use of the program (though fully in-
stalled) is just not possible. Depending
on the licence conditions granted to the
authorised user, it is possible to install
the same software on a number of dif-
ferent computers. The software may be
run on one machine at a time, how-
ever: the one with the dongle attached!
Attractive as they may be as soft-
ware protection devices, dangles may
cause unexpected problems. A practi-
switch
cal problem reported to us by many
users of dongles is that the printer ap-
pears to lock up the system if it is
switched off. Yes, we know it may be
switched on to prevent this sort of
problem, but then electrical energy is
wasted by a peripheral device which is
not used. The following solution was
devised: switch off the printer auto-
matically, so that the dongle 'thinks'
that it is the only device connected to
the printer port, while the printer is not
in use. In practice, the dongle switch
described in this article automatically
dears all printer -related problems re-
ported by dongle users. Long live the
practical approach to electronics!
CIRCUIT DESCRIPTION
The circuit diagram of the dongle
switch may be found in Figure I. To
the right in the drawing is the connec-
tor which links the circuit to the printer
port on the PC. The connector for the
printer is shown to the left. Each data
and control line between the printer
and the PC is fitted with an electronic
switch, in this case, an analogue bilat-
eral one of which four are contained in
a type 4066 IC
All switches have a common enable
line which is connected to the SELECT
Elektor Electronics 1/97
line on the printer When the printer is cc
switched off, the SELECT line is held sy0 1411

low by the transistors in the output 1544148 Ictar2

stage of the Centronics interface con- ICI b
tained in the printer. If the printer is 13 3
5V
absent - in other words, nothing is
connected to KI - then the enable in- ICld
a
puts of the switches are pulled to !Cie
ground via resistor RI and diode Dl. 0? K2 10
1514148
K1
In both cases, all electronic switches -
12 iSTROSE 1
are opened, interrupting any signal 1

11
IC2a
2 AUTO' la
traffic. Consequently, the dongle sees 0
0- 2 IC2b 00 z_0
a high impedance at its outputs. If the
printer is present and selected, the SE-
O
13 ERROR
DI
15
-0
O
war
LECT line is at a logic high level. All 0
14 IC2d
9
0
analbgtte switches o-4 132
O

are then closed, Figure 1. Circuit cla-

0- " IC2c1.
10
SO
03
17
-0
o 0
and the- (active) gram of the dongle 0 112
0
04
printer is con- switch. A set of elec- o fi

2
0
nected to the tronic switches discon- 0 -o
7
0 IC3b 0
computer via the
dongle.
nects the printer from
the dongle when the
20 13 4 "- 3
B
0
All we need to printer is switched off. IC3d 21
0
8
complete this sim- C 0
22 IC3c 22
ple circuit is an 11 10 IC
adequate power supply. Because- the 23
0
complete circuit draws a mere 2 mA, c" 24
IC4a BUSY 11
-o

supply power may be 'tapped' with- 12

IC4b PE 12
0
C
out running into problems. This is ac- o
24 3
0
complished by diodes D2, D3 and D4 13 SELECT

on the SELECT, STROBE and INIT IC4c1

line, respectively. In the rare case of

2 mA being a too high current con-
sumption, LED Dl may be replaced b}
a resistor of, for example, 470-1n. Al-
though this causes the current drain to
drop to the micro -amps region, a vi-
sual printer status indicator is then no
longer available.
If powering the circuit from the
computer still causes problems, the
supply voltage has to be tapped from
the computer using a spare connector
as applied for the combined +5/±12V
supply for a floppy disk drive.
Capacitor C2 acts as a reservoir de-
vice for the supply voltage, while Cl
suppresses RF noise.
PRACTICAL MATTERS
No matter how clever the design of a
circuit, it is not finished without due
attention being paid to 'packaging'.
The track layout and component
mounting plan of the printed circuit
board designed for the dongle switch
are shown in Figure 2. The finished
board should fit is a compact plastic
case from Conrad (order code 522848)
from which the moulded ridges are re-
moved before the board is fitted. It is
not necessary to secure the board with
IC4c
ICI IC2
screws because it is held in place by its
connectors.
As a matter of course, the circuit is
built on a single -sided circuit board
(which is available ready-made
through our Readers Services). Start by
fitting the five wire links on the board.
Next, fit diodes Dl, D2, D3 and D4,
and capacitor C2 (mind the polarity of
this component). Proceed with resistor
RI, followed by connettois K1 and K2.
Note that KI is a socket, while la is a
plug -style connector (i.e., male). Two
PCB solder pins fitted near the termi-
nals of C2 enable an external supply
voltage to be connected (only if neces-
sary). Finally, fit the four ICs, and the
board is ready for use.
12 5V ()1
0 sv
1C3 IC4 ICI...1C4 = 4066
Tc.:,
0
t
LI C)
MIS
Because it not certain at this stage
whether it is possible to power the cir-
cuit from the PC or the printer (our
own attempts at powering the dongle
switch in this way were less success-
ful), it is recommended to use a stabi-
lized 5-V power supply in the first in-
stance. Connect the dangle to the
printer port on the PC, and then con-
nect the printer to the dongle via the
dongle switch. The photograph in Fig-
ure 3 illustrates the order in which
these components are arranged.
Switch on the printer and start the PC.
The protected software should run
without problems. Next, switch off the
printer and check that the software
keeps functioning. That should be the

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Elektor Electronics 1 97
 THE No.1 COMPONENT SOURCE FOR ELEKTOR ELECTRONICS PROJECTS
THAT'S RIGHT, YOU FOUND US
AN INTRODUCTION...
- The only international mod order company totally
dedicated to Elektor Electronics projects.
Prices in Dutch Guilders PILO), excl. VAT.
PLEASE VISIT
KITS FROM vel
Contents of Components Sets matches published
parts lists, including PCB and software item(s)
THE C-1
a large Belgian Manufacturer with state -of -the -art -products:
ELECTRONICS
Mini catalogue against one IRC (ask at your P0).
All components ore new, from major
manufacturers. and fit on Elektor Electronics
printed circuit boards.
WEBSITE:
HANDHELD LCD
tlo surcharge on credit cord orders.
The onestop source for all Elektor projects.
WWW.DIL-
DOS.COM
OSCILLOSCOPE
Component Set order codes underlined. This compact unit contains all the functions
(and more) of an ordinary oscilloscope.
'January 1997 Fth:SE NGii !ice.' AND Fai NUM! The oscilloscope is fitted with a sinusoidal
oscillator in order to measure and repair
D:r.g!e Sv.ittii
ECLX:59 C_.-;. mfr 111
October 1996 audio equipment more easily.
vithival dearec has 31.50 To complete its versatility, the oscillo-
Electric Bab Tester
fledric-field Meter /960091 Car,9:.-e;:-.-1 set
CHARACTERICS scope has a serial data output for trans-
f960100 Ccmgronemx set. met maw stria 49.00 Wand* trigger level ferring the most recently stored signal
ind lied& bax 89.75 Pats: 1.113915 12.50 Triwer nzelE rormi, ado cc Mgle to a computer. In addition, the oscillo-
Digitol Thermostat Smart Darkroom Timer Trigger edge: risig cr EA -1 85232 Jere scope can be used as a voltmeter with a
E360112 Canacoents set, in& 19E0086 Comp:Duds set. yelper 10 wcrpaiu. digital readout of true RMS, peak to
cont. mod relay taboo box 196.50 end **box 79.00 True EMS a pmktor reatrt. peak value, and DC measurements. By
FL -1E D51620 28.95 Pratt 5701502 9.95 Yaiess for vcvbep cal mensmensent
H01105 495 11/555 1.95
using the markers if is also possible to
DC mensurenwn With ago fUtICEr'll
Vegan *LED 6 00 Trcreshmer 8.90 measure frequency. Ideal for measure-
Ardommic voll/d-r cry, arena faectxm
Super Speed Caatrolha One -IC Metal Deader Grid or cries f.nake. Luto..--ctsc palm ments on audio equipment, TV, car, digi-
ii60113 Comp assts set, 1960075 (=pare& mt, Adams after 8 cheats trim be &WWI tal circuits, mains circuits such as dim.
euL pudic box 69.00 ind. meet excl. cod L2 49.00 Bares smr4-q freocenrr Salk Inc niers. analysis of RS232 signals. pulse
Refrigerate Good Inexpensive Goma Oven sus. generators. etc. Order code: K7105E 379.00
i9700.11 Co-apments setexdben73.50 E960071 Caspaients set Logr.i impedance 1 M0'ro//20eL
Parts: 8FW44 1.95 eel enendormu 61.95 Max_ irsp..I echoge: 10.7( peak (ACeDO
11(385.2_5 4.95 Peer Term. Mak 2-rry/7.5cem 130 laput mites; DC, AC and 690
ULM
December 1996
18_45 Tromformer
Mini Flash Programmer
11.95
Veribol racket:co: B be IS bit 03101
Lamar =1 la
DIGITAL OSCILLOSCOPE
1960075 Ceespecents set, LCD &whir 64 x 123 pints FOR PC this K7103 is o digital
Data Acquisition Cord exd embeare 175.00
Teas haw 2ms to 20s / dv memory oscilloscope that is operated
E9i0393-C Fans 5e1 demc-ssitntre Pus: ZIF soda 241:n 71.995
Input serdinity: 5(nY to 20Y/a(fr from an IBM compatable computer
36.rkt Carr see*. Et 19 55
109.00 Sex Imre generator k400 Hz/ swot 1
Battery Refresher using the computer screen as the
September 1996 Vans fonifmtabla
ES60106 Ports set, isxi healini. oscilloscope display. All three scope -
Square wore (Moat: 14001(1
tut ruins exicr4cr and case 75.00 programs are available from the DOS
Standby Unit for TV Economy Sap* whose: 9 VDC/min 7013mA
Remote Central by Vitale Light Pi60063 Caspcoecas set, program supplied. Operation is like a
Dirmasiara: 130,230,43 nem
66C368 Pats set, S -rd. supers bri LED
eithno *sic has 1 1 5.00 normal oscilloscope, with one difference
ai /carry, met_ brass f Pets . 5111506-36 5.95
07..8 89.00 that most operations are performed
S.L.43049 1930
20 -hit A/D Converter using the mouse. Connection is via the parallel port of the computer. The
Reds 5Mmens 10.95
(560110 Pats set ird. tiOtodtaards lenahlock 3 -yin 73ace 130 OSCILLOSCOPE oscilloscope has two completely separated channels with a sampling fre-
and noes 14.nflot.... 579.00 PCIBircaetrard. 57 8.95 quenty of 32 MHz. Any waveform on the screen can be stored in TIFF for-
two saocrcee ciscrsas man= samplog
Pate 117/03100 Serreas au. mat so that it may be retrieved later for use in documentation or for com-
Simple leftward Detector rate32 Betz
100pf/1% 430 HD kit magabla parison with other waveforms.
Maw semainity: Ilkei to 5Y / dnisica
1111/06800 SEMMES cap-
Parts- T51.245 630 tir.hau- 100ns to 106 as / drisica NOTE second channel, True RMS readout, Spectrum analyzer and Transient
6.8oF/1% 430
6539010, 215.00 Digital Thermometer high/low/bold timer mane: CHI, OD el free run recorder is optimal for K7103, ordercode K7104 for second channel and
SG51P/1 2 218M.Hz 29.75 1960010 Cmpo-eenfr set 149.00 pre trigger &play rued= US7103 for software.
68402A 59.00 Para 11135C/ 18.95 moor 4KB / dread 117103 I
1011173 18.50 Dal Mb. profit 3.95 interpakfizec tam ar tamierl la with ------ - 379.00
1014215 facies abraf.1430 U0 6:aday HD1105 4.95 trot DAS readout
'111109 min tra-ni 8 95 Vole ask Compass mockers Ea s J end frequency
ka forK7163 13 5.0 0
1960085 Ccaporam set 169.00 image Edu fmnat TIN
November 1996 ?am Ca-na,:ca mete: 6745 110.-
U57103 n,:ciotcf
SPECTRUM ANALYSER E/103 55.00
Infrared RS232 link July/August 1996
£560107 Pam set ind special poclad fregvency range 0_ lOOts to _ 167A}6
5110-scery...eas Solar -charging replete; sew race: 32 alHi
Frei cseeisT.cfccogonents1 159.00 1930016 Cs,.;.:caris set. Breor or logorithnic 117e sale
ircl. rued Lax and hectrale 92.50 operafas' eciaripk /MEW Gavin'
50 -Watt Audio Ampfilier Transfacral
155-1044 Cc- ind_ Kna rink. Harmonic Distortion Mater
1936074 (=pawn at 52.50 Fri moan= 2048 has
senh.-ca paserrapply 95.00
FFT Luce chase& Oil cr CH2
Pun 10172140 31.95 50 -MHz Decibel-AUfmatt-Meter SYSTEM
Iseans:-L 5X100/50 18 80 rowing foam MOW. INFORMATION/
1964039 Cars set rakers for =Atm& and hewer:4y REQUIREMENTS
5162 Programmer R-1:7-etal bas 345.00 lapat impedance . 1 Ma0ice//30p1 IEY ce,-,.:c*Iete, PC LS' ;
PE f;r7,:t TIFt
560105 P;(11 set ind_ :chew nod Di- Peres LIAX138CPL 7620 Latin= iam adage: IOW - 386 cr -----
zzier. ro front pad fa 135.00 A0606 151.25 TRANSIENT RECORDER (AC + VGA rreptly rc- - - -

Headphones/Guitar Amplifier liseat wastage OL AC cod 660 wiitnent..1 mentry

Prititioa Battery [Gamily Meier sax cede: 20asiDer
6:i Pats ms 664040 &moments set, Sup* 9to124DCr 70013A ram rezaked for Tray HAS most *mien madyteer
maxim= recanting tine 9.41 / sawn Reohargedie battery bad area td MI MVO. these feasters net rack I
91( Mere Kate 'es. 59.00 Wirectrat and inlay 55.00 ccaccatic sere of each screen data
Steam-Enghse Noise Generator Parer Press -Ley (113 1.25
196008/ Pans set tacesak 5169/37 5.95
caraca6c rearaeg for over ore year) ALL CUSTOMERS WHO ARE ORDERING FOR MORE THAN
ind. !three, :C s 49.95 Drumm real 9.95 craiimesa somepics tale 500 smnplests NEG. 200.00 BEFORE APRIL 1ST, 1997 WILL RECEIVE A FREE
(=air HT28301-5-( clamor soaping ME 1 sample/20s. CHIP -CLOCK MOUNTED ON A PCB -STYLE BEZEL:
Wee Fader
(3 alma kres1 makers for Mae and amplitude SO IT'S THE RIGHT TIME TO TRY
19.85 1964076 Comp:cam set 110.00 ELECTRONICS (again)...
Min. laispeaker 1001 11.00 icamicie Nodal
Parc L1125101 4230
0847111 7/95 rem* cod Srgiay of sand inages
October 1996 image fie format TDB
C -I Electronics P.O. Box 5544 NI. 3008 AM Rotterdam
laszpossire AD/DA Converter
Video Test Chart Generator 1964097 Compormas se M. Pal The Netherlands
ari ablate! 94.2.5
196(476 Cocapcneats set, without case
Parra 7.114261 11.50 May 1996 Fax': (+31) 10 486 1592, email: DIL g EURONET. NL
nei PAL-091-moMeacer 289.00
C1.61645P 47.50 Sefunre-611 966009 29.75 When faxing please include your full address for return mail
P964092 lime nade117.50 Ink Analyser
27(040 3830 BalTaT-C Correpreser,s. for 16 C6. cis Enclose one IRC with oil correspondence. Pares are in Dutch guilders
POLMcies-inseef. 6V 1130 Stagle-Glp Al Power Amp aranarent, ad. PCB, isle and VLSI ch*
1114911-moialatot 2730 1964104 Coarpocants set. ad. IC
(KR subject to change without prior notice. exclusise of 17.5' VAT
art care cal mew supply 359.00
Sample Rate Converter cod Mack 125.00 (BTW) and P&P. E & 0. E. Private customers in EU countries add B1W
19601333Ul Eu.baud3n16(.ird.
19 ac, Md. exeraaller Parts OPA541AP Ika firms! 19.00 106 tit WW1 (soles lox) at 17.5%, then P&P.
229.00
rid 399.00 &Mei sun/so 13.50
L960033-112 Ccapacear set hid Ch
Parc TEM13739
P&P: Airmail, recorded delivery. Europe: KG 15.00 far weight to I kg.
149.00 Saead-toBght Unit latereas fnm (960033-U1) 189.00
68402A 49.00 1950123 Cara. set eel. bar and Outside Europe: KG 15.00 for weight up to 250g. Extensive ordering
1011113 2130 moice-societs 179.00 info supplied with catalogue. Please ask for a CA orderform.
1011113 1830 Para 10150 Bad box 47.95 We bore truth rro-e. than cm he Lst..A here
6111 33.8528 29.95 5201501 Sharp ©era 14.95 CATALOGUE AGAINST ONE IRC VISA - MASTER - ACCCESS - EUROCARD :thrs wetscai

A24 Elektor Electronics 1,97

 ISM Lie -C1)
:77y0;j3 5\5

ra76-4--Sf
e)lie

(N), l/ 650096

Figure 2. Copper track lay- COMPONENTS LIST

out and component overlay
of the PCB designed for the Resistors:
circuit. All components, in- =
cluding the two connectors,
are mounted on this board Capacitors:
(board available ready-made, C1 = 100nF
see Readers Services pages). C2 = 10u F 63V

Semiconductors:
D1 = LED, 2mA. yellow
D2.D3.D4 = 1N4148
IC1-1C4 = 4066

Miscellaneous:
K1 = DB25 socket. angled. PCB
mount.
K2 = DB25 plug. angled, PCB
mount.
PC1.PC2 = solder pin.
Case: size 61x22x80mm e.g.. Con-
rad type 522848.
Printed circuit board, order code
\N, 960089-1 (see Readers Services
pages).

Figure 4. In case an external

supply voltage is necessary
after all, this drawing shows
Figure 3. The dongle how the necessary voltage
switch in action. Here, may be tapped from a floppy
it sits between a don- or hard disk drive supply
gle and a printer, pre- connector. It should be pos-
venting the printer sible to find an unused con-
from upsetting the op- nector in almost any PC.
eration of the dongle. 4
5i DRIiE

case it everything is working properly If an external power supply ap-

so fat Once it is certain that the circuit pears to be necessary after all, use the
functions properly, the external 5-V arrangement sketched in Figure 4 to
supply may be disconnected. Use a 'tap' power from the PC via a floppy 31 "-DRIVE

MANI to see if a supply voltage of 5 V disk or hard disk supply connector. 12V

remains present across the ICs. If not, Only two wires are required to make
replace D2 by a 470-1SI resistor, and this connection.
check again. If everything works okay
after switching the PC off and on
again, the circuit is ready for use.
4- -5V
19090- r2

i±rif
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AutoPlace and Shape Based Routing are possible at all times. Free Demo CD available on request.
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Elektor Electronics 1 97
25 L.
 magnetic fields
in i.:,=111.01 of

magnetic -field meter

These days
when electronic
circuits can be
found almost
anywhere, there
is, some people
fear*, a different
kind of environ-
mental pollution.
They call it elec-
trosmog (the
word does not
appear in any dictio-
nary - not even tech-
nical ones), but in
this article we will call
it stray magnetic
fields (SMFs). Some
`experts' think that Smog is a factitious word blending the The stray magnetic fields referred to
sounds and combining the meanings in this article are those in the low -fre-
SMFs may affect the of smoke and fog. In many other quency range of 200-1200 Hz. Some
physical well-being of countries the word smog has been
adopted to indicate the blue -grey sky
people claim to be affected by the SMF
caused by computer monitors or high -
people. If you believe that occurs on a warm, windstill sum- voltage wires. There are even some
mer's day when a mixture of indus- who claim that the SMF caused by a
that these experts are trial and domestic exhaust fumes accu- bedside clock -radio affects them. So, if
right, the magnetic - mulates in the upper atmosphere. a colleague is habitually bad-tempered
Consequent increases in the ozone early in the morning, his alarm -clock -
field meter described level may, in some people, cause radio may be to blame!
will help you find headache, shortness of breath and a The magnetic -field meter described
general feeling of discomfort. From in this artide does not solve the effects
sources of SMFs and this, it is clear that electrosmog is not a people honestly believe they suffer
particularly well-chosen colloquialism from, but it does enable them to find
determine their to describe stray magnetic fields. possible sources of SMF.
strength. These find-
*In spite of these fears, a number of authoritative studies, analyses and surveys carried
ings may help you out in several countries over the past 15 years have found obsdutely no evidence of mag-
netic fields causing any kind of illness in human beings. The most recent analysis (Octo-
reduce the field - ber 1996), carried out by the prestigious US National Research Council investigating more
strength. -than 500 studies over the past 20 years concludes that there is not a shred of evidence to
link magnetic fields with illness of any sort in human beings.
[Editor)
Design by H. Banekarnp

26 Elektor Electronics 1/97

MEDICAL (?) ASPECTS
There are people who believe that
strong magnetic fields affect their well-
Some parameters
Meter range (integral LEDs) 100 nT - 2.3 pT
being. In the 1980s and early 1990s,
certain organizations in a number of Scale logarithmic
countries in Europe and North Amer- Meter range (via DVM) 50 nT -2 pT
ica engendered such fears' by pub- Scale Linear
lishing surveys which purported to Frequency range 40 Hz -10 kHz (±1.5 dB)
have found a 'possible' link between 5% (with stated resistor tolerances)
Maximum measurement error
magnetic fields and the likelihood' of
people becoming ill with certain types Current drain 10 mA
of cancer (leukemia) and diseases of Power supply 9 V battery
the central nervous system, such as
multiple sclerosis.
Legislation in the United States and
Sweden lays down that nobody must
be exposed for any length of time to
magnetic -field -strengths greater than
200-300 ni Most other countries take
a more lenient view, except in the field
of computers: monitors must comply
with the stringent Nll'RII and TCO
standards. These stipulate the maxi-
mum magnetic field emanating from
the unit.
If you feel nervous about the effects
of magnetic fields, check all systems in
your home that generate (electro)mag-
netic fields and measure such fields:
the present meter is ideal for this. It
has a range of 100 nT to 23µT'. Mea-
suring the magnetic flux density must
be carried out at a realistic distance; for
instance, that emanating from a mon-
itor should be measured at the place Figure 1. Block
where your head normally is in rela- the
tion to the unit. amplifier stage that
converts the detected
THE DESIGN magnetic field into a
The principle of the present meter is frequency -independent
shown in the block diagram in Fig- alternating voltage.
ure 1. The induction coil used to detect
the magnetic field is represented by an
alternating -voltage source, VI, whose
average output is 1µV The output of
the source is amplified x101 by op amp
Some theory
Since, according to Lenin: "Practice with- is, for instance, an integrator. The transfer,
XI. out theory is blind, but theory without prac- Hi, of an integrator based on an op amp is
The op amp is linked to integrator tice is sterile", here is some background
X, which provides frequency -depen- theory for the magnetic -field meter. H, = -1/(2rf j Ri [21
dent amplification. For direct -voltage The voltage, e induced in a coil placed
signals this is 1000, for high -frequency in a magnetic field is given by where j = Ri is the integrator resis-
signals it is 0. The cross -over frequency tance, and Ci is the integrator capacitance.
is chosen so that the amplification is e, = -27rf N A 8max cos(wt) j11 When the integrator and coil are placed
uniform over the range in which mag- in series, the quantities in equations 1.1] and
netic induction is to be measured where N is the number of turns of the coil, (21 are multiplied:
(40 Hz - 10 kHz). A is the surface area of the coil, and Bmax
Feedback network R4 -R6 automat- is the peak magnetic flux density. = N A Et,IR, C, sin(tut)
ically ensures that the circuit has a sta- It is clear from equation (1J that the volt-
ble d.c. operating point at all times. age is directly proportional to the frequency From this it is seen that the output of the
This makes it possible for relatively of the field. This means that a circuit is combination is independent of the field fre-
inexpensive op amps to be used. Also, required whose amplification is inversely quency.
the internal attenuator ensures that proportional to the frequency; such a circuit
the maximum d.c. amplification is x101
(1-FR6ifti). The value of R611-(5 also
determines the lower limit of the fre- * 7: the testa, is the SI unit of magnetic flux density or magnetic induction
quency range. equal to 1 weber nr2. The weber, symbol Wb, is the SI unit of magnetic flux.
The circuit diagram of the meter is 1 weber = 1 volt -second = 1 joule -ampere. The testa is named after the Croa-
shown in Figure 2. It consists of an tian -American electrical engineer Nikola Testa (1856-1943), who worked with
input amplifier, integrator, automatic both Edison and George Westinghouse. The weber is named after Wilhelm
offset correction network, rectifier with Eduard Weber (1804-91), professor of physics at Leipzig, who associated with
d.c. suppression, display and associ- Gauss in his researches on electricity and magnetism.
ated drive, power supply, and a socket

Elektor Electronics 1/97

 R20 DWI
RE,
6 0

RI

v+

ET)
10 010

SIG .1:1 lig -0.160'

12 OB
MODE - 1.7117
pat IC2 177 13 rig Id - -..800nT
14 06
REFOUT -0- '570nT
-1.3154110-1147,400nT
LL13915
1:1
r3
16
D3 id
17
DI 14 .3:250nT
&it 200 nT
REFADJ
_ 1B D2 Id 41Cit 14OnT
DI
RLO _1:100nT
04
1115

10_
boy

960100- 11
IC1 = 7LC274

Figure 2. Circuit dia-

for connection to a digital voltmeter
(DVM).
The input amplifier, based on ICia,
ensures that the signal from the induc-
tion coil, L1, is amplified x101. The coil
is terminated into a high impedance,
so that its output is buffered by the
0 the rectifier. The level matching is pur-
0 0
0 0
gram of the magnetic -
field meter, which is
op amp. ideal for defecting lessens the average
The integrator con- small stray fields. voltage by the output
sists of ICI), another of potential of the inte-
the four op amps con- grator. Since the
tained in ICI. op amp is powered asymmetrically,
The (active) rectifier, based on ICk, the output is a half -wave rectified
is, in fact, a differential amplifier that alternating voltage. This voltage is
averaged by R16 -C6 or, in case a DVM
is used as the meter, by R18-R20-C7.
The form factor (2.22) is corrected by
posely carried out by the rectifier since
0 this op amp has a much larger swing
0 0 than ICI, or ICib.
Op amps ICia and ICIb carry a
pure sinusoidal signal that alternates
symmetrically around a direct voltage
of 3 V, whereas that of ICk alternates
0 around 0 V. This means that this

*
- c4
14, 0000
DIO
op amp can handle an amplification of
0 0 00 X2..2 much better than the earlier two.
Ii o) The drop across C6 is used by the
\ 0000
O000
display driver, IC2, to represent the
Da 00 L; 0 strength of the magnetic field. The dri-
ver has its own reference -voltage
07
O000 source. This 1.25 V source is also used
kil
DO
O0 01 to derive an auxiliary voltage for
EE z .11
op amps ICia and ICib. The potential
140100-1 c c at node A is
05
-615 c7
134
00 Of 020 10 ((R14+R15)/R15] x 1.25 = 3 V.

