Research Journal of Engineering Technology and Management (ISSN: 2582-0028), Volume 01, Issue 01, December-2018

Available at www.rjetm.in/

Geospatial Techniques in Water Distribution System - A Review

Arun Patel and Pramesh Pauranik

Vedica Institute of Technology, RKDF University, Bhopal, INDIA

arunpatel123@gmail.com

* Corresponding Author: Arun Patel

Abstract

Various problem are encountered in water distribution system such Adequate Pressure, Water quality, Method of
distribution (Demand Driven Analyses (DDA) and other is Pressure Driven Analyses (PPA), Estimation of Water
Demand (Population based /Landused based etc. Authors had used various information system to handle spatial data in
water distribution but Geoinformatic system (remote sensing (RS), geographical information systems (GIS) and
Differential Global Positioning Systems (DGPS)) plays a vital role in handle the spatial data for water distribution
system. water distribution hydraulic software leverage the spatial analysis abilities of GIS software and use source data
types such as geocoded, billing meter records, water production data, census tracts, land use zoning, traffic analysis
zones, meter routes and demand density information.

Keywords: Water demand, Geoinformatic, Population, hydraulic software.

I. INTRODUCTION
The constantly growing demand of water for the various activities such as Domestic, Agriculture, Industry, Irrigation
etc, required large amount of water (Thakur et al. 2011c) and due to climate change and erratic rainfall in successive years
effect in considerable depletion of ground water this makes the problem more serious in Bhopal city particularly in semi-
arid and hard rock terrains (Tabesh et al. 2010, Singh et al. 2011b, Patel et al., 2013). Previously water supply systems
were designed and built some decades ago. Therefore, water utilities are currently challenged to keep their systems
operational, efficient and reliable so that water is provided in sufficient quantity and quality to the populations. Pressure in
water demand supply play an important role because without an adequate pressure to fulfilled demand at specific node is
importance. Pressure control is never be solution because it increases the side effects such as leakage, busting and to some
extended to water hammering (Zyoud 2003). Various problems are encountered in water distribution system such
Adequate Pressure, Water quality (Pasha et al.,2005), Method of distribution (Demand Driven Analyses (DDA) and
Pressure Driven Analyses (PPA) (Jacobs and Strijdom 2009)), Estimation of Water Demand(Population based /Landused
based (Goulter et al. 1985; Foxon et al. 2000; Thomas et al. 2000 Laura et al. 2007;Singh et al. 2011a,) etc.
Geospatial technology refers to technology used for estimation, measurement, analysis and visualization of features or
phenomena that occur on the earth (Thakur et al. 2011a). Geospatial techniques provide ample scope towards this initiative
for proper management of natural resources. The planning and management task is hampered due to insufficient
information on rates of Land Use/Land Cover (LULC) change. The LULC changes occur naturally in a progressive and
gradual way, however sometimes it may be rapid and abrupt due to anthropogenic activities (Patel et al.,2014). Geospatial
technology includes various technologies specially related to mapping features on the surface of the earth by and are
mainly remote sensing (RS), geographical information systems (GIS) and Differential Global Positioning Systems (DGPS)
(Thakur et al. 2011b).
Remote Sensing (RS) data at different time interval help in analyzing the rate of change as well as in identifying causal
factors or drivers of changes. Hence it is having a significant role in regional planning at different spatial and temporal
scales (Ramachandra and Uttam, 2004). By using remote sensing, high-resolution satellites images like CATOSAT,
QUICKBIRD, IKONOS and SPOT can be used to study water supply network analysis. These high resolution satellite
images are used for the land use/land cover (LULC) analysis of any terrain. Land use cannot be read and interpreted
directly from satellite imagery (Gautam et al., 2017; Patel et al., 2014). Therefore, it has to be inferred from the land cover
seen in the area. Land use is a dynamic phenomena and it changes from one season to another. That why we use temporal
spatial data for evaluating the change in terrain. Various spatial data can be used to model the efficient use of water
resources and also to perform different simulations. Laura et al. (2007) have used three basic types of models of water
demand projection based on population information, land-use information and customer billing records. LULC change
information has a vital role to play at local and regional as well as at macro level planning of natural resources. The
analysis of each spatial individual component should be evaluated as a whole, integrated system to understand the
adequacy and reliability of the complete water supply delivery system should be developed on land use based method
(Shamsi, 2005). Land use based allocation of water demand was suggested by using polygon based overlaying techniques.

