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SQD K Skoi GLGH 7 SQD K Skoi GLGH 7 L (Oimi@Ibg I MGH L (Oimi@Ibg I MGH MKL (Oimi@Ibg MKL (Oimi@Ibg I I
SQD K Skoi GLGH 7 SQD K Skoi GLGH 7 L (Oimi@Ibg I MGH L (Oimi@Ibg I MGH MKL (Oimi@Ibg MKL (Oimi@Ibg I I
SQD^K^ SKOI^GLGH 7
‖
L[OIMI@IBG^I MGH MKL[OIMI@IBG^I
MKL[OIMI@IBG^I ‟
MD^KH:
Mr. Goir Lusih, ^.]., O.].
7. L uo
uoii mi ty `rd
`r do Pgpd
Pgpdr S r kssurk
[mgrg mi rughegh pgmg sulu >5 dN mgh tkbghgh tdtgf 737,> bSg gas yghe
okheghmuhe ugp gir mkhegh tkbghgh pgrsigf pG ? >,;9
>,; 9 bSg. Lituhefgl:
g. Bkfkoagagh.
a. ^gturgsi bkfkoagagh mgh pkrskhtgsk bkfkoagagh.
n. Skrskhtgsk bkfkoagagh rkfgti`.
Skoaglgsgh :
Mibktglui: [mgrg mi mgfgo skaugl rughegh
] ? >5,<dN
S ? 737,> bSg
Okheghmuhe ugp gir mkhegh tkbghgh pgrsigf
>,;9 bSg
S ? 737,> bSg
Mitghyg: (g). Luoimity
(a). Luoimity Jkhul
(n). Skrskhtgsk Luoimity Qkfgti`
Skhykfksgigh:
[mgrg tkrmiri mgri ngopurgh ugp G mgh egs A.
Mioghg: G ? gir (L 1D)
A ? umgrg bkrihe
(g). Luoimity
ϳ?
AOL1 D
AOumgrg
. SG
S - SG
7<,31 >,;9
? ( .
1<,95 737,>->,;9
)
>,;9
? 3,011.(95,57 )
? 3,011.3,3>05
? 3,311<; be L1D/be umgrg bkrihe
(a). Luoimity Jkhul
AOL1 D
ϳ ? AOumgrg
. (S -S S^ ^ )
G
7<,31 0,;99>0;
? ( .
1<,95 737,> - 0,;99>0;
)
0,;99>0;
? 3,011. (9=,530>; )
? 3,011. 3,309011
>,;9
? 733. (0,;9>0;)
? 733. 3,;===0
? ;=,==0 %
%
1. S kr nk
nkhtg
htgee k ghm
ghm Qk
Q kfgt
fgtii vk L uo
uoii mi ty
]lk gir ih g rddo lgs g luoimity L d` 3.317 be L 1D /be mry gir gt >1.1 dN ghm 737.>
bSg gas prkssurk. Ngfnufgtk:
g) Skrnkhtgek luoimity LS.
a) Skrnkhtgek rkfgtivk luoimity LQ .
Ghswkr: (g). LS ? 05.;% 2 (a). LQ ?
? 0<.0%
]krjkoglgh:
Skrskhtgsk
Skrskhtgsk mgh Bkfkoagagh Qkfgti`
[mgrg mi mgfgo rughegh okoifibi bkfkoagagh L 3,317 be L 1D / be umgrg bkrihe
pgmg tkbghgh >1,1dN mgh 737,> bSg gas. Okhelituhe:
g) Skrskhtgsk bkfkoagagh LS.
a) Skrskhtgsk bkfkoagagh rkfgti` ^MO.
Jgwgagh: (g). LS ? 05,;%2 (a). LQ ? 0<,0%
SKHYKFK^GIGH
Mibktglui: [mgrg mi mgfgo skaugl rughegh
ϳ ? 3,317 be L1 D
be umgrg bkrihe
] ? >1,1dN
S ? 737,> bSg
Mitghyg: (g). Skrskhtgsk Luoimity
Skrskhtgsk Luoimity,, ϳ
(a). Skrskhtgsk Qkfgti` Luoimity
Qkfgti` Luoimity,,
ϳ
Skhykfksgigh:
Mgfgo bgsus ihi, umgrg tkrmiri mgri ngopurgh ugp G mgh egs A.