D3
fig ,_
\- 00 The minimum voltage at which IC,
CE
provide full drive is 1.2 V. Since the IC
D2
st
is driven by an averaged potential, the
DI 00 +0 0{D11110 0 signal level required for full drive is
1.2 x n = 3.77 V Because the signal
amplification takes place in the recti-

Figure 3. The printed -circuit board for the meter contains the
strips necessary to wind the induction coil. These strips should
be cut off before any work is done.

28 Elektor Electronics 1/97

 Induction coil L1
The design of the induction coil is a
compromise between the surface
area and the number of turns. The
smaller the coil, the greater the num-
ber of turns must be. One of the
drawbacks of a large number of turns
is the inaccuracy arising during the
winding. If the coil consists of many
layers on top of each other, its sur-
face area increases and with it the
imprecision. Also, counting errors are
easily made.
If it is desired to design a coil to
individual preferences, it should be
borne in mind that the product of the
number of turns, N, and the surface
area of the coil, A, must be
N A = 51.66 x10-3.
fier, that is, the op amp with the largest
drive range, a drop in battery voltage
does not immediately affect the accu-
racy of the meter.
Parts list
Resistors:
RI. R9,1311., R14 = 10 kfl
R2*, R. R7- = 1
R3', R6. R16 = 100 kit
R4, R8 = 1 MU
R10, R/2 = 22 RD. 1%
R13 = 100
R15=6.81(12
R17 = 3.9 kti
R16. Rig" = 39 id)
R20 = 82 1(!2. 1%
=1%
Capacitors:
CI, C7 = 100 pF, 10 V. radial
C2 = 10 nF, metallized polyester film,
5%
C3 = 4.7 pF. 10 V, radial
C4 = 10µF 10 V. radial
C5 = 47 pF
C6 = 2.2pF, 10 V, radial
= 100 pF, 16 V, radial
Inductors:
= see text.
Semiconductors:
D1 -D3 = LED. green, high efficiency
D4 -D6 = LED, yellow, high efficiency
D7-010 = LED. red. high efficiency
= 1N4148
Integrated circuits.
IC, = TLC274
IC, = LM3915
Miscellaneous:
5, = single -pole switch with make
contact
PC,-PC4 = soldering pin 1.3 mn
dia.
Bt, = bariery 9 V
Enclosure as suitable
PCB Order no. 960100-1
Elektor Electronics
to the board, but sockets may be used
as well. The last components to be
placed are the LEDs. These diodes are
For instance, the coil discussed in
the text has a surface area of in three groups, each of a different
426 x 10-6 m2. Substituting this quan- colour. The green of D1-D3 indicates a
tity in equation (4] gives the number safe level; the yellow of 134-D6 a dubi-
of turns: ous level; and the red of 1D7-D10 a
risky level.
N = 51.66 x 10-3IA = After switch Si and the 9-V battery
51.66 x10-3/426 x10-6 = 121. have been connected, the circuit is
ready for use. It is best to build it into
So, when the dimensions of the a suitable case to make a compact mea-
desired coil are known, the number suring instrument.
of turns is easily computed. The meter need not be calibrated
If more than 100 turns are used, since the measurement error is negli-
trimming down to 1% accuracy is gible, provided the correct compo-
possible by adjusting the number of nents have been used and the induc-
turns. This requires a reference sig- tion coil has been wound carefully.
nal or a calibrated meter. poollE1)
(41
The display driver controls ten
LEDs. The diagram clearly shows
which LED lights at a given field -
strength. When D10 lights, the mea-
sured fieldstrength 2.3µV, rather
greater than the upper limit specified
in MPRIE (250 nT). Figure 4. Proposed
If the meter is linked to a DVM, this front panel. Since
must be set to its 200 mV direct- volt- each LED indicates a
age range. The measurement range is certain fieldstrength,
then 50 nT - 2µZ Measuring levels a rapid indication of
below 50 nT is not possible owing to the stray field is
the noise floor.
CONSTRUCTION
The circuit is best built on the printed - 4
circuit board shown in Figure 3, which
reduces the necessary work to a mini-
mum.
The induction coil is a DIY job. The
TESLA METE'
core on to which it is wound is made
from two strips cut off the PCB. These
strips are formed into a 'sandwich' 0 2.3u T
separated by four 1.3 mm dia. solder
pins in the indicated positions. Note 0 1.6pT
that the track side of both strips must 0 1.1pT
face the motherboard.
The broad strip has two solder pads 0 800nT
to which the coil terminals are sol-
dered. The third pad merely serves to 0 570nT
increase rigidity:
Close -wind 121 turns of 0.2 mm 0 400nT
enamelled copper wire on to the core. 0 280nT
If this is done carefully, the winding
will consist of exactly five layers. Place 0 200nT
the coil against the motherboard in
such a way that the three copper pads 0 140nT
ON
at the edge of the motherboard Coin-
cide with the corresponding pads on
0 100nT POWER
OFF
the coil. Solder the coil to the mother-
board.
The remainder of the wiring is
straightforward. First lay the wire
bridge at the centre of the board. After
the two solder pins have been sol-
dered into place, solder the resistors
and capacitors on to the board. Mind
the polarity of the electrolytic capaci-
tors. The ICs may be soldered directly
1,97 29
 The Home of e".-eo.e:i4e. Its not what you do,
its HOW you do it that counts!.
VISATON® SPEAKER KITS & DRIVE UNITS
tie.% ir,e LK. V:SATCN c,-. a rage of s.r.-aa ,,,ts mat rien-, b--aar eteass easigre that era
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This attractive ricaule consists of a low pass fitter aria power

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The combined unit can then be .--re-rtined with any new or existing W200S 20cm. (8') Woofer. Long
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controL The 'Greene power supper Coated paper cone. nattier surround.
performance rein starting leanly and transparency of Mind, armed sweeties the wit to starchy 3 no sir.al is present Drawings are
to the famous HART wally oorrporanS and ease of construction. inetudeA free for the compact 418 x 380 x 303nun cabinet
high temperature voice cot Suitable
Standard madel cornets with a trersat. passree front-end giving W,th as powerful 125 wall output and yew -able fiteeng the ASM 100
as woofer In mint enclosures or
switched inputs, with ALPS precision 'Blue Velvet' Icreemoiree midrange in 3 -way syernsetral-an.
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ASJA 100 Module. complete welt IEC mains lead. aritruabons and
done for you, even Me Wring is pre-temenated. ready for instant ASel - W20 cabinet dreeings. Pt. No. V7000 £18529
user. Ae versions are available lien Standard components or W 200 S 20cm Long Throw Drive ma fo ruse m ASM - wza
seecele se-ted Super Auceopede =moments and Gold Prated cabinet £36.68
speaker term pals and as are also air"-"- feegery assembled.
K1100 Complete STANDARD Stereo Arnie e; . £41521 FRS8 8ern.13.31 Fulirange driver.
K11005 Complete SLAVE Ampler K3 ..... . £353.62 Linear frequency response between
.
FIESTA 30 LOUDSPEAKER KIT 200 and 20KHz. Large Magnet,
K11051.1 Comets MONOBLOC Amp efer Kit, £27120
RLHI 1 Repnres of Latest Amplifier arree. £1.80 20mm voice coil and rubber
K1100C/A Corebuebon Marual wen fu1 carts :sts eueround. Bohm £8.36
.
An Ultra High Efficiency speaker. specialty suitable for Valve
Mystifier&
ALPS "Blue Velvet' PRECISION AUDIO CONTROLS. Specialy selected as the ideal
partner for Inc new John
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Sewed kneeler, or indeed any
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FIESTA 30 features the DT2-5 Herrn Potteauteorate. Tweeter.
astonishing efficiency and High efficiency lennenns tweeter tar
sense:My needed to achirree a use over 4.500Hz_ Very good
satisfying sound level from priceemfOrrnanceraeo. Rohm_ £.8.77
amplifiers of limited power
-
To complement the sound
To
party of such amplifiers a hal
Nen you can threw out those noisy ia-mareid carbon pots and three gteaver system is used
t= eee !7.7: famous Hart eereusese ALPS Blue Velvet' range with a 300mm (12') woofer, SC5 ternm Magnetically Melded
, used selectively in the very top fight of World 200mm (8') mid -range and Tweeter for use in stir/our-4 sound
The improvement in trams aezuracy and matching high quality horn tweeter in a centre speakers_ Blum £9.24
reale is increacie giving batter tonal balance between channels vest bass Wee enclosure.
and rock solid Image stabeity. Motorised versions have 5v DC Al these drive triU have been
motor. carefully selected for their
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MANUAL POTENTIOMETERS collective excellence. the
2Garg ICOK Lee £15_67 tweeter for instance being a
2 -Gang 1011, 5..'"4< or 100K Lcg. £16.40 high end unit with exceptional RHT12.5 High End Ribbon Tweeter.
2 -Gang 10K Snefeee Beeenee. zero crosstaet b centre loss £17.48 pulse response as a result of Suppe: r double magnet constructon
its combination of Kaplan gives an exceptionaty low Withrow
MOTORISED POTEKROMETERS former, aluminium diaphragm and linear response from 4,000 to
2 -Gang 20K Log Volume Control meee. and aiurririarn voice oca. 30,000Hz. Cabinet cutout diameter
2 -Gang 101C RD Special Balance. zero crosstalk and less than 'ICF= Nominal Power Rating is ?em-ri, &ohm_ £87.77
MSS n certhe postrat m9a 150W. Max. Music Power
250W. Impedance 8 ohm,
Mean Sound Pressure 91116.
32W VALVE AMP TRANSFORMERS
Spada set of txrafal turns/owners. 2 output & 1 males for the 'Hot
Speaker kit comes with all
pans to make a pair of DHT9AW-NG Hi -Tech. Hi -Fl. horn
Stele ptaar valve amplifier design described In the Oct. 1995 speakers. but not the cabinet type tweeter. Frequency response
mue of Viires VIssia". Total WI &Veg. SpeciMptice for the set from 3.500 to 38.1}0011z and very
e99. Pest £8 Pnotocopes of Arta by Jeff Macateary. parts. Crossover units are
£2C0 tweery assembled. ready to fa. good pulse response due to
aluminium cone. Keeton voice coil
JOHN LINSLEY HOOD and aluminium wire. Peak power
SINGLE ENDED CLASS 'A' POWER AMPLIFIER hevereng 150W. Wen £31.99
..- -SA corcept in amedifer design to meet the needs of modem Kit No.LK5963 Per Pair_ E424_93
users who want the warmth and purity of sound given by reeve
erre:Viers from the vintage years. without tee problems of cast.
datertenten and danger aseeciated wen trying to use valves today. HOME CINEMA SPEAKERS.
It employs the newly re -discovered single -ended circuit
ccreeguratcri to dve Meal freedom from crossover att6 and to ASM100 and our 80 watt pewee arreeifer are on dernoretration at
gem a sound teat is rdistrig.istebetrorn the famous Wirernscre The VISATON range ci ereeeker wt new des aT you we ever need
for your surround sound home cinema setup The Hi -Tower Kft Wilmslow Audio's new premises at Broughton Astley near
design. tee undeputed leader of the fed. with as Mode corrected Letester. Tel 01455 286503.
KT66s and aatriode drivers. Described in the September 1996 deal as a weer luxury pair of stereo main speakers_ The 'Centre
80' uses special rmagnetically screened drivers to avoid picture POSTAGE on UK ceders is £2 up to £20.
dare et EOM the ree version retains the basic simpecity and
purity of the orgrai but with modern corroorients and an diet:oars-a and a (sir of 'Epics EO's are used as rear speakers. £4.50 over £20.
increased pewee raerig of 15W MIS Dec Channel. a range of 5,ubeemolers then adds weight to tune ecund of the
Centre 80 Kea crldude doe Lsths. crossover, latrItriaiS Overseas please enceice
Fut Kit en 3u rill Rev.:rimed Case. £368 ee
£60,50 e. (You make the box) Puce each £64.08 Our LISTS are FREE cei r-
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Send for Your FREE copy

of our LISTS
24 Hr. ORDERLINE 01691 652894
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All Prices include
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41.0.°S54°

Elektor Electronics 1 /97

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Computer Equipment Catalogue Cambridge. CB4 4WS, UK

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with the Winter 96/97 Cirkit Catalogue

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Elektor Electronics 1/97 31
 )
* Speed regulator
for model trains
load compensation
With
Speed controllers for
model trains exhibit-
ing a perfect regula-
tion characteristic are
few and far between.
With most controllers.
speed is load -depen-
dent. Attempts at cor-
recting this annoying
circumstance often
cause loss of pull,
which is, of course,
undesirable. The cir-
cuit described here
uses the reverse elec-
tromotive force (emf)
generated by the lo-
comotive motor as a
correction signal for a
pulsewidth control
system. In practice,
this method results in
an appreciable com-
pensation of load
variations, so that the
speed of the locomo-
tive remains reason-
ably constant.
Design by N. de Graaf
A32
If you want to make a model train run
at a virtually constant speed, you need
to find a signal that contains speed in-
formation, allowing that to be used as
a reference for a control system.
Such a signal exists in the form of
the reverse emf produced by the loco
motor. As you probably 'mow, a run-
ning electric motor also functions as a
voltage generator. The 'reverse emf' is
independent of the applied voltage
and the load, and is determined by the
engine speed only. By introducing the
reverse emf in a control loop, it should
become fairly easy to construct a reg-
ulator which keeps the speed of the
model train virtually constant under
all conditions, that is, independent of
the weight load and the steepness of
the track.
The above proposition raises the
question how to measure the reverse
emf, in other words, how to separate
this voltage from the voltage supplied
by the speed controL The answer is
fairly simple: power the model train
with a pulsating voltage. That allows
you to carry out reverse-emf-voltage
measurements in the pauses between
the supply voltage pulses.
EMF-CONTROLLED
PULSEWIDTH
Because the complete circuit diagram
of the model train speed regulator con-
tains a couple of (essential) elements
that may somewhat obscure the actual
operation, the crucial ingredient have
been brought together is a simplified
block diagram which is presented in
Figure 1.
Essentially, you are looking at a
pulsewidth controlled motor speed
regulator in which the width of the
pulses is determined by the speed -de-
pendent emf produced by the motor.
If the motor speed (and, consequently,
the reverse emf) is too tow, the
pulsewidth is increased, causing the
motor speed to increase. If, on the
other hand, the speed is too high, the
pulses become smaller.
First, a triangular (ramp) voltage is
generated, which is subsequently com-
pared with a control voltage in a com-
parator (ICid). The output of the com-
parator supplies a rectangular voltage.
The width of the pulses is directly de-
pendent on the level of the control
voltage, which, in turn, is determined
by two things: the position of the
'speed' potentiometer, PI, and the level
of the emf voltage measured during
the pulse pauses. Comparator ICib
compares the emf voltage with the
voltage supplied by pot Pl. If the emf
(i.e., the motor speed) is too low, then
the output signal of ICIb (i.e., the con-
trol voltage) is 'low', and vice versa.
This type of control results in the
Elektor Electronics 1/97
above mentioned width correction on
the pulses supplied by 1C1d.
Two details must not go unmen-
tioned here. Firstly, this type of reg-
ulation system obviously requires
some time to be able to respond emf
properly; after all, the time constant
of the integrator connected in series
with IC113 is a (small) source of trou-
ble. If the integration time is made
too short, the system will also re-
spond to very small
speed changes, caus- Figure 1. This extremely simplified di-
ing jerky movement agram illustrates the principle of op-
eration. The reverse emf generated IC2ab
of the train. If, on the
other hand, the time by the loco motor is measured during 960113 - 12
is too long, the con- the pulse pauses, and subsequently
trol system will not used as a control signal for adjusting
respond properly if the pulsewidth. a triangular -wave (ramp) generator
the train climbs a which operates at about 50 Hz. The
sloping track_ The up- level of the ramp voltage may be ad-
shot is that a compromise has to be spond with those in the final circuit di- justed within certain limits with the
found. Furthermore, the drawing in agram. aid of preset P4, while P3 allows the dc
Figure l shows a second poten- level to be shifted to a small extent.
tiometer. This one has nothing to do PRACTICAL REALISATION Since the settings of P3 and P4 are not
with the regulator as such, but acts The detailed circuit diagram of the particularly critical to achieve proper
as an adjustable integrator, together speed regulator for model trains is operation of the following part of the
with the capacitor that follows it. The shown in Figure 2. The general struc- circuit, it is usually sufficient to set
purpose of this integrator is to enable ture of the circuit as shown in Figure 1 these presets to mid -
a fairly realistic acceleration and de- is easily recognized in the schematic, travel. Figure 2. One of the
celeration behaviour to be achieved although quite a lot has been added, As already men- most interesting de-
for the model train. of course. tioned, the ramp tails of the circuit dia-
Finally, we should mention that the The combination of Schmitt trigger voltage is compared gram is the practical
numbers shown in Figure 1 corre- IC2a and integrator lC2b- functions as to a certain direct realisation of the emf
measurement. In the
middle of the pulse
pauses, IC1a is briefly
JAI
02 00 enabled by the pulses
1 P441 48
2 generated by 1C2d.
64* Next, the opamp mea-
IRIS
sures the emf applied
via R2, and stores it in
DS
Cl.
R14 124

RII BC557B IRI

BD r
lov
07 646
KI
IRIS
SI

100r, -0 L
XItiS148 R12
1114001
12V
am
O
12V Pi R1S
100k 010
231
( 16 bid LS
e
617
13 7812 12V
0
IC2d

P3
11 1=0
CS

2E1.

C12

11
10.
121, 637

IC1 = 0.1324 CIO 012

IC2 = U4324 -[11-14--

2x
470- 7912
# e
12V
ICI IC2 -we:1ov
25V 11441101
011

e x1113 - 11
1144001
12V

Elek1or Electronics 1:97

33

a Cl. In this setup, diode D2 prevents
D2
6V6 6V8
TICP206D
1.1T1
.1T2
:0113- 13
Figure 3a. Individual
sensitivity control on
all locos may he
achieved by equipping
them with this little
circuit.
Figure 3b. This auxil-
iary circuit ensures
that the train lighting
has no effect on the
control characteristic.
voltage (the control voltage). This com-
parison takes place in ICid. The level
of the control voltage is dependent on
the width of the output pulses sup-
plied by IC1d. The circuit is designed
such that the pulsewidth can not ex-
ceed 90%. Via darlington transistor Ti,
the (inverted) pulse signal arrives at
output connector Kl. After the 'inter-
vention' of toggle switch Sl, the pul-
sating voltage is used to control the
train (as regards speed, of course!)
Next, the reverse-emf measure-
ment. The operation of this part of the
circuit was not mentioned yet with the
discussion of Figure 1. The starting
point is, of course, the voltage available
on output connector Kl. As you can
see from the circuit diagram, this volt-
age is fed back to opamp ICla via re-
sistor R2. As explained earlier on, the
measurement of the reverse-emf is
only possible and allowed to take place
during the pauses of the track voltage.
This is accomplished by IC2d super-
imposing short pulses on the peaks of
the ramp voltage. These pulses coin-
cide with the 'off' time of transistor T1,
ensuring that only the reverse-emf of
the loco motor is present on K1 during
this short interval. During these
pulses, the input of ICla is briefly en-
A34
abled via diode Dl. The opamp then
responds by amplifying the emf ap-
plied via R2, and storing it in capacitor
the capacitor from discharging.
Next, comparator IC1b compares
the voltage across Cl (which is pro-
portional with the reverse-emf) with
the voltage supplied by the speed con-
trol pot, PI, and adjusts its output volt-
age until the two voltages are equal_
This event is indicated by LEDs D3
and D4 lighting simultaneously. If the
loco speed is too low, only D3 lights; if
it is too high, only D4 lights. Next, the
output voltage of IC1b is smoothed by
the integrator built around IC1c, and,
finally, applied to the negative input of
comparator ICid as the pulsewidth
deem Lining control signal.
FINISHING TOUCHES
The above description of the operation
of the speed controller covers most of
the circuit. A few details should be
added, however. P2 and C2 together
4
form the previously mentioned net-
work which enables 'slow-motion ac-
celerating and braking of the model
train. Jumper JPI has been added to
offer the user the choice between rid-
ing with or without emf compensa-
tion. In the first case (compensation
on), JPI is set to position 2-3, in the sec-
ond case (compensation off), set it to
position 2-1.
Transistor T2 acts as a short-circuit
protection. When the track voltage is
short-circuited for whatever reason
(for example, a train derailment), the
increased voltage drop across R15 will
cause transistor T2 to start conducting,
thereby limiting the current through
T1 to about 15 A. Although that is still
sufficient to make T1 run pretty hot,
the darlington does not have to stand
the maltreatment for more than a few
seconds as auto -resetting polyswitch
F1 will provide a total disconnect. For-
tunately, most mishaps with derail-
ments may be solved so quickly that it
is not necessary for Fl to act
Components R1 and C4 at the out-
put of the speed regulator determine
the behaviour of the circuit when
there is no train on the track, or a bad
contact exist between the rails and the
train motor. In either case, no reverse
emf would be measured, prompting
the regulator to switch to 'full steam
ahead'. The resistor and the capacitor,
however, provide some averaging of
the rail voltageresulting in an average
pulsewidth in case of a bad contact or
no train on the rails.
A final detail concerns the power
supply. Connector K2 accepts an al-
ternating voltage between 12 V and
16 V. After rectification (BI) and
Figure 4. This proto-
type built up by the
author is slightly dif-
ferent from the final
version.
smoothing (CS), this voltage is used di-
rectly for the train motor (connection
marked '++'). The symmetrical 12-V
supply voltage for the opamps is cre-
ated with the aid of two three -termi-
nal voltage regulators (IC3 and IC4).
For the negative supply, use is made of
an auxiliary circuit consisting of C10,
Dll and D12. This is necessary be -
Elektor Electronics 1/97

2 and component
cause we want to be able to use
double -phase rectification on the pos-
itive motor voltage.
ADAPTATIONS
As mentioned earlier on, the behav-
iour of the motor is determined to a
considerable degree by the integrator's
time constant. To enable he regulator
to respond rapidly to changing load
conditions, it is desirable to keep the
value of capacitor C3 as small as pos-
sible. Unfortunately, a too small value
will cause the locomotive to run errat-
ically. In this respect, two further fac-
tors are the quality of the track and
that of the locomotives. However, a
good compromise may always be
found by experimenting with the
value of C3.
Experimenting is also the best way
to establish the optimum value of the
'averaging' capacitor, C4, and for C2,
too, which is part of the delay net-
work. By the way, when operating the
speed control, P1, do take into account
that the pot has a small 'dead range at
the start of its travel. The loco does not
receive a motor voltage until the wiper
voltage is positive. This is necessary
because otherwise the loco would
never stop, but spend an infinitely
long time decelerating. Fortunately, the
small 'dead range need not be a prob-
lem if you use a specially prepared dial
for the potentiometer.
Elektor Electronics 1/97
Figure 5. Track layout
mounting plan of the
PCB designed for the
speed controller
(board available ready
made through the
Readers Services).
COMPONENTS LIST
Resistors:
R1.R19 = 10010
R2 = 4710
R3 = 18k -r1
R4 = 10010 *
R5,R14 =
R6 = 1k1c2
R7 = 210.2
R8.R12.R16 = 22k0
R9 = 470k2
R10,1120 = 68k2
R11 ,R13 = 4k07
R15 = 0c247 2W
R17 = 1501c-:.
R18 = 180kci
P1,P2 = 10010. linear
P3.P4 = 2510 preset
Capacitors:
C1.C5 = 100nF, pitch 5mm
C2.C3 = 47pF 16V radial
C4,C6,C7 = 100nF
C8 = 2200pF 25V radial
C9,C12 = 10pF 63V radial
C10 = 470pF 35V radial
C11 = 220pF 25V radial
Not all locos supply the same re-
verse emf. If desired, the sensitivity of Semiconductors:
the circuit may be adapted with the B1 = B40C1500
01,02.06 = 1N4148
aid of R4 (a higher value results in D3 = LED areen
higher sensitivity). If several locos are D4 = LED red
controlled simultaneously, they will D5.D7 = 101/ zener 400rnW
travel at different speeds at one and D8.010-013 = 1N4001
the same setting of P1. If you are both- D9 = 3.9 V zener 400mW
ered by this, install the circuit shown T1 = 130646 (or equivalent)
in Figure 3a in every locomotive. The T2 = 8C5578
IC1.1C2 = LM324
crux of this circuit is that the track volt- IC3 = 7812
age is passed by the triac (Tri), while IC4 = 7912
the reverse emf is blocked. Conse-
quently, the emf on the rails is deter- Miscellaneous:
mined by preset P1 only. In this way, JP1 = Jumper 3 -pin
each loco may be individually adjusted Fl = Polyswitch 1.1 A (Conrad/Far-
to make it run at its maximum speed nell).
K1,K2 = PCB terminal block, pitch
with pot P1 on the speed control set to
5mm.
maximum. Bipolar electrolytic capaci- S1 = double -pole switch v.. centre-
tor CIIC2 prevents the triac from being off position, e.g. MS500C
erroneously triggered by emf surges (Miyama).
during the pulse pauses. Case: e.g. Bopla type E430BB
Those of you wishing to perfect the (120x65x40mm).
system even further may want to in- PCB. order code 960113-1 (see
stall the circuit shown in Figure 3b as Readers Services page).
Option: tnac Z0105DA. 1A, 5mA gate
well. This add-on ensures that the current (SGS-Thomson. Farnell. RS
train lighting does not load the emf, Components)
thus preventing the lights from affect-
ing the speed of the train. An addi- *) see text
tional advantage of this triac-based
lights control is that the free -running
motor is no longer loaded, thereby im- current of this device is about 1 A, and
proving the deceleration behaviour of the required gate current, 5 mA. Other
the train. small triacs capable of working at a
An SGS-Thomson triac type trigger current of 5 mA may also be
Z0105DA may be used in the circuits used (for instance, the Texas Instru-
of Figures 3a and 3b. The maximum ments TICP206D).
35
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A36 Bektor Electronics 1/97