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LULC categories such as commercial, industrial and public were overlaid on demographic data and used for calculation of
water demand (Alan, 1999).
Water demand is based on land use can change from seasonal to season. So, predict of the accurate water demand is
difficult. GIS is the powerful tool in storing the spatial information as input, store, retrieve, manipulate analyze and output.
All the land use information are store as spatial data base in the form of thematic maps and future analysis can be done
using tool in ArcGIS 9.2 (Yan et al., 2009). The land use which is completely computer based GIS method to analyses
scarcity of water, there is urgent need to monitor the available water resources with geospatial techniques using high
resolution satellite image and long with extensive field survey for preparing land use mapping and geo data base in GIS
will help in over come in fulfilling requirement of water. The hydraulic model in EPANET with ArcGIS for performing
the spatial analysis need to be integrated for overlay network analysis with WDS parameters and there relation with other
factor such as pressure drop for water demand and supply (Venkatarao 2010).
Differential Global Positioning System(DGPS) which is used is Magellan PROMARK3 single band External Antenna
- is used for marking the geographical (Lat/Long) of ground control point (GCP). Then using this GCP’s geo-registration
of satellite image is done. DGPS is also use for laying the precise Lat/Long of junction, pipes, valves pump and tanks on
the field and thematic maps are built in Arc GIS 9.2. It is used for spatial data collection such location of valve, joints,
pipe, tube well etc (Patel et al.2013; Slobodanka et al. 2010).
II. CONCLUSIONS
Geospatial techniques provide tools to combine the large amount of data bases from different sources to handle water
distribution system. It can combines various information into a single function for any queries such as updating of the
water demand allocation and their management in water distribution system. The best approach for the calculation of
demand from various databases is depends upon the quality and type of data, suitable methods, accuracy and the available
budget of the work. Geospatial techniques play a vital role in handling the spatial data with desired accuracy and
precisions.
REFERENCES
Alan, W. M. (1999). Population and demand allocation using polygon overlay Techniques. Proceeding of ESRI, pp.552, available:
http://proceedings.esri.com/library/userconf/proc99/pr oceed/papers/pap552/p552.htm
Foxon, T., Butler, D., Dawes, J., Hutchinson, D., Leach, M., Pearson, P. & Rose, D., 2000. An assessment of water demand management options from
a systems approach. Water and Environment Journal, 14 (3), 171-178.
Gautam, S., and Arun Patel., 2017. Prediction of water demand from Land use information using Geoinformatic Techniques and Its comparison with
Conventional Methods:A Case Study for Bhopal City.International Journal of Trend in Research and Development, 4(4),750-756.
Goulter, I. & Kettler, A., 1985. A analysis of pipe breakage in urban water distribution network. Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering, 12, 286-293.
Jacobs, H. & Strijdom, J., 2009. Evaluation of minimum residual pressure as design criterion for south african water distribution systems. Water SA
(Online), 35 (2), 183-191.
Laura, B., Hart, V. & Darkwah, S., 2007. Effect of gis -based demand allocation on water distribution system modelling. Florida Water Resources
Journal, 15-19.
Pasha, M.F.K. & Lansey, K., 2005. Analysis of uncertainty on water distribution hydraulics and water quality, impacts of global climate change. World
water and environmental resourcescongress. Anchorage, Alaska.
Patel. A., and Katiyar, S., 2014. Prediction of water demand and water storage capacity of municipal system by using geospatial techniques. Journal of
Geomatics. 8(1),78-83.
Patel. A., and Katiysr, S., 2013. Prediction Of Water Demand In Water Distribution System Using Geospatial Techniques. European International
Journal of Science and Technology (EIJST). 2(10),121-133.
Ramachandra, T. V. and K. Uttam (2004). Geographic resources decision support system for land use, land cover dynamics analysis. Proceedings of the
FOSS/GRASS Users Conference - Bangkok, Thailand, Vol. 8, pp. 12-14.
Rossman, L.A., Information, C.F.E.R., Research, E.U.D.a.E.P.a.O.O., Development & Laboratory, N.R.M.R., 2000. Epanet 2: Users manual.
Slobodanka, K., E. Hadzic and D. Bijedic (2010). Application of GPS and GIS methods in the process of water management. Balwois 2010-Ohrid,
Republic of Macedonia, 25-29 May.

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TABLE I. EXISTING LAND USE CATEGORIES OF THE STUDY AREA

Total Area in
S. No. Land use Categories Area in %
Square meter

2 V.I.P Guest house 356.281491 0.0181998

3 Faculty Guest house 981.508577 0.0501381
4 Type-1(2no) 625.3032 0.0319421
5 Type-2(5no) 1237.399 0.0632097
6 Type-3(38no) 3082.599 0.1574675
7 Type-4(16no) 2850.389 0.1456056
8 Type-5(16no) 1007.177 0.0514493
9 Type-6(68no) 7445.002 0.3803109
10 Type-7(48no) 2379.234 0.1215377
11 Type-8(74no) 4122.54 0.2105905
12 Girls Hostel 5017.272 0.2562958
13 Boys Hostel 13448.2 0.6869705
14 Educational building 31251.58 1.5964155
15 Type-9-ii(36no) 682.5367 0.0348658
16 Type-9(36 no) 668.7049 0.0341592
17 Graden and plantation 51420.55 2.6267012
18 School 264.761 0.0135247
19 Retail 253.497 0.0129493
20 Public and semi public place 9472.853 0.4838990
21 Play Ground 305471.7 15.604323

