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    RISHIKESH KUMAR
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    Pressure vacuum

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    AD6PressureVacuum

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    Pressure vacuum

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF or read online from Scribd
    Flag for inappropriate content
    11 views11 pages

    AD6 Pressure Vacuum

    Uploaded by

    RISHIKESH KUMAR
    Pressure vacuum

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF or read online from Scribd
    Flag for inappropriate content
    of 11
    PRESSURE — VACUUM TERMS, DEFINITIONS & DISCUSSION AD-6 PRESS Pressure - Vacuum: Two terms develop at its discharge port to we are concerned with daly in meet the requirements of the Sy5- pump application work. On occa: ‘tem. For applications involving posi- Sion they afe presented in unfami- We dlsplacement pumps, Head is iar terme and'we lind t necessary normally expressed. In PSIG, For todo some digging ind conver centifugl pump application, head sion or to make a logical interpreta- _is expressed in feet of the liquid be- ton Ing’ pumped (when converting 10 Believing that this problem may PSIG. d9 not forget to consider also present itself to you, we felt it specific gravity of the liquid). The might be desirable fo review some tem "head when used lone is Othe terms we encounter when assumed to moan the total dis dealing with pressure end vacuum. charge head. We wil list the terms, define __Frietion Head: The head or them — using a textbook or stan- _preseure necessary 10 overcome dard definition when we can ‘ind fhe fictional resistance of @ piping ‘one, or give the definition we use system to the flow of liquid through here at Viking when no more au- The term trcton head is most thoritative source can be found, frequently encountered in centu- and last, give some dcussion on gel-pump applications. I i ex those terms that have proved par- pressed in feet of liquid or PSI. Fric- ticularly Woublesome or have a'pe- fon head is synonymous with the ‘culiar significance when applied to following terms which are more tre- pump appicatons uemtly encountered in postive ds We wl break the terms down in- placement pump apalcation: pipe to our categories (1) those peta faction loss Ine oss, and Geta P ing to pressure in general, (2)those (A P), eneuntered most requenty on he ea suction sie ofthe pump, @) those geneary hom The, reweu oe Toundon the discharge side, anda) . iqud inthe system fs nt fens Some applications to watch, S32 fate) The value ol the sac Nead Figure t forthe terms that willbe ft). The value othe sla need, ated. equivalent PSI) is equal to the dif- ference In elevation between the bump ports and te point where the SS) liquid is exposed to atmosphere. Total Head: The algebraio* sum ot the head on the dscherge and (1) GENERAL TERMS: suction sides of the pump. It is syn- HEAD: One means of inciting onymous with diferent pressure the discharge pressure 2 pUmp and s expressed in feet of quid or must develop. Literally, head PSI means the height ofa column ot i¢- Uid that wil exert the same ores Sure at is base as a pump must Sore *To 28d something algebraically 's to into account the plus and minus Pages §10.3 and .4 of Engineer- ing Section 510 of the Viking cata- log also list the above-mentioned “head” terms and have additional diagrams illustrating them. Velocity Head: The head or pressure possessed by a liquid be: cause of Its velocity or speed of flow. A term seldom used in positive displacement pump applications because of its small value com- pared to total head. It might possi bly be of importance in a system in- volving a thin liquid and marginal available NPSH. Most frequently used with centrifugal pumps han- dling water. The units of velocity head are normally feet of liquid or PSI. PRESSURE: The classic defini- tion of pressure is F where F equals A force or “push” and A equals area. The force will normally be ex- pressed in terms of weight: pounds, ‘grams, tons. ; the area in terms of square measure: square inch, ‘square foot, square centimeter ‘The unit of pressure can take many forms, e.g., tons per square foot, kilograms per square meter. The main probiem is to be able to con- vert the unit given to the one in which our data is expressed, Table 1 shows factors for converting be- ween various units of pressure. Absolute Pressure: Most of us are familiar with the term 14.7 PSI this is atmospheric pressure at sea level. This implies that someplace inouter space there could be an at- mosphere so "thin" that it would have a pressure reading of almost zero PSI (approaching a perfect vacuum), Any pressure reference PAGE 1 [() GENERAL TERMS Tota Velocity ‘Absolute Ga IAimospherie Hycraulle aromatic Syston Diterentiad — Werking Preseute Drop FIGURE 1. (9) DISCHARGE SIDE-TERMS ‘Discharge Head ‘Stati Oisonarge Head Foto Head ‘Alttude NPS NPSHa NPSHe ‘submergence ‘uetion ‘Suetion Head Suction Lit Vacuum Inches of Mercury Mima of Meciry (2) SUCTION SIDETERMS| [@) APPLICATIONS WORTH NOTING WITH REGARD TO HOW OPERATING CONDITIONS: |ARE EXPRESSED (a) Pumping with suetion tt (@) Pumping high vapor pressure tig (©) Pumping from vessel under ‘igh vacuum (0) Pumping in» system having ‘high Intarnal pressure or reading that uses this zero as a starting point is known as “ab- solute” pressure. Absolute pressure is expressed in pounds