Figure 6. The potentiome-
ters may be fitted directly
on to the board. As a mat-
ter of course, the LEDs
have to be fitted such that
they are visible from the
outside of the enclosure
used to house the speed
regulator.
.f192 =';:2
14V. Ti
CONSTRUCTION
The prototype of the model train
speed regulator as built by the author
is shown in Figure 4. In this version,
the two potentiometers and the direc-
tion switch, Sl, were fitted on a sepa-
rate control panel.
Because the prototype was en-
hanced and fine-tuned in a number of
respects, a new printed circuit board
was designed for it in the Eleldor Elec-
tronics laboratory. The final artwork is
shcmm- in Figure S. The PCB has a
clear layout. This board is available
ready-made through our Readers Ser-
vices. The input and output connector
are located at one side, and the control
elements P1, P2, D3 and 134, at the
other. As far as we are concerned, you
Elektor Electronics
are free to (plus and minus 12 V).
mount For the sake of completeness, Fig-
these ure 7 once again indicates the connec-
controls tions of the external elements to the
and in- board.
dicators As already mentioned, the adjust-
on the ment of P3 and P4 is not particularly
board, or (as critical. In most cases, you may simply
the author leave these presets at mid -travel. Hav-
did) on a separate ing no oscilloscope available it is fairly
little panel. difficult to check if there are pulses at
Little needs to be said about build- pin 14 of IC2d. None the less, a rea-
ing up the board, as there are no tricky sonable adjustment may also be ob-
details to observe, and all necessary in- tained by adjusting P3 and/or P4 until
formation may be found in the part; a voltage between -10 V and -11 V is
list and the component overlay measured with a DMM connected to
printed on the board. pin 14.
Components 1C3, 1C4 and T1 de- To enable you to check that the cir-
velop hardly any heat during normal cuit works properly, a couple of mea-
use and consequently do not need surement values are indicated in the
heat -sinks. circuit diagram. These values may be
The finished printed circuit board verified with the aid of a multimeter.
is shown in Figure 6. Thanks to its The ramp voltage at the output of
IC2b has peak levels of -5 V and
+7.5 V. and an average level of 125 V,
which is easily verified using your
multimeter. Without a locomotive, the
alternating current consumption of
the circuit is about 50 mA.
TINKERING
The auxiliary circuits shown in Figures
3a and 3b have no matching PCBs be-
"T31 04 '271 23
cause everything will depend on the
available space in the locomotive(s). In
most cases, space will be at a premium,
olio so that these circuits are best built 'in
Eotto the air' or on a small piece of strip -
73 all
01. board. In any case, patience and a
01 tp 0 steady hand will be invaluable. The re-
6-7713 0'
C.
O 000 sults of the author's efforts at building
these miniature circuits are shown in
Figure 8. twin)
40223-T4
Figure 7. For clarity's Figure 8. The auxiliary
sake, this wiring circuits of Figure 3a and
overview shows how the 3b have to kept as small
external elements are as possible because
connected to the board. they are fitted inside the
locomotive.
modest size, the board, including po-
tentiometers, fits in a Bopla type
E430BB plastic case (size approx. 120 x 8
65 x 40 mm). The 'train direction'
switch is, of course, mounted as an ev
ternal component.
COMMISSIONING
If you forget to fit jumper JP1 in one of
the previously mentioned positions,
the circuit will not work at all. Once
the complete board has been built up
and checked, the alternating (trans-
former) voltage may be connected to
K2. Next, it is wise to check the pres-
ence of the two regulated voltages
1/97
 11 electronic
potentiometer Type DS1669
Parameters
Unit
Operating -voltage range 4,5 , 8
V
Logic 1 2,4 V
Logic 0 0,8 V
Current drain 1 2 mA
Resistance tolerance ±20
Relative resistance linearity ±0,3 LSB
Current through resistance 1 mA
Wiper resistance 1 kil
- -3 dB frequency limit (10 kfl) 1 MHz
(50 kr2) 200 kHz
(100 kt1) 100 kHz
Pulse -width (digital input) 1
lls
Pulse width (switch input) 1 ms
Auto repeat period 1 s
r Repeat time 100 ms
Power -up time 10 ps
Temperature coefficient ±800 ppmPC
Ambient temperature range 0 +70 °C

Variable resistors Electronically -controlled variable resis-
tance Type DS1669 from Dallas Semi-
normally called poten- conductors is constructed as an inte-
tiometers are used for grated circuit in an 8 -pin DIP or SMD
case-see Figure 1. It consists of a resis-
setting sound levels, tance tapped at 64 positions separated in
equal steps, a 64:1 multiplexer, control
colour saturations. circuits and an EEPROM. The 64 outputs
of the resistance are fed to the multi-
brightnesses, and plexer, which determines which of the
contrasts to name but outputs is required: the relevant data is
then stored in the EEPROM. This en-
a few. If such a resis- sures that even when the supply to the
device is switched off, the setting of the
tor is to be controlled resistance is retained.
remotely, it has to be The control circuits are driven via (1)
an up/down switch, (2) two down and
an electronic type up switches or (3) a microcontroller. In
case (1), the imaginary wiper moves to-
such as the Type wards one end of the resistance; when
that is reached, it reverses direction and
DS1669 from Dallas moves towards the other end. This also
Semiconductors. The happens when the circuits are controlled
by pulses emanating from a microcon-
resistance of this de- troller. Note that the duration of these
pulses may be much shorter than those
vice is controlled in derived from the switch_
steps by pulses. The direction of the imaginary wiper
also changes when the interval between
Moreover, the position two pulses is longer than one second.
The device may also be controlled
of its wiper is stored with two switches. In this case, when
the imaginary wiper has reached one
in an EEPROM until end of the resistance through the oper-
the next time its con- ation of one switch, the other switch
must be operated to make the wiper re-
troller is switched on. verse direction.
Whether one or two switches are
used, there is an auto -repeat function
which ensures that when a switch is held
down permanently the imaginary wiper
moves continuously from one tap on the
resistance to the next.
As mentioned before, the device is
available in either a DIP case-Type
DS1669- or an SMD race (S08)-Type
D51669S. Both versions may be obtained
with one of three resistance values:
10 kQ, 50 k l or 100 kfl. This is identified
by adding the number 10,50 or 100, as
the case may be, to the type coding.
DESCRIPTION
In Figure 1, the resistance track, R, is ter-
minated into pins 4 (RL = R low) and 1
(RH = R high). As stated before, it has 64
taps that are connected to a 64:1 multi-
plexer, whose output is available at pin 6,
RW (=R wiper). The multiplexer is
linked to an EEPROM which retains the
last multiplexer setting even when the sup-
ply voltage to the device is switched oft
The device is controlled via one of
three inputs: (1) DC (down contact); (2)
UC (up contact); and (3) D (microcon-
troller).
In case (1), a single (push-button)
switch is used; when this is pressed the
(imaginary) wiper (RW) moves towards
RL.
In case (2), a single (push-button)
switch is used; when this is pressed the
(imaginary) wiper (RW) moves towards
RH.

38 Elektor Electronics 1/97


The D input for microcontrollers is a
digital input which is internally de -
bounced.
All three inputs have an internal
100 kcl pull-up resistor so that all that is
required is to connect switches or mi-
crocontroller as relevant.
When in case (1) the switch is
pressed, the DC input is linked to the
positive supply line. The D51669 'recog-
nizes' this situation.
So as not to reduce the life of the
ELI ROM by unnecessary write opera-
tions, it is written to only after power -up
when the wiper position has changed
and a waiting period of two seconds has
elapsed. In practice, a new wiper posi-
tion is written into the EEPROM when
the new position differs more than 12.5
per cent or eight steps from the previous
one. The EEPROM has a life of 80,000
write operations. According to the man-
ufacturers, should some of its cells be-
come defunct, the potentiometer func-
tion would be retained.
J.
Mon
control
EEPROM
upL
Pi
(DOWN
RH
DC 7
El RV/ 6
APPLICATIONS
The standard application shown in Fig-
ure 1 is a general-purpose test set-up.
Jumper X1 should be set to the upper
position for one -switch operation and to
the lower (as shown) for two -switch op-
eration.
Jumpers X2 and X3 link pins 1 and 4
to the supply lines. The potential at RW
is a voltage whose level changes in 64
steps. If the device is used in a dissimi-
lar arrangement in which the potentials
at pins 1 and 4 are different, or are in the
signal path, the following aspects must
Elektor Electronics
be complied with.
(1) The potentials at pins 1, 4 and 6 must
not be lower or higher than the suppb.,
voltage.
(2) If the operating -voltage range of the
DS1669 is too small, the device should be
used, if possible, floating. That is, if, for
instance, the device is to be used as a po-
tential divider for a 1 VPP signal which
has no d.c. component, a supply voltage
of at least -±3 V is required. The switches
at DC and UC must then switch to -V
The pulse from the switch(es) is de -
bounced in the D51669 only when the
relevant switch has been dosed for not
shorter than 1 ins and not longer than
one second. In case of the latter the auto
repeat function begins to operate at a rate
of 100 ins. This means that with the func-
tion on it takes the wiper seven seconds
to move from RL to RFT or vice versa.
A similar situation as just described
pertains when the device is controlled
via pulses at pin 3, except that the mini-
mum pulse duration is one microsecond
instead of one millisecond.
O 4V5...8V
.1UX 64
-0
-00
Figure 1. The DS1669
in this standard appli-
cation forms a general-
purpose test set-up.
A sister device for operation from a
3-8 V supply is also available under Type
No. D51869. The resistance values of this
are also 10 ka 50 kS1 and 100 ka
1JIn3]
Dallas Semiconductor Corp.
Unit 26, West Midlands Freeport
Birmingham
West Midlands B26 3QD
Telephone 0121 782 2959
Fax 0121 782 2136
1/97
In passing
Paranormal (audio) electronics
Examples of paranormal electronics could be found in
hobby magazines long before today's New Age and Es-
oterics hype. In 1977, the German version of Elektor
Electronics was entirely devoted to this theme, which
soared to immense popularity at the time thanks to a
reputedly supernaturally gifted cutlet), bender from Is-
rael called Uri Geller. Soon, Mr. Geller was exposed us
an illusionist, and he is currently working as a man-
agement consultant. The only phenomenon that could
be called paranormal in the whole uproar was, at the
most, that a renowned research establishment like the
Stanford Research Institute failed to expose Uri Geller's
tricks. Science critics would, of course, object that that
would not be paranormal, but quite normal...
Back to electronics and the paranormal. As a matter of
course. Elektor did not, at the time, engage in paranor-
mal events, concentrating on circuits for personal ex-
periments only, say, a high -voltage generator for dis-
charges required for Iarlian photograph); or an AF gen-
erator for the generation of low -frequency electrical
fields. If and how the operation of these 'paranormal'
circuits is to be interpreted is left to the user. At the rime,
however, nobody got the idea of applying this attitude to
audio circuits. Eventually. we believed in the relation be-
tween technological progress and better sound. The ideal
was an amplifier capable of amplifying an input signal
faithfidly, if possible without distortion or noise. At the
beginning of the eighties, the aim appeared to be almost
reached. The introduction of digital recording of sound.
and that of the CD took us one step further: a sound
could be conveyed in almost genuine form from the con-
cert -hall microphone right up to the loudspeakers in our
living rooms. Compared with the many inadequacies of
the analogue record player the CD player was virtually
free of audible differences. Maybe this very circumstance
helped to cause the change from irrational right up to
paranormal in audio electronics. Actually, it all started
with the rebirth of rake technology. Suddenly, the cold
and sterile sound of digital silicon ICs could not com-
pete with the snug warmth provided by glowing valve fil-
aments. Even in studios. sound signals were 'preheated'
with valve -based high -end distortion units Wore being
burned on to silver discs. Although the operation and
effect of distortion are explicable on the basis of known
phenomena from psycho -acoustics, things did not stop
there. Leafing through hi-fi magazines these days, you
are bound to be confronted with phenomena which are
paranormal because they can not be explained by
physics. Let's see: a CD taken from the fridge sounds
fresher than one from the CD rack (so why aren't there
any deep-freeze CD racks yet?). A CD drive with belt
drive sounds more agreeable, a digital 1:1 copy 'flatter,
and the sound tip of the year is a CD drive suspended
from four springs. In that case, a magnetizer is, of
course, required for the CD because it gives the sound
a magical quality. A similar effect, we are informed, is
brought about by an internally mounted blue LED
which pacifies the otherwise pretty nervous laser beam.
Even if we did not mention loudspeaker cables, cinch
cables and non -matching coax cables: nothing is im-
possible.
That Elektor Electronics is unable to keep up with all
this is not caused by lack of imagination, but by the fact
that this post-modern dissemination of technically em-
bellished superstition does not fit so well in our concept.
E. Ki rnipelmiler
p.s. the battery -operated audio preanip described in this
issue is, by the way, an exception. The thing has clear
advantages. Whether or not the expense for it is worth-
while, is left to the user to find out.
39
 prize-winning programs
results of our Software for Electronics Competition 1996-97

'Software for Electronics 19%-

The software competi-
tion we organized and
published in last year's
July -August issue has
resulted in some very
attractive programs
which we are pleased to
be able to present to our
readers. In this issue we
start with the winners of
the five international
prizes.
All software presented here is
available on a CD-ROM called
97' which contains more than
80 interesting programs.
Although the fact that the com-
puter is now an important tool
among electronics enthusiasts
was brought home to us by the
superb competition entries we
received after the competition
announcement, we did not
expect to see such beautiful 6.16,k trot.'
programs.
All programs with associated
documentation (if any), circuit
diagrams, PCB layouts and
source codes (again. if supplied
by the author) have been col-
lected and transferred to a CD-
ROM, so that all readers may
Winners of the 1996-97
benefit from the competition Die Programme o coin
results. The five programs which der
Winnende wecistrij irge)996-9'
tre
were awarded international Laureats du concours re I 996J27
prizes are briefly described on logie qeiten corflPef
the following pages.

International First Prize

EPLCS's PLC to read the
Educational PLC inputs from a virtual environ-
ment, process them and modify
program under Wmdows 95. for
many reasons. One of them is
that the program has been writ-
the environment as required. In ten to comply with the GUI
Simulation V 4.8 this way, a comprehensive sim-
ulation of the real automation
system is achieved_
standards of Windows 95. The
most important reason. how-
ever. is that the simulation is sig-
Over the past few years, in the nificantly faster and smoother
The 'Educational PLC Simulation' (EPLCS) program field of Industrial Automation than under Windows 3.1.
simulates the use and operation of a real PLC Systems, microprocessor -based Whatever operating system is
using just a PC. PLCs are digital electronic devices systems have replaced control chosen, it is important to select
which are used as control units in automated sys- units based on conventional 'Small fonts' (96 dpi) in the Dis-
technology. PLCs are electronic play Settings (Control Panels).
tems. The software is useful for anyone wanting to digital devices which take con-
learn about programming a PLC, and realising an trol of automation. 'Educa- The PLC simulated by EPLCS
actual PLC device. Unfortunately, the cost of a real tional PLC Simulation V4.8' supports only digital inputs and
PLC will be prohibitive to many schools and col- performs a simulation of an outputs, and uses the STL pro-
leges. Moreover. a PLC should be connected to application based on PLCs, gramming language_ The STL
input and output devices, forcing the user to build offering a good start for some- language is based on logical
an appropriate scale model to test the required one who wants to work with equations and Boolean algebra.
environment. Both problems may be solved at a PLCs. To enable you to create the
stroke by creating a computer program which equations required to write an
could run on a simple PC and would simulate the The program requirements are: STL program, you should refer
- a PC based on a 386 or later to the appropriate combina-
operation of a PLC in a virtual environment. closely processor tional or sequential logic
resembling the actual situation. - at least 4 MB RAM method. All STL commands
- a graphics card supporting at available in the program are
Program by
many PLCs. In the end. real least 256 colours (recom- explained in the documentation.
Panayiofis Slassinopoulos
PLCs could be used to teach mended resolution 800 x 600 The STL language includes an
advanced programming tech- in high -colour mode) instruction set that processes
EPLCS is here to do just that niques. - hard disk requirements: less addresses which contain the val-
with the aid of lively screens. It The scope of EPLCS is to cre- than 5 MB ues of the PLC's inputs and
is ideal for educational usage. ate many different environ- - keyboard and mouse outputs. A condensed overview
because most educational insti- ments, in which we should com- - DOS 5.0 or later with Win- of the addresses and the
tutes have a number of PCs, pose an application using the dows 3.1 or Windows 95 instruction set is given in the
allowing lecturers to teach PLC EPLCS's PLC. The program inset box.
programming without having written by the user guides the It is recommended to run the The total size of the final source

A40 Elektor Electronics 1197

 I melt delay
About the
A0
011 012 013 014i1
0 Winner
LN 14
ElL1
12
11
El
13
El 14
T1
L T1
T2
T2
T3
L T3 r(

T4
LN T1
N T2
03
TiL

AN T2
04
L T1
A T2
05
AN 13
02
STLFIe
Enwmtnent
E.64
code (Visual Basic and C++)
was about 5,000 lines. The total
size of the source files on the
disk (including BMPs, icons....)
was about 6 MB. Because of
this huge size. only the most
interesting source code blocks
are pm'.ided on disk. They may-
be found in the file 'source.tx-f.
An STL Program Example
We want to realise the fol-
lowing automation:
There are five buttons con-
nected on PLC's addresses:
11, 12, 13, 14 and 15. When
the user presses the buttons
that required to satisfy the
logic
representation
(11+12) (13+14), the output
01 should be set and stay
to logic '1' after a time
delay. The output should be
reset with the button con-
nected at IS.
According to Panayiotis Stassinopou-
los, the idea for developing his pro-
gram was barn from a necessity he
stumbled on at the Control Systems'
laboratory at ASETEMSELETE where
he works. Says the Miner:
Although we had PLCs in the lab,
we couldn't realize a complete
automation system because we did-
Open n't have the remaining equipment to
Cornr. reproduce the real environment. So, I
Save decided to create a resort for the
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 )311I2131415r students to gra them a better
understanding of complete automa-
tion. In fact, it was a great chance
The EPLCS Programming Language for me to practice my knowledge of
Brief overview of instruction formats. Full descriptions may be Visual Basic. After the first success-
found in the documentation file. ful trial, I continued adding virtual
environments to the initial program.
Addresses: When I read about your International
Type Range Electronics Software Competition, I
Input addresses (In) 11 to 116 thought it a great opportunity to
Output addresses (On) upgrade the program. So, in this
01 to 032
Auxiliary Output addresses (Mn) short period of time, 1 rewrote
M1 to M128
Timer adresses (Tn) almost all of the code.
T1 to T16
1 changed the program by dramati-
Result register
cally improwng the graphics, adding
animation characters and transfer-
Instruction Set
ring the larger part of the code into
Function Syntax
a C language library in order to
Read Commands: achieve more speed. I also changed
Load L <address>, LN <address> the STL process mechanism intro-
ducing look up tables. After a hard
Process commands:
effort (including difficult nights!), I
OR O <address>, ON <address> finally finished the program just
AND A <address>, AN <address> meeting the deadline.'
XOR X <address>, XOR <address> Born in Athens in 1971,
Panayictis finished high school in
Write Commands: 1988. He then continued studies at
write to RR = <address>, =N <address> ASETEM,SELETE (a school of teach-

The appropriate STL pro- set address S <address>, R <address> ers in technical education) and grad-
uated with honours in 1993. Next. he
gram appears below.
System Commands: took the examinations for the NTUA
Program end, return PE (National Technical University of
STL Comments Athens) and passed them success-
L 11 RR =11 fully having achieved third place. He
O 12 RR +12 is currently an undergraduate at the
M1 1141=11,12 Electrical Engineering and Computer
L 13 RR=13 Science department of the Univer-
O 14 an=13+14 sity. At the same time. however. he
A Ml nn. -(71-42) (13+ At) ra-r_4_1 has been working as a professor of
S T1 If RR=1 then T1 start3 Control Systems' laboratory at
to count -..,a17-tegoeot dco'ay
Mciof &edirx, ezrhotet ASETEM.SELETE since 1993.
L Tl RR.outout of T1
et oez east =troll& Panayiotis spends his free time
S 01 It RR=1 then sat to -tA Motor': contioler reading scientific magazines, listen-
logic 'I' the or i4 14 controk r,.41-, Fe :;-;:tot ;tart
L ing to music and watching TV. He
15 RR=15
R 01 likes sports and has the sailing cer-
if RR=1 then reset to
logic V the 01. tificate from the Hellenic Offshore
R T1 and the il7OU! or 11 Racing Club. He is also practicing at
PE return to the begirrobg 'para pente' and plans to participate
Gr.
and sten atjam in scuba diving courses.

Elektor Electronics 1/97 41

International Second Prize
AF spectrum ume controls for line/cd/mic
(the selected input is green).
Because of different input sen-
the left mouse button pressed
as you move the control up or
down, release when done). The
sitivities, it is not possible to range setting of the display is
analyser select more than one input at a
time. It is, however, allowed to
automatically adapted when the
volume of the active channel
use the left and the right chan- changes. In other words, you
The program called FFT.EXE turns your PC into a nel simultaneously. then see a change in the sig-
spectrum analyser which employs a Soundblaster-16 The small indicator fields above - nal/noise ratio.
card (or a 100% compatible type) to digitize analogue the volume controls enable you Finally, there are separate gain
signals between 20 Hz and 20 kHz. The program is to see which inputs are con- blocks for inputs and outputs
marked by sumptuous graphics, a well laid out user nected -through to the output of ( x 1, x2, x4, x8). The gain
interface, and rapid response to input signal changes. the sound card. may he changed by clicking on
The volume may be set by, mov- the left or right-hand corner of
ing the slide controls (point the the amplifier symbols in the SB
Program by H. Thomassen 'blaster environment (usually mouse on to the control, keep mixer section. 1,411.034-2)
(Netherlands) found in
autoexec.bat). If
This AF spectrum analyser per- this variable is
forms a Fast -Fourier analysis on not found, the
an applied analogue input sig- program
nal, and shows the frequency assumes the
components present in the sig- default settings:
nal over a range from 20 Hz to DMA -low = 1.
20 kHz. along with their respec- DMA -high = 5.
tive levels. The minimum 110 address =
requirements for the program 220. If the pro-
to run are a 386 processor with gram does not
maths coprocecsor. a 16 -colour find a standard
VGA card. MS-DOS 6 or SB16, the mixer
higher, a mouse and a 100% console in the
SB16 compatible sound card user interface is
(i.e, an SB AWE32 will also disabled. Select-
work). ing one of the
inputs is accom-
Options plished by click- fr I ,LRY
In FFT mode, several windows ing (with the left 0 =KM
may be selected for the analysis,
including a Miming window.
mouse button)
on one of the
0 =II
The program is not only capa- small buttons 1

ble of performing an FFT below the vol-

analysis on the input signal. but
also offers an osalloscope func-
tion to view signals applied to
the soundcard.
Further extras include an inter-
Operation
nal function generator (which The program is fully mouse -controlled. The only operational function keys are:
supplies a simple sinewave with
some noise in it, mainly to F2 create screendump with file name FFT)cooc.PCX
enable the analyser to be used alt -F2 create screendump with file name FFT>coor.PCX
when a Soundblaster card is not
available), a calibration option Most functions may be activated using the left mouse -button if the cursor is positioned on
for the input sensitivity, and a the relevant button.
freeze option for the display. to
enable the values of the indi- Y -Scale +/- increase/decrease Y scale
vidual measurement points to Y -Scale Log/Lin toggle Y scale between logarithmic (dBm) and linear (mW)
be viewed. X -Scale +1- increase/decrease X scale
Also very useful is the possibil-
Mode (top) Select FFT window type
ity to generate a screendump
Mode (centre) display absolutelreallimaginalWargument value
(colour or black -and -white)
directly from the program. Mode (bottom) toggle between spectrum and oscilloscope display

Soundblaster settings Display (top) peak indicator on/off

All relevant mixer settings of Display (centre) line or bar display
the SB16 arc available on the Display (bottom) refresh on/off
`front panel', and may be Exit leave program
changed using the mouse. Once Upldown move display up or down
launched. the program first Input toggle between 16 -bit sampling/8-bit sampling,internal sianal
investigates the sound card set- SB16 controls all essential SB16 mixer settings
tings as presented by the

A 42 Elektor Electronics 1 97
 ant
at address 310h. The hardware
and software are capable of
Teletext Decoder reading four Teletext pages at a
time (Multipage) for displaying
on the monitor. The program is
trolled Teletext Circuit (ECCT)
type SAA5243. Here, an 8-
kByte RAM is connected to
this IC. Because the ECCT is
unable to process the video sig-

for PCs extremely easy to operate, pre-

senting a menu with just three
options. The File menu allows
nal directly, a companion IC,
the SAA5231, is required for
this function. This building
communication via the I2C bus you to select Reset to initialise block extracts the Teletext sig-
the hardware, or Quit to end nal from the video signal. Next,
This Teletext decoder consists of uncomplicated the program. AcquisitionCir- the ECC I writes the Teletext
hardware and a program called VT6. It communi- cuits (single menu pointA. Win- page with the desired number
cates with the PC via an I2C interface. When a video dow X) switches the Teletext into the memory. Details on the
signal is connected to the completed unit, the control table X on and off. It is possible circuitry surrounding these two
software, VT6, allows Teletext pages to be read on to select the table in the system: ICs may be found in the rele-
the PC monitor. PageControl opens a dialogue vant datasheets published by
window via which the desired Philips Semiconductors.
page number is entered, and It is not absolutely necessary to
By A. Aigner and W. Schaffner tion to be read. As regards confirmed by pressing the employ an insertion card to be
(Austria) hardware, only the following is return key. The software is not able to read the Teletext infor-
required: a decoder consisting Windows 95 compatible, and mation from the memory via
VT6 is a Turbo Pascal program of three ICs, and the PC inter- should be run under DOS (not the I2C bus, and transfer it to
for IBM PCs and compatibles face card described in Elelaor in a Windows DOS box). the PC. The by-pass via the
which enables Teletext infomm- Electronics issue 2/1992. If you Centronics port is by all means
want to avoid changing all Hardware: a must an interesting alternative, the
addresses in the 12C Unit. the The core of the circuit is IC2, more so because it represents a
12C interface has to be mapped an Enhanced Computer Con- nearly 100% software solution.
Figure 1. The hardware
of the Teletext decoder
consists essentially of a
TT video processor
(SAA5231) and an ECCT
(SAA5231) with an 8-k
RAM as an adjunct 1C3

sam
input Ulf at
I

sm; as
as
Al
AlAZ

ai
Al:
/11
all
HT

:fa
sa ris 11

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SAM
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FIL1-12
li
1
5T .f
ac ST-J2Em

120 II' i rmst

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as
o xrT
ct 7D_TEM 77-4-1-1=
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OMM '
7701-12 1S
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11 3.26 17

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to
ICC

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SAA1

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Teletextdecodtr Andreas Aigner S Wilfried Schaffner
.91
.1 I,
21 11.1995 Revision 2.0
Flt aq

97CCGO - 11

Elektor Electronics 1/97

 rn
rn 0-0
0.0
2-1
0-0
r-I 0-0
a -I 0-0
0-0
0-0
L
a) gr=0=0
C 10M)
4-
°L. 4010111000:11011100

ro
_C
60=4)0110ININI
U
41111,
Oi
CI)
od
ri
Ciff
00
Cn
ro C 00
L
- ai
C:11

mmee O 10.

000000:1
F 0 0 0 0 0 I?

