FGDGBGJ LQCKLFC@B@MC
‒LQCKLFC@B@MC QLISGDC[ [CKGD FLI\BG^ (JCQL^[LIUC)‖

KC U\U\I @BLJ

DLB@FQ@D 7

GKCIKGICUUG G G___GJ^G (Q@=7;>;77:7117)

GMILU E^CU[CGI[I[SS FGB
GBGI
GI (Q@=7;>;77:711>)
GIKC G]GBC
G]GBCSGSG Q\^I
Q\^IGFG
GFGUG^
UG^CC (Q@
(Q@=7;
=7;>;7
>;77:7
7:7115
115))
GIKC
GIKC S
S\B
\BCG
CGIG
IG D
DGF
GFGBGB\K
\KKC
KCI
I (Q@=
(Q@=7;
7;>;
>;77
77:7
:711
118)
8)
GUFG G]GBCGJ (Q@=7;>;77:711=)
GUIC HCGIKCIC (Q@=7;>;77:711:)
GS\ HL^G[S]C (Q@=7;>;77:7113)
NGBDCU U^C BLU[G^C (Q@=7;>;77:7171)

CCC G/K.CX HCUC@[L^GQC

DLFLI[L^CGI DLULJG[GI ^LQ\NBCD CIK@ILUCG

Q@BC[LDICD DLULJG[GI FGDGUUG^
Q^@M^GF U[\KC K.CX O\^\UGI HCUC@[L^GQC

[GJ\I >1>1
 

DG[G QLIMGI[G^ 

Ulmgbg puoc ngmc Gbbgj ygim tlbgj flfnlrcdgi dgfc dlfukgjgi sljcimmg
kgpgt fliylblsgcd
fliylblsgcdgi
gi fgdgbgj
fgdgbgj cic. [gipg
[gipg plrt`b`img
plrt`b`imgi-Iyg
i-Iyg fuimdci
fuimdci pliyusui
pliyusui
tckgd gdgi sgimmup fliylblsgcdgiiyg klimgi ngcd. Ujgbgwgt kgi sgbgf slf`mg
tlrbcfpgj eurgjdgi dlpgkg ngmcikg tlrecitg dctg ygdic Ignc Fujgffgk UG].
Fgdgbgj
Fgdgbgj cic kc susui
susui gmgr
gmgr plfnge
plfngegg kgpgt
kgpgt flimlt
flimltgju
gjucc ‒Lpcklf
‒Lpcklfc`b
c`b`mc
`mc
Ql
Qliy
iygd
gdct
ct [ckg
[ckgd
d Fliu
Fliubg
bgrr (Jcp
(Jcplr
lrtl
tlis
isc)‖
c)‖,, yg
ygim
im dg
dgfc
fc sg
sgoc
ocdg
dgi
i nl
nlrk
rkgs
gsgr
grdg
dgi
i
 plimgfgtgi kgrc nlrngmgc sufnlr.
Fgdgbgj cic kc susui `blj pliyusui klimgi nlrngmgc rcitgimgi. Ngcd ctu
ygim kgtgim kgrc kcrc pliyusui fgupui ygim kgtgim kgrc bugr. Igfui klimgi
 pliuj dlsgngrgi kgi tlrutgfg plrt`b`imgi kgrc [ujgi gdjcriyg fgdgbgj cic kgpgt
tlrslblsgcdgi.
Fgdgbgj
Fgdgbgj cic flfugt
flfugt tlitgi
tlitgim
m ‒Lpckl
‒Lpcklfc`
fc`b`m
b`mcc Qliygd
Qliygdct
ct [ckgd
[ckgd Fliubg
Fliubgr 
r 
(Jcplrtlisc)‖ kcfgig flfngjgs flimligc
Ulf`mg fgdgbgj cic kgpgt flfnlrcdgi plimltgjugi ygim blncj bugs dlpgkg
 plfngeg. ]gbgupui fgdgbgj cic flfcbcdc dlblncjgi kgi dldurgimgi. Qliyusui
flfnutujdgi drctcd kgi sgrgi kgrc plfngeg ygim flfngimu. [lrcfg dgscj.

Fgdgssgr, 7; Ogiugrc >1>7

 
Qliyusui

>
 

KGH[G^ CUC

Dgtg Qlimgitgr ...................................................................................................... >

Kghtgr Csc ............................................

..................................................................
............................................
............................................
.........................
... 5

Ngn 7 Qlikgjubugi . ...........................................

.................................................................
........................................
.............................
........... ;

Bgtgr Nlbgdgim...............................................
Nlbgdgim..........................................................................................
.............................................
.. ;

^ufusgi Fgsgbgj...............................................
Fgsgbgj......................................................................................
......................................... <

[uougi ...........................................................
....................................................................................................
.............................................
.... <

Ngn > Qlfngjgsgi ..........................

................................................
......................................................................
................................................ 8

Qlimlrtcgi Jcplrtlisc .......................................................

..........................................................................
..........................
....... 8

Lpcklfc`b`mc Jcplrtlisc .........................................

...............................................................
....................................
.............. =

Qgt`hcsc`b`mc Jcplrtlisc ............................................

..............................................................................
.................................. :

Ltc`b`mc Jcplrtlisc ..................................................................................... 3

Dbgschcdgsc Jcplrtlisc ...........................................

.................................................................
.....................................
................. 3

Mlogbg Dbcics Jcplrtlisc .........................................

...........................................................................
.................................. 71

Hgdt`r ^lscd` Jcplrtlisc .........................................................

..........................................................................
................. 77

Kcgmi`scs kgi Citlrvlisc Jcplrtlisc .........................................

.........................................................
................ 75

\pgyg Qlielmgjgi Jcplrtlisc ..................................................................

.................................................................. 7=

Ngn 5 Qliutup . .........................................

...............................................................
...............................................
....................................
........... 7:

Dlscfpubgi .............................................................................................. 7:

Ugrgi .................................................
.......................................................................
............................................
..................................
............ 7:

Kghtgr Qustgdg.....................
Qustgdg. ..........................................
............................................
............................................
......................................
................ 73