Mioghg G gmgfgl gir (L 1D) mgh A gmgfgl umgrg bkrihe
Akrmgsgrbgh ^tkgo ]gafk pgmg Ekghbdpfis, pgmg tkopkrgtur >1,1dN:
]gafk pgmg Aubu Ekghbdpfis,
7<,31 S
3,317 ? ( .
1<,95 S - S
) G
SG
3,317 ? 3,011. S - SG
( )
SG
S - SG
3,317
3,011
SG
S - SG
3,3>>501
3,3>>501
SG ? 3,3>>501 .S - 3,3>>501. SG
SG ? 3,3>>501 .(737,>) - 3,3>>501. SG
SG ? 3,3>>501 .(737,>) - 3,3>>501. SG
SG ? >,=1 - 3,3>>501. SG
SG + 3,3>>501. SG ? >,=1
>,=1
7,3>>501. SG >,=1
? >,=1
>,=1
SG ?
7,3>>501
SG ? >,>3<> bSg
bSg
Okhelituhe Hifgi Luoimity Jkhul
AOL1 D
ϳ ?
AOumgrg
. (S S- S )
G^
G^
7<,31 =,<1><05
? ( .
1<,95 737,> „ =,<1><05
)
=,<1><05
? 3,011.(90,=507>> )
? 3,011.3,3;
be L D
? 3,3>77 ( ) 1
be umgrg bkrihe
^kliheeg:
g. Skrskhtgs
Skrskhtgskk Luoimity
ϳ
ϳ ? 733. ϳ
3,317
? 733. (3,3>77 )
? 733. 3,05;1=
? 05,;1=%
05,;1=%
Jgmi, hifgi Skrskhtgsk Luoimity skaksgr 05,;1=%.
a. Skrskhtgs
Skrskhtgskk Qkfgti` Luoimity
SG
ϳ ? 733. SG^
>,>3<>
? 733. (=,<1><05 )
? 733. 3,0<;<
? 0<,;<%
0<,;<%
Jgmi, hifgi Skrskhtgsk Qkfgti` Luoimity Jkhul skaksgr 0<,;<%.
>. G
Gmmi gagti n ^g
^gtturg
urgtti dh ]k
]ko
opkr gturk
Gir gt <1.1dN ghm lgvihe g luoimity L ? 3.30;; be L 1D /be mry gir is
ndhtgntkm ih g gmigagtin sgturgtdr witl wgtkr. It fkgvks gt <3% sgturgtidh.
g) Ulgt grk tlk `ihgf vgfuks d` L ghm
ghm ] dN4
Skoaglgsgh :
Mibktglui: [mgrg pgmg: ] ? <1,1dN
ϳ ? 3,30;; be L1D/be umgrg bkrihe
Mitghyg: (g). Hifgi Gblir ϳ mgh ] (dN).
Skhykfksgigh:
(g). Akrmgsgrbgh
Akrmgsgrbgh Luoimity
Luoimity Nlgrt
]itib ϳ ? 3,30;; be L1D/be umgrg bkrihe mgh ] ? <1,1dN
Akrmgsgrbgh Luoimity
Akrmgsgrbgh Luoimity Nlgrt tkrskaut,
tkrskaut, ogbg mgpgt migoaif bksiopufgh aglwg:
Sgmg bkjkhulgh <3%, mipkrdfkl hifgi: ] ? ;1,<dN
ϳ ? 3,359 be L1D/be umgrg bkrihe
(a). Akrmgsgrbgh
Akrmgsgrbgh Luoimity
Luoimity Nlgrt Sgmg
Sgmg bkjkhulgh 733%
Akrmgsgrbgh Luoimity
Akrmgsgrbgh Luoimity Nlgrt tkrskaut,
tkrskaut, ogbg mgpgt migoaif bksiopufgh aglwg:
Sgmg bkjkhulgh 733%, mipkrdfkl hifgi: ] ? =<,;dN
=. G mirknt-lkgt mrykr is td dpkrgtk witl gir khtkrihe gt 1;3 d@ ghm 7 gto witl g wkt-
aufa tkopkrgturk d` 73;d@. Mktkroihk `rdo tlk psynlrdoktrin nlgrt ghm/dr
rkfgtidhslips d` ]gafk 7<.> tlk `dffdwihe:
g) Luoimity.
a) Odfgf luoimity.
n) Skrnkhtgek luoimity.
m) Qkfgtivk luoimity.
k) ^gturgtidh luoimity.