Figure 2. The printed circuit board contains two

SCART connectors and a couple of pin headers
which form a gateway to extensions.

fsa
COMPONENTS LIST U1

Only a couple of gates are

required so as to avoid bus con-
CI CI CI CI CIE-,

aea 00
O 0-- 0
0
Resistors:
R1,R2 = 470.:2 flicts. The basic procedure was 2 0=1-6
r-
oo 0000A_
0
0
0
0
R3 = 1k02 described in Elelaor Electronics riCk - 00000000000 o o o 0
0
R4,R7 = 3300 issue July August 1993. (page 0
0
R5 = 68k0 42) The ECCT offers a variety 0
0+ r) 0 0 0
0;
R6 = 21(0 of additional functions. For o 0
0
Capacitors: instance, it is possible to feed 0
0
C1 = 470pF 0 160 0
the RGB outputs and the sync o 0 a
00 0
0
C2 = 1nF to an RGB-to-PAL converter o 444 a
0
C3,C25 = 15nF
C4,C15 = 22nF
like the AD722. which allows
the Teletext information to be 71i o_
0.-0
( ) .<
C5 = 270pF
represented in the form of a SDA
0-0
0-0
C6 = 100pF
C7 = 68nF
C8 = 220pF
CVBS signal. A video switch
like the TEA2014A then uses
the blanking signal of the
o ...r1
GNEI
SCI_
-I a
OO 0000 F.
0-0 0-0
' 0-0
0-0 0-0
C9.C10 = 47nF 0
C11,C12 = 18pF ECCT to switch between TV
0
C13 = 27pF picture and Teletext. Whether ::,2
a
C14 = 2µF2 16V or not the Teletext information 0
0
C16 = 22µF 16V has to be visible in the back- 0
0
C18.C19,C20 = 100nF ground is a matter of suitable 0
0
C26 = 10nF software only. The ECCT has a
plethora of registers whose
0-0
0-0
0
0
0
0
0
Semiconductors: functions are described in the 0
0
D1 = LED, 5mm, green 0 0
datasheets. There is not much 0
0
D2 = LED, 5mm, red a
0
T1 = BS170 to say about the programming CI o - 0
0

IC1 = SAA5231 here, the control software being 0

IC2 = SAA5243
IC2 = 6264-100
Miscellaneous:
J1,J2.J3 = 2 -pin header
P1 = 3 -pin header
L1 = 15µH choke
Y1 = 13.875MHz crystal
Y2 = 6.000MHz crystal
S1.S2 = SCART socket, PCB
mount
0000000 0000000 0
copiously documented. It may,
however, be necessary to make
the odd reference to an Elektor
Electronics article covering the
operation of the 1220 bus. A fur-
ther, possible, extension entails
writing one's own data into the 06
RAM, instead of Teletext infor-
001
mation. That would allow text 970030 - ES1
and/or graphics to be displayed
on the PC screen.
(971;ki:14-3)

Elektor Electronics 1/97

 International Fourth Prize
This is all very easy with the aid

Fuzzy Control Design of a special dialogue box.

Rule entry is the next phase.
again using a dialogue box. All

and Simulation Toolkit rules may be viewed after they

Fuzzy logic should allow people having little or no
mathematical or scientific knowledge to design con-
trollers for fairly complex systems. A software pack-
age consisting of four modules was programmed to
help the user design and test his fuzzy controllers.
The main module is a fuzzy control design program.
The other three modules are simulators of various
plants. The whole package was written for Microsoft
Windows using Visual C+/C++, taking care to
ensure a user-friendly environment. Dynamic Data
Exchange(DDE) was employed to link any simulator
program to the Fuzzy Control Design program, hence
transferring the controller to the plant. Hardware
implementation of the controllers designed is
achieved easily because the virtual controllers may
be transferred to an EPROM.
Program by Carmelo Gala (Malta)
The main module of the pack-
age allows the user to design
single-input/single-output or
two-input/single-output fuzzy
controllers. The main steps in
designing a fuzzy controller
using this program are the fol-
lowing:
- definition of variables
- definition of fuzzy sets
- definition of fuzzy rules
- look up table creation
The problem that had to be
tackled before facing these
tasks was the quantization lev-
els that were to he used for
each applicable universe. The
hardware implementation of x= -a
the controller had to be consid-
ered from the very start espe-
cially when deciding this factor.
The controller designed is sup-
posed to be transferred to an
EPROM, hence the size of the
look up table is important.
If the input variables are con-
verted to a digital quantity
using an n bit ADC. this will
imply 2n quantization levels.
For a q input fuzzy controller,
the size of the EPROM needed
would be (211)4. Therefore if we
were to use a 10 -bit converter.
for example, a 1-Mbyte
EPROM would be required.
The most suitable value is an 8 -
bit converter which will result in
a 64-Kbyte EPROM. which is
more reasonable. The number
of quantization levels is there-
fore 28=256. X = 9.73 , Y=10.36
The design process
The first step is the definition of
the variables to be used, give
their name, limits, and state if
they are of the input or output
type. This is done using a spe-
cial dialogue box.
Next, one can define the fuzzy
sets that explain the variable.
The user may select from three
types of fuzzy sec triangular.
Gaussian and S -Function. In
addition, the user has the
option to draw the fun), set if it
does not comply with the pre-
defined types. Editing fuzzy sets
can also be carried out by
adding linguistic hedges such as
`rather or Very', or by changing
the fuzzy set name or colour.
= 90.
x= a
are entered, and a rule may be
deleted and replaced if neces-
sary.
After all the fuzzy sets and
fuzzy rules have been defined.
the next step is to create the
look -up table, that is, find the
output value for every possible
input combination. The look -up
table is displayed as a two-
dimensional graph depending
on the controller type. A typical
control surface graph is shown
in the illustration.
The program is capable of pro-
ducing a binary file (having the
extension .bin) of which the
minimum and maximum values
of the look -up table output are
scaled to the range 00h to FFh.
This scaled data can easily be
transferred to a 64-kBit
EPROM, facilitating the hard-
ware implementation of the
fuzzy control system.
Example:
Truck backing control
Backing a truck in a loading
dock is a non-linear control
problem. It is a good example
of a process that a human can
perform better than a machine.
The aim of the controller is for
the truck to reverse to the mid-
dle of the dock, therefore ifl is
the length of the dock, when y
= I, x = 0 and phi=90°.
This simulation program solves
two equations until the truck
position coincides with a walL
The truck initial angle and
length can be defined by the
user 'icing appropriate dialogue

Elektor Electronics 1 97
45 6,
 boxes: whilst the truck initial
position requires clicking on the
appropriate screen location
only. The control of the truck
position may be imported. The
drawing shows a typical trace of
the truck when it is driven by
the fuzzy controller.
Other examples offered by the
program include an inverted
pendulum control (also called
can -pole system) and general-
purpose plant simulators.

Error

International Fifth Prize

Technical Cha ra citerig- rlic.g
MultiMet
a virtual DVM/scope for the PC Analogue voltmeter
Digital voltmeter
Oscilloscope
As indicated by its name, iviultiMet is a Multi- Data recorder
function measurement instrument (Met for Meter). Based on LTC1286 (Linear Technology)
It is capable of performing an amazing number Resolution 12 bits
of functions. Obviously, all of this is not possible One differential analogue input
with just software: the assistance is needed of an Power supply 4.5 to 9V
analogue -to -digital converter interface of minia- Current consumption 250 pA, 1 nA in sleep mode
ture size which is designed to plug into the PC's Sample -and -hold internal
Max. clock speed 200 kHz
parallel port connector. Max. sampling rate 12.5 kHz
Min. hardware requirements: 386 PC or better, VGA card,
largest possible base memory size for fast acquisitions.
Software and hardware design by
furnished by the PC's parallel
E Mocq (France)
poic The A -D converter used
The Jury was duly impressed by here is a low -power. 12 -bit perature, pressure, humidity, for compilation. The fact that
the presentation of this compe- type (4,096 values). The out- speed, current, light intensity, the program is made up of
tition catty. which is a full- put data is written to the PC in etc.). There you are: at last, a modules has _helped a great
blown project really, and not serial fashion, the parallel port useful application for your vin- deal in the development. and
just software._ The program being programmed to act as tage 386 computer, barred will not fail to facilitate its main-
requires a small converter inter- an interface. The acquisition from the world of Win- tenance.
face which takes the form of a speed depends, to a certain dows 95. Considering the
small plug-in device for the extent, on the speed of the PC. number of inputs outputs MLL77.H is the header file in
Centronics port. One side of Tests indicated some 9.300 which remain available on the which the functions used by the
the interface has a 25 -pin Sub - samples/s using a 386DX40. PCs parallel interface, it is program are declared.
D plug for the connection to and 16.500 samples/s using a possible to envisage more
the PC, the other, a BNC Pentium -100. Apparently, the extensions: several converters, MULTLC is the main program.
socket. The circuit diagram and converter, limited to 115 kHz outputs for driving an antenna written to handle the initialisa-
the printed circuit board art- by the manufacturer, may be rotor, a battery charger, or tions and the launching of the
work for the interface are used at a higher speed without implementing an optical isola- virtual test instruments.
shown in Figures 1 and 2 running into problems. Pro - tion based on the 6N139 to
respectively. Note that the small owns requiring a graphical protect the PC, etc. MULTI GEN.0 contains the
board is double -sided. and that display are better off if a Pen- general usage functions. such as
the artwork is printed at actual tium or a 486DX/100 is used. Software read_data( ).
size to help you produce a per- The analogue input covers 0 Note: it makes no sense to copy
fectly working interface board. to 5 V in 4.095 steps. The the files to the hard disk as the IDLTMETC is an oscilloscope
accuracy achieved by the sys- installation procedure must be aimed at signal observation, but
Circuit diagram tem is of the order of mVs. nut from diskette. also capable of capturing and
The analogue input is pro- The input impedance of about The prom -am was written in C. saving screens to the hard disk
tected against overvoltages by 1001d2 is not likely to present to be more precise: C+ + ver- (16 screens in the present ver-
a pair of diodes. Supply wires problems to any sensor inter- sion 3.0. The source file is sup- sions).
or sockets are not required face supplying an output volt- plied, including the Borland
because the supply voltage is age between 0 and 5 V (tem- extensions which are required EASTOSCILLO is a variant of

A 46 Elektor Electronics 1/97

 DI
0 8
06
tion on using the program. The
oscilloscope screens and the
data recorded on the disk are in
C1
I R3 ASCII format, ready for
importing into a spreadsheet
P2
program or table maker. The
REF*
accompanying examples
7
Cu' 0200 include classic alternating wave-
forms captured in oscilloscope
D2
0)3 Of mode, and the charging graph
RI ADC of a NiCd battery recorded in
0 DATA
6
11 Busy
data recorder mode. These
recordings have been processed
/ fit R2
133
GND
-0 22 Gnd using Excel and given a graphi-
25 -pin Sub -13 cal treatment. Excel has no.
//8//
////// ////// 97coz5 - It
problems importing ASCII files
containing delimiters.
The two screendumps shown
here as illustrations give only a
the previous module, of which DATA L.OG.0 is a logger of by the capacity of the conven- modest impression of the
it forms a part. actually. Fast- data on disk, offering a sam- tional (base) memory numerous possibilities offered
Oscillo displays curves on the pling rate of anything between (<610 kBytes); for slow acqui- by this combination of hard-
screen after having acquired the 10,000 per second and 1 per 18 sitions, the restricting factor is ware and software.
data, whence its higher acquisi- hours. For fast acquisitions, the the available disk space. 19-4104-5)
tion speed. size of the data file is restricted :11LITIFILP supplies informa-

SPACE) slop, car. in:.

Flle lehoi replace SCIEIMOI.OAT r 41316,w:41

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ti
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Bock to Menu
0-

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13

measurement to ground BNC

signal input and pin 22
970029 - 12 of Sub -D 25

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Elektor Electronics 1 97
1r2r focus on:
shiny
discs
replace
printed
books
Now that the CD-
ROM drive has
achieved the sta-
tus of Indispens-
able Peripheral on any
modern computer, an
increasing number of
electronic component
manufacturers advo-
cate the use of CD-
ROMs instead of paper
to disseminate
datasheets covering
the specifications of
their components. A
few months ago, we
decided it was time to
start investigating this
trend, and locate those
famous datasheets on
CD-ROM.
By our editorial staff
A48
datasheets
The indisputable advantage of a CD- SGS-THOMSON
ROM is it ability to hold vast amounts MICROELECTRONICS
of data. Today, the limit is about DATAoNDISC
650 MByte for a single disc, but that is DECEMBER 1995
likely to become 'gigabytes' shortly if
one is to believe the predictions
and press releases published about
the DVD (Digital Video Disc). The
choice in favour of the shiny disc
ar
=MN la.drirM
is obvious once you realise that a marl mom tx:. smeimat.04....
aaratoiontar....ortasuafirmaum
111.0SMIN=LISSIGIR
graphic representation of a printed ;714.7031.==alffpg:..:
page requires a few hundred kilo-
SAFIANems.0102.0
IN..*
bytes. A further advantage of the 'ye or, i
CD-ROM is that it is hardly subject
to wear and tear, provided, of
course, you give the disc its mini-
mum care. No dog-ears, either, as
TELECOIll /JO BST
COUSILINISCAtIONE
with books and brochures that are
frequently perused.
Low production cost as com-
pared with the traditional book is, of
course, another argument to which This CD-ROM comes with an installa-
great importance is attached by the tion booklet.
component manufacturers. Runs under PC Windows. No men-
After about one hundred tion is made of installation under Win-
exploratory contacts of many kinds dows 95, although the installation via
with manufacturers of all manner of Winsetup does not appear to present
electronic component we present our problems to Windows 93.
crop of CD-ROMs, arranged in a fairly Extensive installation options:
random order. everything on hard disk, mixed, or
Elektor Electronics 1/97
nothing on the hard disk (at the cost
of much slower access). Documenta-
tion for WorldView.
Of all CD-ROMs discussed here,
this one comes closest to the classic
datasheet book
A vast amount of information giv-
ing access to almost 2,800 documents
that may be consulted, or about 17,000
pages of text, tables and graphs.
This is not the first DATAonDISC
produced by SGS-Thomson.
Once DATAonDISC is installed, the
program may be launched by a simple
click on the relevant icon. Next, you
see the browser, World View, loading,
producing a screen which closely
resembles that of Adobe Acrobat
Reader. The main window then
appears, offering the following
options:
>. company profile
PIP
- contents
)> alphanumerical index
tips and tricks
Probably the simplest way to get going
with the CD-ROM is to select the con-
tents, and proceed from there.
It is possible to define a number of
bookmarks if you want to be able to
return rapidly to a certain location.
The program also allows you to send
an e-mail message: very useful and
well done. Internet address:
http://reiewsgs.cont
SIEMENS TECHNICAL
PRODUCT INFORMATION
EDITION 7
Judging from the version number,
Siemens is probably the first manufac-
turer to have put its component
datasheets on CD-ROM. In any case,
they have used the shortest update
intervals!
The installation is totally trouble -
free.
Under Windows you have a win-
dow called 'Tebis for Windows', which
presents two icons, `Wintebis and
Addresses.
Possibility to search components on
the basis of their electrical characteris-
tics.
WY blame
mom,
"r: Mei P.m
Zal.T IN Mir 001.0.11.1
.4411EM =_-
SSElilESS
-....... - -
Elektor Electronics
A number of components are
shown with a telephone symbol which
indicates that there is no correspond-
ing file yet on the CD-ROM. It should
be noted that it is not possible to open
a second datasheet file. This point is
made because that limitation of the
program may cause you to assume
that certain components are listed but
do not give access to any of the
datasheet files on the CD-ROM. Noth-
ing is farther from the truth.
The datasheet files are available in
English or German. It is possible to leaf
through the documents and rotate
pages 90 degrees. The overall quality
is pretty high.
The menu proposes:
Datasheet files of memory compo-
nents (DRAM, DRAM modules, syn-
chronous DRAM, multibank DRAM,
CMOS SRAM, non-volatile memories),
integrated circuits for industry, cars
and communications, all kinds of
memories, microcontrollers, a wide
range of semiconductors (SIPMOS and
others), opto-components (LEDs, dis-
plays, detectors, IR transmitters, opto-
isolators, and others). In fact, the entire
range of Siemens products is available.
- Address book in the form of a data-
base file.
The CD-ROM also has a subdirectory
containing the semiconductor devices
used by Siemens, in VKS format, as
well as an alphabetical list of available
data in .XLS format (for Excel). A list is
available containing all components
mentioned in the documents on CD-
ROM. The quality of the reproductions
is very good, and the printing quality,
excellent.
Summarizing: polished and re -pol-
ished, 7th edition. Easy to use. Inter-
net address:
littp://www.siemens.com.
PHILIPS PASSIVE
COMPONENT
The note says that the CD-ROM con-
tains 3,021 pages of datasheets, 10
datasheet books, 64 pages of applica-
tions, a LIO-page condensed -informa-
tion catalogue, and 385 datasheet files.
As indicated by the title, this disc
contains information on passive
parts only, manufactured by
Philips Components. Realizing
that these parts represent just 10%
of the documentation, it's obvious
that there is much more in store.
This CD-ROM also employs
Adobe Acrobat Reader (2.1). Once
you have the program up and
running, access to it is logically
structured. Essentially, you have
the choice between:
- going to the main menu, where
you find the categories: Your Part -
1/97
WWII* ilect*Onse.-
bass
Csoac bildlitart Arza.somr MAY
.
a ann
ner, Addresses, Operating Guide,
Product Selection, Index series, Help
and
a copyright notice. Once in the
main menu, you will notice the famil-
iar Acrobat look which makes the doc-
ument easily accessible. There, you
find datasheets about:
>- capacitors, resistors, thermistors,
(NTTC and PTC) and varistor (ZnO),
comb filters, delay lines, quartz crystals
and oscillators. The way in which the
information is accessed closely resem-
bles leafing through the pages of a
book There is even a kind of on-line
user manual between pages 287 and
294. Everything in colour! A CD-ROM
covering the active components pro-
duced by Philips is expected to
become available by the second quar-
ter of this year. Internet address:
http://wanasemicanductars.phifips.cont.
MICROCHIP 1996
TECHNICAL LIBRARY
This documentation is intended to run
under Acrobat 2.1 (which means that
files may be printed). Runs under PC
Windows and Macintosh OS.
The content of this CD-ROM is
highly diversified, including:
a product selection guide;
datasheet files and programming spec-
ifications for the PICI6'17 family;
application files for other Microchip
products;
- serial and parallel EEPROM
datasheet files, and those of the
EPROMs;
Atte la r s ryas
TAXFC13= CA.
Microchip Technology Inc.
1996 Technical library/
Product Selection Guide
Data Sheets and Programming
Specifications
Devitiopintril Systems
Quality. Reliability and Endurance
Application Holes
Sates and Straw,.
-
um. wa.
nvt re-,
hat.* '1.14
Fran r---nazan-s.kratima 1..41
49
 - physical characteristics of Microchip
products;
>- hardware and software develop-
ment tools;
application notes;
an address overview
A total of nearly 200 files in all.
Summarizing: extremely useful and
well done, directly readable from CD-
ROM, so no installation and no hard
disk space taken. Internet address:
http://www.mchip.ccmilmicrochip.
TEMIC SEMICONDUCTORS
TECHNICAL LIBRARY
DECEMBER 1995
Documentation files for Acrobat
Reader 2.0, with added utilities on the
Acrobat toolbar, says the text. Atten-
tion, the text also says not to use Acro-
bat 2.1. As you probably know, Acro-
bat allows files to be printed at high
quality.
Runs under PC Windows and
Ii1==4
Mac t rt
Unix.
Requires a Setup but is easily
removed later.
As evidenced by this product, it is
difficult to avoid typos (`MICRON -
CONTROLLER).
Launched by activating an icon.
Nearly 1,000 pdf files representing
more than 7,000 pages make it a little
difficult to find what you are looking
for, but who will grumble at such a
massive amount of information.
The CD-ROM is completed by
some 50 application notes and a
wealth of additional information.
The menu:
product selection guide;
datasheet files and application
notes for various components
from Telefunken Semiconduc-
tors, Siliconix, Matra Mfla and
Dialog Semiconductor
address overview.
Summarizing: well -produced
and runs very welL Internet
address:
liffp://wwintentic.de.
A50
ANALOG DEVICES
DESIGNER'S CD
REFERENCE MANUAL
1996
The installation is simple, you run
Setup and that's it. The program also
installs Acrobat Reader (pay attention
if you have this program installed
already, don't use the Analog Devices
version in that case; it is better to
install version 2.1 of the Reader). Once
the program is installed, it may be
launched by double-clicking on the
icon marked 'Analog Devices
CD Reference'. There is a mini
guide for the installation and
use of the CD-ROM. The use
of Acrobat Reader seems to
have become a standardwhen
it comes to publishing
datasheets of electronic com-
ponents on CD-ROM.
The main menu which
appears after launching the
program offers four buttons
which allow one of the follow-
ing functions to be selected:
- Product Selection
allows you to choose a compo-
nent for a given application. Activating
this button opens a window showing
three other buttons: Category Search,
Selection Trees, Detailed Short Form,
and the Main Menu to return to.
Databook
This contains all the products available
on the CD-ROIVL This function may be
used once you know the exact type
number of a component. Typing the
right number immediately takes you
to the relevant datasheet file. A search
system (Databook Search) enables you
to enter the type number of a compo-
nent. Pressing V opens the list of all
known components. There are also a
number of additional, useful, functions
including Data Sheet and Price.
x- Cross Reference
Finding a 'Competitive Part Number'
offers three options: Prefix, Part Num-
ber and Suffix
- Sales Information
Summarizing: cheerfully presented,
easy to use and very usefuL Internet
address:
hitpilurzywanalog.com.
HITACHI ELECTRONIC
COMPONENTS DATABOOK
EDITION 4.0
MARCH 1996
Documentation intended for Acrobat
Reader 2.0 (which means that files
may be printed).
Runs under PC Windows and Mac-
intosh OS.
Installs Acrobat Reader, just like a
number of other datasheet CD-ROMs.
This is the electronic version of the
databook covering the H8 family of
HITACHI
Memor:k Devices
OZORENTS
01-Ans
.o..
,mil
,86.er,101
.Jrr
/40,1-ii&1.* t
1:611112Me.
electronic products.
The CD-ROM presents 309 files of
the .pdf type, corresponding to a total
of more than 1,200 pages for you to
peruse.
On the CD-ROM menu are:
fl Microcontrollers: families H8/300L,
H8/300H, H8/500, H8S, SH7000,
SH7600, SH7700, H8, LCD con-
trollers, datasheet files and applica-
tions, development utilities.
Datasheet files covering memories,
including volatile memories
(dynamic RAM, Fast Page Mode,
EDO, Synchronous, dynamic RAM
modules, static RAM), non-volatile
RAM (EPROM, LEPROM, masked
ROM), special applications (video
RAM, FIFO, cache RAM), low -
power devices.
Semiconductors: all about their
enclosures and their handling.
Distributor addresses.
Datasheet files on components,
microprocessors, memories.
Physical characteristics of enclo-
sures.
Hardware tools and develop-
ment software.
C compiler for the H8 and SH
micmcontroller families.
Application notes.
Address overviews.
Summarizing: indispensible infor-
mation for users and fans of the
H8 family. Internet address:
Izttrilarwuthitadzi.cont.
NEC 78K/0 FAMILY
If certain CD-ROMs may not be
Elektor Electronics 1 /97
 - bat Reader software to visualize
tianlial90138.13Mr;111
obtained directly from the relevant
manufacturer, there may be other
ways to get at the desired information.
Do not hesitate to consult professional
magazines which occasionally publish
interesting offers for documentation
on CD-ROM.
This particular CD-ROM was put at
our disposal by Fortec Electronic AG,
although it originates from _NEC. The
program installs a preliminary version
of Toolbook, and Acrobat Reader, mod-
ified and extended by programmers at
NEC. The installation allows you to
include or skip Acrobat Reader. Con-
sidering the widespread use of
the Reader software (and the
fact that it is free), few of you
will have to install it from the
NEC CD-ROM.
in colour,
with a preliminary version of
TechView. This CD-ROM is ded-
icated a single family of inte-
grated circuits called 78K/0 by
NEC. The family has no fewer
than 80 members. The CD-ROM
presents some interesting func-
tions such as the definition of
the required ROM and RAM
sizes, which is translated into an
automatic selection of processors com-
plying with these characteristics. The
higher the number of requirements
you set, the lower the number of com-
ponents found. Those of you requiring
additional information on the proces-
sors in this family will be pleased to
find the respective user manuals, cov-
ering several hundreds of pages.
Summarizing: a pleasure to use,
reads like a book, a compliment to
NEC. Internet address:
http://www.nec.com.
LATTICE SEMICONDUCTOR
CORPORATION
Synario Starter Software & ISP
Encyclopedia
As abundantly dear from the title, this
CD-ROM is dedicated to the ispLSI
(isp = in -site programmable) products
from Lattice Semiconductor
Here, too, use is made of the Acro-
Elektor Electronics 1197
the files. The CD-ROM is divided
o two sections, each containing
several sub -sections again. The
ISP Encyclopedia is devoted to,
well, everything relating to ISP,
offering
- a main menu (3 pages)
datasheet file collections (Data
Book) 1996 (998 pages)
- the ISP manual (147 pages)
the Lattice Semiconductor
application collection (501 pages)
cost estimating (13 pages, with
Excel files)
2,- Product Selection Guide (9 pages)
Note that all of these pages are acces-
sible without any kind of installation
on the hard disk, provided you have
Acrobat Reader up and running.
The second section, ISP Synario
Starter Software is really outside the
scope of this article because it is `only'
a companion to the evaluation version
of Synario (Entry and Functional Sim-
ulation Starter Software), a powerful
bit of software supporting the
ispLSI2032 and 1016 devices as well as
all GALs produced by Lattice. None
the less, this software is of great inter-
est to everyone working with these
devices. It actually comprises Project
navigator, Schematic capture, the fimc-
tonality of ABEL-HDL Entry and
Compiler, Functional Simulator and
other modules. Gasp! And let's not for-
get the extensive documentation for
this software. The lot occupies 20 -odd
Megabytes.
NATIONAL
SEMICONDUCTOR
National Semiconductor Technical
Literature Database
The set we received from National
Semiconductor comprises two CD-
ROMs:
1) Datasheets and Physical Dimen-
sions, and
2) Application Notes.
The set is dated July 1996. Updated
editions are rarely produced. These
CD-ROMs are easy to use because
they do not have to be installed. That
is, provided you have Acrobat Reader,
since that is the browser software cho-
sen by NatSem to view the files.
The program is launched by acti-
vating the file called 'Welcomel'. The
first page offers three options:
Table of Contents
2,- Alphanumeric Document List
- Help
Selecting the first option opens a
hlorary of thousands of pages. The first
level alone has a staggering 219 pages.
Clicking on one of the indicators takes
you to the next level which again pro-
vides access to a specific component
whose documentation may comprise
several tens of pages, as for example,
in the section on Microcontrollers and
Microprocessors. Fortunately, Acrobat
Reader has a `Back function (CTRL-
) to go back to the previous page or
previous level Similarly, CTRL3 helps
you move to the next page.
What's on the menu? Well, just
about anything from BiCMOS logic to
Wireless communication. You will, for
instance, come across the CMOS
device family, including the 4000
series, FACT, HC, HCT; VHC and
many other devices, memories and
microcontrollers, not forgetting
ECL and TTL devices. This list is far
from exhaustive. What about the
Applications CD-ROM, you say. It,
too, allows you to spend a long
time in front of your PC screen.
The structure is tree -like as with
other CD-ROMs, the information
narrowing as you use more selec-
tion criteria. There are 41 markers,
each giving access to one or more
pages. We leave youthe pleasure of
discovering... Internet address:
littp://ww-atnationaLcom.
1996 IC MASTER CD-
ROM PLUS
IC MASTER is probably the general-
purpose source par excellence of infor-
mation on integrated circuits. This ref-
erence work will be familiar to many,
if not all, readers working in the elec-
ion.11
t.-JOICOnle
cemiicanduclor.
F
,, At 41,
Ow!
010 lir
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Direct netlist link to BoardMaker2 PCB and schematic drafting
Forward annotation with part values
Full undo, redo facility (50 operations)
£395 Easy and intuitive to use
Surface mount and metric support
E95
Single -sheet. multi -paged and hierarchical designs 90. 45 and curved track corners
Smooth scrolling Ground plane fill
Intelligent wires (automatic junctions) Copper highlight and clearance checking
Dynamic connectivity information
Automatic on-line annotation
Integrated on -the -fly library editor BoardMaker2 - Advanced level
Context sensitive editing
Extensive component -based power control All the features of BoardMakerl
Back annotation from BoardMaker2 Full netlist support- BoardCapture.
OrCad. Schema. Tango. CadStar
£395
Full Design Rule Checking
both mechanical and electrical
Top down modification from the schematic
Component renumber with back annotation
Report generator- Database ASCII. BOM
Thermal power plane support with full DRC

Router
Gridless re-entrant autorouter
Simultaneous multi -layer routing
SMD and analogue support
Full interrupt. resume. pan
£200
and zoom while routing

Output drivers - Included as standard

Printers - 9 & 24 pin Dot matrix.
HPLaserjet and PostScript
NE Penplotters - HP. Graphtec & Houston
Photoplotters - All Gerber 3X00 and 4X00
Excellon NC Drill and Annotated
111111111111111111 1111111111111111111111111111111 - drill drawings (BM2)

For futher information contact

Tsien (UK) Limited
Aylesby House
Wenny Road, Chatteris
Cambridge, PE16 6UT
Tel 01354 695959
Fax 01354 695957
E-mail Sales@tsien.demon.co.uk tsien
52 Elektor Electronics 1 97
 ft= _ )1 a list of alphabetically sorted
components, along with Farnell
- reference numbers, the manu-
... TM 'L.
01........... .... rt..... Ms =1.....L.9 .4
111S ...... VP+. 1... Wil
WI
facturer and a short description.
1. Ls1.4-.
011111
f st+ to Citrg ,ss 4+
..... d.
A few clicks are sufficient to take
.1.111353,* Is,. Urst.ra
14+,4, tr+
IOW",
you to the datasheets of the rel-
Z. evant component. Sets an exam-
.41f-147-1.
ple. Internet address:
.L.7+ .4211C http://wwwfarnell.aulk.
ct ..
:Aar:
:.X.CTW -
111Orncr
1:: - Pella Although they do not, strictly
nes TOM*.
:1 RCM- Mt
.1-811-1.10
C 17:112. FTC
U -ITC10121.
I WC 4.W
speaking, belong in the class of
0+1.
-.923=1+
Preal
-arc datasheets reference works,
some CD-ROMs are still of inter- -..+
++-1
"XL+
est to the advanced electronics Bp gol! I

tronics industry. The CD-ROM is dif- hobbyist description and reference to a file con-
ferent from the others discussed here taining the datasheet.
in that it comes with a fairly thick DOChNIDEX: provides the title and 1
manual. This addition is dearly the reference number of all documents
reflected in the price. Finding compo- SILICON SYSTEMS available on the CD-ROM, as well as
nents on the CD-ROM seems to 1996 VOLUME 1 FaxBack numbers, databooks sorted by
require some practicing and getting subject.
used to, but is quickly learned. Documentation for Acrobat 2.0. Runs PRODSEL: selection guide covering
Those of you interested in this all products, each one hav-
product should note the existence of ing its own datasheet
the web site littp://ic-mastencom. The site Summarizing:
is divided into a Guest and a Sub- astoundingly easy to use.
scriber section, the latter being acces- Internet address:
sible only if you have the product ser- http.:11wwww.idt.cont.
ial number of your IC MASTER book
or CD-ROM.