5
 

NGN C
QLIKGJ\B\GI

G. Bgtgr Nlbgdgim

Jcplrtlisc gtgu tldgigi kgrgj tcimmc gkgbgj plicimdgtgi tldgigi kgrgj

scst`bcd blncj kgrc 7;1 ffJm kgi tldgigi kgrgj kcgst`bcd blncj kgrc 31 ffJm.
Qlicim
Qlicimdgt
dgtgi
gi tldgig
tldgigi
i kgrgj
kgrgj cic nlrbgi
nlrbgimsu
msuim
im kgbgf
kgbgf ogimd
ogimdgg wgdtu
wgdtu ygim
ygim bgfg
bgfg
(plrscstli) kgi kgpgt flicfnubdgi d`fpbcdgsc pgkg mciogb, ogituim, kgi `tgd.
Jgfp
Jgfpcr
cr 7 fcby
fcbygr
gr `r
`rgi
gim
m kc slbur
slburuj
uj ku
kuic
icgg flik
fliklr
lrct
ctgg pl
pliy
iygd
gdct
ct jc
jcpl
plrt
rtli
lisc.
sc. Kc
Gflrcdg Ulrcdgt, jgfpcr 7 kgrc 5 `rgim klwgsg (dcrg-dcrg kgrc =5 outg `rgim)
flfc
flfcbcd
bcdcc kl
klrgo
rgogt
gt tldg
tldgig
igi
i kg
kgrg
rgj
j yg
ygim
im tcim
tcimmc
mc.. Jc
Jcpl
plrt
rtli
lisc
sc flru
flrupg
pgdg
dgi
i hgdt`
hgdt`r 
r 
 plikuduim kgrc ngiygd fgsgbgj pliygdct tlrfgsud fy`egrkcgb cihrgretc`i (FC),
cihrgretc`i (FC),
str`dl, mgmgb ogituim, mgmgb mciogb, kgi oumg fliylngndgi dlfgtcgi. Qgkg tgjui
>11;,, sldctgr <<.111 dlfgtcgi slegrg bgimsuim
>11; bgimsuim flimgrgj dlpgkg jcplrtlisc,
jcplrtlisc, kgi
fliogkc ngjgi plrtcfngimgi kgrc pliylngn 511.111 dlfgtcgi bgciiyg. Utukc kgrc
Gflr
Gflrcd
cdgg \t
\tgrg
grg fliu
fliuou
oudd
ddgi
gi ng
ngjw
jwgg jcpl
jcplrt
rtli
lisc
sc gk
gkgb
gbgj
gj pl
pliy
iyln
lngn
gn ut
utgf
gfgg kg
kgrc
rc
<11.11
<11.111
1 pliygd
pliygdct
ct str
str`dl
`dl (><1.1
(><1.111
11 fgtc)
fgtc) kgi 7.111.
7.111.111
111 FC (<11.1
(<11.111
11 fgtc)
fgtc)
 plrtgjui.
Uurvlc
Uurvlc Igsc`ig
Igsc`igbb dlfngb
dlfngbcc flimug
flimugd
d ngjwg
ngjwg jcplrt
jcplrtlisc
lisc slrcimd
slrcimdgbc
gbc tckgd 
tckgd 
tlrkltldsc, kgi sggt kc kcgmi``sg slrcimdgbc kctgimgi klimgi gkldugt. Kcgitgrg
 pgscli jcplrtlisc, jgiyg ><% pgscli ygim tlrd`itr`b klimgi ngcd. Gkg nudtc ygim
 nlrdlfngim fliygtgdgi citlrgdsc d`fpblds gitgrg nlrngmgc hgdt`r mliltcd kgi
bcimduimg
bcimduimgi
i flfgcidgi
flfgcidgi plrgi plitcim
plitcim kgbgf flilitudgi
flilitudgi rcscd` cikcvcku
cikcvcku kgrc
 nlrfgegf-fgegf pliygdct tlrfgsud jcplrtlisc. Mcns`i (7338) flildgidgi
 ngjwg citlrgdsc gitgrg mli klimgi mli kgi citlrgdsc mli klimgi bcimduimgi gkg
kcfgig
kcfgig-fgi
-fgig,
g, flfnlr
flfnlrcdg
cdgi
i d`fpbl
d`fpbldsc
dsctgs
tgs pgkg
pgkg citlrg
citlrgdsc
dsc citlrf
citlrf`bld
`bldubg
ubgrr ygim
ygim
kcnutujdg
kcnutujdgi
i uitud
uitud flrlmubgsc
flrlmubgsc tgikg mli kgi d`fpbldsct
d`fpbldsctgs
gs jclrgrdcgb
jclrgrdcgb kgrc ecrc-ecrc
ecrc-ecrc
 ngwggi slegrg dugitctgtch.
Gkgg
Gk spld
spldub
ubgs
gscc ygim
ygim fliy
fliygt
gtgd
gdgi
gi ng
ngjw
jwgg jc
jcpl
plrt
rtli
lisc
sc nl
nlrd
rdlf
lfng
ngim
im
kcslngndgi dgrlig ‒lrr`r‖ pgkg systlf rlmubgsc tldgigi kgrgj ygim tld``rkcigsc
klimgi ngcd. Lrr`r kgbgf gbcrgi f`bldubgr, nc`dcfcg, kgi pr`sls mliltce ygim
flrlmubgsc tldgigi kgrg uitud fliylngndgi pliygdct jcplrtlisc.

;
 

N. ^ufusgi Fgsgbgj

Kgrc bgtgr nlbgdgim kc gtgs, kgpgt kcgfncb rufusgi fgsgbgj, ygdic ?

7. Gpg plimlrtcgi kgrc pliygdct jcplrtlisc 0

>. Ngmgcfgig lpcklfc`b`mc pliygdct jcplrtlisc 0

5. Ngmgcfgig pgt`hcsc`b`mc pliygdct jcplrtlisc 0

;. Ngmcgfgi ltc`b`mc pliygdct jcplrtlisc 0

<. Gpg sgog dbgschcdgsc pliygdct jcplrtlisc 0

8. Gpg sgog mlogbg dbcics pliygdct jcplrtlisc 0

=. Gpg sgog hgdt`r rlscd` tlrogkciyg pliygdct jcplrtlisc 0

:. Ngmgcfgig upgyg plielmgjgi kgrc pliygdct jcplrtlisc 0

E. [uougi
Gkgpui tuougi kgrc fgdgbgj cic, ygctu ?
7. \itud flimltgjuc plimlrtcgi kgrc pliygdct jcplrtlisc.

>. \itud flimltgjuc lpcklfc`b`mc pliygdct jcplrtlisc.

5. \itud flimltgjuc pgt`hcsc`b`mc pliygdct jcplrtlisc.

;. \itud flimltgjuc ltc`b`mc pliygdct jcplrtlisc.

<. \itud flimltgjuc ygim tlfgsud dbgschcdgsc pliygdct jcplrtlisc.

8. \itud flimltgjuc mlogbg dbcics pliygdct jcplrtlisc.

=. \itud flimltgjuc ygim tlrfgsud hgdt`r rlscd` tlrogkciyg pliygdct jcplrtlisc.

:. \itud flimltgj
flimltgjuc
uc upgyg plielmgjgi
plielmgjgi kgrc pliygdct
pliygdct jcplrtlisc.
jcplrtlisc.

<
 

NGN CC
QLFNGJGUGI

G. Qlimlrtcgi Jcplrtlisc
Jcplrtlisc gtgu pliygdct kgrgj tcimmc slnligriyg gkgbgj sugtu mgimmugi
 pgkg plfnubuj kgrgj ygim flimgdcngtdgi supbgc `dscmli kgi iutrcsc ygim kcngwg
kcngwg
`blj kgrgj tlrjgfngt sgfpgc dl ogrcimgi tunuj ygim flfnutujdgi. Jcplrtlisc
slrcimd
slrcimdgbc
gbc kcslnu
kcslnutt slngmg
slngmgcc plfnui
plfnuiuj
uj mlbgp,
mlbgp, dgrlig
dgrlig tlrfgs
tlrfgsud
ud pliygd
pliygdct
ct ygim
ygim
flfgtcdgi tgipg kcslrtgc klimgi mlogbg-mlogbgiyg blncj kgjubu slngmgc plrcimgtgi
 ngmc d`rngiiyg. Jcplrtlisc gkgbgj sugtu dlgkggi kcfgig tldgigi kgrgj
flicimdgt flblncjc ngtgs i`rfgb. Ngtgs tldgigi kgrgj i`rfgb nlrvgrcgsc slsugc
klimgi
klimgi uscg.
uscg. Nlrngm
Nlrngmgc
gc tldgig
tldgigi
i kgrgj
kgrgj i`rfgb
i`rfgb nlrvgr
nlrvgrcgs
cgscc slsugc
slsugc klimgi
klimgi uscg.
uscg.
Nlrngmgc
Nlrngmgc hgdt`r
hgdt`r kgpgt flfceu tlrogkciyg jcplrtlisc,
jcplrtlisc, wgbgupui
wgbgupui slngmcgi nlsgr 
(31%)
(31%) pliyln
pliylngn
gn jcplrtl
jcplrtlisc
isc tckgd
tckgd kcdltg
kcdltgjuc
juc (jcplr
(jcplrtli
tlisc
sc lsslitc
lsslitcgb).
gb). Qliyln
Qliylngn
gn
tldgi
tldgigi
gi kg
kgrgj
rgj flic
flicim
imdg
dgtt gk
gkgb
gbgj
gj pl
plic
icim
imdg
dgtg
tgi
i dl
dlelp
elpgt
gtgi
gi kl
kliy
iyud
ud og
ogit
itui
uim,
m,
 plicimdgtgi rlscstlisc (tgjgigi) kgrc plfnubuj kgrgj kgrc tlpc kgi plicimdgtgi
v`bufl gbcrgi kgrgj.
Qliygdct
Qliygdct jcplrtlisc
jcplrtlisc flrupgdgi
flrupgdgi pliygdct
pliygdct dlbgcigi
dlbgcigi ogituim
ogituim ygim kctgikgc
kctgikgc
`blj
`blj flicim
flicimdgt
dgtiyg
iyg tldgig
tldgigi
i kgrgj
kgrgj kgbgf
kgbgf tunuj.
tunuj. Ulsl`r
Ulsl`rgim
gim ygim
ygim tlrogi
tlrogimdc
mdctt
 pliygdct cic ncgsgiyg nlrp`tlisc flimgbgfc pliygdct-pliygdct bgci slplrtc str`dl,
kgi pliygdct ogituim. Kgrc klhcicsc-klhcicsc kcgtgs kgpgt kcplr`blj dlscfpubgi
 ngjwg jcplrtlisc gkgbgj sugtu dlgkggi kcfgig tldgigi kgrgj fliogkc igcd dgrlig
dgrl ig
mgimmugi pgkg plfnubuj kgrgj ygim flimgdcngtdgi supbgc `dscmli kgi iutrcsc
ygim kcngwg `blj kgrg
rgj
j tlrjgfngt sgfpgc dl ogrci
rcimgi tunuj ygim
flfnutujdgiiyg.
Gkgpui dbgschcdgsc tldgigi kgrgj `rgim klwgsg nlruscg 7: tgjui dl gtgs
fliurut O`cit Igtc`igb E`ffcttll `i Qrlvlitc`i, Kltlet`c`i, Lvgbugtc`i, gik
[rlgtflit `h Jcmjt Nb``k Qrlssurl, ygctu ?
Dgtlm`rc Ucst`bcd Kcgst`bcd  
 I`rfgb 2 751 2 :<
[cimmc I`rfgb Jcplrtlisc 751 - 753 :< - :3
Utgkcuf 7 (rcimgi) 7;1 - 7<3 31 - 33