TABLE II. QUARTER TYPE THEIR NUMBERS AND POPULATION IN EACH BUILDING

Quarter Type Total no. of quarters Total no. of members in each quarter type
1 2 8
2 5 20
3 38 152
4 32 128
6 68 272
7 48 192
8 74 296
9 72 288
Total Population 1176 (approx.)
Total Water consumption 1, 58,760 litre /day

TABLE III. NUMBER OF STUDENTS AND PER CAPITA DEMANDS OF WATER IN HOSTEL
Hostel no No of wings No of students Per capita demand (lit) Total demand (lit)
1 2 215 135 29025
2 2 290 135 39150
3 2 295 135 39825
4 2 287 135 38745
5 4 266 135 35910
6 4 264 135 35640
7 - 261 135 35235
NRI - 50 135 6750
Total consumption of hostels 259735.0 lit/day

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TABLE IV. WATER SUPPLY REQUIREMENTS FOR VARIOUS PURPOSES (AS PER AS PER IS: 1172-1963)

S. No Building Consumption per capita per day (litres)

1 a) factories where bathrooms are required to be provided 45

b) factories where no bathrooms are required to be provided 30
Hospitals per bed
2
No of beds not exceeding 100 No. 340
No of beds exceeding 100 No. 450
3 Nurses homes and medical quarters 135
4 Hostels 135
5 Offices 45
6 Restaurants (per seat) 70
7 Hotel (per bed) 180
Schools
8
a) Day Schools 45
b)Boarding Schools 135
9 Garden ,Sports ,grounds 35 Per Sqm.
10 Animal/Vehicles 45

TABLE V. EXISTING LAND USE CATEGORIES THEIR AREA UNDER WATER UTILITIES

Plinth Area Gross Area Gross Area Acutal Area Actual

S. No Land use Categories
(Sqm) (acre) (acre) (Sqm) Area (acre)
1 Zone-1 (Type-1 & 2) 1862.70 13585.14 3.356952 6792.57 1.678476
2 Zone-2 (Type-3 ,4 & 5) 6940.16 36977.88 9.137410 18488.94 4.568705
3 Zone-3 (Type-6 & 7) 9824.23 13132.73 3.245160 6566.365 1.622580
4 zone-4 (Type-8,9 & 9-ii) 5473.78 26136.63 6.458485 13068.31 3.229243
5 Educational Building 23858.5 23858.53 5.895556 23858.53 5.895557
6 Total Workshop Area 13349.3 15799.76 3.904196 9479.856 2.342517
7 Garden And Plantation 51420.6 51420.55 12.70626 16042.34 3.964140
8 School 264.761 264.761 0.065423 264.761 0.065423
9 Retail 253.497 253.497 0.062640 253.497 0.062640
10 Public and semi public place 9472.85 9472.853 2.340787 3605.874 0.891028
11 Guest House(VIP and Faculty) 1337.8 16820.61 4.156452 2126.77 0.525535
12 Play Ground, open area and other area 1743963.5 430.9416 1743963.5 430.9417
Total Area 1951686.44 482.6288

TABLE VI. WATER DEMAND CALCULATION BASED ON LAND USE IN ZONE-1

Avg. Water Water

Water
S. No Land Use Category du. du/ acre Area(sq m) Area(Acre) Demand Coeff. Demand
Demand (L/S)
(gpm/acre) (gpm)

1 V.I.P Guest House 1050 0.259460 0.85 0.220541 1.00346417

2 Zone -1(type-1 and 2) 7 4.56 6567.86 1.622953 0.5 0.811476 3.69221971
3 Zone-2 (Type-3,4 and 5) 70 5.36 18488.94 4.568717 0.75 3.426537 15.5907469
4 Zone-3(Type-6 and 7) 116 8.92 6566.365 1.622584 0.85 1.379196 6.27534477
5 Zone-4(Type-8 and 9) 146 23.8 13068.31 3.229251 1 3.229251 14.6930934
6 Girls Hostel 5017.272 0.99 1.1 1.363774 4.51
7 School 234.76 0.058010 0.85 0.049308 0.22435547

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8 Retail 253.5 0.062641 0.1 0.006264 0.02850175

Public and semi public
9 2793.7 0.690338 0.1 0.069033 0.31410396
place
10 Garden 10851.52 2.681469 0.1 0.268146 1.22006851
Total Water Consumption in Zone-1 10.82353 45.981