Our search for datasheets on CD- MOTOROLA

ROM also covered component distrib-
utors who include product specifica-
CSIC
tions with their (digital) catalogues. Web Site Tour Kit CSIC
This is the case with, for example, Far- Family of Microcon-
nell, who supply an affordable CD- trollers 68HC05 and
ROM containing over 30,000 pages of 68HC08
datasheets. Great stuff for those long under PC Windows. Although this documentation is pre-
winter evenings... Closely resembles the classic sented in the form of pdf (Adobe Acro-
datasheet collection on paper. Some bat) files, it is also accessible ivith the
documents are, however, not available aid of a Web browser. Install Adobe
in electronic form. Reader 2.1 and Quicklime 4 Wmdows
SEMICONDUCTOR A solid amount of information: 2.04.
DATA FROM OVER 50 over 1,200 pages to peruse. Runs on PCs, Macs and Unix sys-
MAJOR MANUFACTURERS Contents: tems.
- component datasheets This CD-ROM presents a (fairly
smimizt.m - physical characteristics limited) series of application notes.
hardware and software Summarizing: this is a kind of Web site
development tools on CD-ROM, presenting a solid
-2.- application notes amount of information on the Devel-
- manuals opment Tools.
_!1
address overview The CD-ROM also presents a num-
:Summarizing: a classic approach. ber of software development tools
-Internet address: including lvli-MDS05, M68HC705JICS
tEl http://aranassil.com. and M68HC705KICS. Internet address:
El hflp://ivariamotorola.com.

INTEGRATED DEVICE
,t4i.P.
TECHNOLOGY INC,
MARCH 1996 CONCLUSION:
Farnell issued a CD-ROM dated -June A LONG QUEST
19% of which the main contributor is Although this CD-ROM runs under
Harris Semiconductors. Acrobat Reader V2.1, it is also possible In our opinion, the initiative to use
The information on the CD-ROM to access the information using a Web plastic data carriers instead of massive
is easily accessible. After the installa- browser, the files being stored in html amounts of paper to print databooks
tion, be sure to employ the format. can only be encouraged in this day
VBDB300.d11 file, as without it you will Three NUMINDEX files (and not and age of environmental protection.
be unable to start the program. PRODNOS as stated in the user man-
Once up and running, you will see ual) sorted by product number, with

Elektor Electronics 1/97 53 6,

 the small
workshop
requirements and other considerations

Anyone interested or
engaged in constructing
electronic circuits. be
he/she an amateur
enthusiast, an experi-
mentalist or a profes-
sional operating a small
business, is faced with
the question of what
equipement is really
necessary to carry out
the work properly. Since
many of these people
have only a limited bud-
get, a correct invest- Setting up a smallihome workshop covered, at least partially, with a heat -
ment is of great impor- needs careful consideration. In this arti- resistant material such as formica. Also, if
de, an attempt is made to indicate how many repairs are to be carried out, it is
tance. This short article such a workshop should be equipped: strongly advisable to cover part of the
is intended as an aid to what is essential and what can wait a bench with a strong rubber mat to pro-
while. When, in due course, more, or tect the equipment being repaired. The
making the correct more serious, work is to be undertaken, mat should be anti -static and be resistant
choice. It includes a other equipment and facilities can be to brief contacts with a hot soldering iron
added to the basics outlined here. Of course, electric power supplies of
simple computer pro- The working surface should prefer- various Idrids are an absolute must. Since
ably be a well fitted bench or, at the very much equipment is mains -operated,
gram to decipher the least, a sturdy table that does not move there should be a fair number (at least
codes used for resis- easily. If this is not so, there is the risk four, preferably U) of mains outlets in
that at an unfortunate and unexpected easy reach of the workbench (NOT at
tors. capacitors and instant tools and equipment start shift- floor level). It is important that these out-
ing about. If they fall of the working sur- lets be protected by an earth leakage
inductors. face, irreparable damage may be caused. switch. Trailing multiple sockets to
Since much soldering will be under- BS11113 may be used, but these must con-
by L. Lemmens taken on the workbench, it should be tain an earth leakage switch and a corn -

54 Elektor Electronics 1/97

mon ontoff switch for all outlets.
Use cables that are as short as feasi-
ble. Some of these, for instance that of a
standard lamp or the soldering station,
should be fastened to the workbench_
These measures prevent the workbench
becoming a chaotic collection of cables.
A GOOD STORAGE
SYSTEM IS IMPORTANT
With time and a greater workload, the
amount of components and other mate-
rial grows inexorably. It is vital that a
good storage system to house cables, test
leads, small tool, components and other
parts is available. The workbench should
not be allowed to become a storage area.
Small tools, components and other small
parts are best kept in a suitable storage
cabinet (see, for instance, the RS Com-
ponents catalogue): there are many dif-
ferent kinds of these available from rel-
evant retailers or mail-order firms. Give
a thought to transparent drawers: these
are very handy, indeed, since they show
at a glance what they contain.
A small, shallow container on the
workbench is indispensable for storing
screws, nuts and washers, and other
small parts taken from an equipment
being tested or repaired.
Test and mains leads are best kept on
a dedicated rack as shown in Figure 2.
Such a rack can, of course, be made by
the average handyman.
Other tools are best kept in a dedi-
cated toolbox.
Elektor Electronics 1/97
Figure 1. Trailing mul-
tiple socket; this
should be fitted with a
manual on/off switch
and an earth leakage
switch.
SOLDERING EQUIPMENT
Soldering or, more correctly, soft sol-
dering, is a reasonably straightforward
process used in electronics construc-
tion to bond components together,
forming one or more electrical con-
nections. Soldering provides:
)( mechanical support, holding the
components of an assembly
together;
)( electrical support, forming the
required electrical connections of a
circuit.
Most components in an assembly
use the mechanical support of sol-
dered joints alone to give adequate fix-
ing into the assembly. A few isolated
components, notably larger, heavier
ones, may require additional mechan-
ical support, such as straps, nuts and
bolts, and so on.
On the all components
may use solder as electrical support to
form requisite electrical connections.
No other method has yet been devised
to take the place of solder in all assem-
blies to the same level of performance.
In electronic assembly, by far the
most typical of soldered joints is in
printed -circuit assembly, when com-
ponent leads are soldered to the cop-
per track of the board. In a typical
joint, the component lead projects
through a plated -through hole in the
board and is bonded to the copper
track with solder In a good joint, sol-
der is drawn inside the hole during
the soldering operation. The solder
between the copper track and the
component lead is called the fillet
Wetting is the process in soldering
when the solder comes into direct
metallic contact with the metals to be
soldered together into a joint forming
a specific alloy of solder and metal at
the junction. In turn, this implies that
the joint's metallic surfaces be so dean
that metallic contact can be made.
In a small workshop, all soldering
is done by hand for which a good sol-
Figure 2. A cable
rack may be con-
structed simply from
a strip of wood or
man-made fibre.
55

Figure 3. Three pairs
of pliers that should
be found in the basic
dering iron is vital. It is toolbox of every elec-
best to use a 30 W one tronics
with temperature con- technician, engineer.
trol.
Since safety is of
paramount importance, a reliable park-
ing stand for holding a hot soldering
iron is a must (see Figure 5). For good
workmanship, it is necessary to keep the
tip of the soldering iron dean. After
doing some soldering work, remove all
tin and solder flux from the tip with a
small, damp sponge.
Most solders used in electronic
assembly are alloys of tin and lead.
One of the most useful properties of
a tin/lead alloy used as a solder is the
range of low melting temperatures.
Over a central range of alloy propor-
tions there is no particular melting -
point, merely a range over which the
alloy is neither molten nor solid -a
pasty or plastic state. However, at on
particular alloy proportion (62% tin,
38% lead), the alloy melts at a single
temperature (183 °C), which is also the
lowest melting temperature of any
tin'lead alloy.
To ensure good soldering joints at all
times, always use good -quality cored sol-
der to BS441 (DIN8516). Recommended
is a 60% tin, 40% lead alloy with five
cores of non -corrosive flux, which is
especially suitable for high -quality work
requiring a low melting temperature.
Mechanical strength is an impor-
tant criterion when making soldered
joints. Obviously, the joint should be
strong - strong enough to withstand
all the possible stresses which it may
experience: tensile, shear and com-
pressive.
A few important types of joint asso-
ciated with electronic assemblies are
through -hole joints and surface -
A56
mounted joints.
Through -hole joints
rely on the fact that a
wire lead is inserted
through a hole in the
board then soldered to
bond to a metal track.
Where joint
strength in through -
hole joints is quite
large- far larger, in fact
than the strength of
the circuit materials
surrounding the joint-
the type of joint
formed when solder-
ing surface -mounted
components limits the
joint strength appre-
ciably.
Occasionally, in
rework or repair stages
of an assembly's life,
desoldering of compo-
nents is required. It is a
tricky, time-consuming
operation requiring
some extra tools.
First, the solder
must be reheated to be
molten, then it must be
removed prior to com-
ponent dismounting. Molten solder
can be removed with implements that
suck the solder away from a joint. Sol-
der suckers can be separate tools, or
form part of the soldering iron, com-
prising an air -bulb or plunger pump
mechanism. Alternatively, woven cop-
per wire can be made into a braid,
called solder wick, impregnated with
flux, which has the effect of drawing
the molten solder up the braid, away
from the joint.
Many printed -circuit boards are not
as dean as the com-
plexity and density of
packing require. One of
the main areas where
high levels of cleanli-
ness should be main-
tained is directly after
the soldering process.
Soldering, with its
requirement for fluxes
to aid the process, and
the resultant flux
residues, is a messy
business. Flux and flux
residues are corrosive,
so if they remain on the
assembly, corrosion will
occur sooner or later.
Rapid malfunction of
the board may then
occur.
It is therefore essen-
tial for the assembly to
be cleaned after solder-
ing. Depending on the
kind of assembly, and
the flux used, either
aqueous or solvent products may be
used for cleaning. In a small work-
shop, these may be applied by brush,
immersion or spray.
CUTTING, BENDING,
AND STRIPPING
Before components can be mounted and
soldered on to a printed -circuit board,
their leads must be cut to size_ This is
normally done with a pair of small side
cutters. Bending the leads as required is
best done with small electrician's or
radio pliers. Other tools that are useful
and often essential are long -nose pliers,
snipe -nose pliers, combination pliers, a
wire stripper, trimming knife, standard
hacksaw and blade, various sizes of scis-
sors, a set of supadrive screwdrivers, a
set of parallel screwdrivers, and a set of
jewellers screwdrivers. If at all possible,
buy good -quality tools: this will be
rewarded by a long life and first-class
workmanship.
Since many manufacturers do not
like every Tom, Dick and Harry to be
able to open their equipment, this is
often secured with torx screws, which
may be of the security type or the tam-
perproof type. Special sets of drivers for
these screws are available from most
good ironmongers or mail-order firms
(again, see the RS Components cata-
logue).
Other miscellaneous equipment that
may be required comprise sets of differ-
ing length and differently terminated
test leads and a rubber torch.
TEST EQUIPMENT
The testing of most electronic equipment
requires a power supply, preferably of
the variable output type. If the budget
Figure 4. This bending
jig will be found use-
ful in shaping the
leads of components.
Elektor Electronics 1 97
 type is often just the mechanical stabil-
5 ity, the number of metering ranges, and
the bandwidth (in alternating current
and voltage measurements).
These are basic requirement. When
the budget allows or the work necessi-
tates, test equipment such as a

Transistor checker
Audio signal generator
RF signal generator
RC oscillator
Logic analyser
AF oscilloscope
Dual -trace storage oscilloscope
Accurate electronic thermometer
Frequency meter
Millivoltmeter
Capacitance meter
40) LCR meter
Power meter

and others will be required, depending

on the nature of the work.

ELEKT OR ELECTRONICS
HELP -DISC
Not all electronics enthusiasts, techni-
cians and engineers know all the colour
codes for resistors, capacitors, inductors,
and so on, by heart. So, they use a num-
ber of cards or a reference book to find
Figure 5. A soldering out the value of a particular component.
station as shown will The new Elektor Electronics Help -disc
give many years of contains a program that provides a fast
permit this, use a good mains trouble and effident way of identifying compo-
adaptor and a set of fixed voltage regu- nents on the basis of their colour code.
lators like the 7805, 7809 and 7812. Most Unfortunately, the disc is only available
mains adaptors have such a high output Figure 6. Screendump for Windows 3.1 or 95 programs (sorry
resistance that they may be used for of the program 'Help - all you Apple, Acorn and NT users!).
short -duration current limiting. disc', a new product The program may also be used to
A (digital) multimeter is an absolute from Elektor Electron- compose non-standard resistor, capacitor
must. Bear in mind that the difference ics available under or inductor values from a preset series,
between an expensive and an economy Order no. 966022-1. It such as the E6, E12, E24, E48, E96. This is
enables rapid decod- a boon when a circuit contains non -stan-
ing of resistor, capaci- dard -value components which are there-
tor and inductor fore either not available or very expen-
colour codes. sive. The program shows on the moni-
tor how such a component may be com-
Ekktm Delp Disk - v1,0 posed on the basis of the E24 series, in
oo. isua Let lab liet. which dose -tolerance components are
iteshlarsj Cepaacrs r.s.ctzr also available.
Cm0 series 1E 4 Replacement cct s_eries Series The program also indicates within
Value 100
47
.1j%
E24 which limits the component value can
k Tolerance [10
M
vary. A screendump of the program is
Couple with series
Vatue Ij, nhm shown in Figure 6. This shows how a
Value 100 ohm resistor of 490 II may be composed from
Absolute lungs 90.000 11. hin
-1-11111-1- two discrete resistors in the E24 series.
Replacement Ip "lim Capacitors and inductors may be com-
Absolute hmtts 110.000 ohm posed in a like manner.
1 No doubt, the disc will be found a
Bands Silver useful addition to the many available
Gold Replacement cct paraiiei
r:4 ut net Black
Series data cards and reference books, partic-
a 111 itil 44 Brown E24 -f ularly so since less well-known codes,
C5 IN IN INI Red
1111
such as those for the temperature coeffi-
TC
Id ilii
i- r-
ill El II
r
1111

'.=,
Orange
Yellow
Green
Value
200 ohm
200 ohm
cient or tolerance are catered for
r 11 11 II
El IX Mt '--
Blue
Violet
Value 11 II Gray
i- 7 White Replacement V3!Lie. 100.000 ChM
Abeolute limits 90.000 - 110.000 ohm

Elektor Electronics 1,97

57
 to guard
monittem erature
fridge
aid
A useful
in the kitcherr
Every week the aver-
age housewife stores
a fair amount of food
in the refrigerator (col-
loq.UK: fridge). The
low temperature in the
fridge ensures that the Keeping food
food remains fresh for fresh in a refrigerator (colloq.
UK: fridge) depends on the tempera-
a couple of days at ture in the fridge being maintained at
least. But what hap- a correct temperature: 3-6 °C. This
temperature range is selected with a
pens if the tempera- variable thermostat Some people set
this thermostat once and then forget
ture in the fridge unbe- all about it until the food goes off or
known to the family is retrieved half frozen.
This unfortunate situation may be
not as low as it should avoided by the monitor described in
this article. It provides a fast and effi-
be? There is then a cient means of checking the tempera-
risk of the food going ture inside the fridge. Every time the
fridge door is opened, the monitor is
off. This sort of situa- automatically switched on whereupon
tion may be avoided a green, yellow or red LED lights.
When the fridge door is dosed, the
with the monitor de- monitor is automatically switched off
again. Since the monitor in the quies-
scribed in this article. cent state draws a current of only 1 fiA,
With the aid of three a single battery will power the unit for
more than a yeas
LEDs, it shows at a
glance whether the in- CIRCUIT DESCRIPTION
The circuit diagram of the monitor is
side temperature is too shown in Figure 1. Although this may
look more complex than expected, it is,
low, too high or right. in fact, fairly straightforward.
The temperature sensor, ICI, pro-
vides a linear relationship of
Design by H. Bonekamp 10 mV °CA between the ambient tem-
458
qhuWilkg
pera-
ture and its output
voltage. Since its output is linked
via R3 to a negative potential of -0.6 V,
temperatures down to 0 °C may be
sensed.
The output of ICI is amplified 70-8
by IC2. The output of this op amp,
available at pin 6, is applied to a com-
parator consisting of op amps C3a and
1C3b. Offset compensation for IC, is
provided by PI and R6.
The comparator likens the output
signal of IC2 to a reference voltage that
is representative of the ambient tem-
perature. The reference is applied to
pin 2 of IC3a, and to pin 5 of IC3b.
The reference voltage is produced
by the circuit around stepped attenua-
tor Ru-R21 and zener diode D5. The
diode is a precision type that holds its
zener voltage stable over the temper-
ature range of 0-70°C.
Owing to the reference voltage, the
circuit is relatively insensitive to the
ambient temperature and to the bat-
tery voltage. The reference potential is
divided by resistors R13 -R21 into nine
steps of 280 mV each. It will be seen
that this value corresponds to the
change in voltage per °C at the output
of the sensor amplified 70-8. In other
words, each step of the voltage divider
represents 1°C. The reference voltage
of both IC3, and IC3b can therefore be
set to a voltage corresponding to a
temperature of 0, 1, 2...9 °C. The volt -
Efektor Electronics 1197
age representing the highest tempera-
ture permitted in the fridge is applied
to pin 2 of IC3a. When the output volt-
1-2
BC516 U-- R7

age of IC2 exceeds this value (the 252

02
fridge gets or is too warm), the output .4-

of IC3, goes high, which results in D3

(red) being actuated via R8 and tran-
sistor T4. The lighting of this diode in- 1C1
P1
255
dicates that action is required! /7+
LM35
At the same time, pin 5 of IC3b car- (;) 871 C1

ries a voltage that is representative of 9V 1C2

the lowest permissible temperature in 71
16V
2

the fridge. If the temperature in the

fridge drops below this value, the out-
00- BPW
R3 RS IR4
TIC271
40
put of IC3b goes high, whereupon D,
(yellow) is actuated via R9 and T3. 01 M1M
Again, the lighting of this diode means
IC3 = TLC272 T3...T6 = BC5478
that the thermostat has to be reset, 1N4148
since too low a temperature is uneco- 5
nomical and may also affect certain Sc Sc 1 20

foodstuffs (taste!). EC 2

/7C 02: t<tcnn

When the temperature is within 3 18
c---41 03: 1> t max
the set range, transistors T3 and T4 are 21../f2
SC
04: t c t < ma:
cut off, whereas T5 and 16 conduct.
This results in 134 Fr- Er -4C
6
7
0--15

14

(green) lighting to indi- - 2C 13

Figure 1. The circuit 8

cate that the tempera- diagram of the fridge 0411

ture is correct. monitor. The tempera- RI E
Resistor R7 is the ture sensor is a Type t max

common series resistor LM35 phototransistor. BPW40

of the LEDs.
Ten -pole switches S1
and S2 make setting the minimum per-
missible temperature, tmin, and the
maximum temperature, tm, a simple
matter.
\SC 20
\ SC 19
0
tmin

-
0--
1

2
\7C 18
6C 17 ==.
34

ELECTRONIC \5C 16 2 T 5

\4C 15 == 6
SWITCH -ON IC 3C 14
R2I 2C 13
The LEDs need to light only when the 1C 12

door of the fridge is opened. This is OC OC 11

- 71

arranged with an electronic on/off

switch composed of phototransistor Tl
and darlington T,. When the door is
dosed, the inside of the fridge is dark
and T1 is cut off. Its leakage current
amounts to no more than 200 nA. The
potential at the emitter and base of T,
is then the same. This transistor is
therefore also cut off and the supply to
the monitor is switched off.
When the door is opened, the light
inside the fridge comes on, where-
upon Ti conducts. Transistor T, then Figure 2. The printed -
gets a base current and the supply to circuit board for the
the monitor is switched on. fridge monitor is avail-
As mentioned before, IC1 needs an able ready made.
auxiliary voltage and this is derived via

2
t-rnr97pIC
0001-1
.
1
01-10 00 R2
R
[!:/4
* 0 R4 0
0 0 R5 0
BT1
03

S1
Fr4
819.
R16
o R13 S2
R14
0 R15
R16
01 R12
05
1
O
R17
00000 0
00 P.O0 O rl C.