8
 

Utgkcuf > (slkgim) 781 - 7=3 711 - 713

Utgkcuf 5 (nlrgt) 7:1 - >13 771 - 773
Utgkcuf ; (sgimgt nlrgt) 9 >71 9 7>1
N. Lpcklfc`b`
Lpcklfc`b`mc
mc Jcplrtli
Jcplrtlisc
sc
Qliygdct jcplrtlisc flrupgdgi plicimdgtgi tldgigi kgrgj ygim flfnlrc
mlogbg ygim nlrbgiout uitud sugtu tgrmlt `rmgi, slplrtc str`dl uitud `tgd, pliygdct
 ogituim e`r`ilr uitud plfnubuj kgrgj ogituim kgi uitud `t`t ogituim. Qliygdct
cic tlbgj fliogkc fgsgbgj utgfg kgbgf kgbgf dlsljgtgi ygim gkg kc Cik`ilscg
fgupui kc nlnlrgpg ilmgrg ygim gkg kc kuicg. Ulfgdci flicimdgtiyg p`pubgsc
uscg bgiout fgdg oufbgj pgscli klimgi jcplrtlisc dlfuimdcigi nlsgr oumg gdgi
 nlrtgfngj. Kcplrdcrgdgi sldctgr :1% dligcdgi dgsus jcplrtlisc tlrutgfg kc
ilmgrg nlrdlfngim kgrc sloufbgj 853 outg dgsus kc tgjui >111, kcplrdcrgdgi

fliogkc 7,7< fcbygr dgsus kc tgjui >1><.

Qliklrctg jcplrtlisc kc kuicg sggt cic kcplrdcrgdgi fliegpgc blncj kgrc
:11 outg `rgim. Ulngiygd 71-51% kgrc oufbgj plikukud klwgsg jgfpcr kc sltcgp
ilmgrg.
ilmgrg. Nlrkgsg
Nlrkgsgrdg
rdgi
i kgtg
kgtg Bgielt
Bgielt (kgbgf
(kgbgf FeFgrt
FeFgrtjy,
jy, >171),
>171), oufbgj
oufbgj pliklr
pliklrctg
ctg
jcplrtl
jcplrtlisc
isc kc slburuj
slburuj kuicg
kuicg tlrus
tlrus flicim
flicimdgt
dgt.. Kc Cikcg,
Cikcg, pliklr
pliklrctg
ctg jcplrtl
jcplrtlisc
isc
fliegpgc 81,; outg `rgim pgkg tgjui >11> kgi kcplrdcrgdgi 71=,5 outg `rgim pgkg
tgjui >1><. Kc Ecig, 3:,< outg `rgim kgi ngdgb ogkc 7<7,= outg `rgim pgkg tgjui
>1><. Kc ngmcgi bgci kc Gscg, tlregtgt 5:,; pliklrctg jcplrtlisc pgkg tgjui >111
kgi kcplrdcrgdgi fliogkc 8;,= outg `rgim pgkg tgjui >1><.

Qr
Qrlk
lkcd
cdsc
sc cic
cic kckg
kckgsg
sgrd
rdgi
gi pgkg
pgkg gi
gimd
mdgg pl
plik
iklr
lrct
ctgg jc
jcpl
plrt
rtli
lisc
sc ci
cicc kg
kgi
i
 plrtgfngjgi plikukud sggt cic. Gimdg-gimdg prlvgblisc jcplrtlisc kc Cik`ilscg
tlbgj ngiygd kcdufpubdgi kgi fliuiouddgi kc kglrgj plklsggi fgscj ngiygd 
 pliklrctg ygim nlbuf tlrogimdgu `blj plbgygigi dlsljgtgi. Ngcd kgrc slmc egsl
 hcikcim  fgupui
 fgupui pligtgbgdsgiggi plim`ngtgiiyg. Ogimdgugi fgscj sgimgt tlrngtgs
kgi slngmcgi nlsgr pliklrctg jcplrtlisc tckgd flfpuiygc
flfpuiygc dlbujgi. Qrlvgblisc
Qrlvgblisc
tlrngiygd nlrdcsgr gitgrg 8% sgfpgc klimgi 7<%, tltgpc gimdg prlvgblisc ygim
rlikg
rlikgj
j tlrk
tlrkgp
gpgt
gt \img
\imgrg
rgi,
i, Ogwg
Ogwg [lim
[limgj
gj slnlsg
slnlsgrr 7,
7,:%
:% kg
kgi
i Blfn
Blfngj
gj Ngbc
Ngbcf
f
Qlmuiuimgi Ogyg ]cogyg, Crcgi Ogyg slnlsgr 1,8%, slkgimdgi gimdg prlvgblisc

tlrtcimmc kc [gbgim, Uufgtlrg Ngrgt slnlsgr 7=,:%.

=
 

E. Qgt`hcsc`b`mc Jcplrtlisc
Gbk`stlr`i
Gbk`stlr`i flrupgdgi j`rf`il stlr`ck
stlr`ck ygim flfcbcdc plrgigi
plrgigi plitcim
plitcim
 pgkg mgmgb mciogb. \itud flimgtur v`bufl egcrgi ldstrgslbublr, gbk`stlr`i gdgi
flimur
flimurgim
gimcc IgEb
IgEb (mgrgf
(mgrgf)) klimgi
klimgi egrg flrlgn
flrlgns`r
s`rpsc
psciyg
iyg kgrc
kgrc tunubu
tunubuss mciogb.
mciogb.
 Igcdiyg d`islitrgsc IgEb gdgi kclielrdgi dlfngbc klimgi egrg flicimdgtdgi
v`bufl egcrgi ldstrgslbublr ygim pgkg mcbcrgiiyg gdgi flicimdgtdgi v`bufl kgi
tldgigi kgrgj.

:
 