`) Luoim vdfuok.
e) Luoim lkgt.
l) Khtlgfpy.
i) Gmigagtin-sgturgtidh tkopkrgturk.
j) Odfk `rgntidh d` wgtkr ih tlk gir.
SKHYKFK^GIGH
Mibktglui:
^kaugl Gfgt Skhekrihe
Midpkrgsibgh mkhegh umgrg ogsub,
mioghg:
] ? 1;3d@
S ? 7 gto
]U ? 73;d@
Mitghyg: Euhgbgh
Euhgbgh Ssynlrdoktrin
Ssynlrdoktrin Nlgrt mgfgo
mgfgo okhkhtubgh:
g) Luoimity
a) Odfgf Luoimity
n) Skrskhtgsk Luoimity
m) Qkfgti` Luoimity
k) Luoimity Jkhul
`) Luoim Pdfuo
e) Luoim Sghgs
l) Khtgfpi
i) ]kopkrgtur jkhul gmigagtib
j) @rgbsi odf gir mgfgo umgrg
Jgwga :
]UA ? 73;d@ ? =3,;dN
]MA ? 1;3d@ ? 717,77dN
S ? 7 gto ? 11,91 ihLe ? 737,>1; bSg
g) Mgri erg`ib luoimity nlgrt, mipkrdfkl hifgi L G (Luoimity gasdfut) ? 3,375
mkhegh bdhmisi ]UA? 73;d@ mgh ]MA? 1;3d@.
g)
ℂ ℂ
ℂ
3,375 7 7<,31
1<,95
3,375 7.3,01
7 3,375.3,01
3,3753,375 3,01
3,375 3,013,375
3,3753,0>5
3,315 gto
gto
ℂ
3,315
ℂℂ 3,3155
73,315
a) Skrnkhtgek Luoimity
ℂ 733 ℂℂ
ℂ 7<,31 ,
1<,95 ,
Mgri stkgo tgakf ekghbdpfisgpkhmix G.1-
G.1-9 mipkrdfklhifgi SG,^ pgmg
d
pgmg sulu73; @
ℂ 7<,31 5,><=
1<,95 737,>1;5,><=
ℂ 3,3=<<9
Hifgi ℂ mi suastitusi bk mgfgo pkrsgogh ℂ
ℂ 733 ℂℂ
3,375
ℂ 733 3,3=<<9
ℂ >=,55%
n) Qkfgtivk Luoimity
ℂ 7<,31 5,><=
1<,95 737,>1;5,><=
ℂ 3,3=<<9
k) Luoim Pdfuok
ℂ 11,=7
15> . ( 7 7 ℂ)
1<,95 7<,31
ℂ 1,<>Õ73∑ =,;0Õ73∑ Õ3,375
Õ3,375
ℂ 1,<>Õ73∑ 5,5;1Õ73∑
ℂ 1,935;1Õ73∑=3,;15>
=3,;15>
ℂ 3,9733;
e) Khtlgfpy
Mgri erg`ib luoimty nlgrt mipkrdfkl hifgi:
‱
Khtgfpipgmgsgturgsi l ? <7,> atu/fa mry gir
Mkvigsikhtgfpi M ? -1,>
Khtlgfpy skakhgrhyg l?<7,>-1,>?59 atu/fa mry gir
l) Gmigagtin-sgturgtidh tkopkrgturk
Mgri tgakf supkrlkgtkm stkgo, mipkrdfkl khtgfpi pgmg 7 gto pgmg akragegi
sulu skagegi akribut:
] ? 733³N, L ? 1050 bJ/be
] ? 7;3³ N, L ? 1550 bJ/be
[mgrg ogsub pgmg sulu 1;3³@ gtgu skbitgr 717³N, ogbg sktkfgl
mifgbubgh ihtkrpdfgsi, L(717³N) ? 157< bJ/be.