Elektor Electronics 1/97 59

E LECTRONICS 'Copy to Clipboard' feature enables preparation of lecture
overheads in colour. modify or expand the text to produce your
own handouts or study notes.
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/ 60 Elektor Electronics 1/97

 Parts list When fitting D1 and
C1, mind their polarity.
Resistors After they have
R1= 2.2 Mt! been soldered in
R2. R6 = 10 1(0 place, the photo -
R3 = 18 )(II transistor and
R4 = 1 kfl
= 27 KO
D, -D4 must be
R7 = 2.2 141 bent at right an-
= 22 MI gles in such a
R1 R21 = 100 1(0 way that,
P = 25 k.O. preset when the
board is fit-
Capacitors: ted in the
C. = 100pF. 16 V. radial
case, they pro-
Semiconductors: trude slightly from
D. = 1N4148 the case. Note that to achieve
D2 = LED. 3 mm. yellow. high effi- this four suitable holes need to be
ciency drilled in appropriate positions in the
D3 = LED, 3 mm, red, high effi- case (3 mm for the LEDs and 5 mm for too much above
ciency the phototransistor). Figure 3 and the 20°C to prevent the output
D4 = LED, 3 mm. green, high effi- photograph of the completed proto-
ciency
of IC, going into saturation.
D5 = LM385LP-2.5 type xshow what the final assembly Then, check the operation of the
T1 = BPW40 looks like. comparators. Verify that the potential
T2 = BC516 When the remaining transistors at their pin 2 can be set with Si, and
T3 -T6 = BC547B and the two ICs have been fitted, that at their pin 5 with S,. If the volt-
check the board thoroughly. When age cannot be set, the reference source
Integrated circuits: everything is found in order, the board and/or the stepped attenuator do not
ICI = LM35CZ can be fitted into the case, and con- work correctly.
IC2 = TLC271CP
IC3 = TLC272CP
nected to the 9 V battery. If everything Check that D5 is connected with
is in good working order, the red LED correct polarity. The correct potentials
Miscellaneous: should light. For most uses, it suffices across the various resistors are shown
S-. S2 = 10 -pole DIP switch to set P1 to the centre of its travel, but in Figure 1.
= 9 V battery with connecting some users may wish to calibrate the Pins 1 and 7 of IC3 should carry
clips circuit to within 0.25 °C. To do this, logic levels of 0 V and 6 V respectively.
Enclosure, PacTec HM-9VB [avail- connect a digital voltmeter (2 V d.c. If that is so, and the monitor still does
able from OK Industries (UK) Ltd,
Unit 1, Barton Farm Industrial Es-
range) between pin 6 of IC, and not work, one of transistors T3 -T6 or of
tate. Chickenhall Lane, Eastleigh. ground and place the entire assembly diodes 120,-D4 is faulty.
Hants S05 5RR. Telephone (01703) in the fridge. After about an hour, ad- ircoat
619841; Fax (01703) 643279] or just P1 to obtain a reading on the volt-
equivalent: meter that is equivalent in volts to 0.28
61 mm 97 mm 25 mm (wxdxh) times the temperature in °C. Next, set
(2.4 x 3.8 x 1 in) the minimum temperature with S,
PCB Order no. 970001 (see Readers and the maximum temperature with
Services towards the end of this
issue)
Si. Close the case and place it near the
light in the fridge. When next the door
of the fridge is opened, one of the Figure 3. Drawing of
LEDs should light. the completed proto-
Di. The cathode of this diode is at a In the unlikely case that the moni- type PCB. Note that
potential of -0.6 V w.r.t. the earth of tor does not work properly, its opera- some test points have
the monitor. The negative voltage is tion may be checked with a multime- been identified.
used as the supply voltage for IC, and ter. Connect the common
IC3 and at the same time makes it pos- lead of the meter to the
sible for the output of lc, to assume a emitter of T1. Measure the 3
negative value. This arrangement en- voltage across C1 when suf-
sures that the monitor can operate ficient light falls on to
down to 0°C. This potential should be
about 7.8 V and drop to 0 V
S 970001-1
c ()IC1
0
E
C7 CJ
R2
1-1

0
CONSTRUCTION Of n3 10 0 Ri 0
when T1 is covered. If this 0 P.4 0
The monitor is best constructed on the is not the case, T1 or T, is 0 RE 0 tn;t1
T2 V
printed -circuit board shown in Fig- faulty, but it is also possible 03 01 117 0 CI BTI
ure 2. The dimensions of this board that D1 has been fitted with 01 RE 10 0
enable it to be conveniently housed, incorrect polarity.
together with the 9V battery, in the Next, check the voltage 1401 nil 10 01 01 II° SI

case specified in the parts list. at pin 3 of IC,. At room R20 -0

Start by cutting out the recess near
Oro RigG-
temperature (about 20 °C), TO F118 -e
the battery terminals. Then, fit the five this should be around 01 Rio 10 ciao-_,-) 52
wire bridges, the preset potentiometer, 200 mV A potential equiva- o Ro 0 RI5ryz"
1 1

the resistors, and the two DIP

switches. Resistors R16 -R9 must be
lent to this voltage ampli-
fied >08 should be present
1 RI2 10 -0 LIMIQINEN
R161/4-1

U C) G) C., U U 1.2
cl
R17
mounted upright: bend one of their at pin 6 of IC,, and pins 3
terminals as required with a small pair and 6 of IC3. The ambient - 12
of pliers. temperature should not be

Elektor Electronics 1/97 61

 Circuit
Simulation tr-I ,rn
ILCourse in
n
1.11B
a short course in circuit simulation
As we have seen in
Part 2, the SPICE
primitives, such as re-
sistors, capacitors
and voltage sources,
are defined in a
netlist by an appropri-
ate code letter (R. C.
V) followed by identi-
fying numbers or let-
ters, then by node
connections and
value. The exact syn-
tax depends on the
element and is more
complicated for volt-
age sources and sim-
ilar elements.
MODELLING
A number of elements take MODEL
names. In SPICE2, these are the ele-
ments with the code letters, D, NPN,
PNP, NJF, NMOS and PMOS,
whose identity is obvious from their
codes. SPICE3 has a few more such el-
ements including voltage and current -
controlled switches and MESFETs. All
of these elements need to be given
model names, such as QONE, or
2N2222A, such as we used in netlists
quoted last month. These names are
quite arbitrary, for the convenience of
the user. If several transistors are
given the same model name, a single
.MODEL statement in the netlist suf-
fices to defme the behaviour of all
these transistors. If there are two or
three different transistor types in the
netlist, they are given two or three dif-
ferent model names and we need a
.MODEL statement for each model
name. The models referred to in these
By Owen Bishop
62
HANDS-ON
ELECTRONICS
Temperature= 27
_r
statements direct the computer to fol-
low built-in -sets of equations or algo-
rithms which model the behaviour of
that type of element in accordance
with various parameters specified in
the statement.
Neither SPICE2 nor SPICE3 has an
op amp primitive. If you are using
SPICE, rather than one of its commer-
cial enhancements, you model an op
amp as a sub -circuit. The simplest of
these is a voltage -controlled source
(Figure 15) which can be considered as
an ideal model (ideal in the sense of
being theoretical, not in the sense of
being the best practical op amp for the
job) because it has infinite input im-
pedance, zero output impedance, and
has a very high open -loop gain_ The
subcircuit to define such an op amp
model is:
.SUBCICT OPAMP 12 3
El 3 0 1 2 1E6
.ENDS OPAMP
The .SUBCKT line specifies the subcir-
cuit name and lists the node numbers
of the input and output terminals, as
included in hexagons in Figure 16.
Next comes the subcircuit netlist
which, in this case, comprises only one
component. E is the code for a voltage -
controlled voltage source. The El line
lists the node connections of the volt-
age source in order n+, n-, nc+, nc-,
and the gain parameter The output at
n+ equals the difference between the
voltages of the nc+ and nc- (control)
inputs multiplied by the gain parame-
ter. In this example, it is 1 x 106, equiv-
alent to the open loop gain of the op
amp. This is one of the simplest possi-
ble subcircuits, consisting as it does of
only one element. Subcircuits may
have a virtually unlimited number of
elements.
In the main netlist below, which is
the netlist of an inverting amplifier
based on the op amp subcircuit, the
name of the op amp begins with X, the
code used for a subdrcuit, followed by
numbers or letters to differentiate be-
tween op amps if there is more than
one. The subcircuit is called by its sub -
circuit name:
'INVERTING AMPLIFIER
XOA 0 21 OPAMP
R1 1 2 100K
R2 2 3 10K
R3 1 0 IOM
V1 3 0 SIN (0 11K 0 0)
.END
You could enter this into MC_5 as a
netlist or as a schematic (Figure 16).
Obtain the source El by Components
Elektor Electronics 1/97

15
r are listed in the SUB-
IC)
c-
F21
20 I 960102 - 13
960102 - 12
Analog Primitives Dependent Sources
VofV. After placing it, enter VALUE =
1ES in the Component window. R3
acts as a high -impedance load. When
the circuit is complete, check its action
by running a Transient Analysis for
5 ms and plotting both V(3) and V(1)
against lime. Confirm that it acts as
an inverting amplifier with closed -loop
gain of 10, as illustrated in Figure 17.
Observe the effects of varying RI and
R2, and the amplitude and frequency
of Vl.
Although this model behaves per-
fectly well with certain resistor values
and input, it is not difficult to make it
produce nonsensical results. Set R1
and R2 to give an open -loop gain of,
say, x100 and set the amplitude of VI
to 25 V. The output amplitude is
2500 V, which is obviously impossible.
Change R3 to 20 and you can draw as
much as 5A from its output at 10 V. At
1 MHz, the open loop gain is still x106,
whereas with a real op amp it would
have dropped to around X1 at that fre-
quency Some of these deficiencies can
be eliminated by adding further com-
ponents to the subcircuit Add resistors
to simulate input and output imped-
ance, as well as input bias current Add
a capacitor to reduce the gain at high
frequency. Add diodes to limit the out -
Figure 17. Schematic
of the diagram in Fig-
ure 16.
Wars f.ap V Dow-1:
di; gem;cntr,1
1 1111^- Tmr. I..iI r
,IdaW' #
*1 1
CipGOai
Elektor Electronics
Figure 15. The num-
bers in the hexagons
SKT line that specifies
ICI the subcircuit name.
Figure 16. Circuit dia-
gram of the inverting
amplifier.
put voltage swing to realistic values.
The more additions, the more accu-
rately it models a real op amp. On the
other hand, the more additions, the
longer the computer takes to calculate
its behaviour in each cycle of the
analysis.
At the other extreme, it is possible
to model an op amp exactly with a
netlist which includes all the compo-
nents of an actual op amp circuit. It
will have about 30 nodes and to in -
dude even one such detailed model in
a netlist increases analysis time signif-
icantly. A compromise is reached by
designing a netlist which does not fol-
low the layout of the actual op amp
circuit but, by including controlled
voltage sources (not present in real op
amps), behaves almost exactly like a
real op amp, even though the number
of elements and nodes in it are fewer
than 20.
MC5 OP AMPS
MC5 and most of the other enhance-
ments of SPICE have their own in-
built op amp models. There is no need
to invent netlists to simulate an op
amp. An op amp is called up simply
by using the op amp model and defin-
ing its parameters, just as you would
call up a SPICE transistor modeL Ex-
amples of these are provided in the
MC5 file OPAMPLCIR, which is
loaded in a new schematic window by
File Open opampl.cir. This is a
demonstration of 3 different op amp
models, all fed with a single pulse
from a generator. The op amps are
connected as voltage followers, so their
11.1p n DI.
iddiF 10 I It IA
BliE119_11(41tE1-1-!1:1-iv,1-1-14-1' EIEEINIAM171'
I-1
1 97
R1
16 100k
31 a2
10k
R3
outputs should theoretically follow the
input exactly. Run a Transient Analysis
to see what happens (Figure 18). The
square input pulse and the square
pulse from the output of op amp 01
(the ideal model) are coincident. This
might be thought to be just what is ex-
pected, but note that this is a pulse of
very short duration and a real op amp
could not follow such rapid voltage
changes because of the limitations of
slew rate. The two -pole model (02, hol-
low square tokens on the curve) has a
more realistic response but fails to
reach 10V before the pulse ends. The
Boyle model (03, cross tokens) has a
sharp initial upsurge as the pulse be-
gins, allowing it to reach 10 V just be-
fore the pulse ends. Here we have
three models with three degrees of re-
semblance to a real op amp.
Returning to the Schematic win-
dow, look at these models in more de-
tail by reading their model statements
on the text screen (click on the bottom
right corner of the Schematic win-
dow). The models are named 01, 02
and 03 respectively and they all have
the same model type, ORA (meaning
operational amplifier). Their parame-
ters begin with a statement of level: 1,
2 or 3. Model 01 is level 1 and has the
fewest parameters; consequently, it is
Figure 18. Transient
analysis to follow thei
action of an op amp.'
Did
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Figure 19. Active filter the least realistic type. MC5 has a library of models Figure 20. Transient analysis
based on an opera- but the fastest to which may be used when high preci- to verify that the active filter
tional amplifier. run, so it is useful, sion modelling is required. For exam- is working correctly.
but in a limited ple, click on Component -3 Analog Li-
rage of situations. Its parameters spec- brary -5 Op Amp -3 LF0000- and a high slew rate (13 Viiis). The cir-
ify only open loop gain, and output LF147- -3 LF347. An op amp symbol cuit operates by multiple feedback to
impedance under DC and AC condi- appears on the cursor which you can produce a band-pass filter. The values
tions. Model 02 specifies the same pa- position as required. Click on the Se- in Fig 20 are calculated for a centre fre-
rameters as 01 and, in addition, posi- lect Arrow, then double dick on the op quencyfc of 21:1-1z, but using the near-
tive and negative slew rates, gain amp symbol. In the Components win- est standard values instead of the exact
bandwidth and phase margin. The im- dow, check the Display box so the op calculated values. Using standard val-
portance of modelling slew rate has al- amp type number is displayed on the ues for resistors and capacitors is con-
ready been noted in Fig. 18. Finally, schematic. You can optionally check venient, but to what extent does this
model 03 has the same specification as the Display Fm Names box to have the move the filter off the required k ?
the two previous models and also off- names of all the op amps pins dis- This filter can be tuned to a given fc by
set voltage, input bias current and played on the schematic, but they adjusting R3, so what value must R3
common mode rejection ratio. often make it difficult to see the con- have to bring fc exactly to 2 kHz? The
Try editing some of the parameters nections clearly. To examine the para- component values are calculated to
of these models and observe how their meters of the .MODEL statement, click give a filter with 230 Hz bandwidth
action is affected. Also edit the on Edit Add Model Statements bot- and a gain of x4, and we must confirm
schematic to replace the pulse genera- tom right of window Text Area with that it meets these specifications.
tor with a sine generator; vary its fre- model statements displayed. Here we First set up the circuit; for the op
quency. Finally, edit the circuit to ob- find, among other things, that the DC amp, go to the Analog Library as de-
tain some of the standard op amp con- open loop gain of the LF347 model is scribed above. Note that the op amp
figurations, such as inverting amplifier, x105, its input bias current is 50 pA, symbol is drawn so that the (+) input
non -inverting amplifier, and integrator. and its input offset voltage is 5 mV. is above the (-) input when the op
Discover how well (or hcnV badly) amp 'points' toward the right. The cir-
these circuits work. ACTIVE FILTER cuit layout is dearer with the op amp
Given a set of data sheets which Figure 19 is an active filter based on an turned the other way up (press the
specifies the parameters, it is possible op amp. With only one op amp in the right mouse key a few times), but now
to construct an op circuit, there is no need to worry about
Figure 21. AC analysis amp model that how long the analysis will take. So we Figure 22. Placing the cursors
of output amplitude has the characteris- can use a level 3 model based on a par- appropriately enables the two
variations with fre- tics of any given ticular type. We have chosen the cut-off frequencies, and thus
quency. manufacturer's LF351, an op amp with JEFF inputs the bandwidth, the be read.

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atektor Electronics 1197

64

Figurer 23. Curves ob-
tained by sweeping
component values over
a given range in steps
of a given size.
we have to invert the battery connec-
tions. To remind us of this, we have la-
belled the power leads. Click on the
text T key, then click on the point
where the text is to be printed. An
entry panel appears; type in the text,
then OK
Check that the circuit is working
properly by running a Transient
Analysis. A suitable time range is
23 ms. Piot V(1) and V(4) against time.
The result is Figure 20; The amplitude
of V(1) is constant, but that of V(4) in-
creases steadily. Does this trend con-
tinue or is it simply due to the capaci-
tors gaining charge during the first few
cycles? Running the analysis for 20 ms
shows that the amplitude of V(4) sta-
bilises at 346 mV after about 4 ms, a
gain of )6.45, rather lower than the de-
sign specification.
To investigate how output ampli-
tude varies with frequency, try an AC
analysis. First add 'AC 0.01 0' to the pa-
rameters of Vl. Set the Frequency
Range to '100k,100', the number of
points to 1001. To obtain a smooth
curve, under Frequency Step, select
Fixed Linear. This allows 1001 points to
be plotted, instead of the number
being limited by the 5% Maximum
change. Check the Auto Scale Ranges
box. Plotting db(V(4)) against F, gives
Figure 21. This is shown here in Cur-
sor mode and we have clicked the Ad-
vance to Global High' button, and
clicked the left mouse key to bring the
left cursor to the peak of the response
curve. This is read as 1.990 K, which is
close to. the required value of 2 kHz.
The magnitude is -7.773 dB. To find
the bandwidth, we must determine
the Y -values at points 3 dB below this
peak, that is, at -10.773dB. Clicking the
8th button from the left puts the cur-
sor into the mode in which it auto-
matically seeks a given Y -value. Click
Elektor Electronics 1/97
24
on the Left button, then the Right but-
ton (twice if necessary) to place cursors
either side of the peak (Figure 22).
Below the graph we read off the X -
value of the left cursor, which is
1.869 kHz, and the value for the right
cursor, which is 2.118 kHz. The band-
width is 2118-1869 = 249 Hz, impres-
sively close to the required 250 Hz.
STEPPING
One of the useful features of a simu-
lator is the ability to step or sweep
component values over a given range
in steps of a given size. This is so
much more convenient than experi-
menting by desoldering and resol-
dering, or by plugging a series of
components of a range of values into
a breadboard. We use the Stepping
facility to tune the filter response to
exactly 2 kHz, by varying R3. In AC
analysis, dick on the Stepping button,
which brings up the Stepping win-
dow. First of all Step What; the selec-
tor button at the right displays a list
of steppable components; select R3.
The box below shows what parame-
ter(s) can be stepped, in this case only
its Value. In the next 3 boxes enter the
From, To, and Step Value. Try 900,
1300 and 100. Click the radio buttons
for Status On, Method Linear, and
Type Component, then OK. This en-
ables stepping, in which the analysis
is automatically repeated for each of
the 5 steps. Reduce the Frequency
Range to '2.2k, 1.8k' to obtain a closer
view of the response and run the
analysis (Figure 23). The 3rd curve
(from the right) is best, centred on
2 kHz; this is the curve for
R3 = 1100 a Note that the peak out-
put is unchanged because tuning has
no effect on gain in this circuit. It has
no effect on bandwidth either From
now on, we reduce the frequency
range and the stepping range to
home on a value for R3 which pro-
duces exactly 2 kHz. Soon it becomes
clear that the value is somewhere be-
tween 1085 fl and 1095 Q. If we run
without stepping, with R3 = 1085 f2
and again with R3 = 1095 12, we ob-
ip :
_ - P
1 I 4
I
i
= -
$1(
:ST Fgrc .1:43
e rci5
??3,-
Figure 24.
24. Low -fre-
quency response of an
amplifierin answer to
the Investigation in
Part 2
taus peaks at 2003 kHz and 1.994 kHz
respectively. Interpolating gives the
best value for R3 as 1.088 kf2.
Temperature is another quantity
that can be stepped. In the Limits win-
dow, enter the temperature as 'maxi-
mum, minimum, step'. For example '0,
100, 10' means step from 0°C to 100°C
in steps of 10 degrees. In this circuit,
such a range makes virtually no dif-
ference to output. Finally, we can step
component values within their normal
tolerance ranges.
ANSWERS TO
INVESTIGATION (2)
Last month's investigation concerned
improving the low -frequency response
of an amplifier. Altering Cl or C2
makes virtually no difference, but in-
creasing C3 has a marked effect. This
stabilises the emitter voltage more
strongly, preventing the low frequen-
cies being lost to ground. The best re-
sponse is with C3 = 330 p.F as in Fig-
ure 24. The plotted Frequency Range
is reduced to 10 Hz -1 kHz, the region
of interest Output at Node 6 is plotted
on a decibel scale. Using Cursor mode,
place the right cursor as far as possible
to the right, to read the maximum out-
put level (8.766 dB). Place the left cur-
sor on 30 Hz, the lowest frequency to
be passed. The level of this is and the
Delta column shows that this is
2.919 dB below the maximum, dose
enough to -3 d13, and using a capacitor
of standard value.
INVESTIGATION ( 3)
The circuit of Fig 20 is set up with
these values: R1 = 3.6 kit, R2 = 22 ka
R3 = 36 f2, R4 = 10
Cl = C2 = 1 nF. Find the centre fre-
quencylc, the bandwidth, and the gain
at lc. pE0102-1111
65 LL
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MUTED QUANTITY my of these 12Mhz HI GRADE 286 systems
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concalon compete win enhanced keyboard, 640k + 211b RAM,
DOS 4.01 and 90 DAY Full Guarantee. Ready to Run
Order as HIGRADE 286 iv 129.00 (E)
Optional Fitted extras: VGA graphics card £29.00
1.4Mb 315' (loopy disk drive (instead of 1.2 Mb) £19.95
Wordperfect 6.0 for Dos - when 31/2" FDD option ordered £22.50
NE297.3 Ethernet (tMok. thin or twisted) network card
£29.00
LOW COST 486DX-33 SYSTEM
Limited quantity of this 2nd user. supurb small size desktop unit
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Fuly tested and ouarenteed. Fu fly expandable Only
Many other options avalabla - call for details. £399.00
FLOPPY DISK DRIVES 31h" - 8"
51A" or 3W from only £18.95
Massive purchases of standard 5W and 314' drives enables us to colour monitor with both RGB and standard composite 15.625 equipment The two movable vertical rising struts
present prime product at industry beating low prices! All teas (uniass Khz video inputs via SCART socket arid separate 010.10 iacks (extras available) are pre punched for standard
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guarantee and operate from standard voltages and are of standard video monitoring / security applicators with direct connection pn Euro sockets and 1 a 13 amp 3 * switched,
Sda. All are IBM-PC compatible (f 3W supported on your PC).
36- Panasonic JU363/4 720K or equivalent RFE
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3W Mitsubishi MFAng',-L 1.4 Meg. Laptops only £25.95(B) Dinensions W14' x H123i' x 15W D.
314' Mitsubishi MF355C-D. 1.4 Meg. Non lutes £18.95;8)
5W Tree FD-55FR 1.2 Meg (for IBM ces)RFE £18.95:13) PH1UPS HCS31 Ube compact 9' colour video monitor with stan- casters and floor levelers, prepunched utility panel at lower rear for
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SW BRAND NEW Mitsubishi MF50113 380K £22.95(B)
Table top case with integral PSU for HH 514* Ropp or HD £29.95(8)
8" Shugart 8001801 8' SS refurbished & tested £195.00(E)
8" Shugart 610 8' 5514H Brand Nov £195.00:E)
8" Shugart 851 5' double sided refurbished & tested
Mitsubishi U2894.63 8' double sided NEW
Mitsubishi M2896 -63-02U 8' DS slinfine NEW
£250.00)E)
£275.00:E}
£285.00(E)
Dual 8' cased drives with Enamel power supply 2 Mb £499.001E)
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End of line purchase scoop! Brand new NEC D2246 8' 85 Mbyte
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3W FUJI FK-309-26 20mb MFM (IF RFE £59_95(C)
3W CONNER CP3024 20 rob IDE UF (or equiv WIFE £59.95 C)
3i4' CONNER CP3044 40mb IDE (IF (or ecture.)RFE £69.00 C)
316' RODIME R03057S 45mb Wall*" (Mac & Acorn) £69.00 C)
3W WESTERN DIGITAL 850mb IDE OF Brand New £185.00t )
54 MINISCRIBE 3425 20mb MFM I/F (or equiv.) RFE £49.95' )
SW SEAGATE ST -238R 30 nib RLL OF Rehab re9.95(C)
5.4' CDC 94205-51 40mb HH MFM OF RFE tested £69.95(C)
SW HP 97548 850 Mb SCSI RFE tested £89.00(C)
5'it' HP C30102 Gbyte SCSI afferent's! RFE tested £195.00(C)
8' FUJITSU 142322K 160Mb SMD OF FIFE tested £195.00(E)
Hard disc controllers for MPH IDE, SCSI. RLL etc from £16.95
THE AMAZING TELEBOX
Converts your colour monitor into a OUAUTY COLOUR TV!!
TV SOUND &
VIDEO TUNER
CABLE COMPATIBLE'
Tne TELEBOX is an attractive fully cased mains powered unit oar,
taxiing all electronics ready to plug into a host of video monitors
made by makers such as MICROVITEC. ATARI, SANYO, SONY,
COMMODORE, PHILIPS, TATUNG, AMSTRAD etc The composite
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reception of TV channels not normally receivable on most televi-
sion receivers' (TELEBOX MB). Push button controls on the front
panel elan, reception of 8 fay tuneable 'off ea' UHF colour teimision
dlae. TELEBOX MB covers virtually all television frequencies
VHF and UHF including the HYPERBAND as used by most cable
TV operators. A composite video output is boated on the rear panel
tor direct connection to most makes of monitor or desktop computer
video systems. For complete eempaitilly - even for min tors wth-
cut sound - an integral 4 watt audio amplifier and low level Hi Fi
ei,do ootout are provictd as standard.
TELEBOX ST for composite video input type monitors £36.95
TELEBOX STL as ST but felted with integral speaker £39.50
TELEBOX MB Muluband VHF/UHF/CaHypertend tuner £69.95
o.e.re.eas PAL versions state 55 or 6 mHz sound specification.
Fc, :ace hypert-and reception Teelx:ix MB should be connected
_ate tyo.e. sery..:e Snrobno code on el Teadoxes is (B)
DC POWER SUPPLIES
Virtually every type of power
supply you can Imagine.Over
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for
wanted for cash!
Surplus always
19" RACK CABINETS
Superb quality 6 foot 40U
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For MAJOR SAVINGS CALL FOR SEMICONDUCTOR ROMS? Less than Half Price!
Top guiltily 19' rack cabinets made in UK by
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One of the highest specification full height lockable half louvered back door
monitors you will ever see - and louvered removable side panels. Fully
adjustable internal fixing struts, ready punched
At this price - Don't miss it!! for any configuration of equipment mounting
plus ready mounted integral 12 way 13 amp
Mitsubishi FA3415ETKL 14- SVGA Akillisync cciota monitor win fine
028 dot ck.11 tube ard resotitim d ICGA x 768. A
socket seethed mans distrbuticn strip make
these racks some of the most versatile we
wary of rpurs aura correcion b a host ci compe- have ever sold. Racks may be staceti side by side and therefore
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ITcdes. BBC, COMMODORE (rduing Arnica 1200), Overall dirnerisior.s are: 7715' H x 32W D x 22' W. Order as:
ARCHIMEDES and APPLE Many features Etched
tut ewtote-g and LOW RADIATION MPR OPT Rack 1 Complete WAD removable side panels_ £335.00 (G)
speofcaten Fully a -..zienteed. supplied in EXCEL- OPT Rack 2 Rack. Less side panels 025.00 (G)
LES!' ice m-crecin
Order as
Tat & Swivel Base £4.75 Only £119, to mrpg.guGA 32U - High Quality - All steel RakCab
VGA cable for IBM PC included.
Made by Eurocraft Enclosures Ltd to the highest possible spec,
Exterrai cables for other typeset computers CALL rack features all steel construction with removable
side, front arid tack doors_ From and back doors are
As New - Used on film set for 1 week only!! hinged for easy access and as are todiabie win
15' 0.28 SVGA 1024 x 768 res. colour monitors. five secure S lever barrel locks. The trent door t5.:;s.,..°,;"
Swivel & tilt etc. Full 90 day guarantee. 845.00 (E) is constructed of double walled steel with a
'designer style' smoked acrylic front panel to
Just In - Microvitec 20' VGA (800 x 600 res.) colour monitors. enable status indicators to be seen through the
Good SH condition - from £299 - CALL for Info paraL yet remain unobtrusive. Internally the rack
PHILIPS HCS35 (same style as CM8E33) attractively styled 14' features fully slotted reinforced vertical fixing
members to take the heaviest of 19" rack
to most colour cameras. High quatty with many features such as utility socket. Overall ventilations provided by
front concealed flap controls, VCR correction button etc Good fury louvered back door and double skinned top section
only £95 with top and side louvres. The lop panel may be removed for Ming
of integral fans to the sub plate etc. Other features inekide fitted
for el monitoring / security applications. High qualty. ex-equipmiin- t condition with keys. Colour Royal blue. External dimensions
fully tested & guaranteed (pnassita miler screen burns). In attrac- mrri-.1625H x 635D x 603 W. (6i'Hx25Dx2Si W
tive square black peticd case measuring W10' x H10' x 1314" D. Sold at LESS than a third of makers price !I
240 V AC mains powered.
Only £79.00 (D)
KME 10' 151.110309 high defairtion colour monitors wall 0.28' dot
pitch. Superb clarity and modern styling.
A superb buy at only £195.00 (o)
Operates from any 15.625 khz sync RGB vale* Over 1000 racks- 19" 22" & 24" wide
source, with RGB analog and composite sync 3 to 44 U high. Available from stock !!
such as Atari, Commodore Amiga. Acorn
Archimedes & BBC. Measures only 131e' x 12' a Call with your requirements.
Good used ce4c66311
Only £125 (El
TOUCH SCREEN SYSTEM
20" 22" and 26" AV SPECIALS Toe ultimate in 'Touch Screen Technology' made by ti -a' experts -
Superbly mace UK manufaysue. PIL ail sbo slate =lour monitors. AticroTouch - but sold at a price below cost !! System consists of
complete with composite video & optional sound input. Anti -Fictive a flat translucent glau- laminated panel measuring 29.5 a 23.5 on
teak stye case. Perfect for Schools, Shops. Disco. Clubs. etc.ln connected to an electronic controller PCB. The controller produces
EXCELLENT Ittle used condtion with fuel 93 day guarantee. a standard serial RS232 or TTL output +ern:A continuously gives
simple serial data containing positional X & Y co-ordOates as to
20"....£135 22"....£155 26"....£185(n where a finger is touching the panel - as the finger mows, the data
instantly changes. The X & Y information is given at an incredible
SPECIAL INTEREST ITEMS matrix resolution of 1024 x 1024 positions over the entire screen
size 1! A host of available translation software enables direct con-
MITS.). FA3445ETKL 14' Industrial spec SVGA monitors £245 nKtion to a PC for a myriad of apcftations inokicfrig- control pan-
NW to 400 kW - 400 Hz 3 ptSaSe power sources -ex slack £POA els, pointing devices. POS systems, controllers for the cfisabied or
IBM 8230 Type 1. Token erg base unit driver £950 computer un-trained etc etc. Imagine using your finger with
IBM 53F5501 Token Ring ICS 20 port Ike modules £750 Virrdaive. indeed of a mouse !! (a driver is indeed avakbte 9 The
IBM MAU Token rig castradutbn panel 6228-23-5050N £95 applications for this amazing product are only limited by your
AIM 501 Low distortion Oscillator 9Hz to 33CIthz. IFFF £550 imagination!! Complete system including ControUr. Power Supply
Trend DSA 274 Data Analyser with G703(2/.4) 64 i/o £POA and Data supplied at an incredble price of ony
Marconi 6310 Programmable 2 to 22 Wiz sweep generator £6500
Logic
fun MICROTOUCH software support pack £145.00 (B)
Y £3750 and mantra for IBM compatible PC's USES RFS- Tested
HP3781A Pattern generator & HP3782A Error Debtor £POA
HP APOLLO RX700 system units
HP6621A Dual Programmable GPM PSU 0-7 V 160 watts £1800
£950 LOW COST RAM & CPU'S
HP3081A Ind:rent:la workstation clam Barcode swipe reader £175 INTEL 'ABOVE Memory Expansion Board. Full lergtri PC -XT
HP6264 Rack mount variable 0-20V 0 20A metered PSU £675 and PC -AT compatible card van 2 Mbytes of memory On board.
HP54121A DC to 22 GHz four channel test set Card is fully selectable for Expanded en Extended (288 processor
HP7580A Al 8 pen HPGL high speed drum plotter £1850 and above) memory. Full data and driver disks supplied RFE
EG+G Brookdeal 95035C Precision lcck in amp £650 Fug)? tested and guaranteed Wnoms compatirear_ £59.95(A11
View Eng. Mod 1200 computerised inspection system £POA Half length 8 bit memory upgrade cards for PC AT XT expands
Ling Dynamics TsVi programmable vitiation test system £POA memory either 256k or 512k in 64'k steps_ May also be used to fia
Computer controlled 1056 x 560 ram X Y table & controller £1425 to RAM above 640( DOS limit. Complete with data
Keithlay 590 CV capacitor / voltage analyser £POA Order as: XT RAM UG. 256k. £34.95 or 512k £39.95 (At)
Racal 1CR40 dual 40 channel ice recorder system £3750 SIMM SPECIALS
Fiskers 45KVA 3 ph On Line LIPS - New tens Deb1995 £9500 1 MB x 9 SIMM 9 did 12Cris Only £16.50
ICI R5030UV34 Cleanteve ultrasonic during system £POA 1 MB x 9 SIMM 3 chp Ea ns E19.50 or 70ris £22.95 Al
Mann Tally MT645 High speed fate printer £2200 1 MB a 9 SIMM 9 chip 80 ns £21.50 70ris £23.75 Al)
Intel SBC 486/133SE Atuttibus 486 system. Etelb Ram £1200 4 MB 70 ns 72 on SIMM -with parity- Only £95.00 (a1)
Zeta 3220-05 AO 4 pen HPGL faVckum plotters £1150 2/1E1486-DX33 CPU £55.00 INTEL 486-DX66 CPU £69.00 (Al )
Nikon HFX-11 (Ephiphot) exposure control unit £1450 FULL RANGE OF CO -PROCESSOR'S EX STOCK- CALL FOR DM
Motorola VME Bus Boards & Components List SAE/CALL £POA
Trio C-18 vdc linear, metered 30 amp bench PSU. New
Fujitsu M3041R 600 LPM band printer
£550
£1950
FANS & BLOWERS
Fujitsu 643041D 600 LPM printer with network interface £1250 EPSON 00412 40x40x20 mm 12v DC £7.95 10 / £65
Perkin Elmer 2998 Infrared soeCaophotorrieter £POA PAPST TYPE 612 6t7rx60x25 mm 12v DC £8.95101L75
VG Electronics 1035 TELETEXT Decoding Margin Meter £37°50A MITSUBISHI MLIF-D6012D1-60260u25 mm 12v DC £4.95 10 / £42
Andrews LARGE 11 m SatelSte Dish + mount (Far Voya---'.,1 £950 MITSUBISHI MMF-08C12131.480x90x25 mm 12v DC £5.25 10 / £49
Sekonic SD 150H 18 channel digital Hybrid chart recorder £1995
TAYLOR HOBSON Tarnsurf amplifier / remrthr £750
MITSUBISHI tAmF-496120H al,v0ga*C mm 12v DC £5.95 10 / £53
PANCAKE 12-3.5 92x92a18 nun 12v DC £7.95 10 / £69
System Video 1152 PAL waveform monitor £485 EX -EQUIP AC fans. ALL TESTED 120 a 120 a 38 mm specify 110
Test Lab 2 mu square inaetisect acoustic test cabinets £300 or 240 v £6.95. 80 a 80 x 38 mm - specify 110 Or 240 v £5.95
Kenwood 9601 PAL Vector cove - NEW E650 IMHOF 826 1900 rack rant 3U x 19' Blower 110240v NEW £79.95
Please call for further details on the above items slipping on all fans (A). Blowers (B) 50,000 Fans Ex Stock CALL