Ulbgci ctu, grtlr`sdblr`

grtlr`sdblr`scs,
scs, mgimmugi
mgimmugi strudtur
strudtur gigt`fc
gigt`fc plfnubuj
plfnubuj kgrgj
 plrchlr ygim nlrbgiout klimgi dldgdugi plfnubuj kgrgj oumg fliylngndgi
jcpl
jcplrtl
rtlis
isc.
c. Dldg
Dldgdu
dugi
gi pl
plfn
fnub
ubuj
uj kg
kgrg
rgj
j kc
kcslr
slrtg
tgcc kl
klim
imgi
gi pl
pliy
iylf
lfpc
pctgi
tgi kg
kgi
i
dlfuimdcigi plfnlsgrgi pbgqul ygim flimjgfngt mgimmugi plrlkgrgi kgrgj
 plrchlr. Dldgdugi kgi dlbgfngigi gbcrgi kgrgj fliylngndgi ngngi ogituim
 nlrtgfngj nlrgt ygim gdjcriyg kcd`fplisgsc klimgi plicimdgtgi upgyg
 plf`fpggi ogituim ygim flfnlrcdgi mgfngrgi plicimdgtgi tldgigi kgrgj
kgbgf scstlf scrdubgsc.
K. Ltc`b`mc
Ltc`b`mc Jcplrtlisc
Jcplrtlisc
Nlrk
Nlrkgs
gsgrd
grdgi
gi pl
pliy
iyln
lngn
gniy
iyg,
g, ltc`
ltc`b`
b`mc
mc jc
jcpl
plrtl
rtlis
iscc kc
kcng
ngmc
mc flio
fliogk
gkcc ku
kugg
m`b`imgi?
7. Jcplr
Jcplrtli
tlisc
sc Lsliscgb  flrupgdgi
Lsliscgb flrupgdgi jcplrtlisc ygim pliylngni
pliylngniyg
yg tckgd kcdltgjuc
kcdltgjuc
(ckc`pgtcd), wgbgupui kcdgctdgi klimgi d`fncigsc hgdt`r mgyg jckup slplrtc
durgim
durgim nlrmlr
nlrmlrgd
gd (cigdt
(cigdtcvc
cvctgs
tgs)) kgi p`bg
p`bg fgdgi.
fgdgi. [lrogk
[lrogkcc pgkg
pgkg sldctg
sldctgrr 31%
 pliklrctg jcplrtlisc (Dlflidls.^C, >17;).
>. Jc
Jcpl
plrt
rtli
lisc
sc Uldu
Ulduiklr. Qr
iklr Qrlv
lvgb
gbli
lisc
sc jcpl
jcplrtl
rtlis
iscc sldui
slduikl
klrr sldct
sldctgr
gr <-
<-:%
:% kg
kgrc
rc
slburuj
slburuj pliklr
pliklrctg
ctg jcplrtl
jcplrtlisc
isc.. Qliyln
Qliylngn
gn jcplrt
jcplrtlis
liscc slduik
slduiklr
lr ygctu
ygctu mciogb
mciogb
(jcplrtlisc
(jcplrtlisc rligb),
rligb), pliygdct
pliygdct lik`drci
lik`drci kgi `ngt. turi`vlr
turi`vlr dgtld`bgfci
dgtld`bgfci ygim
flfgeu strls `dsckgtch.
L. Dbgschcdg
Dbgschcdgsc
sc Jcplrtlisc
Jcplrtlisc
Nlnlrgpg dbgschcdgsc jcplrtlisc gkgbgj slngmgc nlrcdut ?
7. Dbgschcdgsc
Dbgschcdgsc Jcplrtlis
Jcplrtliscc Fliurut
Fliurut Nlitudiyg
Nlitudiyg
 Jcplrtlisc Ucst`bcd   gkgbgj ogituim nlrkliyut tlrbgbu dugt sljcimmg kgpgt
flicimdgtdgi gimdg scst`bcd. [ldgigi scst`bcd nlrdgctgi klimgi tcimmciyg
tldgigi pgkg grtlrc ncbg ogituim nlrd`itrgdsc (kliyut ogituim). Cic gkgbgj
tldgigi fgdscfuf kgbgf grtlrc pgkg sugtu sggt kgi tlrelrfci pgkg jgscb
 plfngeggi tldgigi kgrgj slngmgc tldgigi gtgs ygim icbgciyg blncj nlsgr.
 Jcplrtlisc Kcgst`bcd   tlrogk
tlrogkcc gpgncb
gpgncbgg plfnub
plfnubuj
uj kgrgj
kgrgj dlecb
dlecb fliylf
fliylfpct
pct
slegrg tckgd i`rfgb, sljcimmg flfplrnlsgr tgjgigi tlrjgkgp gbcrgi kgrgj
ygim flbgbuciyg
flbgbuciyg kgi flicimdgtd
flicimdgtdgi
gi tldgigi
tldgigi kcgst`bcdiy
kcgst`bcdiyg.
g. [ldgigi
[ldgigi kgrgj

3
 

kcgst`bcd nlrdgctgi klimgi tldgigi kgbgf grtlrc ncbg ogituim nlrgkg kgbgf
dlgkggi rlbgdsgsc kcgitgrg kug kliyutgi.
>. Dbgschcdgsc
Dbgschcdgsc Jcplrtli
Jcplrtlisc
sc Fliurut
Fliurut Ulngniy
Ulngniygg
 Jcplrtlisc Qrcflr  gkgbgj
gkgbgj sugtu
sugtu d`ikcs
d`ikcscc kc fgig
fgig tldgig
tldgigi
i kgrgj
kgrgj tcimmc
tcimmc
tlrogkc gdcngt kgfpgd kgrc mgyg jckup slsl`rgim kgi hgdt`r bcimduimgi.
Ulsl`r
Ulsl`rgim
gim klimgi
klimgi p`bg
p`bg fgdgi
fgdgi tckgd
tckgd tlrd`it
tlrd`itr`b
r`b gdgi
gdgi nlrkgf
nlrkgfpgd
pgd pgkg
pgkg
dlblncjgi nlrgt ngkgi gtgu ngjdgi `nlsctgs. Jgb cic oumg kcgimmgp slngmgc
 plieltus gwgb pliygdct tldgigi kgrgj tcimmc. Bcimduimgi klimgi tcimdgt
strlss`r tcimmc sgimgt nlrkgfpgd pgkg slsl`rgim sljcimmg flrldg gdjcriyg
flimck
flimckgp
gp pliygd
pliygdct
ct tldgig
tldgigi
i kgrgj
kgrgj tcimmc
tcimmc,, tlrblnc
tlrblncj
j flrldg
flrldg ygim
ygim durgim
durgim
 nlr`bgjrgmg.
 Jcplrtlisc Ulduiklr gkgbgj sugtu d`ikcsc kcfgig flicimdgtiyg tldgigi
kgrgj kcslngndgi
kcslngndgi `blj pliygdct bgciiyg slplrtc mgmgb ogituim,
ogituim, mgmgb mciogb,
gtgu
gtgu dlrusg
dlrusgdgi
dgi scstlf
scstlf j`rf`i
j`rf`i tunuj.
tunuj. Qgkg
Qgkg cnu jgfcb,
jgfcb, djusus
djususiyg
iyg pgkg
pgkg
wgic
wgictg
tg kl
klim
imgi
gi nl
nlrg
rgtt ng
ngkg
kgi
i kc gtgs
gtgs rg
rgtg
tg-rg
-rgtg
tg,, tldgi
tldgigi
gi kg
kgrg
rgj
j ufuf
ufufiy
iygg
flicimdgt sggt dljgfcbgi nlruscg >1 fcimmu.
5. Dbgschcdgsc
Dbgschcdgsc Jcplrtli
Jcplrtlisc
sc Fliurut
Fliurut Mlogbgiy
Mlogbgiygg
 Jcplr
Jcplrtlisc  Nlicmig  gkgbgj dlgkggi jcplrtlisc ygim tckgd flicfnubdgi
tlisc flicfnubdgi
mlogbg-mlogbg, ncgsgiyg kctlfudgi pgkg sggt pliklrctg kceld up.
 Jcpl
Jcplrt
rtlisc  Fgbcmig  gkgbgj
lisc gkgbgj dlgkgg
dlgkggi
i jcplrtl
jcplrtlisc
isc ygim
ygim flfngj
flfngjgyg
gygdgi
dgi
 ncgsgiyg kcslrtgc klimgi dlgkggi dlmgwgtgi ygim flrupgdgi gdcngt
d`fpbcdgsc `rmgi-`rmgi slplrtc `tgd, ogituim, kgi mciogb.
H. Mlogbg
Mlogbg Dbcics
Dbcics Jcplrtlis
Jcplrtliscc
Ulsl`rgim ygim flimckgp jcplrtlisc gdgi flrgsgdgi nlnlrgpg mlogbg
ygim tcfnub. Mlogbg ygim fuieub gdcngt jcplrtlisc, gitgrg bgci slngmgc nlrcdut ?
 Ugdct dlpgbg

 Blfgs

 Fgsgbgj kgbgf plimbcjgtgi

  Iylrc kgkg

Grctfcg (mgimmugi crgfg ogituim)