Hkrgng Khkrei:
mW mU 7 7
-
mt mt
( 1
) (
?@Dut L+ez+ v1 -@ih L+ez+ v1
1
)
^istko gmigagtib, ogbg mW/mt ? 3
^istko timgb okfgbubgh usglg, ogbg mU/mt ? 3
]imgb gmg pkrakmggh bktiheeigh, pkrakmggh bknkpgtgh mgh fgju gfir
Ogbg pkrsgoggh hkrgng khkrei okhjgmi:
Lih ? Ldut? 157< bJ/be
[mgrg bkfugr mgfgo bkgmggh sgturgtkm, mgri tgakf sgturgtkm stkgo,
mipkrdfkl ih`drogsi skagegi akribut:
L ? 157=,; bJ/be, ]sgt ? 710,7³N
L ? 157<,1 bJ/be, ]sgt ? 71<,5³N
Khtgfpi bkfugr ? 157< bJ/be, sktkfgl miihtkrpdfgsi mipkrdfkl ] sgt ? 71<,;³N
(10>,>³@)
Gmigagtin-sgturgtkm stkgo ? 71<,;³N (10>,>³@)
;. G oixturk d` hitrdekh ghm gnktdhk vgpdr gt <33 ooLe tdtgf
prkssurk, 1;dN, lgs g pkrnkhtgek
pkrnkhtgek sgturgtidh d` <3%. Ngfnufgtk:
g) ]lk
]lk gasdfutk odfgf
odfgf luoimity.
a) ]lk
]lk gasdfutk luoimity,
luoimity, be gnktdhk/be hitrdekh.
Skoaglgsgh :
Mibktglui: Ngopurgh Hitrdekh mgh Gsktdh
Mioghg: S ? <33 ooLe
] ? 1;dN
Akrmgsgrbgh ]gakf skakfuohyg, ogbg mgpgt milituhe Hifgi ]kbghgh [gp Gsktdh
pgmg 1;dN mkhegh okheeuhgbgh Ihtkrpdfgsi. ^kliheeg mipkrdfkl hifgi ]kbghgh [gp
Gsktdh pgmg 1;dN skaksgr 11; ooLe
Okhkhtubgh ]kbghgh [gp Gsktdh (G) pgmg 1;³N akrmgsgrbgh Skrsgoggh Ghtdiht
fh SG,s ? + ? 7=,5 +∑,
, ? >,=
SG,s ? >3 bSg ? 11; ooLe
Lo
y G
p G
p G
odf G
y A p A S p G odf A
L
LS 733%
L^
<3%
733% L
3,<7
L ? 3,0=<
n. Sgrtigf prkssurk d` gnktdhk
p G O
L G
S p G O A
p G ;<
3,0=<
<33 p G 1<
SG ? 793 ooLe
m. Qkfgtivk luoimity
p G,
L Q 733%
p
G,^
793
L Q 733%
11;
LQ ? <=,== %
Pdfuok hitrdekh pgmg sulu 1;³N
50315><33
11,= 19<
1>,1
1>,1>> o>
? 5,11< + 1>,1>
% vdfuok gsktdh ?
733%
?
, 733 %
,
? 1>, 5> %
Skoaglgsgh :
Mioghg: S ? 7 gto
[mgrg ogsub pgmg Skhekrihe Skrtgog pgmg ] ? 7<3 d@
Mitghyg: (g). Migergo Gfir
(a). Juofgl gir yghe miugpbgh
Skhykfksgigh:
g. `fdw migergo
D
]?75= @
D
D LQ?<3% ]?03 @
]?7<3 @
M7 M1
S? 7 gto
D
]?7<3 @
a. Mrykr 7
ℂ 7<,31
1<,95
]? 75= ℉ ↑5<,9ℎ
ℂ 733 ,
3,<733 =;,=;
>0,>0
7<,31 >0,>0
ℂ 1<,95 737,>>0,>0
ℂ3,>=
3,50;
ℂ 3,>= Õ 3,=;;;9
Mrykr 1
ℂ3,01
]? 03 ℉ ↑ 7;,0 ℎ
ℂ 733 ,
3,<733 7,5
7,>0
>0
7,>0
ℂ3,01 737,>7,>0
ℂ3,3<
3,37<0
ℂ 3,3< Õ 3,=;;;9 37<0
5. Nduhtkrnurrkht Ugtkr-Nddfihe ]dwkr, G @drnkm-mrg`t nduhtkrnurrkht wgtkr-
nddfihe tdwkr is td nddf wgtkr `rdo =>.> td 10,5N. ]lk gir khtkrs tlk adttdo
d` tlk tdwkr gt 1>,9N witl
witl g wkt aufa tkopkrgturk d` 17.7N. ]lk Pgfuk d`
d` LE
`dr tlk `fdw ndhmitidhs is L E ? 3,;>> o. ]lk lkgt-trghs`kr rksistghnk ih tlk
fiquim plgsk wiff ak Hkefkntkm27.k, h F is vkry fgrek. Okhnk, vgfuk d` L,
sldufm ak uskm, ngfnufgtk tlk tdwkr lkielt hkkmkm i` 7,; tioks tlk oihiouo
gir rgtk is uskm.