Issue 13 of Disp fag News now available - send large SSE - PECKED with bargains!
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Open Mon -Fri 9.00-5:30 Open Mon- Sat 9:00 - 5:30
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Dept EK. 32 Biggin Way
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REE On line Database
Info on 20000+ stock hors! 0181 679 4414
Saahurst Park SR Rae Stations RETURNING SOON ! FAX 0181 679 1927
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L711,,ae.-.1.1k0Aktliicg Opto Semiconductors
aizffccArceatuctio
Sensors/Transducers
DATASHEET 01/97 DATASHEET 01/97
Digital thermometer and thermostat Optically -coupled isolator Pin connections
IN, Converts temperature to digital word in 1
second n Mt C

Manufacturer Thermostatic settings are user -definable and Manufacturer

Dallas Semiconductor, DALLAS non-volatile Temic (Telefunkon) Semi-
4401 South Bellwood SEMICONDUCTOR PP Data is read from/written via 3 -wire serial conductors, Theresienstr.
TEMIC
Parkway, Dallas, TX interface (CLK, DO, FM) 2, D-74072 Heilbronn, Germany.
75244-3292, U.S.A. Tel. 214-450-448, lax 214- P. Applications include thermostatic controls, UK sales office tel. (01344) 485757. C (-1

450-0470. Internet: www.dalsemi.com. industrial systems, consumer products, ther- Internet: www.temic,de
mometers. or any thermally sensitive system
8 -pin DIP or SOIC package
Description Applications
f he DS1620 Digital Thermometer and Thermo- Pin description In intrinsic safety circUlts
stat provides 9 -bit temperature readings which DO 3 -wire input/output In electrical apparatus used in potentially
indicate the temperature of the device. With CLK/CONV 3 -wire clock input and standalone explosive atmosphere
three alarm outputs, (he DS1620 can also act as convert input
a thermostat. THIGH is driven high if the RST 3 -wire reset Input II
Application Example f VCC -6 V
DS1620's temperature is greater than or equal GND ground
CTR
to a user -defined temperature TH. Twv,i is driven THIGH high temperature trigger Battery -operated Preamplifier, Elektor Electronics rnmD"26"C
high if the DS1620's temperature is less than or Tujw low temperature trigger January 1997.
equal to a user -defined temperature TL. TCOM is Tam high/low combination trigger
driven high when the temperature exceeds TH von power supply voltage (+5V)
and stays high until the temperature falls below Features 100
that of TL. Suitable for intrinsic safety circuits according oh)
DO VOD
User -defined temperature settings are stored In to test certificate no. Ex -81/2158 of PTB 60
cmcoNv THIGH Nominal isolating operating voltage according
non-volatile memory, so parts can be pro-
FIST TLOW
grammed prior to insertion in a system, as well to VDE 0110 B72.79: Group B
GND Teem 1000 VAC/1200 VDC, Group C
as used in standalone applications without a
CPU. Temperature settings and temperature °S162% 750 VAC/900 VDC
rn readings are all communicated to/from the Isolation material according to UL94-Flam- 10
(0 mobility class
DS1620 over a simple 3 -wire interface. Temperature/data relationships
Low temperature coefficient of CTR 5
Oigitai output Digital 011111111
Temp Creeping current resistance of isolation
(binary) (hex)
material according to VDE 0303/DIN 53480:
Application +125°C 0 11111010 0OFAh
Digital thermostat, Elektor Electronics January KC.? 475
1997. +25°C o 00110010 0032h Isolation test voltage 11.6 kV
1
000111
e. Test class 25/100/21 DIN 40045 01 10 mA
th"C 0 00000001
Very low coupling capacity (typ. 0.2pF) gives iF
0°C 0 00000000 0000h
Features high noise immunity INKI 1 13
Requires no external components -Vie 1 11111111' 01FFh Current Transfer Ratio (CTR) = 50 to 300%
Measures temperatures from - 55°C to 1 11001110 010Eh
-25°C
t 125°C In 0.5°C increments
-55°C 1 10010010 0102h
Temperature is read as a 9 -bit value
CC N Y 65 ff,
LE':11. LT:Ls:VW 0,4k0.1 Lf-..*; 8:
/DS 1 620 1r LL,

I(T o R c.1)1 V.,/ Li

Opto Semiconductors Sensors/Transducers
DATASHEET 01/97 DATASHEET 01/97
Operation - reading temperature Note that temperature is represented in the DS1620
Electrical characteristics (T,,, = 25°C) Min. V. Max. Units
in terms of a 1/2°C LSB, yielding the following for-
The OS1620 measures temperature through the
Emitter mat:
use of an onboard, proprietary temperature mea-
Forward voltage IF = 50 mA VI 1.25 1.6 MSB LSB
surement technique. The temperature reading is
Breakdown voltage III 100 p A I Voito 5 provided in a 9 -bit 2's complement format. The xxxxxxx 1 1 1 001 1 10
Detector table describes the exact relationship of output data for T = - 25°C.
Collector emitter to measured temperature. The data is transmitted
lc 1 mA Ve3f0CE0 32 V
breakdown voltage serially through the 3 -wire serial Interface, LSB Functional block diagram
Emitter collector first. The DS1620 can measure temperature over
breakdown voltage
IE = 100 pA V1en)Eco 7 the range - 55°C to +125°C in 0.5°C Increments. -
VCE= 20 V, For Fahrenheit usage, a lookup table or conversion
Collector dark current ICED 200 factor must be used.
= 0, E = 0
Since data is transmitted over the 3 -wire bus LSB
Coupled derace
first, temperature data can he written to/read from
DC isolation test voltage t = 1 min Vis 11.6
the OS1620 as either a 9 -bit word (taking R1i1' low
--1
V10 = 1 kV, after the 9th (MSB) bit), or as Iwo transfers of 8 -bit
Isolation resistance Rla 1012
40% rel. hum. words with the most significant 7 bits being 'I
Collector current VcE = 5 V, IF = 10 MA lc 5.0 10 30 mA Ignored or set to zero, as Illustrated in the table.
Current transfer Vc = 5 V, IF = 10 mA CTR 50 100 300 Alter the MSB, the DS1620 will output O's.
11/11111 .11
Collector saturation voltage IF = 10 mA, lc = 1 mA \ICBM 0,3 V
VcE = 5 V.IE = 10 Command Set
Cut-off frequency ic 110 kHz
mA, R1 = 100p 3 -wire bus
Instruction Description Protocol alter Issuing Notes
Coupling capacity f = 1 MHz Ck 0.3 pF
protocol
Temperature conversion commands
Read Temperature Reads last converted temperature value trout temperature register AAh -rend data>
Switching characteristics Min. Typ. Max. Units idle
Start Convert I Initiates temperature conversion EE11 1
Vs= 5V, Ig= 5mA, RL= 100u Stop Convert Halls immature conversion 22ti idie 1
Delay lime td 2,6 tas Thermostat commands
Rise time ti 2.4 las
Write Tli Writes high temperature limit value Into TH register 010 <write data> 2
O
Turn -on time ton 5,0 Its <write data> 2
r-
Write IL Writes low temperature limit Into TL register 0211
Storage time t, 0.3 Ns
Read TH Reads stored value of high temperature limit from TH register 'Al h <read data>
Fall time 2.4 Ns
Road TL Roads stored value of low temperature hind from IL register A20 <road dela> 2
Turn-off time Ion 3.0 pis
Write Conlin Writes configuration data to configuration register 0011 <write data> 2
Vs= 5V, lF= 10mA, R1= 1k.c2
Li
Road Config Roads configuration data from conlIgurallon register ACti <read data> 2
Iurn-on time too 25 pis
Notes:
Turn-off time toll 42.5 !as I. In milometer. cut venom mode, a Stop Convert 1 command will hall tionlInuous conversion. lu ruslatt. die Stan Convert T command most
Vs transistor sunray volinso; Ic - transistor cnitector writs; n1 transistor Whaler reuistor be Issued. In one. dud mote, a Starr Convert r conunand meal be Issued tor mint temperature madam Modred
2. Writing to the E2 inquires toms at loom temperature Alter Issuing a wren pommautl, rm liuthet read., to writes should he numenlud or al
least 10ms
software
ALABEL the electronic components bible
Alabel stands for All
About Electronics,
and fully lives up to
the expectations
implied by its name.
From NOVA
Electronics, this CD-
ROM seems poised
to supersede estab-
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IC -FINDER and
COMPFINDER-I.
Both IC -FINDER and COMPFll\DER-
I address only a section of the elec-
tronic components market, the former
helping you to locate integrated cir-
cuits, and the latter, passive parts. Ala-
bel does not pretend to substitute a
classic datasheet book. On a single
CD-ROM, Alabel presents the main
characteristics of electronic compo-
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manufacturers. The CD-ROM should
be invaluable to the professional en-
gineer since it may save a lot of time
spent on locating the right product, its
distributor, etc The CD-ROM contains:
> 93 million individual component;
> 900 worldwide operating manu-
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V > 2,750 manufacturer addresses
> 7,750 distributor addresses
For every DM (Deutschmark) of the
cost of the CD-ROM, you get 11,904
components, the addresses of 3.4 man-
ufacturers and those of 7.2 distributors.
We spent several hours actually mak-
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The database used by Alabel is di-
vided into four groups: integrated cir-
cuits, discrete semiconductors, electro-
mechanical parts and passive parts.
The first three sub -units run under
Windows 3.1 or 93, the last one, under
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supplies 298 manufacturers for the first
group, 2,316 distributors, 46,240 basic
integrated circuits. The second group
offers 64 manufacturers, 623 distribu-
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Elektor Electronics 1/97
for
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ti7G1171...
,r7..4.-CM+4 5i=lte CY
r"ffigNielr-
recta
C.
group comprises 107 manufacturers,
493 distributors and 33,994 families.
The fourth group, finally, comprises
285 manufacturers, 1,114 distributors
and 18,241 families.
Considering that you are looking at
a vast amount of data held in stock by
Mabel, it is not surprising to note that
the minimum requirement as regards
the PC is a 386SX/33, although a
486DX-50 is recommended. The mini-
mum amount of free hard disk space
is 9 Mbytes.
One of the essential aspects of this
type of library, the first of this size we
have seen so far, it that it is up to date.
We were surprised to note, therefore,
that the CD-ROM does not list the 686
processor, from IBM or Cyrix, or even
the 586. This may be explained, how-
ever, by the fact that the CD-ROM we
had available was dated May 1996, and
that such massive amounts of data as
supplied by Alabel take a bit of lime to
update.
A large portion of the information
will be updated for the new version of
Mabel which should be available by
the time this magazine is out (this ar-
ticle was written early November
1996). Moreover, all sections will then
run under the Windows operating sys-
tem.
The supplier, Nova Electronics,
plans to produce two updates per year,
one in April, and one in November.
This interval seems to be an acceptable
compromise between, on the one
hand, the need to update the product
electrrnics
_LJ
5.4%," I
r.trealt., -Fry{
hy.1 I
%rq 1-1
11.11.c..4111
^,IELJIF,
ato t
o
=apart
S-4.
r--
IMEMMEIME11 -
WA:Tab.. CTIT ttead:
frequency in view of rapid changes
taking place in the field of electronics,
and, on the other hand, the cost of pro-
ducing an update. The need to come
up with updates is, however, obvious
considering that the number of manu-
facturers contained in the database is
expected to grow from just over 900 to
a solid 1,500 whose total product line
will comprise over 10 million electron-
ic components.
The search engine used by Alabel
has numerous entry points: compo-
nent selection on the basis of type
number, functional group, parameter
specifications, functional description
and manufacturer. It is possible to
search for equivalents, define one with
the aid of its enclosure, its dimensions,
or its pinout. Alternatively, you may
track down the distributor addresses,
etc
Unfortunately, there is no distribu-
tor of the Alabel CD-ROM in the Unit-
ed Kingdom. Interested readers may,
however, obtain the product from
NOVA Elektronik, Inc., 3741 Venture
Dr., Suite 335, Duluth, GA 30136, USA.
Tel. +1 770 232 4515, fax +1 770 497
0784.
In conclusion, Alabel represents a
reference work of a power never seen
before. Unfortunately, the price of this
CD-ROM will be too high for the av-
erage hobbyist, but certainly not for
companies, even small ones. A 20% dis-
count is available on the cost of each
CD-ROM if you take it by subscription.
(9731105)
71
 Article title Order no. Price Article title Order no. Price
(11 (USS) (USSI
EPROM
1.70. Wterfre. tor
fit 966503-1 10 25 20 50 -508
frori prat ft -A
953544-1
950444-F
/1.00 22 0:
1253 airs
Segfer Preck
2025 JOAO --PCS *1751 + dSt 9504_z3 -C 50 75 101.50
-Grace' Sterare Col 446292-1 1215 24 50 -6.51 9555]3-1 355 7053
P....ant YU rrem 9591244 800 16 CO - 4751 vv."... ol PC f -Wt 95600-1-2 3 75 7 50
FM Rem,* n SLIT 06049 507 1090
R:acrs %0029-1 600 12.00 MARCH 1995
Tftt-ov-cmyt01,49 Mee ses=r
JANUARY 1995 PCS PIC (94064241 950110-C 22 C-3 4105
SEC11,1-1.-F4L 99:078.2 2905 58.00 -(1016054 9461124 17_50 35 03
05P kraal geresator
- 505 + LUTA 9.0._ 955104C -1400 WOO -PCS 4- CrSiL (X6MIA I -r
- LEANS& 955513-1 3525 70 50 EPROM 1956501-1) 950314-C 49 00 98.00
Pcssrie Careorcic Tat. E50O112.7M42 9565014 1375 2633
JANUARY -501) 9530.32-1 1175 27 50 - t07elre cn Sid PC dea 966031-1 1553 3721
LE LS Cf-'IVITC (fArkl.: 1997 -Pa;-I. Wr-41 fat WcOmrs mows mreal 950314-5
111415600 .9-o
750 15:73
DECEMBER 1995 e.s.aer 5C624-1 9.53 19.00
3 3-1511 Per &-dc.4 950106-1 95 1810
Prasoe kr0L-c'er 4x 6 -s -ate FEBRUARY 1996
GENERAL PAST ISSUES PCS :mt. orei 950015-0 3050 61 00 matama 930101 15.00 30.00
Rudy-mit vette-m:4 riCeZ (PC05). serl-aMeute Past Issues, it itaiilde. should be ordered from PC13 on,/ 9.50316-1 17 25 3450 Artmrad lg-tre tor 9402934 1075 2150
front pane foils. ROLEs. EPROlds, PALs. GALS. Worldwide Sibutiptra Semite lit Unit 4, MN Reed Frd-4 -pane toe o -Jr 9530167 13.75 27 50 4ato drorret 9401E94 4 75 1950
micrxmModers ind diskettes for molts eiro0 hare Farm. Pulley Road. TICEHURST IRS 711E, Easlaid. StruniraSS rim L01-Ntert3 ciErerr 9401C0-1 6.11 1303
word at Garr Femme= Mr Dc16Yc6 tarD4 re teteateee 1+44) 1580 200657. 11/ 1+44) 1580 299615. - PCS + PIC 1 _E8802-11 950114-C 44 25 33 50 mit GO teZr,
crew 1rM crkeit omote0 The form way ram te to Plies x past Pzues (Meg I* PIC 16C71 956502-1 335.50 7;00 94,3111-1 7.03 14.00
crt..ixots triray tautness o41 pestige brains* Carkei :: Ire Pap PLC Sysaws Soma% socnci processor 9503124 18 75 37.50
.. urns mart* with a dot (B) foltems, 0* vo1eic1 Eve); M50 (nitrate mail cask,. I -3 Lupi
- A:61 + 47075351 + -Msa 950093-C 44_55 610.3 rrmr wr-era 940396-1 75? 15_00
rumbas re 11 Weal Nati Irk re rev sw.3-42-Y Ecrcle); 0450 (amid crats. prA -67075051 956514-1 24 53 49 OD
caa ra be marrleed Dr re We Tarr ace( is Retied .Ldy:Aurat Dereffirier issues : : to comra soh -ea -eel' 631: 9560164 10.03 2003 JANUARY 1995
Gan not imret cere mar not be arse any rcore sVe coor.. re 0425 (54; £4.50 anise' pfrfrf.4:3_1"-. 950 19 CO DAC 9103.93-1 14 75 2950
Mt eta** for rat im.4 PCBs wne....11 art not 1.40). £435 Llama Fl/MI I: re 0530 Goma armee -VT g54ft."-1 575 11 50 1-t-3-Ozess t....,tre 14,
rudy-cade /rouse ate Rimers Swedes may te tord Eu-P.o*! Al... Vat 04093.1 8.00 16.03 PCS -+ CAL -- EPROM 940371-C 5235 105.50
s tse reetre Tire-Wki PC -fat 1'r -e1 954033 11 75 23.50 fib 0465404 1228 24.40
Erflt3ek S&Ls, Pas, iE}P_DL lies rt.: cm, EPROM 1515 3150
w.;mocontole.-....EE el---Vief rriepve;rwrsrel PAST ARTICLES NOVEMBER 1995 P.0 S.T. davatie met
Prices me dem de.scittross subject to chine_ 109 Prccessor - PC9 + CAS (946539-11,950003-C 2925 5650
arrners Rum fell rckt Masse or"- krt_r1 pax plzg lcrie - PC8 87051 (956535-11 950073-0 34.755 109 5.3 -GAL-1 945539-1 11 CO 2703
netikreso. Prices arid Rem descriptions limn lime and Admiristrene Cake Dbricep1f (m ere 01105 -875 51 9665051 10/5 6150 G1L-2 9465392 1303 2660
superset* Uwe ie prerises hues. E & O.E. 250996: ha 01305 2509961 Rd nose ,_&,aetti 950159-1 10.75 21 93 EEFROM rite
PA 3E0 tow ardWer 950293-* 15505451/0 940116-1 525 1550
JoTh-o11333 950112.1 7 CO DeS..msMs 30316051
05e«07e5e we ...AA, M0115-1 27 75 55'512
tricromMoler systems:
Aral* MI Order no. ' Mee Mid* ND Price P Oa 19(6033-1) 940117-C 15 CO 30 CO
(t) (USS) tri OCTOBER 1995 - soteate tr. OM PC dea 9184293-1 11 53 23_00
BASIC COTOAX'
JANUARY 1997 w." TV Eicro-ny 9520554 1773 24 CO - PCB. 37051, DECEMBER 1994
Ccr Seam 9630W34 7.03 14 CO Ddr,3 Compass 3.30,35-1 710 1503 Cakt Reunxe Czri 98011-C 5925118-:3 to -car aide oroW.er (3) 5401178-2 33 25 6050
Lliseetofdcl Mear .963400-1 850 17 CO utroe for AD -67051 9565051 43_50 8790 FS. emreretmetrot) 940164-1 9.005 16-C3
Sire- pia of-J11'a C.tridsICL71136: CoMsediStred (0051 M5C091 11.50 23.00 eriaPIto td tan Lw.c.
Irks 960113-1 5_512 17 00 setere midst 966-:316-1 600 1203 - Ida Reef era CatO 953011-P 325 65) -508 4 U514(9462134-1) 9.1)013-0 21 53 4303
Stertor So Gad l're S:AXiV A.4"J'M 9464E76-4- - E9 -r76 4_r. PC dcst 946204' 4 975 19 53
1e1e:14ie 970331-1 8.00 16 00 JULY/AUGUST 1995 Ely..WiffeCt1 beard
fie Strei WorWoo --7.242rarsin2Rnoicar 930096 825 1654 At 5. rd free dsi: far Pie NOVEMBER 1994
- mideeLt-1. Wax dmlote- Cortroty Tears t19.5-1 95 36O Em4.42b, itokii PC 4,96-c, &lie -wire a:Err:rim-en 940365-1 400 8.00
Salem os 9550)..24 10.00 2E0 Sicendinl Potty Stgai 1196.54 195 308 co-VONG 9141051 17 75 35 55 r1-1-.1 I z-320 LIWB' 428 940374-2 3025 6G50
CD-ROM Software Co on 1996497 ftcor474.*on of liarrirric DiVatecht 936024-1 550 1100 50X-1 Ctios.
put-kir nrg ea) 1465e4er ldivree IS -5-mt-to-brft Lint 93123.1 930 19 CO SEPTEMBER 1995 -PCS (946614.1)94W65 -C 4753 550]
by E, 976033-1 1550 31 60 55-1.9t stn Llmet .964r45-1 1650 33.00 IS-SI 35faX=r4re l'"Tifgrr7Y 04-1 5C] 1004 -180527256 946641-1 2.333 47 CO
Pr-÷ -_.&3713- Ca 0.-xge cracte 94-03914 10.00 20 CO
DECEMBER 1996 Yew 9541140-1 .390 1603 -PCB 95E069-1 12.75 25 53
20-ot AD 560110.1 2275 1553 Yeeo F 9340764 1215 2450 -011.1 92078) 9555114 1000 2600 OCTOBER 1994
Rends Co -r -o1 Qy 18sde 142400-4s1. AO DA -1341 ICS 1229101 556512.4 11 75 23 50 um -re -taller &net 940063-1 7.25 14 SO
Lvz 9602E64 11 CO 2200 PCB %4762-1 hot AY -530'0 PadTf pow rrOldare- tmegrad AF ase+.0-
PFttriP'Y rettetter 9931476-1 SUS po 40 - 5,frwate est or..4re3.1 TOO 14.00 - 5.301C2 12 75 2530 -04,4 rrdVer tord 9.2s1_432-1 910 19 CO
RS232 dam r,rtstet7,..---ro- 0-4e-C-ip AT Pc-er kre 9541001 625 12 50 ik'Z'y PC3 92-4C65 6.45 12 93 ,vite PCB 936052-2 23.25 56-50
Pcs. RC 0-4,61 993093-C 3.150 71.00 Ccote ertreate Tom: 45140 irrasca-mM. 944-1 530 1200
cry 960919-1 725 14.50 JUNE 1996 -500 + MA01056604-11 950364-0- 40 50 61 03 en -CF
6-4 urn II I 940076-1 14.00 25-7.0
Pr: 171 Orly 966508-1 2400 43 03 Posh EPPOU Rw-e-171-ertm.s.,-8 MACri IC 98754-1IMto-e-cdost_tr 35513 73 00 TY
I4o-ds-01 Been:Per& PC8 .-tIzta 950372-C 33.00 6600 950095.1 525 10.50 PCS + PC9940343-11 64065-C 2625 5253
lAtrcCap 1 Cerro &ad 9%021.1 4 DO 600 &tit criy 900174 160] 3203 - 10054 945543-1 20 25 40.3
atottafr (2C Mrs 964052-1 6 75 13311 F.=r'td,Sev fm PCs 950126-1 7_00 1400 JULY/AUGUST 1995
C51-0, 3-:01 10 Psi 964116-1 18.50 37.00 p 3415 Betr.o, 960335-1 5.50 11.00 hclivt rres stesoFer 935047 1225 24 50 SEPTEMBER 1994
to VctkIc C arer 564570.1 1015 2050 23cra ATY r.teadela 951072-1 750 15.03 Mu rota cat 936069 603 1603 ac -558th 934W4 1300
filar 960305-1 1025 20.50 Sal* RPLer.en ge-.0a 9.fer>1-1 730 15_03
3-4,
CarCar1frerveCy Mtn 90_051-1
-15.5
9.03 1503
NOVEMBER 1996 3..e50.8 Orre-t .3 M03224 7/5 1450 ARA 1Screrewt.liriy Rerotate--
5152 PrccreTmtr 01e'06 550565-1 5 75 13.50 - Sa517 baud imtad 940345-1 600 1250
- PCS s0 960106-C 16 75 33 W MAY 1995 F.W cAgye is 4600 totre5 -woo board 911-153.1 550 11 CO
- 3 two 960105-1 12.75 2530 LYE 't cress ax., - PCS + 6162120 (4.1v/4 -1196-0376-C 2235 44
- ci on", 9 18-1 600 12 00 -PC8 + 87051 1946545-1i 903097-C 41 75 615-0 -5162120 955509-1 14 75 25.50 JULY/AUGUST 1994
H1 5-01 - 87051 914615.1 13 75 61 53 Srrae. 10 cad 95.074-1 1130 2170 Gear usonse 01 forme
Cato *Pals 956021-1 400 61.4 Or-erW rVa' (2) 6-V wan ci-arpr 9403634 725 1450 09-4174 930399 900 1600
Arclife- 950109-1 6.25 1250 - P08 - 199409,40.11050]93-C 36 CO 7203 IR c..,-cete sue' 5E656 9_75 195]
SOW k F. ../rnpte 9603794 /303 16.03 -EPROM 270512 91E6451 17 75 1555 JUNE 1995 14.:4 Dr* Ceda
1i-44605232 Lrl 6447707.1Sure Sctrisrar 13) fin: WlergOr PCB + MOM 19466.15-1)910.19-C 2575 5350
PCS and dist 960107-C 1125 3050 - PCS 9500494 16_75 3333 POS 9502634 2930 5200 -150044 006-1 9-16355-1 13/5 2730
-cut o-ty (Ter/ r. fiesi 965020-1 3 CO 16.03 lAws Wage Vora -Erect pre forl 716.5-F 17 75 3555 Cr.rge 94003_1-1 575 1150
ktaT,Enjrc--6tooe- -PCS 960055-1 -716 1430 E1_ rent ..s..-yres-tmorase eleott 944040-1 700- 1-100
Eenertm 9501357-1 7 75 15 50 64-Cr3m, loge Anatise. - PCS + 13707515943617-11950262-0 2625 5258 10 irterfre 944067-1 8:75 17.53
ommPCS. Usk & IC4 liC5 9439033-C 6'97513950 870751 906647.1 17 75 3530 30C-161 merger bort 944099-1 15.00 3100
OCTOBER 1996 -1C-140511016 566505-1 U.54.1 55® k0 601 camel 05085 -1 475 950 fite.At Af tour LMO 94402371 97± 19.60
Cm -art Geentr. -005:51-511016 555505-2 2703 WOO c5,W,m, o. 950117-1 1003 2003 MEPtg.--,totstiLit r 944075-1 415 850
-PC3 MD. EPROM and - dal (M50051 566010-1 7.00 14.01 1-4 Leyte Send aoszte 244054-1 1550 31.00
040 950375-0 7950 159 OD - errnssin Ps -.53 (3-41-1) 9603352 17.03 34.00.1 MAY 1995 Osdcr Coate 9440634 635 12 93
- PLO EF11703.2 956507-1 39-0] 78.00 - Kat-M-10 1t0tE 9661.05-2 U_W 5103 Jai r -...riser RC =t7er-a-utro 944105-1 17.75 3510
- EPROM 270040 95640- 7.2 2450 4910 PCS 4- EPROM (8'50507-139-10520-C 3425 66.:0 005 ra,..9Mmer eV, EDGA35.
- flak 95F0. 114 1 00 14.00 APRIL 1996 600055 9366074 16 75 3350 - PCS t e3t1945199-11 544106-C 1300 MCIO
IAn Run Prorraner: L124028 8,./ Cimrs-m 950120-1 1203 24.03 MeTfiter 098 87:00051 - slum. on IBM Pt ook 946199-. 1 9 75 19 53
- P043 re software Ors) 950076-0 21 25 42 53 tmerface. SEES 50s5 4_ S' Smal Sow artr.----as.
-Sete -re arty lost) 966015-1 1225 2-150 PC8 +630 t966006.1,1 960952-0 1625 V_50 -PCB -,-- EPROM 5956514-15950003-C 2630 53.03 - satire. etc EU PC Oak 1551 10755 21 50
Wei 1140-4_-r 950075.1 550 11 00 - ore: 9567,34 600 1200 - MEN 946644-1 145) =100 Softere etre_cra M RC5
DelsoomTrter 993065-1 11 75 2150 K. -Co -4,26W AP Aka/se 121. Pro:a-trate-line ge4efrm- al no&
Sarrukt; RE Cativo: S.2esea1dsk 9650314 26.03 52 00 - PC9 +53043560)5.1) 9x0004,0 1950 3900 setraaa1eldPCdet 1901 1075 2160
-PCB re 51E2110 9501rs,C 23 75 57.50 - cort-ci ugrea-ecn omt 9560354 4215 24_93 Lassa
5.7a110 W321 955511-1 19.50 3503 MARCH 1996 fled t..y-orteri". - fka g4 rri3C LSR:£
Teed Ort5 Osen 9600714 12.78 2550 amm - PC8 + 5162115 066506-1 i95005t-C 2525 Ks) FC 948196-1 175 19.50
Ce-crideub T -Re 95001-1 600 1203 01 1 Dein) 0011E-1 tom 20.00 -5202715 555336-1 16125 2550
14:4 ---Par Pau! FIC-Catra- RDS JUNE 1994
10 (156leak 0-41 965113-1 700 14 03 - PCS + P1C 06505-1) 960050-C 2730 55.00 APRIL 1993 000535 550 Watlrrc_
- PIC 16034 960536-1 2278 4537 re:Ira,X in:011174f 935033 850 17 00 sote re on 131J PC C,'*.*: 1941 975 1953
SEPTEMBER 1995 Eat 4 4084 936046 105 2050
4.--atite, FEBRUARY 1996 1r.14-4. co= 950035-1 425 18 55
-PCS 6162110 9003100 27.75 55.50 WAS d aais 201500 rig' Oart..÷:sW
- 5162710 1/C1) 956515-1 19 55 39 CO - PCS + EF,81314 t956503-11960034.3 K--25 56 50 -PCB + tiont nate *1 950344-C 21 75 433 Wee tei 10305) 250394 `0.10120512-29955