71
 

 Gkgiyg kgrgj kgbgf urcil

M. Hgdt`r ^lscd`
^lscd` Jcplrtlisc
Jcplrtlisc
Jcpl
Jcplrt
rtli
lisc
sc kcsln
kcslngn
gndg
dgi
i `blj
`blj hg
hgdt
dt`r
`r-hg
-hgdt
dt`r
`r yg
ygim
im kc
kcf`
f`kc
kchc
hcdg
dgsc
sc gt
gtgu
gu
kcdlikgbcdgi slrtg hgdt`r ygim tckgd kgpgt kcf`kchcdgsc.
7. Hgdt`r
Hgdt`r ygim tckgd kgpgt
kgpgt kcf`kchcdgsc
kcf`kchcdgsc gtgu kcdlikg
kcdlikgbcdgi
bcdgi
g) Ml
Mlil
iltc
tcd 
d 
Gkgiyg hgdt`r mliltcd pgkg dlbugrmg tlrtlitu gdgi fliylngndgi
dlbugrmg tlrslnut flfpuiygc rlscd` fliklrctg jcplrtlisc. Cikcvcku klimgi
`rgim tug jcplrtlisc flfpuiygc rlscd` kug dgbc blncj nlsgr uitud fliklrctg
jcplrtl
jcplrtlisc
isc kgrcpg
kgrcpgkg
kg cikcvc
cikcvcku
ku ygim
ygim tckgd
tckgd flfpui
flfpuiygc
ygc dlbugr
dlbugrmg
mg klimgi
klimgi
rcwgygt jcplrtlisc.
n) Olics
Olics Dlbgfc
Dlbgfci
i
Bgdc-bgdc flfpuiygc rlscd` blncj tcimmc uitud fliklrctg jcplrtlisc
blncj
blncj gwgb.
gwgb. Bgdc-bg
Bgdc-bgdc
dc oumg
oumg flfpu
flfpuiyg
iygcc rlscd`
rlscd` ygim
ygim blncj
blncj nlsgr
nlsgr tlrjgkg
tlrjgkgp
p
f`rnckctgs kgi f`rtgbctgs dgrkc`vgsdublr. Ulkgimdgi kc gtgs ufur <1 tgjui
jcplrtlisc blncj ngiygd tlrogkc pgkg plrlfpugi.
e) Ltics
Jcplrtlisc blncj ngiygd tlrogkc pgkg `rgim nlrdubct jctgf kgrcpgkg
ygim
ygim nlrdub
nlrdubct
ct putcj.
putcj. Nlbuf
Nlbuf kcdltg
kcdltgjuc
juc slegrg
slegrg pgstc
pgstc pliyln
pliylngni
gniyg,
yg, igfui
igfui
kgbgf
kgbgf `rgim
`rgim du
dubct
bct jctgf
jctgf kctlfu
kctlfudgi
dgi dgkgr
dgkgr rlici
rlici ygim
ygim blncj
blncj rlikgj
rlikgj kgi
slisctchctgs tlrjgkgp vgs`prlsci blncj nlsgr.
k) Qliygdct
Qliygdct Mciogb
Mciogb
Mciogb flimlikgbcdgi tldgigi kgrgj flbgbuc nlnlrgpg egrg
 Ocdg tldgigi kgrgj flicimdgt, mciogb gdgi fligfngj plimlbugrgi mgrgf
kg
kgi
i gcr,
gcr, yg
ygim
im gd
gdgi
gi fliy
fliyln
lngn
gndg
dgi
i nl
nlrd
rdur
urgi
gimi
miyg
yg v`
v`bu
bufl
fl kg
kgrgj
rgj kg
kgi
i
flimlfngbcdgi tldgigi kgrgj dl i`rfgb.
 Ocdg tldgigi kgrgj fliurui, mciogb gdgi flimurgimc plfnugimgi mgrgf
kgi gcr, sljcimmg v`bufl kgrgj nlrtgfngj kgi tldgigi kgrgj dlfngbc dl
i`rfgb.

77
 

 Mciogb
Mciogb oumg
oumg ncsg
ncsg flicim
flicimdgt
dgtdgi
dgi tldgig
tldgigi
i kgrgj
kgrgj klimgi
klimgi flimjg
flimjgscb
scbdgi
dgi
li
lizc
zcf
f ygim
ygim kcsl
kcslnu
nutt rlic
rlici,
i, ygim
ygim flfc
flfceu
eu pl
plfn
fnli
litu
tudg
dgi
i j`
j`rf
rf`i
`i
gimc`tlisc, ygim slbgioutiyg gdgi flfceu plblpgsgi j`rf`i gbk`stlr`i.
l) @n
@ngt
gt-@
-@ng
ngtg
tgi
i
Qlimmuiggi `ngt-`ngtgi slplrtc nlnlrgpg `ngt j`rf`i (Qcb DN),
D`rtcd`stlr`ck, Ucdb`sp`rci, Lrctr`p`cltci, D`dgci, kgi Dgyu fgics (kgbgf
 oufbgj sgimgt nlsgr), tlrfgsud nlnlrgpg `ngt gitcrgkgim (gitc-cihbgfgsc)
slegrg tlrus flilrus (slrcim) kgpgt flicimdgtdgi tldgigi kgrgj slsl`rgim.
Fciufgi ygim flimgikuim gbd`j`b oumg tlrfgsud sgbgj sgtu hgdt`r ygim
kgpgt flicfnubdgi tlrogkciyg tldgigi kgrgj tcimmc.
h) Qrlldbg
Qrlldbgfpsc
fpsc pgkg Dljgfcbgi
Dljgfcbgi
Qrlldbgfpsc
Qrlldbgfpscgg kgbgf dljgfcbgi gkgbgj gpgncbg
gpgncbg kcoufpgc
kcoufpgc tldgigi
tldgigi
kgrgj 7;1/31 ffJm sltlbgj dljgfcbgi >1 fcimmu (gdjcr trcwubgi dlkug
sgfpgc
sgfpgc trcwubg
trcwubgi
i dltcmg
dltcmg)) gtgu ncsg
ncsg blncj
blncj gwgb
gwgb tlrogkc
tlrogkc.. Qrlldb
Qrlldbgfs
gfscc tlrogkc
tlrogkc
slngmgc gdcngt kgrc mgimmugi huimsc `rmgi gdcngt pliylfpctgi plfnubuj
kgrgj slegrg ufuf ygim flimgdcngtdgi csdlfcg pbgslitg (grc-grc) sljcimmg
 nlrgdcngt durgimiyg pgs`dgi kgrgj ygim
ygim flfngwg iutrcsc dl ogici.
m) Dlr
Dlrgeui
geuigi
gi [cfngb
[cfngb Gdut
[cfngb
[cfngb ncsg
ncsg fliyln
fliylngnd
gndgi
gi blsc
blsc tunubu
tunubuss pr`dsc
pr`dscfgb
fgbcs,
cs, blimdu
blimduim
im
jlibl,
jlibl, slrtg
slrtg fliyln
fliylngnd
gndgi
gi gfci`s
gfci`scku
ckurcg,
rcg, sljcim
sljcimmg
mg tcfnub
tcfnub dlbgci
dlbgcigi
gi pgkg
pgkg
mciogb
mciogb (Qlrgk
(Qlrgkgim
gimgi
gi kgi elklrg
elklrg pgkg
pgkg sgbgj
sgbgj sgtu
sgtu gtgu dlkug mciogb
mciogb)) ncsg
ncsg
fliylngndgi tlrogkciyg tldgigi kgrgj tcimmc .
>. Hgdt`r
Hgdt`r ygim kgpgt kcf`kchc
kcf`kchcdgsc
dgsc gtgu kcdlikgbc
kcdlikgbcdgi
dgi
g) Utrl
rlss
Utrls
Utrls gdgi
gdgi flicim
flicimdgt
dgtdgi
dgi rlscst
rlscstlis
liscc plfnub
plfnubuj
uj kgrgj
kgrgj plrchlr
plrchlr kgi
eurgj ogituim sljcimmg gdgi flistcfubgsc gdtcvctgs sgrgh scfpgtcd. Gkgpui
strls cic kgpgt nlrjunuimgi klimgi pldlroggi, dlbgs s`scgb, ld`i`fc, kgi
dgrgdtlrcstcd plrs`igb.
n) @nl
@nlsct
sctgs
gs
Qlilbc
Qlilbctcgi
tcgi lpcklf
lpcklfc`b
c`b`mc
`mc fliyln
fliylnutd
utdgi
gi gkgiyg
gkgiyg junuim
junuimgi
gi gitgrg
gitgrg
 nlrgt ngkgi klimgi tldgigi kgrgj ngcd pgkg pgscli jcplrtlisc fgupui