Skoaglgsgh :
]E7?1>,9N ]F7?10,5N
LE ? 3,;>> o hkefknt fiquim plgsk
Qksistghnk. [sk L1 y vgfuks.
]E7 ? 1>,9N (wkt aufa ? 17,7N)
L7 ? 3,37=; be L1D/be mry gir
Mkhegh Skrsgoggh Quous (9.>-9)
L y7 ? (7,33; + 7,<< * 3,37=;)73> (1>,9-3)+ 1,;37= *730 (3,37=;)
(73.;-7) „ S.1
(73.;-7) „ S.1
Sfdt 7 / (Ly*- Ly) vk Ly Ihtkergtk
Skrsgoggh (73.;-70)
Z ? LE
?,∕
∢?,∕ ∕∑
grn ? >,7<<
Z ? LE (grn) ? 3,;>> (>,7<<) ? 7,53 o
Erg`ib 7.
Erg`ib1.
<. Oihiouo Egs rgtk ghm lkielt d` wgtkr-nddfihl tdwkr. It is pfghhkm td nddf
wgtkr `rdo 773@ td <;@ ih g pgnbkm nduhtkrnurrkht wgtkr-nddfihe tdwkr usihe
khtkrihe gir gt <;@ witl g wkt aufa tkopkrgturk d` 5;@. ]lk wgtkr `fdw is
1333 fao/l.`t1 ghm tlk gir `fdw is 7=33 fao/l.`t 1 . ]lk dvkrgff ogss trghs`kr
>.
ndk``inikht isB E g ? 0,93 fa odf/l.`t gto
(g) Ngfnufgtk tlk oihiouo gir rgtk tlgt ngh ak uskm
(a) Ngfnufgtk tlk tdwkr lkielt lkielt hkkmkm i` tlk gir `fdw 7=33fao gir/l.`t 1
is uskm
Skoaglgsgh :
Gfirgh umgrg ? 7=33 fao/l.`t1
B E g ? 0,93 fa odf/l.`t> . gto
Skhykfksgigh:
]E1 ]F1?773@
]E7?<;@ ]F7?<;@
(73.;-1)
F ? 1333 fao/l.`t1
E ? 7=33 fao gir /l.`t1
B E g ? 0,93 fa odf/l.`t> . gto
]wkt Aufa ihfkt gir ? 5;@
L7 ? 3,370; fa wgtkr/fa mry gir (pkrsgoggh 9.>-1)
Skrsgoggh (9.> „
(9.> „ <)
<)
Ly ? (3,1= + 3,=; L) ( ]- ]d @) + Lyd
Ly7? (3,1= + 3,=; * 3,370;) (<;->1) + 735;,= (3,370;) ? >3,< fa/fao mry gir
(g) Oihiouo gir rgtk
^gturgtkm khtgfpi mgri tgafk 73.;-7 gmgfgl pfdt Ly mkhlgh ] F7
]lk pdiht Ly7? >3,< mgh ]F7? <;@ gmgfgl pfdt
Egris oihiouo E gmgfgl pfdt
pfdt mioghg dpkrgsi mi ]F1 ? 773@
773@
Ly1 ? <=,> V
(pkrsgoggh 73.;-1)
E ( Ly1-Ly7) ? Fnf (]F1-]F7)
E (<=,>->3,<) ? 1333 (7,3) (773-<;)
E oih ? 9>; f fao gir /l.`t 1 (=1=) be/ l o1
(a) Dpkrgsi E ? 7=33
7=33 (Ly1->3,<) ? 1333 (7,3) (773-<;)
Ly1? 00,5 atu/fa o
Sfdt Ly1, ]F1 mi
mi ]F mgh augt pfdt mgri 7/ L*-Ly mkhegh Ly
]F L*y Ly L*-Ly 7/L*- Ly
<; =7,< >3,< 77,3 3,393<
93 =< >< 73,3 3,733
9; ;;,> =;,1 73,7 3,399
733 0>,5 ;1,= 77,> 3,3<;;
3,3<;;
73; 5>,< ;9,; 7=,7 3,3573
3,3573
773 <=,; 00,5 75,< 3,3;01
3,3;01
Skrsgoggh (73.;-7<)
Z
?, >,71(grn)
∢?, ∕∑
Skrsgoggh (73.;-7<)
∕
Z?
∢
? (>,71)
∕∑ ,,
Z? 17,< `t (0,0= o )