per square inch absolute, PSIA. Absolute pressure is equal to gage pressure plus 14,7 PSI. See Figure 2 for graphic comparison. ‘Atmospheric Pressure: The air or atmosphere surrounding the earth piles up, as it gets closer to the earth, exerting an ever greater pressure. This pressure is called at- mospheric pressure: at sea level it amounts 0 14.7 PSI. Probably the most frequent contact most people have with atmospheric pressure is in connection with weather reports PAGE 2 in which the atmospheric pressure is given in inches of mercury. An equivalent for the 14,7 PSI when ex- pressed in inches of mercury is 29,93. Common atmospheric pres- sure readings in our area (Cedar Falls, lowa) run from 28.9 to 29.3 inches Hg. Another unit of atmos: pheric pressure measurement used ‘occasionally is milimeters of mer- cury. The equivalent reading to 14.7 PSI when expressed in millimeters is 760. See Table 1 for conversion factors, ‘Atmospheric pressure is primar ly dependent cn the elevation or height above sea level, getting less as the air gets thinner at higher elevations. Table 2 shows atmos: pheric pressures at different eleva- tions, Suction conditions for a pumping application are not so critical that elevation has to be considered, but when working with thin liquids in mountainous areas itis well to keep it in mind. For example, the atmos- pheric pressure in the "'mile-high” city of Denver, Colorado, is 12.1 PS! (24.7" Hg.) instead of 14.7 PSI Barometric Pressure: Pressure measured by a barometer and nor- mally synonymous with atmospher- Ic pressure. A simple form of ba- tometer is made by filing a long tube with mercury and inverting itn a cup containing mercury. The col- umn of mercury in the tube de- scends until it iS balanced by the weight of the atmosphere. At sea level the height of the column is about 30 inches. The normal atmos: pheric or barometric pressure read- ing of around 20 inches of mercury. Differential Pressure: Ditferen: tial indicates difference. A differ- ence in pressure exists between any two points in a system or circuit in which liquid is flowing. Differen- tial pressure is normally understood to mean the difference in pressure across the pump, i.e., the differ ence between suction pressure and ischarge pressure. See Figure 3, Differential pressure at Viking Pump is expressed in PSI. The pres: sure scale, absolute or gage, is ir FIGURE 2. Comparison Between Absolute and Gage Pressure Scales TABLE 1. Factors For Converting* From One Pressure Unit To Another Fant] nebes | Kigrams | Mitintes | Feud a | wae, | wottuy, | eben, | way, | "i "tae gies cy, i 7 , mio | Mao" | kere | mm ng’ | Pst 1 so | 29 | 100 | ro | ur oo | 1 | osss | 00s | 224 | oum oo | isa 1 | 004 | 254 | 049 fe ‘ogra ware pecsaare! ooes | ace | 232 | 1 re | 4a mm Mears etMeresy] ooors1 | oom | coves | coors | x | ooiss mma Pounas parscumre| oo | 251 | 208 | ogra | siz 1 inch Pst “Tocorvet fama pressure unite lt Fandcolurn iy te ramarica valu lies Te ac- {orein he veriea cakern showing haunt you ae converting, For erarveo cmwen 0 eet} ‘rater PS! ge bozo othe rig iam tne "Fee of Water“ unto eon unde PS the ac {ora 0.49, The 80 fet of water ou then be muta by 0.429 to get 21 8 {Wen working th quid oa’ an water tip camel fclors chown bythe Speco Gravy of your halo get ho correc acts. relevant since the value is the dit- “head” of liquid. It can be trouble- ference between two readings on some at times because of a packing the same scale, Gage Pressure: Most pressure gages used on liquid transfer sys- tems are those that show a zero reading when exposed to atmos: phetic pressure, ie., when they are not in use. Readings taken from gages hav- ing this zero point (atmospheric pressure) are Known as gage pres- Units are pounds per square inch gage (PSIG). Gage pressure is equal to absolute pressure minus 14.7 PSI. See Figure 2 for com- Hydraulic pressure is also used parison between gage pressure and |? Making pump efficiency calcula absolute leak. If leaking while the pump is idle, the system may drain itself ‘through the pump (this can be espe: cially bad if a siphon effect is creat- ed), oF it may permit air to be pulled into a system. Hydraulic pressure is frequently used in conjunction with hydrostat- ic pressure tests. Hydraulic pres- sure in this case is the pressure ex- erted on the liquid in a pump by an external means such as a hand pis: ton pump to check the pump cas: ing, gaskets, etc. for leakage. tions. The theoretical horsepower (hydraulic horsepower) or power Hydraulic Pressure: By dictio- contained in the liquid is a function nary definition hydraulic means of the pressure added to the liquid pertaining to fluids in motion, €8- and the volume of liquid to which pecially water". By popular usage it this pressure Ie added means transter of power by the HP Ereseure x Volume moving of liquid under pressure ST EG Hydraulic pressure is pressure ex erted by a liquid, resulting either System Pressure: A system, from height (elevation) or a pump. when referring to pumps, includes ‘A system at rest will have pres- the entire circuit of piping, valves, sure exerted on it at the low tanks, etc., that the liquid flows This is @ function of the elevation of through. On most transfer applice- the liquid a its highest point and the tions the suction side is exposed to specific gravity. This would be hy- atmospheric pressure; thus there is

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