7>
 

i`rf`tlisc. Qgkg p`pubgsc ygim tckgd gkg plicimdgtgi nlrgt ngkgi slcrcim
ufur,, tckgd kcoufpgc plicimdgtgi
ufur plicimdgtgi tldgigi
tldgigi kgrgj slsugc plicimdgtgi
plicimdgtgi ufur.
@nlsctgs tlrutgfg pgkg tunuj ngmcgi gtgs klimgi plicimdgtgi oufbgj blfgd 
 pgkg ngmcgi plrut.
e) Iutr
Iutrcs
cscc
U`kcuf gkgbgj pliylngn plitcim kgrc jcplrtlisc lsliscgb, gsupgi
mgrgf ygim tcimmc gdgi fliylngndgi plimlbugrgi nlrblncjgi kgrc j`rf`i
igtrc`urltc
igtrc`urltcd
d ygim slegrg tckgd bgimsuim gdgi flicimdgtd
flicimdgtdgi
gi tldgigi
tldgigi kgrgj.
kgrgj.
Gsupgi mgrgf tcimmc ygim kgpgt flicfnubdgi plrungjgi tldgigi kgrgj
ygim kgpgt tlrkltldsc gkgbgj blncj kgrc 7; mrgf plr jgrc gtgu ocdg kcd`ivlrsc
dlkgbgf tgdgrgi slik`d fgdgi gkgbgj blncj kgrc kug slik`d fgdgi.
k) Flr`
Flr`d`
d`d 
d 
Qlilbctcgi tlrgdjcr fliygtgdgi ngjwg flr`d`d fliogkc sgbgj sgtu
hgdt`r rcscd` jcplrtlisc ygim kgpgt kcf`kchcdgsc. Flr`d`d flrupgdgi hgdt`r 
rcsc
rcscd`
d` ygim
ygim p`tl
p`tlis
iscg
cgbb uitu
uitud
d kctc
kctcgk
gkgd
gdgi
gi kg
kgbg
bgf
f up
upgy
gygg flbg
flbgwg
wgi
i gr
grus
us
 plicimdgtgi jcplrtlisc djususiyg kgi pliygdct
pliygdct dgrkc`vgsdublr slegrg ufuf
kc Cik`ilscg.
l) Dur
Durgim
gim @bgjrg
@bgjrgmg
mg
Mgyg jckup ygim tckgd gdtch (fgbgs nlr`bgj rgmg) ncsg flfceu
tlrogkciyg jcplrtlisc pgkg `rgim-`rgim flfcbcdc dlpldggi ygim kcturuidgi.
J. Kcgmi`scs kgi Citlrvlisc
Citlrvlisc Jcplrtlisc
Jcplrtlisc
7. Gigfilsg
Jcplrtlisc prcflr tckgd flfnlrcdgi dlbujgi kgi tgikg dbcics djusus,
tlt
tltgpc
gpc dgkgim
dgkgim tlrkgp
tlrkgpgt
gt dlbujg
dlbujgi
i pu
pusci
scim,
m, sgdct
sgdct dlpgbg
dlpgbg,, fcmrgc
fcmrgcgi,
gi, rgsg nlrgt
nlrgt
kctlimdud, susgj tckur, duigim-duigim, fukgj fgrgj, rgsg blbgj, pgbpctgsc,
i`dtur
i`dturcg,
cg, lpcstgd
lpcstgdscs,
scs, mlbcsgj
mlbcsgj,, fudg
fudg flrgj.
flrgj. Dlbujg
Dlbujgi
i bgc
bgci
i slsugc
slsugc `rmgi
`rmgi ygim
ygim
tlrdli
tlrdligg gtgu
gtgu d`fpbc
d`fpbcdgs
dgscc ygim
ygim flicfn
flicfnubd
ubdgi
gi mlogbg
mlogbg gitgrg
gitgrg bgc
bgci
i cisuhc
cisuhcscli
sclisc
sc
scrd
scrdub
ubgs
gscc `tgd
`tgd kg
kgi
i ogitu
ogituim
im,, pl
plrk
rkgrg
grgjg
jgi
i pg
pgkg
kg rl
rltc
tcig
ig,, mg
mgmg
mgbb og
ogit
itui
uim
m dc
dcrc
rc..
Kcgmi`
Kcgmi`scs
scs jcplrtl
jcplrtlisc
isc kcbgdu
kcbgdudgi
dgi ocdg
ocdg dligcd
dligcdgi
gi tldgig
tldgigi
i kgrgj
kgrgj cic nlrschg
nlrschgtt
fliltgp pgkg plflrcdsggi ubgim kgbgf durui wgdtu 7-> fcimmu. Fligiygdgi

75
 

 nlrgpg bgfg, rcwgygt pliygdct, rcwgygt fciuf `ngt, rcwgygt pliygdct ogituim,
rcwgygt dlbugrmg.
>. Qlflrcdsggi Hcscd 
Kc
Kcbg
bgdu
dudg
dgi
i kl
klim
imgi
gi fliu
fliudu
durr tl
tldg
dgig
igi
i kg
kgrg
rgj
j pg
pgkg
kg dl
dlku
kugg bl
blim
imgi
gi
slngiygd kug dgbc gtgu blncj klimgi citlrvgb wgdtu 7-> fcimmu. Nlrkgsgrdgi
OIE ([jl O`cit E`ffcttll `i Kltletc`i, Lvgbugtc`i gik [rlgtflit `h jcmj
 nb``k prlssurl) XCC.
Dbgschcdgsc Ucst`bcd Kcgst`bcd Qlrungjgi Mgyg Jckup
 I`rfgb 2 7>1 kgi 2 :1 Qlrtgjgidgi
Qrl Jcplrtlisc 7>1 - 753 gtgu :1 - :3 +
Jcplrtlisc [d C 7;1 - 7<3 gtgu 31 - 33 ++
Jcplrtlisc [d CC ≬ 781 gtgu ≬ 711 +++
5. Qlflrcdsggi Qliuiogim Kcgmi`stcd 

Ulnlbuf kcnugt kcgmi`scs jcplrtlisc kcplrbudgi plimudurgi nlrubgim

 pgbcim tckgd pgkg tcmg dlslfpgtgi ygim nlrnlkg slbgfg ; - 8 fcimmu.
Qlimud
Qlimudurg
urgi
i kc rufgj
rufgj kgpgt
kgpgt flimmu
flimmuigd
igdgi
gi shcmf`
shcmf`fgi
fgi`fl
`fltlr
tlr ygim
ygim tlpgt
tlpgt
sljcimmg fligfngj oufbgj plimudurgi uitud gigbcscs. Kcgmi`stcd jcplrtlisc
kcplr`
kcplr`blj
blj flbgbu
flbgbucc gigfil
gigfilscs
scs flimli
flimligc
gc dlbujg
dlbujgi
i pgscli,
pgscli, rcwgyg
rcwgygtt pliygd
pliygdct
ct
kgjubu kgi pliygdct dlbugrmg, plflrcdsggi hcscd flbcputc plimudurgi tldgigi
kgrgj,
kgrgj, plflrcd
plflrcdsggi
sggi huikus
huikusd`p
d`pc,
c, plimud
plimudurg
urgi
i ciklds
ciklds fgssg
fgssg tunuj
tunuj (CF[),
(CF[),
 plflrcdsggi blimdgp ogituim kgi pgru-pgru, plflrcdsggi gnk`fli uitud 
flbcjg
flbcjgtt plfnls
plfnlsgrgi
grgi mciogb
mciogb,, fgssg
fgssg citrg
citrg gnk`fc
gnk`fcigb
igb,, kgi pu
pubpg
bpgsc
sc g`rtg
g`rtg ygim
ygim

gni`rfgb, pgbpgsc ldstrlfctgs ngwgj uitud flbcjgt gkgiyg lklfg kgi kliyut
igkc, slrtg plflrcdsggi ilur`b`mcs.
Ulbg
Ulbgci
ci pl
plfl
flrc
rcds
dsggi
ggi hcsc
hcscd
d kcpl
kcplrb
rbud
udgi
gi ou
oumg
mg tl
tlss bg
bgn`
n`rg
rgt`
t`rc
rcuf
uf kg
kgi
i
 pr`slkur kcgmi`stcd bgciiyg. [ls bgn`rgt`rcuf flbcputc urcigbcs rutci, Nb``k
\rluf Ictr`mli (N\I), kgi drlgtcici slruf uitud flflrcdsg dlgkggi mciogb,
 plimudurgi dgkgr lbldtr`bct tlrutgfg dgbcuf uitud flikltldsc gbk`tlr`icsfl,
 plflrcdsggi dgkgr mbud`sg kgrgj uitud flbcjgt gkgiyg kcgnltls flbbctus,
 plflrcdsggi dgkgr d`blstr`b kgi trcmbcslrckg uitud flbcjgt gkgiyg rlscd`
gtlr`mlilscs
gtlr`mlilscs,, slrtg plflrcdsggi dgkgr gsgf urgt nlrdgctgi klimgi tlrgpc ygim

flflrbu
flflrbudgi
dgi kcurlt
kcurltcd.
cd. Ulkgim
Ulkgimdgi
dgi pr`slk
pr`slkur
ur kcgmi`
kcgmi`stc
stcd
d bgci slplrtc
slplrtc r`itml
r`itmli
i

7;
 

 ngmcgi kgkg (lbldtr`dgrkc`mrghc) oumg kcplrbudgi uitud flbcjgt dlgkggi

 ogituim kgi plfnubuj g`rtg slrtg flfnlrcdgi cih`rfgsc tlitgim stgtus dlrog
 ogituim.
;. Qlim`ngtgi Jcplrtlisc
[uougi plim`ngtgi pgscli jcplrtlisc gkgbgj slngmgc nlrcdut ?
 [grmlt tldgigi kgrgj ygctu 2 7;1/31 ffJm kgi uitud cikcvcku nlrcscd`
tcimmc slplrtc kcgnltls flbbctus kgi mgmgb mciogb, tgrmlt tldgigi kgrgj gkgbgj
2 751/:1 ffJm.
 Qliuruigi f`rnckctgs kgi f`rtgbctgs dgrkc`vgsdublr.

 Flimjgfngt bgou pliygdct mciogb.