TABLE VII. WATER DEMAND CALCULATION BASED ON LAND USE IN ZONE-2

Average Water Water

Water
S. No Land Use Category Area (sq.m) Area(Acre) Demand Demand
Demand (L/S)
(gpm/acre) (gpm)

1(a) Main Building(All Department) 12915.97 3.1916060 0.85 2.712865 12.3435363

1(b) Main Building 7288.092 1.8009269 0.1 0.180092 0.81942176
1(c) Public and semi public place 812.174 0.2 0.1 0.02 0.091

2 Main Building(Computer Centre &IT) 1211.17 0.2992866 0.85 0.254393 1.15749114

3 Main Building(Energy Center) 1410.245 0.3484791 0.85 0.296207 1.34774317

4 Sport Complex(SPA) 4462.626 1.1027390 0.85 0.937328 4.26484314
5 Canteen 1164.79 0.2878259 0.85 0.244652 1.1131667
6 Facuility Guest House 976.77 0.2413651 0.8 0.193092 0.87856914
7 Work Shop 1785.05 0.4410955 0.1 0.044109 0.20069846
8 Medical Centre 1003.34 0.2479307 0.1 0.024793 0.11280849
9 Carpenter Room 990.44 0.2447430 0.1 0.024474 0.1113581
10 Boys Hostel(1-4) 7902.817 1.9528288 1.1 2.148111 9.77390821
11 Boys Hostel(5) 2651.343 0.6551611 1.1 0.720677 3.27908176
12 Boys Hostel(6) 2894.041 0.7151331 1.1 0.786646 3.57924157
13 Type-4 565.8063 0.1398138 0.75 0.104860 0.47711458
14 Main Garden 9202.8 2.2740616 0.1 0.227406 1.03469805
15 Garden(Computer Centre &IT) 4026.032 0.9948542 0.1 0.099485 0.4526587
TOTAL CONSUMPTION in ZONE-2 8.999195 41.0363393

TABLE VIII. PRESSURE AND DEMAND AT DIFFERENT NODE BY POPULATION BASED METHOD WHEN VALVE 2 AND 3 ARE OPEN

Node Demand (l/s) Pressure(m)

Z2J119 2.54 3.74
Z2J123 2.54 1.44
Z2J125 2.54 3.67
Z2J127 2.54 1.4
Z2J133 0.24 3.58
Z2J134 0.24 3.6
Z2J142 2.54 2.14
Z2J151 2.54 3.06
Z2J152 2.54 2.37
Z2J153 2.54 1.89

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TABLE IX. PRESSURE AND DEMAND AT DIFFERENT NODE BY LAND USE BASED METHOD WHEN VALVE 2 AND 3 ARE OPEN

Node Demand(l\s) Pressure(m)

Z2J123 3 2.2

TABLE X. PRESSURE AND DEMAND AT DIFFERENT NODE BY POPULATION BASED METHOD WHEN VALVE 1 AND 4 ARE OPEN

Node (ID) Demand (l/s) Pressure(m)

Z1J86 1 -9.04

Z1J87 1 -10.54

Z1J88 1 -13.06

Z1J89 1 -13.38

Z1J90 1 -13.16

Z1J91 1.2 -13.34

Z1J101 3.6 1.21

Z1J102 3.6 -0.49

TABLE XI. PRESSURE AND DEMAND AT DIFFERENT NODE BY LAND USE BASED METHOD WHEN VALVE 1 AND 4 ARE OPEN

Node Demand(l\s) Pressure(m)

Z1J86 0.8 3.83
Z1J87 1 3.62
Z1J88 1 2.79
Z1J89 1 3.09
Z1J90 0.03 3.87
Z1J91 1 3.89

Figure 1. Location map of the MANIT campus with various landuse categories

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Figure 2. Shows the existing pipeline network details of junction, tank & pipe

Figure 3. Flow chart showing detail methodology apply in GIS environment for data integration

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Fig. 4(a) Fig. 4(b)

Figure 4. Pressure contours in network based on land use & population based method when all valves open

Fig. 5(a) Fig. 5(b)

Figure 5. Pressure contour in network based on land use and population based method when only 2nd valve in zone-2 and only 3rd valve in zone-1 are
open and rest all valves are closed

Fig. 6(a) Fig. 6(b)

Figure 6. Pressure contour in network based on land use and population based method when only 2nd valve in zone-1 and only 4th valve in zone-1 are
open and rest all valves are closed

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Figure 7. Pressure head and demand at different node by population based method when valve 2 and 3 are open

Figure 8. Pressure and demand at different node by Land use based method when valve 2 and 3 are open

Figure 9. Pressure and demand at different node by Population based method when valve 1 and 4 are open

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Figure 10. Pressure and demand at different node by Land use based method when valve 1 and 4 are open

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