Experiment-2

AIM:
To make a comparative study of various motherboards. (Intel 80386,Intel 80486, Pentium
Processor , Pentium Pro, Pentium II , Celeron, Pentium III etc..)

Intel 80386:
Intel 80386 also known as (386 and i386) is the third-generation Intel x86 microprocessor
introduced in October 1985. The 386 followed Intel’s 8086 and 80286 processors and predated
the 80486.
The 80386 was capable of 11 million instructions per second (MIPS) and featured:

● Protected mode capabilities.

● 32-bit registers and instruction set.
● A paging translation unit for better virtual memory support.
● Speeds from 12Mhz to 40Mhz.
● Increased memory support, to 4GB.
● The 80386 was also released in subsequent versions including the 386SX, a lower cost
version lacking a math coprocessor. 386SL is the low-power version intended for mobile
computers.

Some 386 processors had a bug that could cause a lock-up when running in a 32-bit
environment. It was very hard for an end user to determine whether the problem was a software
bug or a hardware flaw. To address the issue, Intel created a certified testing program whereby
chips found to be error free were marked with a double sigma.
Intel 80486:
Intel 80486, also known as i486 or just 486, is the fourth-generation generation Intel x86
microprocessor.
The 80486 was capable of over 40 million instructions per second (MIPS) and offered roughly
twice the performance of the 386. It featured an 8K cache for storing recent instructions. Tighter
pipelining allowed for a complete simple instruction per clock cycle as compared to the two
clock cycles required for a 386. An integrated floating point unit (FPU) gave faster floating point
operations than 386 with a 387 math coprocessor.
Introduced in April 1989, the 80486 followed Intel’s 8086, 80286 and 80386 processors. 486
processor models, ranging in speeds from 16Mhz to 100Mhz, include: i486DX, i486SL, i486SX,
i486DX2, i486DX-S, i486DX2-S, i486SX-S, i486SX2, i486DX2WB, i486GX. Intel’s main
competitor AMD offered 486-compatible processors at speeds up to 133Mhz.

Pentium Processor:
After 80486 processor in 1993 Intel introduced a next generation processor "Pentium" because in
past many processors were developed like 8085,8086,80186,80286 in that numbers are having
any meaning that is why they took 'Pente' word from Greek and last word of 'ium' from the
elements of the Periodic Table on combing both new word is formed "Pentium". After that many
versions of Pentium with different features are developed. Today's latest processor is 64-bit
microprocessor. In this 32-bit address bus and 273 pin grid array are present.
In 60/66 MHz Pentium processor 0.8 micron technology is used. In this +5V supply is used for
performing operations and 3.1 million transistors are used. But in 90/100 MHz Pentium 0.6
micron BI-CMOS technology and 3.3 million transistors with +3.3 V supply is used for
performing operations.
After 2 year later of Pentium processor Intel launched P6 family of processor. Performance of
this is better than Pentium but this processor also made on 0.6 micron fabrication technology.
First processor of P6 family was Pentium Pro.This is three-way superscalar processor which is
execute 3 instructions in a clock. I Pentium Pro 256 KB second level cache also present. After
that in P6 family Pentium-II,Pentium II Xeon,Colerone,Pentium III and Pentium III Xeon were
introduced with different -different features.

Pentium Pro:
The Pentium Pro is a sixth-generation x86 microprocessor developed and manufactured by Intel
introduced in 1 November 1995.[1] It introduced the P6 microarchitecture (sometimes referred to
as i686) and was originally intended to replace the original Pentium in a full range of
applications. While the Pentium and Pentium MMX had 3.1 and 4.5 million transistors,
respectively, the Pentium Pro contained 5.5 million transistors.[2] Later, it was reduced to a more
narrow role as a server and high-end desktop processor and was used in supercomputers like
ASCI Red, the first computer to reach the teraFLOPS performance mark.[3] The Pentium Pro
was capable of both dual- and quad-processor configurations. It only came in one form factor,
the relatively large rectangular Socket 8. The Pentium Pro was succeeded by the Pentium II
Xeon in 1998.

Pentium II:
The Pentium II[1] brand refers to Intel's sixth-generation microarchitecture ("P6") and x86-
compatible microprocessors introduced on May 7, 1997. Containing 7.5 million transistors (27.4
million in the case of the mobile Dixon with 256 KB L2 cache), the Pentium II featured an
improved version of the first P6-generation core of the Pentium Pro, which contained 5.5 million
transistors. However, its L2 cache subsystem was a downgrade when compared to the Pentium
Pro's.
In 1998, Intel stratified the Pentium II family by releasing the Pentium II-based Celeron line of
processors for low-end workstations and the Pentium II Xeon line for servers and high-end
workstations. The Celeron was characterized by a reduced or omitted (in some cases present but
disabled) on-die full-speed L2 cache and a 66 MT/s FSB. The Xeon was characterized by a range
of full-speed L2 cache (from 512 KB to 2048 KB), a 100 MT/s FSB, a different physical
interface (Slot 2), and support for symmetric multiprocessing.

Celeron:
Celeron is the low-end (and low cost) member of the family of microprocessor s from Intel that
is based on its P6 architecture . Although it is based on the same architecture as the Pentium II, it
lacks some high- performance features of the Pentium II line. Celeron models later than the 300
A include an L1 and L2 cache on the microchip, meaning that the cache is accessed at the same
clock speed that the processor operates with. The Celeron L2 cache is smaller (128 kilobyte s)
than the Pentium II's (512 KB). However, because the Celeron L2 cache is on the processor chip
and the Pentium II's is not, their effective L2 speeds are closely comparable. With clock speeds
up to 466 MHz , Celeron processors are attractive to power users at first glance, but they should
be compared to the Pentium II's computing power in order to get an idea of their useful
application.
In ZDNet's CPUmark 99 benchmark tests, the Celeron processors compared favorably with
Pentium II processors. Intel is marketing the processor as a chip for the basic PC. They view it as
providing performance good enough for home and business users doing word processing and
Internet surfing. Power users and serious gamers may want to think about spending more for the
Pentium II's top performance.
Celeron can be mounted in a Slot 1 motherboard or in a Socket 370 motherboard. Like Intel's
other P6 microprocessors, the Celeron can be used for symmetric multiprocessing ( SMP ).
Pentium III:
Pentium III microprocessor family was an evolutionary upgrade from Pentium II. The first
Pentium III core, Katmai, featured SSE instruction set, which allowed SSE-enabled applications
to process up to four single-precision floating point numbers at once. Other Pentium 3 cores
added other features, like 256 and 512 KB on-die L2 cache memory and smaller package size.
During its lifetime, the core of Pentium III microprocessors was shrunk twice - from 0.25 micron
to 0.18 micron, and then to 0.13 micron.
Like the previous generation of x86 processors, the Pentium III family consists of a few sub-
families targeting different segments of computer market:

● Pentium III Xeon - high performance version.

● Pentium III desktop processors - desktop computers.
● Desktop Celeron - low-cost version.
● Mobile Pentium III and mobile Pentium III-M - mobile versions of the Pentium III
processor.
● Mobile Celeron - mobile version of Intel Celeron processor.