Gkgpui plim`ngtgi jcplrtlisc tlrkcrc kgrc ?
g) I`
I`i
i Hgrfg
Hgrfgd`b
d`b`mc
`mcss
[lrgpc
[lrgpc i`i hgrfgd`
hgrfgd`b`m
b`mcs
cs tlrkcrc
tlrkcrc kgrc
kgrc flimjl
flimjlitc
itcdgi
dgi dlncgsg
dlncgsggi
gi
flr`d`
flr`d`d,
d, fliuru
fliuruidg
idgi
i nlrgt
nlrgt ngkgi,
ngkgi, flimjl
flimjlitc
itcdgi
dgi d`isuf
d`isufsc
sc gbd`j`
gbd`j`bb
 nlrblncj, gsupgi
g supgi mgrgf kgi gsupgi
gs upgi blfgd, bgtcjgi hcscd slrtg flicimdgtdgi
d`isufsc nugj kgi sgyur.
 Fliuru
Fliuruidg
idgi
i nlrgt
nlrgt ngkgi
ngkgi ncbg
ncbg stgtus
stgtus mczc
mczc nlrbln
nlrblncj.
cj. Qlicim
Qlicimdgt
dgtgi
gi nlrgt
nlrgt
 ngkgi kc uscg klwgsg sgimgt nlrplimgruj tlrjgkgp tldgigi kgrgjiyg.
@blj dgrlig ctu, fgigolfli nlrgt ngkgi sgimgt plitcim kgbgf prlvlisc
kgi d`itr`b jcplrtlisc.
 Flicimdgtdgi gdtcvctgs hcscd. @rgim ygim gdtcvctgsiyg rlikgj nlrcscd`
tlrdlig jcplrtlisc 51-<1% kgrc pgkg ygim gdtch. @blj dgrlig ctu, gdtcvctgs
hcscd gitgrg 51-;< flict slngiygd 9 5x/jgrc plitcim slngmgc plielmgjgi
 prcflr kgrc jcplrtlisc.
 Flimur
Flimurgim
gimcc gsupgi
gsupgi igtrcu
igtrcuf.
f. Gpgncb
Gpgncbgg kclt
kclt tckgd
tckgd flfngi
flfngitu
tu kgbgf
kgbgf 8
 nubgi, fgdg plrbu plfnlrcgi `ngt gitc jcplrtlisc `blj k`dtlr.
k`dtlr.
 Fliuruidgi d`isufsc dghlci kgi gbd`j`b. Dghlci kgpgt flfgeu ogituim
 nldlrog blncj elpgt, sljcimmg flimgbcrdgi blncj ngiygd egcrgi pgkg
sltcgp kltcdiyg. Ulflitgrg d`isufsc gbd`j`b blncj kgrc >-5 mlbgs/jgrc
kgpgt flicimdgtdgi rcscd` jcplrtlisc.
n) Hg
Hgrfg
rfgd`b
d`b`mc
`mcss

7<
 

[lrgpc hgrfgd`b`mcs ygctu `ngt gitcjcplrtlisc ygim kcgiourdgi `blj

OIE XCC, ygctu
ygctu kcurlt
kcurltcdg
cdg,, tlrutg
tlrutgfg
fg olics
olics tjcgzckl
tjcgzckl   ([jcgz) gtgu gbk`stlr`i
gitgm`
gitgm`ics
ics,, nltg nb`edlr , egbecuf ejgilb nb`edlr   gtgu
gtgu egbecuf gitgm`icst ,
gimc`
imc`tlisci
tlisci e`ivlrtcim
e`ivlrtcim lizyfl cijcnct`r
cijcnct`r (G
(GEL
ELC)
C),, gim
gimc`t
c`tlis
lisci
ci CC rlelpt`r 
nb`edlr  (G[7)
 (G[7) gtgu rlelpt`r gitgm`icst nb`edlr (G^N).
<. ^ljgncbctgsc
^ljg
^ljgnc
ncbc
bctgs
tgscc flru
flrupg
pgdg
dgi
i up
upgy
gygg pl
plrn
rngc
gcdg
dgi
i kgfp
kgfpgd
gd il
ilmg
mgtc
tcvl
vl kg
kgrc
rc
jcplrtlisc ygim tckgd ncgs kc`ngtc. \pgyg ygim kgpgt kcbgdudgi `blj pliklrctg
jcplrtlisc gitgrg bgci klimgi plrungjgi p`bg fgdgi kgi mgyg jckup sljgt ygim
jgrus
jgrus kcbgdu
kcbgdudgi
dgi slegrg
slegrg d`itci
d`itciuf
uf slplrt
slplrtcc fliuru
fliuruidg
idgi
i nlrgt
nlrgt ngkgi
ngkgi jcimmg
jcimmg
fliegpgc nlrgt ngkgi cklgb, nlr`bgjrgmg, kgi p`bg fgdgi slcfngim slplrtc
flicimdgtdgi tldgigi kgrgj ngmc `rgim ygim flfcbcdc slischctgs mgrgf. \itud 
rljgnc
rljgncbct
bctgsc
gsc jcplrt
jcplrtlis
liscc dr`ics
dr`ics ygim
ygim sukgj
sukgj sgimgt
sgimgt subct
subct uitud
uitud kcslfn
kcslfnujd
ujdgi
gi
gkgbgj
gkgbgj nlrusgj
nlrusgjgg slfgds
slfgdscfg
cfgbb fuimdc
fuimdci
i gmgr
gmgr tldgig
tldgigi
i kgrgji
kgrgjiyg
yg slgbu
slgbu nlrgkg
nlrgkg
kgbgf dlgkggi ygim stgncb klimgi flbgdudgi jgb-jgb ygim tlbgj kcolbgsdgi
kcgtgs
kcgtgs dgrlig
dgrlig gpgncb
gpgncbgg tldgig
tldgigi
i kgrgj
kgrgj flb`io
flb`iogd
gd klimgi
klimgi krgstc
krgstcss kgi tcng-tc
tcng-tcng
ng
(drcscs jcplrtlisc) fgdg kcsgigbgj jgb ygim nurud gdgi tlrogkc pgkg kcrciyg.
8. Qr`mi`scs
Qr`mi`scs ngmc pliklrctg jcplrtlisc gkgbgj ngcd ncbg tlrkltldsc slegrg
kcic kgi slmlrg flikgpgt plim`ngtgi, nlmctu pubg klimgi slngbcdiyg. Ocdg
jcplrtlisc tckgd kcsgkgrc kgi tckgd kcbgdudgi plim`ngtgi klimgi slmlrg slrtg
tckgd pubg kcdlikgbcdg
kcdlikgbcdgi
i fgdg pr`mi`scs
pr`mi`scs gdgi fliogkc nurud kgi jgiyg
jgiyg kgpgt
kcdlikgbcdgi gmgr tldgigi kgrgj pliklrctg stgncb.
C. \pgyg Qlielmgj
Qlielmgjgi
gi Jcplrtli
Jcplrtlisc
sc
Ul
Ulnl
nlbu
buf
f pliy
pliygd
gdct
ct jcpl
jcplrt
rtli
lisc
sc fl
fliy
iylr
lrgi
gim,
m, gd
gdgi
gi bl
blnc
ncj
j ng
ngcd
cd ocdg
ocdg
flielmgjiyg tlrblncj kgjubu. Egrg ygim tlpgt uitud flielmgj jcplrtlisc, ygctu ?
7. [ckgd
[ckgd flr`d`d
flr`d`d dgrlig
dgrlig icd`tc
icd`tci
i kgpgt fli
fliyln
ylngnd
gndgi
gi ogituim
ogituim nlrkliy
nlrkliyut
ut blncj
blncj
elpgt kgi fliylfpctdgi plfnubuj kgrgj dlecb ygim fliylngndgi ogituim
tlrpgdsg flf`fpg blncj dugt uitud flfliujc dlplrbugi tunuj dctg.