472 Elektor Electronics 01/97

 Programming Solutions
SMART Communications offer the best range of low cost programmers for your every need.
Unrivalled device support includes the latest MACH, pLSI, MAPL, PIC, WSI, Atmel, Xilinx and
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Supports over 2000 IC's -3 and 5 volt devices.
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up to 16 Mbits parts, over 150 Microcontrollers
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Fast programming algorithms.

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 SpiceAge for New features include
S parameter defined net-
component. The S parame-
ters may be read directly
from the data files supplied
Windows V5.070 released works (Y parameters also)
U Smith chart presentations
j Signal convolution
by the manufacturer or may
be written alongside the
NPORT component. A
300 dB of Fourier resolu- Smith chart is presented for
Version 5.070 of SpiceAge, the all -European tion the reflection coefficients of
electronic circuit simulator that was first ..7.1 Maths functions and vari- the circuit matched by the
able names supported transistor.
coded in 1985, is now in the second phase of within components
its 5th major release. =1 Statistics of Monte Carlo The Smith chart presenta-
tolerancing avail- tions illustrate the plotting
MUM able either of reflection coeffi-
Irks Ci Snor.. &-Ao,r
U Compatible cients from a single frequen-
n: -f -fl with Open Uni- cy or over a range of fre-
Erni versity comput- quencies. Digital readouts
erised generator - geared to the large crosshair
'scope cursor enable the frequency
Multiple and x and y co-ordinates to
netlist windows be traced. Smith charts are
an invaluable matching tool
In an example for r.f. designers.
provided with
SpiceAge. S pa- For further details, contact
.....1 '1«....1..-4...1...1,E 1=t© are
rameters
I II taken from Those Engineers Lid,
4111a id 119 Philips semicon- 31 Birkbeck Road. LONDON
4-: ductor data for a NA\ - 4BR
'' 1-1 ----- - BFR90 r.f. tran- Tel. 0181-906 0155,
SAM
sistor. This is tax 0181-906 0969.
r7IFIFIVIP 2111
represented by
SpiccAge's new
Email:
100550.24556i compuserve.com
_17,..,=0.1111,111.11 I dmt- UM,'"
NPORT multi -
port network

COPS 8 -bit OTPs

The COPSAx OTP microcontrollers are mem-
bers of the COP8TM feature family using an
8 -bit single chip core architecture. These de-
vices are fabricated in National Semiconduc-
tor's high -density EPROM process. and of-
fered on a variety of packages. temperature
ranges and voltage ranges to satisfy a wide
variety of applications.
Key features include an is -bit
memory mapped architec-
ture, a 16 -bit timer/counter
with two associated I6 -bit
registers supporting three
modes (Processor Indepen-
dent PWM generation. Ex-
ternal Event counter and
Input Capture capabilities).
two power saving
HALT IDLE modes with a
multi -sourced wakeup inter-
rupt capability, high current
outputs, user selectable op-
tions such as WATCH-
DOG'', Oscillator configu-
ration, and power -on -reset.
The program memory con-
sists of 1024, 2048, or 4096
bytes of EPROM. The pro-
gram memos is addressed
by the 15 bit program
counter (PC). All interrupts
in the device vector to pro-
gram memory location OFF
Hex. The contents of the
program memory read 00
Flex in the erased state.
The data memory address
space includes the on -chip
RAM and data registers, the
I/O registers (Configuration,
Data and Pin). the control
the exception of the I DLE
National Semiconductor
registers. MI-
CROWIREIPLUS SlO shift timer). Data memory is ad- Corp.. P.O. Box 58900.
register and the various reg- dressed directly by the in- Santa Clara, CA 95052-8090,
isters, and counters associat- struction or indirectly by the U.S.A.
ed with the timers (with the B, X and SP pointers.

A78 Elektor Electronics 1/97


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Advertisements will be placed in the order
in which they are received.
Elektor Electronics (Publishing) reserve
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WANTED. RAM Pjpe for ICL DRSM50116 PC
clone; cannot get SIMM modules to work. Please
phone (01421) 421294.
WANTED. Elektor Electronics 1988-1992.
Please write to Henrik Brodersen, Slops-vej 317,
DK-7000. Frederica. Denmark.
WANTED. Data -numeric tube NEC CD76LD
Send this coupon to
866? Transformer act Q00 05A 8843? Elektor Electronics (Publishing)
P.O. Bo% 1414
Any information on HRB - Singer - SR - 3A? Dorchester IDT2111H
IvIaico? Antenna rotator TRA4? England
Block capitals p ease - one character to each box
Schematics, etc. US Army receiver BC -312N and
BC -342N.
Please write to Manty Kauko. Sotkonk-uja 4. Fin
40270 Palokka. Finland.
FOR SALE. Level! TG200M RC Oscillator.
1 Hz -1 MHz. Ideal for audio testing andior cali-
bration. Bargain at £ 50 + p&p. Phone (016031
759339.
FOR SALE. EPROM programmer/emulator to
use with Elektor Electronics prize winning soft-
ware. Can be built for £ 15. For details phone
(01253) 825381.
FOR SALE. EJekzor Electronics issues 76-2; ELEATOR ELECTRONICS 1197
'77-16; *78-20: 79-11: 80-13: *81-11: *82-12: Name and address MUST be giten
*83-11: *84-11: *85-14; 86-11: *87-12; 88-7.*
means complete year. 5 ea plus p&p. or £ 4 ea
complete year plus p&p. Will trade where possible.
Magbase lists all Elektor Electronics construc-
tional projects for £ 10 via e-mail. Demo free via
e-mail (except above missing ones) p&p extra.
Reply to sandeman@ plesseyco.za or write to
Barry Sandeman. 6 Martoth Road.lYgerhof
7441. Capetown. South Africa.
Phone +27 21 7102517 (0800-1630 h)
or +27 21 525841 (1900-2300 h) SA times

LETTERS
Sampling -rate converter
settings
I have been a subscriber for near-
ly twenty years, having benefited
from many circuit diagrams. pri-
vately as well as in my profes-
sional capacity.
The Sampling -Rate Converter pub-
lished in your October 1996 issue
caught my attention. If I under-
stand the article correctly, this
design may also be used as a
copybit eliminator in conjunction
with a MiniDisc player, without the
need for internal modifications to
the player. Digital copying could
be accomplished via the optical
inputs and outputs of the MiniDisc
equipment and the sampling rate
converter. I am, however, not quite
sure how to set DIP switches S1
and S2. Do I have to make addi-
tional settings? I am convinced
that many more readers will be
interested in using the sampling
rate converter as a copybit elimi-
nator.
J.P. Demarsin
You are right! Unfortunately, the
switch settings create so many
possibilities that you can not see
the wood for the trees. Admit -
tedly. it took us a while to figure a crystal frequency of
out how S1 and S2 have to be 36.864 Mhz should be used.
set to achieve such a digital Finally, be sure to respect the
copying function. copyrights vested in any music
material you are copying.
Although we have little experi-
ence with MiniDisc equipment,
it should be possible, in princi- Noisy Surround -Sound
ple, to transfer signals digitally. processor
The player then maintains a sam- I have built your Surround -Sound
pling rate of 44.1 kHz. Processor (January 1996), and it
The following switch settings works great as far as TV surround
turn the sampling rate convert- sound is concerned. It does. how-
er into a copy unit: ever, have a flaw: the circuit pro-
duces rather a lot of noise. This
S2: all ON noise is always present (even if
Si: 1: OFF the TV is switched off), but
2: OFF becomes much louder when sur-
3: OFF round sound is actually sent to the
4: 011 rear speakers: the volume of the
5: OFF relevant VCA in IC9 is then turned
6: OFF up. The latter fact suggests that
7: OFF the noise is generated at some
8: ON location along the signal path
starting at the inputs and ending
(ON = switch closed; OFF = at IC6. The noise level is actually
switch opened). This setting so annoying in the living room that
applies to a converter output fre- the volume setting on the surround
quency of 44.1 kHz; the crystal channel has to be turned down to
frequency is then 33.8688 MHz. stop the annoying background
When a DAT tape has to be noise with normal TV pro-
copied (48 kHz), switch 6 is set grammes.
to ON, and switch 7 to OFF, while Have you received similar corn -
0 o ,AA,
sr*
\ Lk
N
plaints from other readers both-
ered by this problem, and can you
suggest ways of eliminating the
noise. or at least reduce it?
L. Pattison
The noise produced by the
decoder emanates mainly from
the bucket -brigade memory,
which is actually a long cascade
of capacitors which are sup-
posed to pass the signal. This
noise may be lessened by
increasing the input signal level,
and attenuating the output level.
That is easily accomplished by
replacing resistors R5 and R7 by
4.99-1d1 types (1%) and chang-
ing R56 to 10 kSZ

Elektor Electronics 1/97

79
NEW: 306 CIRCUITS
306 Circuits, the 7th in the 300 Series of circuit design books, brings the
total of published designs in the series to well over 2000. Demand for the

306
books in the series proves that they remain popular with engineers,
technicians, teachers, lecturers, and other electronics enthusiasts all over
the world.

CIRCI3VIS Like its predecessors, 306 Circuits offers a wide choice of designs taken
from the entire field of electronics. The book is arranged in five parts -
audio & hi-fi, computers & microprocessors, general interest, power
supplies & battery chargers; radio, television and communications, and
test & measurement. The designs in each of these parts are arranged in
alphabetical order to make it easier to find a particular circuit.

Many designs use a printed circuit board to aid in their construction.

The track layout of each board is given on a separate page in an
appendix to facilitate the production of the board.
ISBN 0 905705 43 2
Recommended price: £15.95

oNCS
305 CIRCUITS
The sixth in the 300 Series is aimed at the active
electronics enthusiast, professional or amateur. Since
the first volume in the series was published in 1979,
many thousands of readers have found in these
303 CIRCUITS books that new approach, new concept or new circuit
Like its predecessors in the they were looking for.
300 Series. 303 Circuits offers ISBN 0 905705 36 X
a comprehensive collection of Recommended price £14.95
practical ideas, concepts and
developments in the gamut of
electronics. Unlike its pre-
decessors, the book is arranged
in 11 subject sections to make 304 CIRCUITS
it easier for the reader to find The fifth in the popular 300 Series of
that long -sought circuit. practical circuit books offers a further
ISBN 0 905705 26 2 selection of over 300 construction
Recommended price E10-95 projects, design ideas and practical
applications from all aspects of
electronics.
302 CIRCUITS ISBN 0 905705 34 3
In well over 300 pages, 302 Recommended price £12-95
Circuits contains a variety of
circuits for audio and video;
test and measurement;
oscillators and generators;
current sources and power Private customers can order any of these
supplies; microcomputers and books on the Order Form provided in the
a miscellany of other interes-
ting subjects. Readers Services section towards the end of
ISBN 0 905705 25 4 this issue. Send the order form to our Edi-
Recommended price £9.95 torial/Administrative offices at the address
indicated on the form.
301 CIRCUITS Schools, colleges, libraries, companies, and
The second in our 300 Series
of projects for construction at other organizations should order from their
home, in a small workshop or usual supplier or directly from our exclusive
at school or college. It con- distributor:
tains 301 assorted circuits
iJ ranging from simple to fairly
complex designs, described
Gazelle Book Services Ltd, Falcon House,
Queen Square, Lancaster, England LAI 1RN,
and explained in straight- Telephone +44 (0)1524 68765,
forward language. Fax +44 (0)1524 63232.
ISBN 0 905705 12 2
Recommended price £9.95
50 MHZ 16 CHANNEL LOGIC ANALYSER !
HI Resolution Backlit Display - 8192 pixels with scrolling window
16 Channels - Display mode selectable
Truth Table Display - Binary and hexadecimal
Printer Output - Truth table / graphical display to Epson compatibles
Multi Trigger Options - Positive / negative / combination / free run
Crystal Controlled Timebase - 18 ranges from 200ns to 0.5s / division
External Clock Features - up to 50 MHz
TTL and CMOS inputs - LA500 will distinguish logic levels
8 Channel Pod - Cased with spring loaded miniature probe clips
Ready To Use - Supplied with printer lead, pod set and 9V AC PSU

Introducing the LA500-16 LCD Logic Analyser. Housed in an attractive dark grey bench
case (230x180x8Omm) - fold away feet enable the unit to sit flat on the work area or tilt at
an angle. Pod sets and the printer lead plug into the front via IDC connectors. The Hi -Reso-
lution graphic LCD display makes the Logic Analyser a pleasure to use. Durable and reli-
able. this is an essential piece of test equipment for any engineer or electronics enthusiast.
The Logic Analyser is supplied with 9V AC power supply, 8 channel pod set, printer lead,
user manual and comes with a full 12 months parts and labour guarantee.
An extra 8 channel pod set can be purchased for £19.95 £325
25 MHZ DIGITAL STORAGE OSCILLOSCOPE
HI Resolution LCD Display - 8192 pixels with scrolling window
High Sampling Speed - Up to 25MHz
Single or Dual Channel Display
Crystal Controlled Timebase - 20 ranges from 500ns to 0.2s / division
AC and DC Inputs - 1, 5, 10, 50 volt full screen resolution
Maximum resolution 10mv and 4Ons
Direct Readout at top of screen to display current setup parameters
Division Grid - On/off plus scroll left/right for accurate time measurement
Direct Voltage Measurement - readout on screen
Multi Combination Trigger Options
Ready To Use - Supplied with 1 switchable probe (x1, x10) and 9VAC PSU

From Leading Edge comes a low cost dual channel digital scope with crystal controlled timebase for
extreme accuracy. Enclosed in a compact case (3.5x5.75x1.25 inches) -the oscilloscope is convenient to
handle, extremely versatile, and takes up very little room in the work area. It has all the features of the very
expensive digital scopes available but at a fraction of the cost. The oscilloscope is probably the most im-
portant piece of equipment for anyone interested in electronics and now at an affordable price.
The LCD digital oscilloscope is supplied with a switchable probe, external 9V AC power
supply, user manual and full 12 months parts and labour guarantee. £24 5
We have other products not listed here.
Phone/fax for catalogue or see our web site Leading Edge Technology Ltd
http://www.angelfire.com/free/leadedge.html White Rose House, Triq Ix Xintill, Tarxien, PLA11 Malta
Phone (00 356) 678509 Fax (00356) 667484
115,1* E -Mail : johnmorr@email.keyworld.net
Postage and packing not included. Credit cards deducted in Malta Liri - no surcharge. Cheques payable in sterling. No VAT payable if purchased from Malta

Elektor Electronics 1:97 81


Next month in ElektoL
PIC-based Motor Controller
Mention radio -con-
trolled model construc-
tion and the buzz-
words are intelligence,
high currents and
small size. All of these
aspects are happily
married in the motor
controller described in
this article. Controlled
by a PIC microproces-
sor and equipped with a bunch of high -power output tran-
sistors. this design is sure to please many a builder of R'C
models, whether boats, planes or stock -cars.
68HC11 Emulator
The 68HC11 is
rapidly establishing
itself as one of the
most popular micro -
controllers. No won-
der, as the device is
fairly easy to pro-
gram. and a torrent of
development soft-
ware is available.
mostly free of charge,
from its manufacturer,
Motorola.
Aimed at the advanced microcontroller enthusiast, the 32-
kByte emulator described in this article has various configura-
tion options, both as regards hardware and software. It is. of
course, linked to a PC on which object code files are pre-
pared. The article is closed off with references to Motorola
software, literature and. of course, a useful Internet address.

Focus On: Chip Cards

The chip card is the
all -digital successor of
Software Competition 1996: the magnetic -stripe
More Prize Winners card. offering higher
The second batch of prize- security and many
winning programs consists of more applications. In a
a fairly random selection of number of countries,
entries which the Jury consid- chip cards are used
ered interesting for publica- for electronic payment
tion. although they did not in shops and public
win an international prize. Like the telephones. The latest
international -prize winning programs discussed in the pre- types can even be 'charged' from a bank account, via
sent magazine, the programs and associated hardware electronic cashier station in the street.
designs (if any) may be found on a CD-ROM which is The article takes an in-depth look at the technical specifi-
ph published this month. cations of telephone cards mainly. and tells you how to inter-
pret the information lurking in the chip. Special attention is
And more for your to enjoy! also given to the 'Eurochip' card, which looks set to unify
Reserve your February copy of Elektor Electronics now. Europe and at last. we hope, end the confusion brought
Article titles and magazine contents subject to change. about by so many different card types and applications.

Anchor Surplus
Index of Advertisers 18 Smart Communications 77
B K Electronics 21 Stewart of Reading 101, 31
Baylin Publications (J. Vincent) 67 Stippler Elektronik 67
Bull Electrical 20 Suma Designs 36
Bull Electrical 68 Tapley Instrumentation
Cambridge Microprocessor Systems - CMS 7 Those Engineers ' 8
C -I Electronics 24 Tsien (UK) Ltd 52
Cirkit Distribution 31 Ultimate Technology 23, 25, 47
Crossware Products 31 Viewcom Electronics 12;13
Display Electronics 66
Electromail 6 ADVERTISING SPACE
Elektor Electronics 5. 7, 10, 76, 80, 82 for the February 1997 issue may be reserved
EPT Educational Software 60 not later than 10 December 1996 with
Equinox Technologies Inside front cover
Forest Electronic Developments 10 Elektor Electronics (Publishing)
Han Electronic Kits 30 Advertisement Office
Ice Technology Inside back cover 3 Crescent Terrace
Instrutek 75 Cheltenham GL50 3PE
Leading Edge Technology 81 England
MOP Electronics 4 Telephone 01242 510 760; Fax 01242 226 626
Niche Software 8
Number One Systems 10 to whom all correspondence, copy instructions and
Ouickroute Systems back cover artwork should be addressed.," -

Elektor Electronics
A82
 Advertisement Feature

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PROGRAMMER MODELS AND PRICES

Eli MODELS Epary.t.Emov4.Rw, liVRAMS. Selaj
SPHOMASTER 1130% PROWel EEPROta EPROtts c=u £395
(SUPPORT 1.8V, 3.3V and 5V DEV1GES) Ft4B51

EPROMs EEPRDMs. Rash. Sea PROW

The Speedmaster GLV-32 Gang5et Smal ELIADMs 8 to 40 Fits 0 adout E-ROMs UFRDMs h'raWs Pan. ScrOt
EPMASTER LV Olsen Bird in &Alia' moiates: £295 M1GROMASTER 1000+ PROW, PAU GALE. PELs JACK MAX. PSD. £525
progranuner oilers simultaneous high speed Ink Di S. 095 1231 ty16: £465 tope t&] wn-:-i algOrt
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SPED:VASTER LV PALS Egfloms swims etas £495 SPEEDMASTER G LV32 1;g3,..wrsinE.PRelt.rP:-.3%...,5.,17-1)1' G1,5,;10 -1J -I
£645
to 8Mbit) at 3.3V and 5V. The 33V facility PALs EPLOs. Mt MAK ET4Z.i51
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MOW. EEPROU.s. Wants. Px.u'l Seed!.
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Fcr details on any of our range of programmers, call or fax us now. SOY
You can obtain information immediately by using our foxbock service or homepocje.
ICE Technology lid, Penistone Court, Penistone, South Yorkshire S30 6HG. United Kingdom.
Tel -44 (0)1226 767404 Fax: +44 (0)1226 370434 Faxback: +44 (0)1226 761844 email: sales@icetech.com
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CALL OUR SALES HOTLINE ON 01226 767404 OR USE OUR FAXBACK FOR FULL DETAILS 0122617361844
 .cselitIlul H)
Procitical Wireless July 96

RQnclut.36 -IC: R3611)EMC6_PCIII PiFi Cl

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OhiCKROUTE
SYSTEMS
WWW: www.quickroute.co.uk EMail: infogquicksys.demon.co.uk
Prices and speciticotans settled to change without notice All trade mares are acknowledged & receded. AU products sold subject to out standard leans & cona,trons (avark:ra)e on request)