78
 

>. Durg
Durgim
imcc d`fsu
`fsuf
fsc mgrg
mgrgf
f dgrl
dgrlig
ig mgr
grgf
gf nlrb
nlrbln
lncj
cj kgb
gbgf
gf kgr
grgj
gj kgp
gpgt
gt
fliylngndgi blncj ngiygd gcr ygim kcscfpgi kgi cic flimgdcngtdgi tldgigi
kgrgj fliogkc tcimmc.
5. Durgim
Durgimcc blfgd,
blfgd, blfgd ygim
ygim nlrbln
nlrblncj
cj gdgi
gdgi tlrdufpu
tlrdufpubb kc sldcbcbc
sldcbcbcim
im plfnubu
plfnubuj
j
kgrgj kgi fliogkcdgiiyg tlngb kgi dgdu.
;. Qlrt
Qlrtgj
gjgi
gidg
dgi
i nlr
nlrgt
gt ng
ngkg
kgi
i ckl
cklgb
gb..
<. @b
@bgj
gjrg
rgmg
mg sl
sleg
egrg
rg tlrg
tlrgtu
tur.
r.
8. Jc
Jcik
ikgr
grcc d`is
d`isuf
ufsc
sc gbd
gbd`j
`j`b
`b..
=. D`isufsc
D`isufsc fgdgig
fgdgigi
i sljgt,
sljgt, rlikgj
rlikgj blfgd,
blfgd, dgyg
dgyg vctgfci,
vctgfci, kgi fcilrgb
fcilrgb gbgfc.
gbgfc.
:. Ql
Qlie
ielm
lmgj
gjgi
gi pr
prcf
cf`r
`rkc
kcgb
gb..
3. Qr`f`
r`f`sc
sc dlsl
dlslj
jgtgi
gtgi..
71. Qr`tldsc
Qr`tldsc kcic ? durgimc
durgimc mgrgf
mgrgf slngmgc
slngmgc sgbgj sgtu hgdt`r
hgdt`r rlscd`.
rlscd`.
77. Kcgmi`sl
Kcgmi`sl kcic
kcic ? serllicim,
serllicim, plflrcdsgg
plflrcdsggi/ejle
i/ejled-up.
d-up.
7>. Qlim`ngtgi
Qlim`ngtgi tlpgt
tlpgt ? slmlrg flikgpgtdgi
flikgpgtdgi plim`ngtg
plim`ngtgi
i d`fprljlisch
d`fprljlisch kgi dgusgb
dgusgb
gwgb dlbujgi.
75
75.. ^ljg
^ljgnc
ncbc
bctg
tgsc
sc ? up
upgy
gygg pl
plrn
rngc
gcdg
dgi
i kg
kgfp
fpgd
gd bg
bgio
iout
ut jc
jcpl
plrtl
rtlis
iscc yg
ygim
im tckg
tckgd
d nc
ncgs
gs
kc`ngtc.

7=
 

NGN CCC
QLI\[\Q

G. Dlscfpubgi
Dlscfpubgi
Jcplrtl
Jcplrtlisc
isc gkgbgj
gkgbgj sugtu
sugtu dlgkgg
dlgkggi
i kcfgig
kcfgig tldgig
tldgigi
i kgrgj
kgrgj fliogk
fliogkcc igcd 
igcd 
dgrlig mgimmugi pgkg plfnubuj kgrgj ygim flimgdcngtdgi supbgc `dscmli kgi
iu
iutrc
trcsc
sc yg
ygim
im kcng
kcngwg
wgj
j `blj
`blj kg
kgrgj
rgj tlrj
tlrjgf
gfngt
ngt sg
sgfg
fgpc
pc dl og
ogrc
rcim
imgi
gi tu
tunu
nuj
j yg
ygim
im
flfnutujdg
flfnutujdgiiyg.
iiyg. Dbgschcdgsc jcplrtlisc
jcplrtlisc fliurut
fliurut ]J@ kcnlkgdgi
kcnlkgdgi fliogkc
fliogkc ;
ygctu, i`rfgb, prl-jcplrtlisc, jcplrtlisc stgml 7, kgi jcplrtlisc stgml >. Jcplrtlisc
subct
subct kcsgkg
kcsgkgrc
rc `blj
`blj slsl`rg
slsl`rgim
im dgrlig
dgrlig jcplrtl
jcplrtlisc
isc tckgd
tckgd flfcbc
flfcbcdc
dc mlogbg
mlogbg djusus
djusus..
Mlogbg
Mlogbg rcimgi
rcimgi jcplrtl
jcplrtlisc
isc gkgbgj
gkgbgj puscim
puscim,, mlbcsgj
mlbcsgj,, fcfcsg
fcfcsgi,
i, kgi sgdct
sgdct dlpgbg
dlpgbg..
Qliylngn
Qliylngn jcplrtlisc
jcplrtlisc kcnlkgdgi fliogkc >, ygctu jcplrtlisc
jcplrtlisc prcflr
prcflr kgi jcplrtlisc
slduiklr.
slduiklr. Hgdt`r
Hgdt`r rlscd` jcplrtlisc
jcplrtlisc kcnlkgdgi
kcnlkgdgi fliogkc kug, ygctu hgdt`r
hgdt`r rlscd`
ygim tckgd kgpgt kcdlikgbcdgi kgi kgpgt kcdlikgbcdgi.
Qgt`hc
Qgt`hcsc`
sc`b`m
b`mcsi
csiyg
yg gkgbgj
gkgbgj sggt flimgt
flimgtur
ur v`bufl
v`bufl egcrgi
egcrgi ldstrgs
ldstrgslbu
lbublr,
blr,
gbk
gbk`stl
stlr`i gdgi flimurg
rgi
imc ldsdrl
sdrlssc IgEb
gEb (m
(mggrg
rgf
f) klimgi egcrgi
flrlgns`rpsc
flrlgns`rpsciyg
iyg kgrc tunubus
tunubus mciogb.
mciogb. Igcdiyg
Igcdiyg d`islitrgsc
d`islitrgsc IgEb gdgi kclielrdgi
dlfngbc klimgi egrg flicimdgtdgi v`bufl ldstrgslbublr ygim pgkg mcbcrgiiyg
gdgi flicimdgtdgi
flicimdgtdgi v`bufl kgi tldgi
tldgigi
gi kgrgj.
kgrgj. D`fpbcdgsc
D`fpbcdgsc ygim tlrogkc pgkg
 pliklrctg jcplrtlisc gkgbgj str`dl, cihgrd fc`dgrk, mgmgb mciogb, lislhgb`pgtc, kgi
dlogim.. Qligtgbgdsgi
dlogim Qligtgbgdsgiggi
ggi jcplrtlisc
jcplrtlisc gkgbgj klimgi
klimgi tlrgpc tgipg `ngt (kclt, bgtcjgi
bgtcjgi
hcscd, kgi lkudgsc pscd`b`mc) kgi tlrgpc `ngt (plim`ngtgi kgi h`bb`w up). Egrg
flie
flielm
lmgj
gj pl
pliy
iygd
gdct
ct jcpl
jcplrt
rtli
lisc
sc gk
gkgb
gbgj
gj flfp
flfplr
lrtg
tgjgi
jgidg
dgi
i nl
nlrgt
rgt ng
ngkg
kgi
i ck
cklg
lgb,
b,
flfplr
flfplrngcd
ngcdcc p`bg
p`bg fgdgi,
fgdgi, kclt
kclt rlikgj
rlikgj s`kcuf
s`kcuf,, gdtcvc
gdtcvctgs
tgs hcscd
hcscd (glr`nc
(glr`ncd),
d), tckgd 
tckgd 
flfciu
flfciuf
f gbd`j`
gbd`j`bb kgi nlrjli
nlrjlitc
tc flr`d`
flr`d`d,
d, flicim
flicimdgt
dgtdgi
dgi d`isuf
d`isufsc
sc nugj
nugj kgi
sgyur, kgi fliuruidgi gsupgi blfgd.
N. Ugrgi

Qliubcs fliygkgrc ngjwg fgdgbgj cic fgscj oguj kgrc dlslfpuriggi

ygim kcjgrgpdgi, dgrlig fgscj tlrngtgsiyg plimltgjugi pliubcs. @blj dgrlig ctu,
 pliubcs flimjgrgpdgi drctcd kgi sgrgi ygim schgtiyg flfngimui. Fgdgbgj cic
 plrbu kcdgoc ubgim gmgr kgpgt slfpurig kgi fgdgbgj cic jgrus kcmuigdgi
slngmgcfgig flstciyg.

7:
 

KGH[G^ Q\U[GDG

Muig
Muigwg
wgi,
i, Bgiy
Bgiy.. >177
>177..  Jcplrtlisc ? [ldgigi Kgrgj [cimmc.
[cimmc. S`my
S`mygd
gdgr
grtg
tg ?
Dgicscus.
U`nlb, Ngrry O, lt gbb. 7333. Jcplrtlisc
7333.  Jcplrtlisc ? Qlk`fgi Dbcics Kcgmi`scs kgi [lrgpc.
[lrgpc.
Ogdgrtg ? Jcp`drgtls.
G. Ngsocrukkci. - . [jl Fgigmlflit `h Jyplrtlisc`i t` Qrlvlit Utr`dl.
Utr`dl . Klpt. `h 
 Ilur`b`my Flkcegb Hgeubty \icvlrscty `h Gikgbgs ? Flkgi.

73